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Tewari AK, Popova-Butler A, El-Mahdy MA, Zweier JL. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in blood plasma of control and cigarette smoke-exposed mice by 2-D DIGE/MS. Proteomics 2011; 11:2051-62. [PMID: 21500341 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure is known to induce obstructive lung disease and several cardiovascular disease states in humans and also in animal models. Smoking leads to oxidative stress and inflammation that are important in triggering pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. The objective of the current study was to quantify differences in expression levels of plasma proteins of cigarette smoke -exposed and control mice, at the time of disease onset, and identify these proteins for use as potential biomarkers of the onset of smoking-induced disease. We utilized 2-D DIGE/MS to characterize these proteomic changes. 2-D DIGE of plasma samples identified 11 differentially expressed proteins in cigarette smoke -exposed mice. From these 11 proteins, 9 were downregulated and 2 were upregulated. The proteins identified are involved in vascular function, coagulation, metabolism and immune function. Among these, the alterations in fibrinogen (2.2-fold decrease), α-1-antitrypsin (1.8-fold increase) and arginase (4.5-fold decrease) are of particular interest since these have been directly linked to cardiovascular and lung pathology. Differences in expression levels of these proteins were also confirmed by immunoblotting. Thus, we observe that chronic cigarette smoke exposure in mice leads to prominent changes in the protein expression profile of blood plasma and these changes in turn can potentially serve as markers predictive of the onset and progression of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Tewari
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210-1252, USA
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102
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103
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Mrozik KM, Zilm PS, Bagley CJ, Hack S, Hoffmann P, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Proteomic characterization of mesenchymal stem cell-like populations derived from ovine periodontal ligament, dental pulp, and bone marrow: analysis of differentially expressed proteins. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1485-99. [PMID: 20050811 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal mesenchymal stem/stromal-like cells (MSCs) including periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Despite their similar expression of MSC-associated and osteoblastic markers, MSCs retain the capacity to generate structures resembling the microenvironments from which they are derived in vivo and represent a promising therapy for the regeneration of complex tissues in the clinical setting. With this in mind, systematic approaches are required to identify the differential protein expression patterns responsible for lineage commitment and mediating the formation of these complex structures. This is the first study to compare the differential proteomic expression profiles of ex vivo-expanded ovine PDLSCs, DPSCs, and BMSCs derived from an individual donor. The two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed and regulated proteins were identified by liquid chromatography--electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS and MS/MS), database searching, and de novo sequencing. In total, 58 proteins were differentially expressed between at least 2 MSC populations in both sheep, 12 of which were up-regulated in one MSC population relative to the other two. In addition, the regulation of selected proteins was also conserved between equivalent human MSC populations. We anticipate that differential protein expression profiling will provide a basis for elucidating the protein expression patterns and molecular cues that are crucial in specifying the characteristic growth and developmental capacity of dental and non-dental tissue-derived MSC populations. These expression patterns can serve as important tools for the regeneration of particular tissues in future stem cell-based tissue engineering studies using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Mrozik
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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104
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Pogorelova TN, Gun'ko VO, Drykker NA, Linde VA. [Proteins-markers of placental insufficiency]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2011; 56:616-20. [PMID: 21254633 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20105605616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The proteomic analysis of the amniotic fluids of women with physiological pregnancy and pregnancy, complicated with placental insufficiency has been carried out on the II and III trimesters. The following difference in protein patterns have been recognized: i) appearance of several proteins lacking in physiological pregnancy; ii) absence of several proteins detectable during physiological pregnancy--hippocalcin-like protein 1, CDC37-like protein, NKG2D ligand 2 (II trimester), CDC37-like protein, NKG2D ligand 2 (III trimester). The established differences in the amniotic fluid spectrum, obviously, have the pathogenetic meaning in the placental insufficiency development. The revealed proteins of distinction may serve as markers of this obstetrical pathology.
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105
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Chen HM, Lin CY, Wang V. Amyloid P component as a plasma marker for Parkinson's disease identified by a proteomic approach. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:377-85. [PMID: 21223953 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks the second among the neurodegenerative disorders. Proteins involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been investigated but none as the diagnostic markers in blood. DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we applied a proteomic strategy, by utilizing two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, to analyze two sample pools of plasma from the healthy individuals and PD subjects. RESULTS IgGκL and human serum amyloid P component (SAP) were found differentially expressed between these pools. SAP level increased by approximately 5-fold in PD samples, and the ELISA procedure revealed a significant (P<0.001) increase in SAP concentration (65.9 ± 18.7μg/mL) in the plasma of PD subjects (healthy individuals, 35.0 ± 12.5μg/mL), with sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 87.5%. CONCLUSION Our results indicated a potential feasibility of plasma SAP as a marker to approach PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Min Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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106
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Osiri JK, Shadpour H, Witek MA, Soper SA. Integrated multifunctional microfluidics for automated proteome analyses. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 304:261-94. [PMID: 21678138 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a challenging field for realizing totally integrated microfluidic systems for complete proteome processing due to several considerations, including the sheer number of different protein types that exist within most proteomes, the large dynamic range associated with these various protein types, and the diverse chemical nature of the proteins comprising a typical proteome. For example, the human proteome is estimated to have >10(6) different components with a dynamic range of >10(10). The typical processing pipeline for proteomics involves the following steps: (1) selection and/or extraction of the particular proteins to be analyzed; (2) multidimensional separation; (3) proteolytic digestion of the protein sample; and (4) mass spectral identification of either intact proteins (top-down proteomics) or peptide fragments generated from proteolytic digestions (bottom-up proteomics). Although a number of intriguing microfluidic devices have been designed, fabricated and evaluated for carrying out the individual processing steps listed above, work toward building fully integrated microfluidic systems for protein analysis has yet to be realized. In this chapter, information will be provided on the nature of proteomic analysis in terms of the challenges associated with the sample type and the microfluidic devices that have been tested to carry out individual processing steps. These include devices such as those for multidimensional electrophoretic separations, solid-phase enzymatic digestions, and solid-phase extractions, all of which have used microfluidics as the functional platform for their implementation. This will be followed by an in-depth review of microfluidic systems, which are defined as units possessing two or more devices assembled into autonomous systems for proteome processing. In addition, information will be provided on the challenges involved in integrating processing steps into a functional system and the approaches adopted for device integration. In this chapter, we will focus exclusively on the front-end processing microfluidic devices and systems for proteome processing, and not on the interface technology of these platforms to mass spectrometry due to the extensive reviews that already exist on these types of interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Osiri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70817, USA
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107
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May C, Brosseron F, Chartowski P, Schumbrutzki C, Schoenebeck B, Marcus K. Instruments and methods in proteomics. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 696:3-26. [PMID: 21063938 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-987-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, major developments in instrumentation and methodology have been achieved in proteomics. For proteome investigations of complex biological samples derived from cell cultures, tissues, or whole organisms, several techniques are state of the art. Especially, many improvements have been undertaken to quantify differences in protein expression between samples from, e.g., treated vs. untreated cells and healthy vs. control patients. In this review, we give a brief insight into the main techniques, including gel-based protein separation techniques, and the growing field of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline May
- Department of Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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108
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Prefractionation enhances loading capacity and identification of basic proteins from human breast cancer tissues. Anal Biochem 2010; 411:80-7. [PMID: 21146488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many basic proteins (pI>7) and putative disease biomarkers are not identified using conventional proteomic methods. This study applied a new method to improve the identification of such proteins. Prefractionated basic proteins were compared with total tissue lysates from human ductal carcinoma in situ tissue loaded on basic immobilized pH gradient strips prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Extraction of alkaline proteins was achieved in less than 20 min using a chromatofocusing resin and two buffers in a microcentrifuge tube. Prefractionation showed improved resolution and visualization of low-abundance proteins on 2-DE gels, allowing proteins to be excised, accumulated, trypsin-digested, and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins identified in the prefractionated samples had a higher number of peptides and three times the number of unique basic proteins when compared with total lysates. Low-molecular-weight (LMW, <26kDa) unique alkaline proteins comprise 75% of those identified in prefractionated samples compared with 25% identified in total lysates, representing a 9-fold increase of LMW proteins due to prefractionation. Prefractionation ultimately increases loading capacity of samples onto the 2-DE gel and leads to better resolution, visualization, and identification of proteins with pI values greater than 7.
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109
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Schaar V, de Vries SPW, Perez Vidakovics MLA, Bootsma HJ, Larsson L, Hermans PWM, Bjartell A, Mörgelin M, Riesbeck K. Multicomponent Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles induce an inflammatory response and are internalized by human epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:432-49. [PMID: 21044239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is an emerging human respiratory pathogen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in children with acute otitis media. The specific secretion machinery known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is a mechanism by which Gram-negative pathogens interact with host cells during infection. We identified 57 proteins in M. catarrhalis OMVs using a proteomics approach combining two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The OMVs contained known surface proteins such as ubiquitous surface proteins (Usp) A1/A2, and Moraxella IgD-binding protein (MID). Most of the proteins are adhesins/virulence factors triggering the immune response, but also aid bacteria to evade the host defence. FITC-stained OMVs bound to lipid raft domains in alveolar epithelial cells and were internalized after interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), suggesting a delivery to the host tissue of a large and complex group of OMV-attributed proteins. Interestingly, OMVs modulated the pro-inflammatory response in epithelial cells, and UspA1-bearing OMVs were found to specifically downregulate the reaction. When mice were exposed to OMVs, a pulmonary inflammation was clearly seen. Our findings indicate that Moraxella OMVs are highly biologically active, transport main bacterial virulence factors and may modulate the epithelial pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Schaar
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
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110
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Jones LM, Staffa K, Perally S, LaCourse EJ, Brophy PM, Hamilton JV. Proteomic analyses of Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae and long-lived daf-2 mutants implicates a shared detoxification system in longevity assurance. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2871-81. [PMID: 20392130 DOI: 10.1021/pr9009639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling system is a public regulator of aging in the model animals Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus. For the first time, proteomic analyses of the environmentally resistant and 'nonaging' C. elegans dauer stage and long-lived daf-2 mutants has provided a unique insight into the protein changes which mediate survival against endogenously produced toxins. These changes support a diversion of energy consumption away from anabolic processes toward enhanced cellular maintenance and detoxification processes as previously described by the 'Green Theory of Aging'. Important components of this enhanced longevity system identified in this proteomics study include the alpha-crystallin family of small heat shock proteins, anti-ROS defense systems and cellular phase II detoxification (in daf-2 only). Among those proteins involved in phase II cellular detoxification that were significantly upregulated was a Pi-class glutathione transferase (GST) CE00302. Targeting this GST with RNAi revealed compensatory regulation within the Pi-class GSTs. Furthermore, a recombinant form of the GST protein was found to detoxify and/or bind short-chain aldehydic natural toxic products of lipid peroxidation and long-chained fatty-acids at physiologically relevant concentrations, which may indicate a role in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jones
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, United Kingdom.
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111
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Fanous A, Hecker M, Görg A, Parlar H, Jacob F. Corynebacterium glutamicum as an indicator for environmental cobalt and silver stress--a proteome analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:666-675. [PMID: 20818520 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2010.502442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt and silver are toxic for cells, but mechanisms of this toxicity are largely unknown. Analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum proteome from cells grown in control and cobalt or silver enriched media was performed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) followed by mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that the cell adapted to cobalt stress by inducing five defense mechanisms: Scavenging of free radicals, promotion of the generation of energy, reparation of DNA, reparation and biogenesis of Fe-S cluster proteins and supporting and reparation of cell wall. In response to the detoxification of Ag+ many proteins were up-regulated, which involved reparation of damaged DNA, minimizing the toxic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and energy generation. Overexpression of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis (1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme and nucleoside-diphosphate-sugar epimerase) upon cobalt stress and induction of proteins involved in energy metabolism (2-methylcitrate dehydratase and 1, 2-methylcitrate synthase) upon silver demonstrate the potential of these enzymes as biomarkers of sub-lethal Ag+ and Co toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fanous
- Department for Chemical-Technical Analysis and Chemical Food Technology, Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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112
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Kim HR, Han RX, Wakayama T, Park CS, Jin DI. Aberrant protein expression in the placenta of cloned mouse derived from embryonic stem cell. Placenta 2010; 31:853-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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113
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De Angelis M, Di Cagno R, Minervini F, Rizzello CG, Gobbetti M. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and IgE-mediated food allergy. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2126-36. [PMID: 20593388 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is recognized as one of the major health concerns. It is estimated that ca. 4% of the population is affected by food allergenic disorders. Food allergies are defined as IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Foods such as peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, cow's milk, egg, fish and shellfish are regarded as responsible for the majority of reactions. The ubiquitous presence of allergens in the human foods coupled with an increased awareness of food allergies warrants to undertake appropriate preventive measures for protecting sensitive consumers from unwanted exposure to offending food allergens. 2-DE followed by immunoblotting and identification of IgE-reactive proteins, as a proteomic approach to identify new allergens in foods, are reviewed. Specific examples of identification of allergens in foods and beverages by using 2-DE and IgE are described. Protein profiling using 2-DE and allergens detection by IgE has become a powerful method for analyzing changes of allergens content in complex matrix during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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114
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Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, Calasso M, Vincentini O, Vernocchi P, Ndagijimana M, De Vincenzi M, Dessì MR, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M. Quorum sensing in sourdough Lactobacillus plantarum DC400: induction of plantaricin A (PlnA) under co-cultivation with other lactic acid bacteria and effect of PlnA on bacterial and Caco-2 cells. Proteomics 2010; 10:2175-90. [PMID: 20354993 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at showing the effect of pheromone plantaricin A (PlnA) by Lactobacillus plantarum DC400 towards other sourdough lactic acid bacteria and the potential of PlnA to protect the function of the human intestinal barrier. Growth and survival of sourdough lactic acid bacteria were differently affected by co-cultivation with L. plantarum DC400. Compared to mono-cultures, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DPPMA174 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 2XA3 showed growth inhibition and decreased viability when co-cultured with L. plantarum DC400. L. sanfranciscensis DPPMA174 induced the highest synthesis of PlnA. Survival of strain DPPMA174 only slightly varied by comparing the addition of PlnA to the culture medium and the co-cultivation with L. plantarum DC400. Compared to mono-culture, the proteome of L. sanfranciscensis DPPMA174 grown in co-culture with L. plantarum DC400 showed the variation of expression of 58 proteins (47 over expressed and 11 repressed). Thirty-four of them were also over expressed or repressed during growth of DPPMA174 with PlnA. Fifty-one of the above 58 proteins were identified. They had a central role in stress response, amino acid, energy and nucleotide metabolisms, membrane transport, regulation of transcription, and cell redox homeostasis. PlnA markedly increased the viability of human Caco-2/TC7 cells and the transepithelial electrical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Di Cagno
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
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115
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Ituarte S, Dreon MS, Pasquevich MY, Fernández PE, Heras H. Carbohydrates and glycoforms of the major egg perivitellins from Pomacea apple snails (Architaenioglossa: Ampullariidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:66-72. [PMID: 20471490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Ituarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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116
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Castro AJ, Bednarczyk A, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Rodríguez-García MI, Van Dorsselaer A, Alché JDD. Screening of Ole e 1 polymorphism among olive cultivars by peptide mapping and N-glycopeptide analysis. Proteomics 2010; 10:953-62. [PMID: 20049857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we have used 2-DE coupled to MS analysis to examine the molecular variability of the Ole e 1 allergen in three olive cultivars (cvs). Our results confirmed that the predicted polymorphism of Ole e 1 at cDNA level is extended to the expressed protein. The profiles of both the Ole e 1 peptides and the N-glycan variants significantly changed among cvs. We observed that Picual and Arbequina cvs presented the highest and lowest degree of Ole e 1 polymorphism, respectively. Some of these peptides and N-glycans were distributed in a cv-specific manner. The putative implications of this molecular polymorphism in the development of the allergy symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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117
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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: Past, present and future. J Proteomics 2010; 73:2064-77. [PMID: 20685252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been instrumental in the birth and developments of proteomics, although it is no longer the exclusive separation tool used in the field of proteomics. In this review, a historical perspective is made, starting from the days where two-dimensional gels were used and the word proteomics did not even exist. The events that have led to the birth of proteomics are also recalled, ending with a description of the now well-known limitations of two-dimensional gels in proteomics. However, the often-underestimated advantages of two-dimensional gels are also underlined, leading to a description of how and when to use two-dimensional gels for the best in a proteomics approach. Taking support of these advantages (robustness, resolution, and ability to separate entire, intact proteins), possible future applications of this technique in proteomics are also mentioned.
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118
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Chevalier F. Highlights on the capacities of "Gel-based" proteomics. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:23. [PMID: 20426826 PMCID: PMC2873371 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel-based proteomic is the most popular and versatile method of global protein separation and quantification. This is a mature approach to screen the protein expression at the large scale, and a cheaper approach as compared with gel-free proteomics. Based on two independent biochemical characteristics of proteins, two-dimensional electrophoresis combines isoelectric focusing, which separates proteins according to their isoelectric point, and SDS-PAGE, which separates them further according to their molecular mass. The next typical steps of the flow of gel-based proteomics are spots visualization and evaluation, expression analysis and finally protein identification by mass spectrometry. For the study of differentially expressed proteins, two-dimensional electrophoresis allows simultaneously to detect, quantify and compare up to thousand protein spots isoforms, including post-translational modifications, in the same gel and in a wide range of biological systems. In this review article, the limits, benefits, and perspectives of gel-based proteomic approaches are discussed using concrete examples.
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119
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Enhanced expression of alpha1-acid glycoprotein and fucosylation in hepatitis B patients provides an insight into pathogenesis. Glycoconj J 2010; 26:1225-34. [PMID: 19459043 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered glycosylation and concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein has been known to be related to the pathogenesis of the hepatic diseases. The present study investigated enhanced fucosylation of AGP in the sera of chronic hepatitis B (HBV-CH) and hepatitis B cirrhosis (HBV-LC) patients by high performance anion exchange chromatography and by ELISA using fucose binding Aleuria aurantia lectin. The concentration of AGP determined by ELISA using monoclonal anti-human AGP (mAb-AGP) showed high level of AGP in HBV-CH and HBV-LC patients. This was further judged by association constant (K (A)) measured by surface plasmon resonance analysis. There was no apparent linkage variation of sialic acid among different patient groups when tested with two sialic acid binding lectins viz., Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA, NeuAc alpha2-3-) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA, NeuAc alpha2-6-) respectively. There was no change of oligosaccharide branching in HBV-CH in comparison to controls whereas a slight change was observed in HBV-LC using ConA. The above results suggest that the changes in concentration of AGP and fucosylation have a prognostic value of hepatitis diseases and it could be possible to use AGP as diagnostic marker besides clinical examination and routine laboratory investigation.
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120
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Proteomic analysis of tardigrades: towards a better understanding of molecular mechanisms by anhydrobiotic organisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9502. [PMID: 20224743 PMCID: PMC2835947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardigrades are small, multicellular invertebrates which are able to survive times of unfavourable environmental conditions using their well-known capability to undergo cryptobiosis at any stage of their life cycle. Milnesium tardigradum has become a powerful model system for the analysis of cryptobiosis. While some genetic information is already available for Milnesium tardigradum the proteome is still to be discovered. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we present to the best of our knowledge the first comprehensive study of Milnesium tardigradum on the protein level. To establish a proteome reference map we developed optimized protocols for protein extraction from tardigrades in the active state and for separation of proteins by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Since only limited sequence information of M. tardigradum on the genome and gene expression level is available to date in public databases we initiated in parallel a tardigrade EST sequencing project to allow for protein identification by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. 271 out of 606 analyzed protein spots could be identified by searching against the publicly available NCBInr database as well as our newly established tardigrade protein database corresponding to 144 unique proteins. Another 150 spots could be identified in the tardigrade clustered EST database corresponding to 36 unique contigs and ESTs. Proteins with annotated function were further categorized in more detail by their molecular function, biological process and cellular component. For the proteins of unknown function more information could be obtained by performing a protein domain annotation analysis. Our results include proteins like protein member of different heat shock protein families and LEA group 3, which might play important roles in surviving extreme conditions. CONCLUSIONS The proteome reference map of Milnesium tardigradum provides the basis for further studies in order to identify and characterize the biochemical mechanisms of tolerance to extreme desiccation. The optimized proteomics workflow will enable application of sensitive quantification techniques to detect differences in protein expression, which are characteristic of the active and anhydrobiotic states of tardigrades.
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Moseley FL, Bicknell KA, Marber MS, Brooks G. The use of proteomics to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:609-28. [PMID: 17524226 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.5.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The completion of the Human Genome Project has revealed a multitude of potential avenues for the identification of therapeutic targets. Extensive sequence information enables the identification of novel genes but does not facilitate a thorough understanding of how changes in gene expression control the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and regulation of a cell or the progression of disease. Proteomics encompasses the study of proteins expressed by a population of cells, and evaluates changes in protein expression, post-translational modifications, protein interactions, protein structure and splice variants, all of which are imperative for a complete understanding of protein function within the cell. From the outset, proteomics has been used to compare the protein profiles of cells in healthy and diseased states and as such can be used to identify proteins associated with disease development and progression. These candidate proteins might provide novel targets for new therapeutic agents or aid the development of assays for disease biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the current proteomic techniques available and focuses on their application in the search for novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur L Moseley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, UK
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122
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Okada S, List EO, Sankaran S, Kopchick JJ. Plasma Protein Biomarkers Correlated with the Development of Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Mice. Clin Proteomics 2010; 6:6-17. [PMID: 20625478 DOI: 10.1007/s12014-009-9040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Early detection, assessment of disease progression, and application of an appropriate therapeutic intervention are all important for the care of patients with type 2 diabetes. Currently, however, there is no simple test for early detection of type 2 diabetes. Established diagnostic tests for the disease including oral glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c are relatively late markers where the disease has already progressed. Since blood is in direct contact with many tissues, we hypothesized that pathological tissue changes are likely to be reflected in proteomic profiles of plasma. METHODS: Mice were reared either on regular chow or a high-fat diet at weaning and several physiological responses (i.e., weight, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and glucose tolerance) were monitored at regular time intervals. Plasma was collected at regular intervals for proteomic analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Onset of hyperinsulinemia with corresponding glucose intolerance was observed in 2 weeks and fasting blood glucose levels rose significantly after 4 weeks on the high-fat diet. Many proteins were found to exist in multiple forms (isoforms). Levels of some isoforms including plasma retinol binding protein, transthyretin, Apolipoprotein A1, and kininogen showed significant changes as early as 4 weeks which coincided with the very early development of glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that a proteomic approach to study the development of type 2 diabetes may uncover unknown early post-translationally modified diagnostic and/or therapeutic protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University, The Ridges, Bldg. 25, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA, Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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123
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Jin M, Szapiel N, Zhang J, Hickey J, Ghose S. Profiling of host cell proteins by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE): Implications for downstream process development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:306-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Turroni S, Vitali B, Candela M, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Campieri M, Brigidi P. Antibiotics and probiotics in chronic pouchitis: A comparative proteomic approach. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:30-41. [PMID: 20039446 PMCID: PMC2799914 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To profile protein expression in mucosal biopsies from patients with chronic refractory pouchitis following antibiotic or probiotic treatment, using a comparative proteomic approach.
METHODS: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry were used to characterize the changes related to antibiotic therapy in the protein expression profiles of biopsy samples from patients with chronic refractory pouchitis. The same proteomic approach was applied to identify differentially expressed proteins in the non-inflamed pouch before and after probiotic administration.
RESULTS: In the first set of 2D gels, 26 different proteins with at least 2-fold changes in their expression levels between the pouchitis condition and antibiotic-induced remission were identified. In the second set of analysis, the comparison between mucosal biopsy proteomes in the normal and probiotic-treated pouch resulted in 17 significantly differently expressed proteins. Of these, 8 exhibited the same pattern of deregulation as in the pouchitis/pouch remission group.
CONCLUSION: For the first time, 2D protein maps of mucosal biopsies from patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were provided, and differentially expressed proteins following antibiotic/probiotic treatment were identified.
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125
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Forgber M, Gellrich S, Sharav T, Sterry W, Walden P. Proteome-based analysis of serologically defined tumor-associated antigens in cutaneous lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8376. [PMID: 20020065 PMCID: PMC2793029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on specificities of serological responses against tumor cells in cutaneous lymphoma patients is relatively restricted. To advance the knowledge of serological immune responses against and to assess the scope of tumor antigenicity of cutaneous lymphoma, 1- and 2-dimensional Western blot analyses with sera from patients were combined with proteomics-based protein identification. Testing sera from 87 cutaneous lymphoma patients by 1-dimensional Western blot analysis, 64 cases of seroreactivity against lymphoma cells were found. The positive responses were relatively weak, restricted to few antigens in each case, and heterogeneous. To identify the antigens, proteins of the mycosis fungoides cell line MyLa and primary tumor cells were separated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Western-blotted and probed with heterogeneous and autologous patient sera. The antigens were identified from silver-stained replica gels by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 14 different antigens were assigned and identified with this proteome-serological approach. Only one, vimentin, had been reported before, the other 13 are new antigens for cutaneous lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forgber
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylke Gellrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tumenjargal Sharav
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Walden
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Westermeier R, Schickle H. The current state of the art in high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009; 115:279-85. [PMID: 19874117 DOI: 10.3109/13813450903338090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of the "proteomes" of human cells, tissues, and body fluids is a big challenge, and several highly sophisticated workflow approaches are pursued to achieve as comprehensive information as possible. Initially proteome analysis was exclusively based on the gel-based workflow, employing two-dimensional electrophoresis of protein extracts followed by mass spectrometry of the tryptic peptide digests of protein spots. Meanwhile several additional proteomics workflows are applied, which are mostly based on separation and analysis of tryptic peptides without separating the protein mixture. However, direct information on quantitative and qualitative changes of protein expressions can only be obtained by methods operating on the protein level, no other method can replace two-dimensional electrophoresis. In this review we compile the different techniques of high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis and their further developments to increase the degree of reliance of the method.
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127
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Kask L, Larsson K, Bjellqvist B. Elimination of basic gaps at high pH values in 2-DE. Proteomics 2009; 9:5558-61. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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128
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Bohne-Kjersem A, Skadsheim A, Goksøyr A, Grøsvik BE. Candidate biomarker discovery in plasma of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to crude North Sea oil, alkyl phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 68:268-277. [PMID: 19682737 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated protein changes in plasma of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) induced by crude North Sea oil and North Sea oil spiked with alkyl phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a surrogate produced water composition. Using a proteomic approach, we identified 137 differentially expressed proteins at different levels of crude oil exposure. Many of the induced protein changes occurred at low levels of exposure. The results obtained with protein expression profiles after exposure to oil and surrogate produced water indicate effects on fibrinolysis and the complement cascade, the immune system, fertility-linked proteins, bone resorption, fatty acid metabolism as well as increased oxidative stress, impaired cell mobility and increased levels of proteins associated with apoptosis. Although the number of individuals and samples in this study is limited within each treatment group, the protein changes observed in this study represent a first screening for potential biomarker candidates in cod plasma reflecting potential effects of crude oil and produced water exposure on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Bohne-Kjersem
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, PB 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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129
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Franco OL, Pelegrini PB, Gomes CPC, Souza A, Costa FT, Domont G, Quirino BF, Eira MT, Mehta A. Proteomic evaluation of coffee zygotic embryos in two different stages of seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:1046-1050. [PMID: 19775900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Coffee seed development is accompanied by severe modifications in water soluble proteins, several of these being associated to a specific developmental stage. For this reason, a proteomic approach has been used to describe spatial-temporal proteome modifications in zygotic embryos at different stages of seed development. Embryos from Coffea arabica seeds were harvested in two different developmental stages: stage 1 at 210 days after anthesis and stage 2 at 255 days. Total proteins were extracted and submitted to 2-DE. From these gels, several spots were identified by mass spectrometry including kinases, MYB transcription factor and enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. All proteins identified seem to affect coffee development in different ways, being directly involved in plant growth or used as an intermediate in some metabolic pathway that, indirectly, will influence coffee development. This is the first work using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analyses that evaluates the expression of proteins during coffee zygotic embryos development. Data here reported supply some light over coffee development and could be used in a near future to improve coffee plants' growth and development by molecular strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio L Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília - DF, Brazil.
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130
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Fu Q, Wang BC, Jin X, Li HB, Han P, Wei KH, Zhang XM, Zhu YX. Proteomic analysis and extensive protein identification from dry, germinating Arabidopsis seeds and young seedlings. BMB Rep 2009; 38:650-60. [PMID: 16336779 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.6.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins accumulated in dry, stratified Arabidopsis seeds or young seedlings, totaled 1100 to 1300 depending on the time of sampling, were analyzed by using immobilized pH gradient 2-DE gel electrophoresis. The molecular identities of 437 polypeptides, encoded by 355 independent genes, were determined by MALDI-TOF or TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. In the sum, 293 were present at all stages and 95 were accumulated during the time of radicle protrusion while another 18 appeared in later stages. Further analysis showed that 226 of the identified polypeptides could be located in different metabolic pathways. Proteins involved in carbohydrate, energy and amino acid metabolism constituted to about 1/4, and those involved in metabolism of vitamins and cofactors constituted for about 3 % of the total signal intensity in gels prepared from 72 h seedlings. Enzymes related to genetic information processing increased very quickly during early imbibition and reached highest level around 30 h of germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- The National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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131
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Matti KM, Singh SS, Savanurmath CJ, Hinchigeri SB. A unique red fluorescent protein of silkworm bearing two photochromic moieties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1364-72. [PMID: 19789805 DOI: 10.1039/b904102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A silkworm excretory red fluorescent protein (SE-RFP) having light-dependent activity against Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) was purified. Light was observed to be essential also for the SE-RFP synthesis as it was produced only when silkworms were reared in light. SE-RFP has exhibited a high fluorescence quantum yield of 0.86. The apparent mass of native SE-RFP was about 1100 kDa as analysed by gel filtration chromatography. Two photochromic moieties associated with the SE-RFP, namely tetrapyrrole-I (TP-I) and tetrapyrrole-II (TP-II), were isolated by employing TLC and HPTLC techniques. The purified tetrapyrroles were characterized by UV-absorption, fluorescence, atomic absorption and FT-IR spectral analyses. The molecular masses of TP-I and TP-II were 535 and 870 Da, respectively, as determined by ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. The molar ratio of TP-I to TP-II was 1.14 : 1.00, and a total of 7.251 micromol tetrapyrroles (TP-I + TP-II) were found to be present per mg of SE-RFP. TP-I and TP-II were identified as chlorophyll derivatives, namely, pyropheophorbide a and pheophytin a, respectively. Hence, the SE-RFP was concluded to be a unique insect red fluorescent protein having two photochromic moieties and potent photobiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyankumar M Matti
- Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 58003, Karnatak, India
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132
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Kabiri M, Amoozegar MA, Tabebordbar M, Gilany K, Salekdeh GH. Effects of selenite and tellurite on growth, physiology, and proteome of a moderately halophilic bacterium. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3098-108. [PMID: 19334765 DOI: 10.1021/pr900005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a moderately halophilic bacterium with high level of tolerance to two toxic oxyanions, selenite and tellurite, from hypersaline soil in Garmsar, Iran. 16s rRNA sequence analysis revealed that the isolate, strain MAM, had 98% similarity with Halomonas elongate, and is closely related to other species of the genus Halomonas. We observed that the tolerance to tellurite and its removal increased significantly when both selenite and tellurite were added to the culture media, suggesting a positive synergism of selenite on tellurite tolerance and removal. We applied a proteomic approach to study the proteome response of Halomonas sp. strain MAM to selenite, tellurite, and selenite + tellurite. Out of approximately 800 protein spots detected on 2-DE gels, 208 spots were differentially expressed in response to at least one of treatments. Of them, 70 CBB stained spots were analyzed by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, leading to identification of 36 proteins. Our results revealed that several mechanisms including fatty acid synthesis, energy production, cell transport, oxidative stress detoxification, DNA replication, transcription and translation contributed in bacterial response and/or adaptation. These results provided new insights into the general mechanisms on the tolerance of halophilic bacteria to these two toxic oxyanions and the use of them for bioremediation of contaminated saline soils and wastes discharge sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
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133
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Pakalapati G, Li L, Gretz N, Koch E, Wink M. Influence of red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones on gene and protein expression profiles in liver of ovariectomized rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:845-855. [PMID: 19409770 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones such as genistein, biochanin A, formononetin, and glycetin are fairly abundant in red clover (Trifolium pratense, Fabaceae) and show estrogenic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. To explore these effects mediated by red clover extract at the gene and protein levels, female ovariectomized rats were treated with an isoflavone rich extract of T. pratense. The experimental rats were divided into 2 groups of five animals each: a) control b) experimental group (red clover extract treated with 450mg/kg/day for four days). The treatment influenced the plasma lipid levels differentially. Plasma LDL concentrations were significantly reduced (p<0.05), whereas triglycerides increased (p<0.05). Plasma HDL and total cholesterol remained unchanged. The rat livers were examined for their differential gene expression by Affymetrix Rae230 DNA microarrays. In addition, the total liver proteins were separated by 2D PAGE and proteins, which showed differences in their intensities were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. The extract influenced the transcript levels of many novel estrogen and non-estrogen responsive genes as well as other regulatory genes. Functional annotations indicate that genes involved in metabolic pathways, information processing, membrane transport regulation, signal transduction and other cellular processes were regulated. Quantitative reverse transcription analysis with real-time PCR confirmed that red clover extract regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism and antioxidation mechanisms. Proteomic analysis support the potential of red clover extract to modulate the lipid metabolism. In summary isoflavone rich red clover extract mediates numerous genomic and non-genomic effects, which influence besides the lipid metabolism a broad range of cellular functions, including metabolic actions, cell cycle regulation and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Pakalapati
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, INF 364, Heidelberg, Germany
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134
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Rabilloud T, Vaezzadeh AR, Potier N, Lelong C, Leize-Wagner E, Chevallet M. Power and limitations of electrophoretic separations in proteomics strategies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:816-843. [PMID: 19072760 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics can be defined as the large-scale analysis of proteins. Due to the complexity of biological systems, it is required to concatenate various separation techniques prior to mass spectrometry. These techniques, dealing with proteins or peptides, can rely on chromatography or electrophoresis. In this review, the electrophoretic techniques are under scrutiny. Their principles are recalled, and their applications for peptide and protein separations are presented and critically discussed. In addition, the features that are specific to gel electrophoresis and that interplay with mass spectrometry (i.e., protein detection after electrophoresis, and the process leading from a gel piece to a solution of peptides) are also discussed.
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135
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Eberhardt C, Engelmann S, Kusch H, Albrecht D, Hecker M, Autenrieth IB, Kempf VAJ. Proteomic analysis of the bacterial pathogen Bartonella henselae and identification of immunogenic proteins for serodiagnosis. Proteomics 2009; 9:1967-81. [PMID: 19333998 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a slow growing, fastidious and facultative intracellular pathogen causing cat scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders. To date, knowledge about the pathogenicity of this human pathogenic bacterium is limited and, additionally, serodiagnosis still needs further improvement. Here, we investigated the proteome of B. henselae using 2-D SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. We provide a comprehensive 2-D proteome reference map of the whole cell lysate of B. henselae with 431 identified protein spots representing 191 different proteins of which 16 were formerly assigned as hypothetical proteins. To unravel immunoreactive antigens, we applied 2-D SDS-PAGE and subsequent immunoblotting using 33 sera of patients suffering from B. henselae infections. The analysis revealed 79 immunoreactive proteins of which 71 were identified. Setting a threshold of 20% seroreactivity, 11 proteins turned out to be immunodominant antigens potentially useful for an improved Bartonella-specific serodiagnosis. Therefore, we provide for the first time (i) a comprehensive 2-D proteome map of B. henselae for further proteome-based studies focussed on the pathogenicity of B. henselae and (ii) an integrated view into the humoral immune responses targeted against this newly emerged human pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eberhardt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Klinikum der Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
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LaCourse EJ, Hernandez-Viadel M, Jefferies JR, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ, Barrett J, Morgan AJ, Kille P, Brophy PM. Glutathione transferase (GST) as a candidate molecular-based biomarker for soil toxin exposure in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2459-2469. [PMID: 19346039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister, 1843) is a terrestrial pollution sentinel. Enzyme activity and transcription of phase II detoxification superfamily glutathione transferases (GST) is known to respond in earthworms after soil toxin exposure, suggesting GST as a candidate molecular-based pollution biomarker. This study combined sub-proteomics, bioinformatics and biochemical assay to characterise the L. rubellus GST complement as pre-requisite to initialise assessment of the applicability of GST as a biomarker. L. rubellus possesses a range of GSTs related to known classes, with evidence of tissue-specific synthesis. Two affinity-purified GSTs dominating GST protein synthesis (Sigma and Pi class) were cloned, expressed and characterised for enzyme activity with various substrates. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) following SDS-PAGE were superior in retaining subunit stability relative to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). This study provides greater understanding of Phase II detoxification GST superfamily status of an important environmental pollution sentinel organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E James LaCourse
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
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137
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Acín P, Rayó J, Guerrero A, Quero C. Improved resolution in the acidic and basic region of 2-DE of insect antennae proteins using hydroxyethyl disulfide. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2613-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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138
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Lee DY, Chang GD. Electrolytic reduction: modification of proteins occurring in isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and in electrolytic reactions in the presence of high salts. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3957-64. [PMID: 19438264 PMCID: PMC2682429 DOI: 10.1021/ac900281n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artifacts in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) caused by the presence of salts in isoelectric focusing (IEF) have been previously described as a result of increasing conductivity and inducing electroosmosis. However, electrolysis induced by the presence of salts should not be disregarded. In this study, electrolytic reduction−oxidation reaction (redox) was found to be enhanced in the presence of salts in IEF. The consequence of the electrolytic redox leads to acidification of the low-pH region and alkalization of the high-pH region within the immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strip. As a result, a breakdown of immobilized pH buffer near the high pH region of IPG strips along with reduction of basic proteins resulted in uncharacterized artifacts in 2-DE. Electrolytic reduction in the presence of alkali and alkaline metal ions was demonstrated to reduce 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), protein disulfide bonds, and protein carboxylic acids. Importantly, semipreparative electrolytic reduction of proteins can be carried out in the presence of sodium ions in a homemade electrolytic apparatus. These findings give additional explanations to the observed artifacts in 2-DE and reveal the unknown effects of salts in IEF. Moreover, we have provided a method with the potential to convert proteins or peptides to corresponding modified products containing aldehyde groups that can be used for conjugation with amine-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-106, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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139
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Bianchi L, Puglia M, Landi C, Matteoni S, Perini D, Armini A, Verani M, Trombetta C, Soldani P, Roncada P, Greppi G, Pallini V, Bini L. Solubilization methods and reference 2-DE map of cow milk fat globules. J Proteomics 2009; 72:853-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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140
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141
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Rabilloud T. Membrane proteins and proteomics: Love is possible, but so difficult. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S174-80. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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142
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Secciani F, Bianchi L, Ermini L, Cianti R, Armini A, La Sala GB, Focarelli R, Bini L, Rosati F. Protein Profile of Capacitated versus Ejaculated Human Sperm. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3377-89. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900031r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Secciani
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cianti
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Armini
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovan Battista La Sala
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Focarelli
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Floriana Rosati
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, Functional Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Siena University, Siena, Italy, and Unit of Human Reproduction, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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143
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Two-dimensional electrophoresis: an overview. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2009; 519:1-16. [PMID: 19381573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-281-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) separates proteins by molecular charge and molecular size. Proteins are first solubilised in a denaturing buffer containing a neutral chaotrope, a zwitterionic or neutral detergent, and a reducing agent. First-dimension isoelectric keywords, focusing, then subjects proteins to a high voltage within a pH gradient. The amphoteric nature of proteins means each migrates to the pH where the net molecular charge is zero. After equilibration, to ensure complete protein unfolding, the second dimension separates by molecular size. Each protein is therefore resolved at a unique isoelectric point/molecular size coordinate. After visualisation by staining proteome changes are revealed by gel image analysis, and protein spots of interest excised and identified by mass spectrometry sequence analysis combined with database comparison. Variations to this procedure include staining or radio-labelling prior to electrophoresis. Although 2DE does have limitations, the most significant being the resolution of membrane and/or hydrophobic proteins, the potential solutions offered by pre-fractionation or adjustments to the electrophoresis regimen mean this technique is likely to remain central to proteomic research.
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144
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Kumar VB, Jiang IF, Yang HH, Weng CF. Effects of serum on phagocytic activity and proteomic analysis of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) serum after acute osmotic stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:760-767. [PMID: 19328877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of serum from freshwater (FW) exposed tilapia or from 25 ppt seawater (SW) exposed tilapia on the ability to mediate the phagocytic activity of tilapia phagocytes. To analyze the phagocytic activity, head kidney (HK) and spleen leukocytes were tested in 300 or 500 mOsm medium using three different treatment groups (a) control, (b) addition of 25% serum from freshwater (FW) exposed tilapia, and (c) addition of 25% of serum from 25 ppt seawater (SW) exposed tilapia. HK leukocytes cultured in 300 and 500 mOsm media for 4 h showed an increase of phagocytic ability in the control group as compared to the addition of serum from either FW or SW exposed tilapia. HK leukocytes exposed to 500 mOsm medium showed a higher phagocytic ability than those leukocytes exposed to 300 mOsm medium in each corresponding group. Concurrently, spleen leukocytes in the control group showed a higher phagocytic ability than those leukocytes with the addition of serum from FW or SW exposed tilapia. As compared to spleen leukocytes cultured in 300 mOsm medium, leukocytes cultured in 500 mOsm medium showed an increase of phagocytic ability within their respective group. To further investigate the observed phenomenon, 2D-gel electrophoresis was performed for analyzing the differentially expressed proteins in serum that was thought to influence the phagocytic ability. Up-regulated serum proteins in SW exposed tilapia contained complement C3 protein, NADH dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3, Mg(2+)-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase, Semaphorins, and Caspase 3. Taken together these results suggest that addition of serum decreased the phagocytic activity in HK and spleen leukocytes in vitro, furthermore, induced proteins semaphorin, complement C3, Mg(2+)-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase, and Caspase 3 are up-regulated in the serum, which might have decreased the phagocytic activity upon exposure to hyperosmotic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bharath Kumar
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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145
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Proceedings of the 3rd Dies Andrologicus ‘Immunoreactions of the Human Testis and Spermatozoa’. Andrologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1999.tb01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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146
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Proteome serological determination of tumor-associated antigens in melanoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5199. [PMID: 19381273 PMCID: PMC2667248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteome serology may complement expression library-based approaches as strategy utilizing the patients' immune responses for the identification pathogenesis factors and potential targets for therapy and markers for diagnosis. Melanoma is a relatively immunogenic tumor and antigens recognized by melanoma-specific T cells have been extensively studied. The specificities of antibody responses to this malignancy have been analyzed to some extent by molecular genetic but not proteomics approaches. We screened sera of 94 melanoma patients for anti-melanoma reactivity and detected seropositivity in two-thirds of the patients with 2–6 antigens per case detected by 1D and an average of 2.3 per case by 2D Western blot analysis. For identification, antigen spots in Western blots were aligned with proteins in 2-DE and analyzed by mass spectrometry. 18 antigens were identified, 17 of which for the first time for melanoma. One of these antigens, galectin-3, has been related to various oncogenic processes including metastasis formation and invasiveness. Similarly, enolase has been found deregulated in different cancers. With at least 2 of 18 identified proteins implicated in oncogenic processes, the work confirms the potential of proteome-based antigen discovery to identify pathologically relevant proteins.
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147
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Morak M, Schmidinger H, Krempl P, Rechberger G, Kollroser M, Birner-Gruenberger R, Hermetter A. Differential activity-based gel electrophoresis for comparative analysis of lipolytic and esterolytic activities. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1281-92. [PMID: 19282273 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800566-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a novel technique for differential activity-based gel electrophoresis (DABGE) of lipolytic enzymes from two different biological samples. For this purpose, a set of three fluorescent suicide inhibitors was developed. These probes possess the same substrate analogous structures but carry different cyanine dyes (Cy2b, Cy3, and Cy5) as reporter fluorophores. For comparison of enzyme profiles, two samples are individually labeled with a different probe followed by mixing, gel electrophoresis, fluorescence imaging, and identification of the tagged proteins by MS/MS. Protocols for quantitative determination of active enzymes were developed on the basis of lipolytic proteomes that had been admixed with defined amounts of known lipases and esterases. A detailed analysis of the fluorescence intensities showed that the found enzyme ratios very closely reflected the relative amounts of the labeled enzymes that were used for spiking. The DABGE method was used to compare the lipolytic proteomes of brown and white adipose tissue showing specific enzyme patterns of both samples. This study represents the first application of this technology for comparative analysis of lipases and esterases. Further applications of this technique can be expected to provide entirely new information on lipid enzymology in health and disease with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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148
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Jarchow S, Lück C, Görg A, Skerra A. Identification of potential substrate proteins for the periplasmic Escherichia coli chaperone Skp. Proteomics 2009; 8:4987-94. [PMID: 19003857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The "seventeen kilodalton protein" (Skp) is a predominant periplasmic chaperone of Escherichia coli, which is involved in the biogenesis of abundant outer membrane proteins (OMPs) such as OmpA, PhoE, and LamB. In this study the substrate profile of Skp was investigated in a proteomics approach. Skp was overexpressed in a deficient E. coli strain as a fusion protein with the Strep-tag and captured, together with any host proteins associated with it, from the periplasmic cell extract under mild conditions via one-step Strep-Tactin affinity chromatography. Copurified substrate proteins were then identified by high resolution 2-DE with immobilized pH-gradients, followed by MALDI-TOF MS. Apart from the known Skp substrates, including OmpA and LamB, more than 30 other interacting proteins were detected, especially from the outer membrane, among these FadL and BtuB, and from the periplasm such as MalE and OppA. Thus, Skp does not only serve as a specialized chaperone for a small set of OMPs, but it seems to exhibit a broader substrate spectrum, including soluble periplasmic proteins. These findings should prompt further investigation into the physiological role of Skp and may promote its use for the bacterial production of biochemically active heterologous proteins whose folding requires secretion into the oxidizing milieu of the periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Jarchow
- Fachgebiet Proteomik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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149
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Hubner NC, Ren S, Mann M. Peptide separation with immobilized pI strips is an attractive alternative to in-gel protein digestion for proteome analysis. Proteomics 2009; 8:4862-72. [PMID: 19003865 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Complex protein mixtures have traditionally been separated by 2-DE. Görg introduced IPGs as the first dimension of protein separation. In recent years, MS-based proteomics has increasingly become the method of choice for identifying and quantifying large number of proteins. In that technology, to decrease analyte complexity, proteins are often separated by 1-D SDS-gel electrophoresis before online MS analysis. Here, we investigate a recently introduced device for peptide separation with IPGs (Agilent OFFGEL). Loading capacity for optimal peptide focusing is below 100 microg and--similar to 2-D gels--IEF is more efficient in the acidic than the basic pH region. The 24-well fractionation format resulted in about 40% additional peptide identifications but less than 20% additional protein identifications than the 12-well format. Compared to in-gel digestion, peptide IEF consistently identified a third more proteins with equal number of fractions. Low protein starting amounts (10 microg) still resulted in deep proteome coverage. Advantages of the in-gel format include better reliability and robustness. Considering its superior performance, diminished sample and work-up requirements, peptide IEF will become a method of choice for sample preparation in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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150
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Lavarías S, Pasquevich MY, Dreon MS, Heras H. Partial characterization of a malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I from Macrobrachium borellii (Crustacea: Palaemonidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 152:364-9. [PMID: 19171199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The shuttle system that mediates the transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane in invertebrates has received little attention. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I (EC 2.3.1.21; CPT I) is a key component of this system that in vertebrates controls long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation. To gain knowledge on the acyltransferases in aquatic arthropods, physical, kinetic, regulatory and immunological properties of CPT of the midgut gland mitochondria of Macrobrachium borellii were assayed. CPT I optimum conditions were 34 degrees C and pH=8.0. Kinetic analysis revealed a Km for carnitine of 2180+/-281 microM and a Km for palmitoyl-CoA of 98.9+/-8.9 microM, while V(max) were 56.5+/-6.6 and 36.7+/-4.8 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively. A Hill coefficient, n~1, indicate a Michaelis-Menten behavior. The CPT I activity was sensitive to regulation by malonyl-CoA, with an IC(50) of 25.2 microM. Electrophoretic and immunological analyses showed that a 66 kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 5.1 cross-reacted with both rat liver and muscle-liver anti CPT I polyclonal antibodies, suggesting antigenic similarity with the rat enzymes. Although CPT I displayed kinetic differences with insect and vertebrates, prawn showed a high capacity for energy generation through beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lavarías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET CCT, Argentina
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