101
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Khatun M, Mondal RK, Pal S, Baidya A, Bishnu D, Banerjee P, Santra AK, Dhali GK, Banerjee S, Chowdhury A, Datta S. Distinctiveness in virological features and pathogenic potentials of subgenotypes D1, D2, D3 and D5 of Hepatitis B virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8055. [PMID: 29795338 PMCID: PMC5966457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct clinical features of HBV infection have been associated with different viral genotype/subgenotype. HBV Genotype-D comprised of 10 subgenotypes, D1–D10, whose clinical implications still remain elusive. We investigated for the first-time, the virologic characteristics and cytopathic effects of four non-recombinant D-subgenotypes, D1/D2/D3/D5. Expressions of viral/host genes were evaluated in Huh7 cells transfected with full-length, linear-monomers of HBV/D-subgenotypes or pGL3-Basic vector carrying subgenotype-specific HBx. Intracellular HBV-DNA and pregenomic-RNA levels were high in D1/D2 than D3/D5. Expressions of PreC-mRNA and HBx were highest for D2 and D1 respectively, whereas PreS2/S-transcript was significantly reduced in D5. Increased apoptotic cell death and marked upregulation in caspase-3/Bax/TNF-R1/FasR/TRAIL-R1/ROS/MCP-1/IP-10/MIP-1β expression were noticed specifically in D2- and also in D3-transfected cells, while D5 resulted in over-expression of ER-stress-markers. D-subgenotype-transfected Huh7 cells were co-cultured with PBMC of healthy-donors or LX-2 cells and significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in PBMC and fibrogenic-markers in LX-2 were noticed in presence of D2/D3. Further, Huh7 cells transfected with D1, in particular and also D5, displayed remarkable induction of EMT-markers and high proliferative/migratory abilities. Collectively, our results demonstrated that D2/D3 were more associated with hepatic apoptosis/inflammation/fibrosis and D1/D5 with increased risk of hepatocarcinogenesis and emphasize the need for determining HBV-subgenotype in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Khatun
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Mondal
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Sourina Pal
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Ayana Baidya
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Debasree Bishnu
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Amal Kumar Santra
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Gopal Krishna Dhali
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Simanti Datta
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India.
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102
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Lucifora J, Bonnin M, Aillot L, Fusil F, Maadadi S, Dimier L, Michelet M, Floriot O, Ollivier A, Rivoire M, Ait-Goughoulte M, Daffis S, Fletcher SP, Salvetti A, Cosset FL, Zoulim F, Durantel D. Direct antiviral properties of TLR ligands against HBV replication in immune-competent hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5390. [PMID: 29599452 PMCID: PMC5876392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are effective at decreasing the viral load in serum, but do not lead to viral eradication. Recent studies highlighted the therapeutic or “adjuvant” potential of immune-modulators. Our aim was to explore the direct anti-HBV effect of Toll-Like-Receptors (TLR) agonists in hepatocytes. HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHH) or differentiated HepaRG cells (dHepaRG) were treated with various TLR agonists. Amongst all TLR ligands tested, Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2-ligand) and poly(I:C)-(HMW) (TLR3/MDA5-ligand) were the best at reducing all HBV parameters. No or little viral rebound was observed after treatment arrest, implying a long-lasting effect on cccDNA. We also tested Riboxxol that features improved TLR3 specificity compared to poly(I:C)-(HMW). This agonist demonstrated a potent antiviral effect in HBV-infected PHH. Whereas, poly(I:C)-(HMW) and Pam3CSK4 mainly induced the expression of classical genes from the interferon or NF-κB pathway respectively, Riboxxol had a mixed phenotype. Moreover, TLR2 and TLR3 ligands can activate hepatocytes and immune cells, as demonstrated by antiviral cytokines produced by stimulated hepatocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, our data highlight the potential of innate immunity activation in the direct control of HBV replication in hepatocytes, and support the development of TLR-based antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lucifora
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Marc Bonnin
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Ludovic Aillot
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Maadadi
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Dimier
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Michelet
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Océane Floriot
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Anaïs Ollivier
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | | | - Malika Ait-Goughoulte
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Salvetti
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Hepatology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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103
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Allweiss L, Volz T, Giersch K, Kah J, Raffa G, Petersen J, Lohse AW, Beninati C, Pollicino T, Urban S, Lütgehetmann M, Dandri M. Proliferation of primary human hepatocytes and prevention of hepatitis B virus reinfection efficiently deplete nuclear cccDNA in vivo. Gut 2018; 67:542-552. [PMID: 28428345 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stability of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in nuclei of non-dividing hepatocytes represents a key determinant of HBV persistence. Contrarily, studies with animal hepadnaviruses indicated that hepatocyte turnover can reduce cccDNA loads but knowledge on the proliferative capacity of HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in vivo and the fate of cccDNA in dividing PHHs is still lacking. This study aimed to determine the impact of human hepatocyte division on cccDNA stability in vivo. METHODS PHH proliferation was triggered by serially transplanting hepatocytes from HBV-infected humanised mice into naïve recipients. Cell proliferation and virological changes were assessed by quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and RNA in situ hybridisation. Viral integrations were analysed by gel separation and deep sequencing. RESULTS PHH proliferation strongly reduced all infection markers, including cccDNA (median 2.4 log/PHH). Remarkably, cell division appeared to cause cccDNA dilution among daughter cells and intrahepatic cccDNA loss. Nevertheless, HBV survived in sporadic non-proliferating human hepatocytes, so that virological markers rebounded as hepatocyte expansion relented. This was due to reinfection of quiescent PHHs since treatment with the entry inhibitor myrcludex-B or nucleoside analogues blocked viral spread and intrahepatic cccDNA accumulation. Viral integrations were detected both in donors and recipient mice but did not appear to contribute to antigen production. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that human hepatocyte division even without involvement of cytolytic mechanisms triggers substantial cccDNA loss. This process may be fundamental to resolve self-limiting acute infection and should be considered in future therapeutic interventions along with entry inhibition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Allweiss
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Giersch
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kah
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joerg Petersen
- IFI Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine at Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel and Heidelberg Partner Sites, Hamburg, Germany
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104
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Liu J, Yu Q, Wu W, Huang X, Broering R, Werner M, Roggendorf M, Yang D, Lu M. TLR2 Stimulation Strengthens Intrahepatic Myeloid-Derived Cell-Mediated T Cell Tolerance through Inducing Kupffer Cell Expansion and IL-10 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2341-2351. [PMID: 29459406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic APCs play a critical role in promoting immune tolerance in the liver. Recently, we have demonstrated that TLR2 stimulation on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells reverted their suppressive properties to induce T cell immunity. However, there is a paucity of information about how TLR2 stimulation modulates the immunological function of other hepatic APCs. In the current study, we investigated whether TLR2 stimulation influences the function of intrahepatic myeloid-derived cells (iMDCs) and elucidated the mechanisms involved in iMDC-induced T cell immunity. We could show that iMDCs from C57BL/6 mice can potently suppress T cell activation in a cell contact-independent manner. Ag presentation by iMDCs leads to naive CD8 T cell tolerance. To our surprise, instead of inducing cell functional maturation, TLR2 ligand palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (P3C) stimulation further strengthens the suppressive and tolerogenic properties of iMDCs. After P3C administration, the population of Kupffer cells (KCs) of iMDCs dramatically increased. Mechanism analysis shows that KCs are essential for the enhanced inhibition of T cell activation by P3C-stimulated iMDCs. The iMDC-mediated CD8 T cell inhibition was mediated by soluble mediators, one of which was IL-10 secreted by KCs after P3C stimulation. IL-10 blockade could partially abolish iMDC-mediated T cell inhibition. Moreover, hepatitis B virus particle stimulation on iMDCs could also induce IL-10 production by the cells in a TLR2-dependent way. Our results have implications for our understanding of liver-specific tolerance and for the development of strategies to overcome T cell tolerance in situations such as chronic viral liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; and
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; and
| | - Weimin Wu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Xuan Huang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; and
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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105
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Skelton JK, Wai SN, Large E, Lussignol M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Hughes D, Fleck RA, Thursz M, Catanese MT, Dorner M. 3D microfluidic liver cultures as a physiological preclinical tool for hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:682. [PMID: 29445209 PMCID: PMC5813240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 240 million people infected, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health concern. The inability to mimic the complexity of the liver using cell lines and regular primary human hepatocyte (PHH) cultures pose significant limitations for studying host/pathogen interactions. Here, we describe a 3D microfluidic PHH system permissive to HBV infection, which can be maintained for at least 40 days. This system enables the recapitulation of all steps of the HBV life cycle, including the replication of patient-derived HBV and the maintenance of HBV cccDNA. We show that innate immune and cytokine responses following infection with HBV mimic those observed in HBV-infected patients, thus allowing the dissection of pathways important for immune evasion and validation of biomarkers. Additionally, we demonstrate that the co-culture of PHH with other non-parenchymal cells enables the identification of the cellular origin of immune effectors, thus providing a valuable preclinical platform for HBV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - J K Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - S N Wai
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - E Large
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - M Lussignol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - G Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre For Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - D Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - R A Fleck
- Centre For Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - M Thursz
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - M T Catanese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - M Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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106
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Ma Z, Cao Q, Xiong Y, Zhang E, Lu M. Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus and Toll-Like Receptors: Current Status and Potential Therapeutic Use for Chronic Hepatitis B. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010006. [PMID: 29337856 PMCID: PMC5874647 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune defense against infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is complex and involves both host innate and adaptive immune systems. It is well accepted that the development of sufficient HBV-specific T cell and B cell responses are required for controlling an HBV infection. However, the contribution of innate immunity to removing HBV has been explored in recent years. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as the first line of antiviral immunity because they initiate intracellular signaling pathways to induce antiviral mediators such as interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines. Recent studies show that the activation of TLR-mediated signaling pathways results in a suppression of HBV replication in vitro and in vivo. However, HBV has also evolved strategies to counter TLR responses including the suppression of TLR expression and the blockage of downstream signaling pathways. Antiviral treatment in chronic HBV-infected patients leads to an upregulation of TLR expression and the restoration of its innate antiviral functions. Thus, TLR activation may serve as an additional immunotherapeutic option for treating chronic HBV infection in combination with antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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107
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Naseem S, Hussain T, Manzoor S. Interleukin-6: A promising cytokine to support liver regeneration and adaptive immunity in liver pathologies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:36-45. [PMID: 29361380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver pathologies (fibrosis, cirrhosis, alcoholic, non-alcoholic diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma) represent one of the most common causes of death worldwide. A number of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of liver diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine, exerting variety of effects on inflammation, liver regeneration, and defence against infections by regulating adaptive immunity. Due to its high abundance in inflammatory settings, IL-6 is often viewed as a detrimental cytokine. However, accumulating evidence supports the view that IL-6 has a beneficial impact in numerous liver pathologies, due to its roles in liver regeneration and in promoting an anti-inflammatory response in certain conditions. IL-6 promotes proliferation, angiogenesis and metabolism, and downregulates apoptosis and oxidative stress; together these functions are critical for mediating hepatoprotection. IL-6 is also an important regulator of adaptive immunity where it induces T cell differentiation and regulates autoimmunity. It can augment antiviral adaptive immune responses and mitigate exhaustion of T cells during chronic infection. This review focuses on studies that present IL-6 as a key factor in regulating liver regeneration and in supporting effector immune functions and suggests that these functions of IL-6 can be exploited in treatment strategies for liver pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrah Naseem
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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108
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Li G, Zhu Y, Shao D, Chang H, Zhang X, Zhou D, Gao Y, Lan K, Deng Q. Recombinant covalently closed circular DNA of hepatitis B virus induces long-term viral persistence with chronic hepatitis in a mouse model. Hepatology 2018; 67:56-70. [PMID: 28749559 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Covalently closed circular DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is critical for viral persistence in vivo. We recently reported a technique involving recombinant covalently closed circular DNA (rcccDNA) of HBV by site-specific DNA recombination. Using hydrodynamic injection, rcccDNA induces a temporarily prolonged HBV antigenemia in immunocompetent mice, similar to acute resolving HBV infection. In this study, we simulated the pathophysiological impact of chronic hepatitis to reproduce rcccDNA persistence in mouse models. We showed that rcccDNA achieved long-lasting persistence in the presence of a compromised immune response or when transcriptional activity was repressed. To closely mimic chronic hepatitis, we used a replication-defective recombinant adenoviral vector to deliver rcccDNA to the liver, which led to prominent HBV persistence throughout the experiment duration (>62 weeks) in transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the albumin promoter. A sustained necroinflammatory response and fibrosis were identified in mouse livers, with dysplastic lesions commonly seen during the late stage of viral persistence, analogous to the progressive pathology of clinical chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSION rcccDNA was intrinsically stable in vivo, enabling long-term persistence in the context of chronic hepatitis, and viral persistence, in turn, may promote progression of chronic liver disease; our study also presented a surrogate model of HBV cccDNA persistence in mice that could advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. (Hepatology 2018;67:56-70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianhui Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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109
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Abstract
Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of hepatocytes is associated with a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) episome. Although serologic hepatitis B surface antigen tests are negative, the presence of cccDNA is obviously increased in HBeAg-positive patients compared with that in HBeAg-negative patients, inactive carriers and patients. Moreover, trace cccDNA levels can also be found in the liver cells of patients with resolved hepatitis B infections. Therefore, clearance of cccDNA in hepatocytes could be an effective cure for HBV. In this review, we summarize the strategies that have been employed to eliminate cccDNA in recent years and discuss the future development of treatments for chronic hepatitis B.
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110
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Cangelosi Q, Means SA, Ho H. A multi-scale spatial model of hepatitis-B viral dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188209. [PMID: 29216213 PMCID: PMC5720747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) afflicts around 250 million individuals globally and few options for treatment exist. Once infected, the virus entrenches itself in the liver with a notoriously resilient colonisation of viral DNA (covalently-closed circular DNA, cccDNA). The majority of infections are cleared, yet we do not understand why 5% of adult immune responses fail leading to the chronic state with its collateral morbid effects such as cirrhosis and eventual hepatic carcinoma. The liver environment exhibits particularly complex spatial structures for metabolic processing and corresponding distributions of nutrients and transporters that may influence successful HBV entrenchment. We assembled a multi-scaled mathematical model of the fundamental hepatic processing unit, the sinusoid, into a whole-liver representation to investigate the impact of this intrinsic spatial heterogeneity on the HBV dynamic. Our results suggest HBV may be exploiting spatial aspects of the liver environment. We distributed increased HBV replication rates coincident with elevated levels of nutrients in the sinusoid entry point (the periportal region) in tandem with similar distributions of hepatocyte transporters key to HBV invasion (e.g., the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide or NTCP), or immune system activity. According to our results, such co-alignment of spatial distributions may contribute to persistence of HBV infections, depending on spatial distributions and intensity of immune response as well. Moreover, inspired by previous HBV models and experimentalist suggestions of extra-hepatic HBV replication, we tested in our model influence of HBV blood replication and observe an overall nominal effect on persistent liver infection. Regardless, we confirm prior results showing a solo cccDNA is sufficient to re-infect an entire liver, with corresponding concerns for transplantation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Cangelosi
- Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse, France
| | - Shawn A. Means
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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111
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Cheng X, Xia Y, Serti E, Block PD, Chung M, Chayama K, Rehermann B, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B virus evades innate immunity of hepatocytes but activates cytokine production by macrophages. Hepatology 2017; 66:1779-1793. [PMID: 28665004 PMCID: PMC5706781 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes specifically and causes immune-mediated liver damage. How HBV interacts with the innate immunity at the early phase of infection, either with hepatocytes or other cells in the liver, remains controversial. To address this question, we utilized various human cell-culture models and humanized Alb-uPA/SCID mice. All these models were unable to mount an interferon (IFN) response despite robust HBV replication. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the lack of IFN response, we examined whether HBV actively inhibits innate immune functions of hepatocytes. By treating HBV-infected cells with known inducers of the IFN signaling pathway, we observed no alteration of either sensing or downstream IFN response by HBV. We showed that the DNA innate sensing pathways are poorly active in hepatocytes, consistent with muted innate immune recognition of HBV. Upon exposure to high-level HBV, human macrophages could be activated with increased inflammatory cytokine expressions. CONCLUSION HBV behaves like a "stealth" virus and is not sensed by, nor actively interferes with, the intrinsic innate immunity of infected hepatocytes. Macrophages are capable of sensing HBV, but require exposure to high HBV titers, potentially explaining the long "window period" during acute infection and HBV's propensity to chronic infection. (Hepatology 2017;66:1779-1793).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter Daniel Block
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Chung
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Dusséaux M, Masse-Ranson G, Darche S, Ahodantin J, Li Y, Fiquet O, Beaumont E, Moreau P, Rivière L, Neuveut C, Soussan P, Roingeard P, Kremsdorf D, Di Santo JP, Strick-Marchand H. Viral Load Affects the Immune Response to HBV in Mice With Humanized Immune System and Liver. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1647-1661.e9. [PMID: 28851562 PMCID: PMC5733397 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes, but the mechanisms of the immune response against the virus and how it affects disease progression are unclear. METHODS We performed studies with BALB/c Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-SirpaNODAlb-uPAtg/tg mice, stably engrafted with human hepatocytes (HUHEP) with or without a human immune system (HIS). HUHEP and HIS-HUHEP mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of HBV. Mononuclear cells were isolated from spleen and liver for analysis by flow cytometry. Liver was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and mRNA levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plasma levels of HBV DNA were quantified by PCR reaction, and antigen-specific antibodies were detected by immunocytochemistry of HBV-transfected BHK-21 cells. RESULTS Following HBV infection, a complete viral life cycle, with production of HBV DNA, hepatitis B e (HBe), core (HBc) and surface (HBs) antigens, and covalently closed circular DNA, was observed in HUHEP and HIS-HUHEP mice. HBV replicated unrestricted in HUHEP mice resulting in high viral titers without pathologic effects. In contrast, HBV-infected HIS-HUHEP mice developed chronic hepatitis with 10-fold lower titers and antigen-specific IgGs, (anti-HBs, anti-HBc), consistent with partial immune control. HBV-infected HIS-HUHEP livers contained infiltrating Kupffer cells, mature activated natural killer cells (CD69+), and PD-1+ effector memory T cells (CD45RO+). Reducing the viral inoculum resulted in more efficient immune control. Plasma from HBV-infected HIS-HUHEP mice had increased levels of inflammatory and immune-suppressive cytokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 and interleukin 10), which correlated with populations of intrahepatic CD4+ T cells (CD45RO+PD-1+). Mice with high levels of viremia had HBV-infected liver progenitor cells. Giving the mice the nucleoside analogue entecavir reduced viral loads and decreased liver inflammation. CONCLUSION In HIS-HUHEP mice, HBV infection completes a full life cycle and recapitulates some of the immunopathology observed in patients with chronic infection. Inoculation with different viral loads led to different immune responses and levels of virus control. We found HBV to infect liver progenitor cells, which could be involved in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. This is an important new system to study anti-HBV immune responses and screen for combination therapies against hepatotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Dusséaux
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Darche
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - James Ahodantin
- INSERM U1135, Faculté de Médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Yan Li
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Beaumont
- INSERM U966, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pierrick Moreau
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Lise Rivière
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christine Neuveut
- Unité des Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- INSERM U1135, Faculté de Médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Dina Kremsdorf
- INSERM U1135, Faculté de Médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Helene Strick-Marchand
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, Paris, France.
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Wang S, Chen Y, Xu X, Hu W, Shen H, Chen J. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102437-102445. [PMID: 29254259 PMCID: PMC5731969 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We attempted to explore the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) via a systematic review. Articles published before June 2017 and, related to prevalence rates for HBV and HCV infection in SLE patient were identified in PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases. Based on these searches 22 studies were selected for further analysis. The OR of HBsAg positive rate in SLE patients compared with control population was 0.28, with significant heterogeneity identified among the studies (I2 = 92%, P < 0.00001). Following exclusion of one study, the adjusted OR of HBsAg in patients with SLE was 0.24, and no significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 32%, P = 0.15). The adjusted OR of HBcAb positive rate in SLE patients compared with control population was 0.40, with no significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.56). The risk of having HCV infection by SLE patients was higher compared with the control subjects (OR = 2.91). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that SLE might exert a role of protection against HBV but not for HCV infection. Further epidemiological and experimental studies are necessary to explore the role and mechanisms by which SLE affects HBV/HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuejing Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Han Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sghaier I, Mouelhi L, Ghazoueni E, Brochot E, Almawi WY, Yacoubi-Loueslati B. Role of TLRs and IL-6 in the outcome of chronic hepatitis C treatment in Tunisian population. Cytokine 2017; 99:297-304. [PMID: 28823914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES TLRs are one of the most studied families of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a pivotal role during HCV infection. The binding of ligands to TLRs on antigen presenting cells (APCs) leads to secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL6, and induction of the acquired immunity response. Therefore, it has become necessarily to harness the TLRs properties' on therapeutically tools to enhance the HCV treatment response. Herein, we investigated the association between TLR3, TLR4 variants and nine IL-6 polymorphisms, and response to anti-viral treatment during HCV infection. METHODS Study subjects comprised 120 patients infected with HCV-1b and treated with Peg-IFN/RBV. Genotyping of nine IL-6 variants were done by real -time PCR and genotyping of TLRs polymorphisms were done by RFLP-PCR. RESULTS High frequency of TLR3 rs3775290 C/C genotype and TLR4 rs4986790 A/A genotype were noticed among patients with sustained viral response compared to Non-responder patients. The genetic association of TLR3 and TLR4 variants was evidenced by the improvement in the kinetics of viral load decline, with superiority of TLR3 compared to TLR4. Among, nine polymorphisms studied on IL-6 only rs1800796, rs2069845 and rs1880242 were associated with sustained viral response. Our study reports also that the common favourable IL-28B variant is essential for TLR-activated antiviral protection. CONCLUSION TLR3 and TLR4 are involved in the pathogenesis of viral infections. TLR3 may be better suited than TLR4 to activate anti-viral program. Moreover, we propose that the Th2 cytokine, IL-6, constitutes a determinant of the outcome of therapy in HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Sghaier
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers: LR16ES05, 2092, Tunisia.
| | - Leila Mouelhi
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Hepato-Gastro-Enterology Department, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Centre, Amiens, France; Virology Research Unit, EA 4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers: LR16ES05, 2092, Tunisia
| | - Besma Yacoubi-Loueslati
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers: LR16ES05, 2092, Tunisia
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Protective Effects of Moringa oleifera on HBV Genotypes C and H Transiently Transfected Huh7 Cells. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6063850. [PMID: 29214184 PMCID: PMC5682080 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6063850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection treatment implicates a long-lasting treatment. M. oleifera extracts contain compounds with antiviral, antioxidant, and antifibrotic properties. In this study, the effect of M. oleifera was evaluated in Huh7 cells expressing either HBV genotypes C or H for the antiviral, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative responses. Huh7 cells were treated with an aqueous extract of M. oleifera (leaves) at doses of 0, 30, 45, or 60 μg/mL. The replicative virus and TGF-β1, CTGF, CAT, IFN-β1, and pgRNA expressions were measured by real time. HBsAg and IL-6 titers were determined by ELISA. CTGF, TGF-β1, IFN-β1, and pgRNA expressions decreased with M. oleifera treatment irrespective of the HBV genotype. HBsAg secretion in the supernatant of transfected Huh7 cells with both HBV genotypes was decreased regardless of the dose of M. oleifera. Similar effect was observed in proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, which had a tendency to decrease at 24 hours of treatment. Transfection with both HBV genotypes strongly decreased CAT expression, which is retrieved with M. oleifera treatment. M. oleifera treatment reduced fibrosis markers, IL-6, and HBsAg secretion in HBV genotypes C and H. However, at the level of replication, only HBV-DNA genotype C was slightly reduced with this treatment.
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Alternative splicing of hepatitis B virus: A novel virus/host interaction altering liver immunity. J Hepatol 2017; 67:687-699. [PMID: 28600137 PMCID: PMC6433284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA can undergo alternative splicing, but the relevance of this post-transcriptional regulation remains elusive. The mechanism of HBV alternative splicing regulation and its impact on liver pathogenesis were investigated. METHODS HBV RNA-interacting proteins were identified by RNA pull-down, combined with mass spectrometry analysis. HBV splicing regulation was investigated in chemically and surgically induced liver damage, in whole HBV genome transgenic mice and in hepatoma cells. Viral and endogenous gene expression were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Resident liver immune cells were studied by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS HBV pregenomic RNA-interacting proteins were identified and 15% were directly related to the splicing machinery. Expression of these splicing factors was modulated in HBV transgenic mice with liver injuries and contributed to an increase of the HBV spliced RNA encoding for HBV splicing-generated protein (HBSP). HBSP transgenic mice with chemically induced liver fibrosis exhibited attenuated hepatic damage. The protective effect of HBSP resulted from a decrease of inflammatory monocyte/macrophage recruitment through downregulation of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression in hepatocytes. In human hepatoma cells, the ability of HBSP to control CCL2 expression was confirmed and maintained in a whole HBV context. Finally, viral spliced RNA detection related to a decrease of CCL2 expression in the livers of HBV chronic carriers underscored this mechanism. CONCLUSION The microenvironment, modified by liver injury, increased HBSP RNA expression through splicing factor regulation, which in turn controlled hepatocyte chemokine synthesis. This feedback mechanism provides a novel insight into liver immunopathogenesis during HBV infection. Lay summary: Hepatitis B virus persists for decades in the liver of chronically infected patients. Immune escape is one of the main mechanisms developed by this virus to survive. Our study highlights how the crosstalk between virus and liver infected cells may contribute to this immune escape.
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Romani S, Hosseini SM, Mohebbi SR, Boonstra A, Sharifian A. Differential expression of innate immune response genes in clinical phases of chronic hepatitis B infection. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:776-788. [PMID: 28218976 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated innate immune gene expression in clinical phases of chronic hepatitis B infection, including immune tolerant (IT), immune active (IA), inactive carrier (IC) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative phases, as well as healthy controls. Expression levels of interferon types I, II and III, their receptor subunits, IRFs, TLRs and other IFN-induced genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared. Forty HBsAg-positive treatment-naïve subjects without co-infection with HIV, HCV or HDV were enrolled. To complement the viral load, the expression levels of 37 innate immune genes were measured by qPCR. The highest response of the innate immune system was observed in the IT and HBeAg-negative phases, and the IC phase had the lowest response; 31 of the 37 studied genes reached their maximum mRNA expression levels in the IT and HBeAg-negative phases, and the minimum expression levels of 23 genes were found in the IC phase. The highest mRNA expression levels of IFNs, IFN receptor subunits, IRFs and TLRs genes in all clinical phases were IFN-λ2 and 3, IFN-γR2, IRF7 and TLR7, and the lowest levels of mRNA expression were observed for IFN-α, IFN-λR1, IRF8 and TLR2. We conclude that innate immune response genes are expressed differentially among chronic HBV phases, and this difference may help to develop new precise and noninvasive methods to determine the progression of disease in chronic HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S R Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Sharifian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tan-Garcia A, Wai LE, Zheng D, Ceccarello E, Jo J, Banu N, Khakpoor A, Chia A, Tham CYL, Tan AT, Hong M, Keng CT, Rivino L, Tan KC, Lee KH, Lim SG, Newell EW, Pavelka N, Chen J, Ginhoux F, Chen Q, Bertoletti A, Dutertre CA. Intrahepatic CD206 + macrophages contribute to inflammation in advanced viral-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2017; 67:490-500. [PMID: 28483682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver inflammation is key in the progression of chronic viral hepatitis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The magnitude of viral replication and the specific anti-viral immune responses should govern the degree of inflammation, but a direct correlation is not consistently found in chronic viral hepatitis patients. We aim to better define the mechanisms that contribute to chronic liver inflammation. METHODS Intrahepatic CD14+ myeloid cells from healthy donors (n=19) and patients with viral-related liver cirrhosis (HBV, HBV/HDV or HCV; n=15) were subjected to detailed phenotypic, molecular and functional characterisation. RESULTS Unsupervised analysis of multi-parametric data showed that liver disease was associated with the intrahepatic expansion of activated myeloid cells mainly composed of pro-inflammatory CD14+HLA-DRhiCD206+ cells, which spontaneously produced TNFα and GM-CSF. These cells only showed heightened pro-inflammatory responses to bacterial TLR agonists and were more refractory to endotoxin-induced tolerance. A liver-specific enrichment of CD14+HLA-DRhiCD206+ cells was also detected in a humanised mouse model of liver inflammation. This accumulation was abrogated following oral antibiotic treatment, suggesting a direct involvement of translocated gut-derived microbial products in liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Viral-related chronic liver inflammation is driven by the interplay between non-endotoxin-tolerant pro-inflammatory CD14+HLA-DRhiCD206+ myeloid cells and translocated bacterial products. Deciphering this mechanism paves the way for the development of therapeutic strategies specifically targeting CD206+ myeloid cells in viral-related liver disease patients. Lay summary: Viral-related chronic liver disease is driven by intrahepatic pro-inflammatory myeloid cells accumulating in a gut-derived bacterial product-dependent manner. Our findings support the use of oral antibiotics to ameliorate liver inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Tan-Garcia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Lu-En Wai
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Dahai Zheng
- Humanised Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Erica Ceccarello
- Humanised Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Juandy Jo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Nasirah Banu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Atefeh Khakpoor
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Adeline Chia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Christine Y L Tham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Anthony T Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Michelle Hong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Choong Tat Keng
- Humanised Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Laura Rivino
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kai Chah Tan
- Asian American Liver Centre, Gleneagles Hospital, 6A Napier Road, Singapore 258500, Singapore
| | - Kang Hoe Lee
- Asian American Liver Centre, Gleneagles Hospital, 6A Napier Road, Singapore 258500, Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Facutly of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Humanised Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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Ma Z, Liu J, Wu W, Zhang E, Zhang X, Li Q, Zelinskyy G, Buer J, Dittmer U, Kirschning CJ, Lu M. The IL-1R/TLR signaling pathway is essential for efficient CD8 + T-cell responses against hepatitis B virus in the hydrodynamic injection mouse model. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:997-1008. [PMID: 28757610 PMCID: PMC5719144 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection is determined by the complex interactions between replicating HBV and the immune system. While the role of the adaptive immune system in the resolution of HBV infection has been studied extensively, the contribution of innate immune mechanisms remains to be defined. Here we examined the role of the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling pathway in adaptive immune responses and viral clearance by exploring the HBV mouse model. Hydrodynamic injection with a replication-competent HBV genome was performed in wild-type mice (WT) and a panel of mouse strains lacking specific innate immunity component expression. We found higher levels of HBV protein production and replication in Tlr2−/−, Tlr23479−/−, 3d/Tlr24−/−, Myd88/Trif−/− and Irak4−/− mice, which was associated with reduced HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in these mice. Importantly, HBV clearance was delayed for more than 2 weeks in 3d/Tlr24−/−, Myd88/Trif−/− and Irak4−/− mice compared to WT mice. HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were functionally impaired for producing the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 in TLR signaling-deficient mice compared to WT mice. In conclusion, the IL-1R/TLR signaling pathway might contribute to controlling HBV infection by augmenting HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ma
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Weimin Wu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten J Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Hepatitis B Virus Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Supporting Hepatocyte Survival and Virus Replication. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:339-363. [PMID: 28884137 PMCID: PMC5581872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but molecular mechanisms driving liver disease and carcinogenesis are largely unknown. We therefore studied cellular pathways altered by HBV infection. METHODS We performed gene expression profiling of primary human hepatocytes infected with HBV and proved the results in HBV-replicating cell lines and human liver tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) was examined in HBV-replicating human hepatocytes, HBV-replicating mice, and liver tissue from HBV-infected individuals using Western blotting, STAT3-luciferase reporter assay, and immunohistochemistry. The consequences of STAT3 activation on HBV infection and cell survival were studied by chemical inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3. RESULTS Gene expression profiling of HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes detected no interferon response, while genes encoding for acute phase and antiapoptotic proteins were up-regulated. This gene regulation was confirmed in liver tissue samples of patients with chronic HBV infection and in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathway analysis revealed activation of STAT3 to be the major regulator. Interleukin-6-dependent and -independent activation of STAT3 was detected in HBV-replicating hepatocytes in cell culture and in vivo. Prevention of STAT3 activation by inhibition of Janus tyrosine kinases as well as small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STAT3-induced apoptosis and reduced HBV replication and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS HBV activates STAT3 signaling in hepatocytes to foster its own replication but also to prevent apoptosis of infected cells. This very likely supports HBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Key Words
- APR, acute phase response
- Apoptosis
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HBV pg RNA, hepatitis B pregenomic RNA
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HBVtg, hepatitis B transgenic
- HBeAg, hepatitis B early antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- Hepatitis B Virus Infection
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- STAT3 Signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cRNA, complementary RNA
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- p.i., postinfection
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- pgRNA, pregenomic RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Dai XQ, Cai WT, Wu X, Chen Y, Han FM. Protocatechuic acid inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by activating ERK1/2 pathway and down-regulating HNF4α and HNF1α in vitro. Life Sci 2017; 180:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a major health burden worldwide; it can cause various degrees of liver damage and is strongly associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms determining HBV persistence are not fully understood, but these appear to be multifactorial and the unique replication strategy employed by HBV enables its maintenance in infected hepatocytes. Both the stability of the HBV genome, which forms a stable minichromosome, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the hepatocyte nucleus, and the inability of the immune system to resolve chronic HBV infection are believed to be key mechanisms of HBV chronicity. Since a true cure of HBV requires clearance of intranuclear cccDNA from infected hepatocytes, understanding the mechanisms involved in cccDNA biogenesis, regulation and stability is mandatory to achieve HBV eradication. This review will summarize the state of knowledge on these mechanisms including the impact of current treatments on the cccDNA stability and activity. We will focus on events challenging cccDNA persistence in dividing hepatocytes.
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123
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The role of IL-6 in host defence against infections: immunobiology and clinical implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:399-409. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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124
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Ko C, Michler T, Protzer U. Novel viral and host targets to cure hepatitis B. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 24:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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125
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Gehring AJ. New treatments to reach functional cure: Rationale and challenges for emerging immune-based therapies. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:337-345. [PMID: 28774416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The landscape for chronic HBV therapy is rapidly evolving. The latest generation of antiviral drugs provide robust virus suppression with a high barrier to resistance that facilitates long-term treatment. However, low rates of HBsAg loss demonstrate that additional strategies are needed to consistency achieve a functional cure. The immune system can clear HBV and establish long-term control over the virus. Sufficiently boosting HBV immunity in chronic patients has been very difficult due to immune exhaustion, immune dysregulation, and inhibitory pathways suppressing the immune response. Therapeutic vaccines employing new technology, vectors and new immunomodulatory drugs that can elicit direct antiviral effects and cancel inhibitory mechanism may be able to overcome exhaustion. This review will discuss the justification for immunotherapy, lessons from previous trials and new vaccines/drugs in early stage clinical trials. The challenges of correlating immune responses induced by these drugs to clinical efficacy will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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126
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Holmes JA, Yu ML, Chung RT. Hepatitis B reactivation during or after direct acting antiviral therapy - implication for susceptible individuals. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:651-672. [PMID: 28471314 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1325869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The FDA issued a warning following 24 cases of HBV reactivation during DAA therapy for HCV, including individuals with inactive, occult and past HBV infection. Clinical presentations ranged from asymptomatic fluctuations in HBV DNA to fulminant hepatic failure, liver transplantation and death. The mechanism is unknown. Areas covered: HCV/HBV coinfection is common, particularly in regions endemic for HBV. HCV and HBV utilize host factors to support replication; both viruses evade/impair host immunity. Clinical presentations of HBV reactivation during DAAs are summarized. Other causes of HBV reactivation are revisited and recent data regarding HBV reactivation are presented. Expert opinion: HBV reactivation during DAAs for HCV occurs, with life-threatening consequences in some individuals. The risk of HBV reactivation is observed in all HBV stages. The rapid removal of HCV likely alters and liberates host-viral ± viral-viral interactions that lead to increased HBV replication. As immune reconstitution occurs with HCV removal, host recognition of HBV DNA likely ensues followed by vigorous host immune responses leading to liver injury (HBV flare). These cases highlight the importance of HBV testing prior to initiating DAA therapy, the need for close monitoring of HBV during therapy and timely administration of anti-HBV therapy to prevent serious sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Holmes
- a Gastrointestinal Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Gastroenterology , St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne , Fitzroy , Australia
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- a Gastrointestinal Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,c Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,d Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Raymond T Chung
- a Gastrointestinal Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,e Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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127
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Lebossé F, Testoni B, Fresquet J, Facchetti F, Galmozzi E, Fournier M, Hervieu V, Berthillon P, Berby F, Bordes I, Durantel D, Levrero M, Lampertico P, Zoulim F. Intrahepatic innate immune response pathways are downregulated in untreated chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2017; 66:897-909. [PMID: 28043874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence and the pathobiology of chronic HBV (CHB) infections result from the interplay between viral replication and host immune responses. We aimed to comprehensively analyse the expression of intrahepatic host genes as well as serum and liver HBV markers in a large cohort of untreated CHB patients. METHODS One-hundred and five CHB patients untreated at the time of liver biopsy (34 HBeAg[+] and 71 HBeAg[-]) were analysed for the intrahepatic expression profile of 67 genes belonging to multiple innate immunity pathways. Results were correlated to serological (quantification of HBsAg [qHBsAg] and HBV DNA) and intrahepatic viral markers (total HBV DNA, pre-genomic RNA and covalently closed circular HBV DNA). RESULTS Intrahepatic gene expression profiling revealed a strong downregulation of antiviral effectors, interferon stimulated genes, Toll-like and pathogen recognition receptor pathways in CHB patients as compared to non-infected controls, which was not directly correlated to HBV replication. A subset of genes [CXCL10, GBP1, IFITM1, IFNB1, IL10, IL6, ISG15, TLR3, SOCS1, SOCS3] was more repressed in HBeAg(-) respect to HBeAg(+) patients (median of serum HBV DNA 7.9×103vs. 7.9×107IU/ml, respectively). Notably, HBeAg(-) patients with lower qHBsAg (<5×103IU/ml) showed a relief of repression of genes belonging to multiple pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a strong impairment of innate immune responses in the liver of CHB patients. The association of low levels of qHBsAg with gene repression, if confirmed, might prove useful for the identification of patients who would most benefit from immune-modulators and/or HBsAg targeting agents as strategies to restore immune responsiveness. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections represent a major public health problem worldwide. Over 200 million people are chronically infected and at risk of developing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and cancer. Our work aimed to understand the molecular consequences of chronic hepatitis B in the infected liver. It was conducted in a large cohort of untreated chronically infected HBV patients and analysed the expression of immunity and liver disease-related genes in the liver, with respect to markers of viral replication and persistence. Our results indicate that chronic HBV infection has a suppressive effect on immune responses, which was more pronounced with high levels of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). These data provide novel insight into the mechanisms of HBV persistence in the liver and suggest that approaches aimed at reducing HBsAg levels, may restore immune responsiveness against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lebossé
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Judith Fresquet
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Floriana Facchetti
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Galmozzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maëlenn Fournier
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Edouard Heriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | | | - Françoise Berby
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Bordes
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Levrero
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Internal Medicine - DMISM and the IIT Center for Life Nanoscience (CLNS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Interplay between the Hepatitis B Virus and Innate Immunity: From an Understanding to the Development of Therapeutic Concepts. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050095. [PMID: 28452930 PMCID: PMC5454408 DOI: 10.3390/v9050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes, which are the main cell type composing a human liver. However, the liver is enriched with immune cells, particularly innate cells (e.g., myeloid cells, natural killer and natural killer T-cells (NK/NKT), dendritic cells (DCs)), in resting condition. Hence, the study of the interaction between HBV and innate immune cells is instrumental to: (1) better understand the conditions of establishment and maintenance of HBV infections in this secondary lymphoid organ; (2) define the role of these innate immune cells in treatment failure and pathogenesis; and (3) design novel immune-therapeutic concepts based on the activation/restoration of innate cell functions and/or innate effectors. This review will summarize and discuss the current knowledge we have on this interplay between HBV and liver innate immunity.
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129
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Identification of pro-inflammatory CD205 + macrophages in livers of hepatitis B virus transgenic mice and patients with chronic hepatitis B. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46765. [PMID: 28436459 PMCID: PMC5402278 DOI: 10.1038/srep46765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages play a central role in disease pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Our previous study found that CD205+ macrophages in the liver of hepatitis B surface antigen transgenic (HBs-Tg) mice increased significantly compared with those in wild-type mice, and these increased CD205+ macrophages were involved in CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-induced liver injury in HBs-Tg mice. Here, we analysed the phenotype and function of CD205+ macrophages derived from the liver of HBs-Tg mice and patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We found that HBs-Tg mice-derived hepatic macrophages produced larger amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after stimulation with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides or commensal bacteria DNA than B6 mice-derived hepatic macrophages. Furthermore, hepatic CD205+ macrophages from HBs-Tg mice showed an activated phenotype and expressed higher levels of inflammatory cytokine genes, chemokine genes, and phagocytosis-related genes than hepatic CD205− macrophages. In addition, CD205+ macrophages displayed an inflammatory phenotype and were increased in the liver of patients with CHB compared with those in healthy controls. Our data suggest that hepatic CD205+ macrophages are a unique pro-inflammatory subset observed during HBV infection. Thus, development of intervention targeting these cells is warranted for immunotherapy of HBV-induced liver diseases.
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130
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Han Y, Gu L, Liu J, Li X, Wang M, Gong Q, Yu D, Yang Z, Zhang D, Yang H, Shen Z, Zhu H, Xie Y, Zhang X. Association of Mutations in Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Genes With Fulminant Form of Hepatitis B-Related Acute Liver Failure. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1221-1230. [PMID: 28329297 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fulminant form of hepatitis B-related acute liver failure (FHB-ALF) is a rare but highly fatal outcome of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Its related host factors have not been studied to our knowledge. METHODS To identify functionally relevant biological pathway(8) in FHB-ALF pathogenesis, pathway enrichment analysis was conducted on a data set of rare case-specific variants derived from exomic sequencing of 10 unrelated cases. Key variants in identified pathways were validated using 312 controls with HBV disease. Mechanistic studies of a recurrent Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 gene (TLR2) variant were performed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The TLR signaling pathway was highly enriched, with associated variants found in 9 of the 10 cases. Notably, a rare heterozygous single-nucleotide variation causing F679I mutation in TLR2 was identified in 2 unrelated cases. In vitro analysis demonstrated F679I to cause loss of function. In both heterozygous and homozygous TLR2 knockout mice, injection of HBV replicon plasmid resulted in more prominent alanine aminotransferase elevations and hepatic necroinflammation than in wild-type mice. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated reduced regulatory T-cell percentages in postexposure TLR2 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 signaling is very likely impaired in patients with FHB-ALF. The recurrence of rare case-specific TLR2 variant strongly suggests mechanistic contribution to fulminancy in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Gu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiming Gong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Demin Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongguang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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Sandhu P, Haque M, Humphries-Bickley T, Ravi S, Song J. Hepatitis B Virus Immunopathology, Model Systems, and Current Therapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:436. [PMID: 28450868 PMCID: PMC5390110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most people develop acute hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatitis that is controlled by both humoral and cellular immune responses following acute infection. However, a number of individuals in HBV-endemic areas fail to resolve the infection and consequently become chronic carriers. While a vaccine is available and new antiviral drugs are being developed, elimination of persistently infected cells is still a major issue. Standard treatment in HBV infection includes IFN-α, nucleoside, or nucleotide analogs, which has direct antiviral activity and immune modulatory capacities. However, immunological control of the virus is often not durable. A robust T-cell response is associated with control of HBV infection and liver damage; however, HBV-specific T cells are deleted, dysfunctional, or become exhausted in chronic hepatitis patients. As a result, efforts to restore virus-specific T-cell immunity in chronic HBV patients using antiviral therapy, immunomodulatory cytokines, or therapeutic vaccination have had little success. Adoptive cell transfer of T cells with specificity for HBV antigen+ cells represents an approach aiming to ultimately eliminate residual hepatocytes carrying HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Here, we discuss recent findings describing HBV immunopathology, model systems, and current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneet Sandhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Tessa Humphries-Bickley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Swetha Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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132
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Facilitates Hepatitis B Virus Replication through Binding with Type I Interferon (IFN) Receptor 1 To Repress IFN/JAK/STAT Signaling. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01824-16. [PMID: 28122987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01824-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may cause acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms by which HBV evades host immunity and maintains chronic infection are largely unknown. Here, we revealed that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is activated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HBV-infected patients, and HBV stimulates MMP-9 expression in macrophages and PBMCs isolated from healthy individuals. MMP-9 plays important roles in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix and in the facilitation of tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. MMP-9 also regulates respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication, but the mechanism underlying such regulation is unknown. We further demonstrated that MMP-9 facilitates HBV replication by repressing the interferon (IFN)/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, IFN action, STAT1/2 phosphorylation, and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Moreover, MMP-9 binds to type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and facilitates IFNAR1 phosphorylation, ubiquitination, subcellular distribution, and degradation to interfere with the binding of IFANR1 to IFN-α. Thus, we identified a novel positive-feedback regulation loop between HBV replication and MMP-9 production. On one hand, HBV activates MMP-9 in infected patients and leukocytes. On the other hand, MMP-9 facilitates HBV replication through repressing IFN/JAK/STAT signaling, IFNAR1 function, and IFN-α action. Therefore, HBV may take the advantage of MMP-9 function to establish or maintain chronic infection.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may cause chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms by which HBV maintains chronic infection are largely unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays important roles in the facilitation of tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, the effects of MMP-9 on HBV replication and pathogenesis are not known. This study reveals that MMP-9 expression is activated in patients with CHB, and HBV stimulates MMP-9 production in PBMCs and macrophages. More interestingly, MMP-9 in turn promotes HBV replication through suppressing IFN-α action. Moreover, MMP-9 interacts with type I interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1) to disturb the binding of IFN-α to IFNAR1 and facilitate the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, subcellular distribution, and degradation of IFNAR1. Therefore, these results discover a novel role of MMP-9 in viral replication and reveal a new mechanism by which HBV evades host immunity to maintain persistent infection.
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133
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Liu C, Huang X, Werner M, Broering R, Ge J, Li Y, Liao B, Sun J, Peng J, Lu M, Hou J, Zhang X. Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:323. [PMID: 28386259 PMCID: PMC5362616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C–X–C-chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), the ligand for C–X–C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), is a major regulator of B-cell trafficking and plays an integral role in age-dependent clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the mouse model. However, the expression and function of CXCL13 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain unknown. By use of liver cell subpopulations isolated from CHB patients, we found that CXCL13 mRNA was abundantly expressed in Kupffer cells (KCs), but not in primary hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Interestingly, KC isolated from HBV-positive liver had much higher level of CXCL13 expression than non-HBV-infected controls. And its expression was induced by toll-like receptor 3 ligand poly I:C stimulation. Moreover, intense expression of CXCL13 protein and accumulation of CD4+ T and B cells were evident in follicular-like structures in the liver tissue of CHB patients, which indicated its chemotactic effect on CXCR5+ CD4+ cells and B cells. Consistently, the levels of serum CXCL13 were significantly higher in the CHB patients than in healthy controls. Furthermore, CXCL13 concentration was increased in the complete response (CR) group during weeks 0–12 and did not change significantly during the course of telbivudine treatment, compared with the patients who didn’t achieve CR. In conclusion, the HBV-related increase of CXCL13 production in KC and serum CXCL13 level during telbivudine treatment might be associated with immune control of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Melanie Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Jun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Baolin Liao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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134
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Chen LF, Mo YQ, Jing J, Ma JD, Zheng DH, Dai L. Short-course tocilizumab increases risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective clinical observation. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:859-869. [PMID: 28160426 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of short-course tocilizumab (TCZ) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS RA patients with moderate to high disease activity, with at least one feature of poor prognosis and inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) were recruited. Three consecutive doses of intravenous TCZ were given combined with csDMARDs. Liver function and HBV infection status were evaluated at baseline, weeks 4, 8 and 12. RESULTS Sixty-three RA patients who were qualified for statistics were classified as chronic HBV infection (n = 7), resolved HBV infection (n = 41) and non-HBV infection (n = 15). Three patients with chronic HBV infection and without antiviral prophylaxis developed HBV reactivation after 1-3 doses of TCZ. They were asymptomatic of hepatitis B with normal aminotransferases and the HBV-DNA of three patients with HBV reactivation became undetectable after therapeutic antiviral therapy. No HBV reactivation developed in patients with resolved HBV infection. Aminotransferases elevated in 22% of all patients, but became elevated ≥ 2-fold of normal range in only two patients: one was treated with adefovir before TCZ for active hepatitis B and the other had resolved HBV infection, with aminotransferases returning to normal 4 weeks later. Thirty-two patients with resolved HBV infection had positive anti-HBs (≥ 10 IU/L) which is a protective antibody. The anti-HBs titer reduced significantly at week 4 and week 8 after the first dose of TCZ compared to baseline (P < 0.05) and even reduced to negative in six (19%). The anti-HBs did not return to positive in three patients during follow-up of 12-36 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This prospective clinical observation preliminarily indicated three-dose TCZ combined with csDMARDs might increase the risk of HBV reactivation in RA patients with chronic HBV infection, but in this study patients remained asymptomatic and had a benign outcome after antiviral treatment. To identify the exact risk of TCZ on HBV infection and the prognosis of TCZ-related HBV reactivation, further studies with larger sample sizes and fewer confounding factors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Feng Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qian Mo
- Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Jing
- Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Da Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lie Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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135
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Control of Hepatitis B Virus by Cytokines. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010018. [PMID: 28117695 PMCID: PMC5294987 DOI: 10.3390/v9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health problem worldwide with more than 240 million individuals chronically infected. Current treatments can control HBV replication to a large extent, but cannot eliminate HBV infection. Cytokines have been shown to control HBV replication and contribute to HBV cure in different models. Cytokines play an important role in limiting acute HBV infection in patients and mediate a non-cytolytic clearance of the virus. In this review, we summarize the effects of cytokines and cytokine-induced cellular signaling pathways on different steps of the HBV life cycle, and discuss possible strategies that may contribute to the eradication of HBV through innate immune activation.
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Niu C, Livingston CM, Li L, Beran RK, Daffis S, Ramakrishnan D, Burdette D, Peiser L, Salas E, Ramos H, Yu M, Cheng G, Strubin M, Delaney IV WE, Fletcher SP. The Smc5/6 Complex Restricts HBV when Localized to ND10 without Inducing an Innate Immune Response and Is Counteracted by the HBV X Protein Shortly after Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169648. [PMID: 28095508 PMCID: PMC5240991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural maintenance of chromosome 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) is a restriction factor that represses hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription. HBV counters this restriction by expressing HBV X protein (HBx), which targets Smc5/6 for degradation. However, the mechanism by which Smc5/6 suppresses HBV transcription and how HBx is initially expressed is not known. In this study we characterized viral kinetics and the host response during HBV infection of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to address these unresolved questions. We determined that Smc5/6 localizes with Nuclear Domain 10 (ND10) in PHH. Co-localization has functional implications since depletion of ND10 structural components alters the nuclear distribution of Smc6 and induces HBV gene expression in the absence of HBx. We also found that HBV infection and replication does not induce a prominent global host transcriptional response in PHH, either shortly after infection when Smc5/6 is present, or at later times post-infection when Smc5/6 has been degraded. Notably, HBV and an HBx-negative virus establish high level infection in PHH without inducing expression of interferon-stimulated genes or production of interferons or other cytokines. Our study also revealed that Smc5/6 is degraded in the majority of infected PHH by the time cccDNA transcription could be detected and that HBx RNA is present in cell culture-derived virus preparations as well as HBV patient plasma. Collectively, these data indicate that Smc5/6 is an intrinsic antiviral restriction factor that suppresses HBV transcription when localized to ND10 without inducing a detectable innate immune response. Our data also suggest that HBx protein may be initially expressed by delivery of extracellular HBx RNA into HBV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrong Niu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Rudolf K. Beran
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dara Burdette
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Leanne Peiser
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Salas
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Hilario Ramos
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Mei Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Michel Strubin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (C.M.U.), Geneva, Switzerland
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137
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Pang J, Zhang G, Lin Y, Xie Z, Liu H, Tang L, Lu M, Yan R, Guo H, Sun J, Hou J, Zhang X. Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 transcriptionally suppresses hepatitis B virus replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39901. [PMID: 28045080 PMCID: PMC5206675 DOI: 10.1038/srep39901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication in hepatocytes is restricted by the host innate immune system and related intracellular signaling pathways. Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a key mediator of toll-like receptors and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways. Here, we report that silencing or inhibition of endogenous TAK1 in hepatoma cell lines leads to an upregulation of HBV replication, transcription, and antigen expression. In contrast, overexpression of TAK1 significantly suppresses HBV replication, while an enzymatically inactive form of TAK1 exerts no effect. By screening TAK1-associated signaling pathways with inhibitors and siRNAs, we found that the MAPK-JNK pathway was involved in TAK1-mediated HBV suppression. Moreover, TAK1 knockdown or JNK pathway inhibition induced the expression of farnesoid X receptor α, a transcription factor that upregulates HBV transcription. Finally, ectopic expression of TAK1 in a HBV hydrodynamic injection mouse model resulted in lower levels of HBV DNA and antigens in both liver and serum. In conclusion, our data suggest that TAK1 inhibits HBV primarily at viral transcription level through activation of MAPK-JNK pathway, thus TAK1 represents an intrinsic host restriction factor for HBV replication in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Geng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zhanglian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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138
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He J, Hao R, Liu D, Liu X, Wu S, Guo S, Wang Y, Tien P, Guo D. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3368-3378. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Ruidong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Shaoshuai Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Shuting Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, Hubei 430415, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Po Tien
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Deyin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
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139
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Golsaz-Shirazi F, Shokri F. Hepatitis B immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:461-77. [PMID: 26973127 DOI: 10.2217/imt.16.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide there are over 248 million chronic carriers of HBV of whom about a third eventually develop severe HBV-related complications. Due to the major limitations of current therapeutic approaches, the development of more effective strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients seems crucial. Immune activation plays a critical role in spontaneous viral control; therefore, new modalities based on stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses could result in the resolution of infection and are promising approaches. Here, we summarize the HBV immunopathogenesis, and discuss the encouraging results obtained from the promising immune-based innovations, such as therapeutic vaccination, cytokine therapy, cell-based therapies and blocking inhibitory receptors, as current and future immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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140
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Kiziltas S. Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1354-1369. [PMID: 27917262 PMCID: PMC5114472 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i32.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that participate in host defense by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns alongside inflammatory processes by recognizing damage associated molecular patterns. Given constant exposure to pathogens from gut, strict control of TLR-associated signaling pathways is essential in the liver, which otherwise may lead to inappropriate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons and may generate a predisposition to several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The liver is considered to be a site of tolerance induction rather than immunity induction, with specificity in hepatic cell functions and distribution of TLR. Recent data emphasize significant contribution of TLR signaling in chronic liver diseases via complex immune responses mediating hepatocyte (i.e., hepatocellular injury and regeneration) or hepatic stellate cell (i.e., fibrosis and cirrhosis) inflammatory or immune pathologies. Herein, we review the available data on TLR signaling, hepatic expression of TLRs and associated ligands, as well as the contribution of TLRs to the pathophysiology of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Kiziltas
- Safak Kiziltas, Department of Gastroenterology, Baskent University Istanbul Hospital, 34662 Istanbul, Turkey
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141
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Zhang M, Zhao J, Tang W, Wang Y, Peng P, Li L, Song S, Wu H, Li C, Yang C, Wang X, Zhang C, Gu J. High Hepsin expression predicts poor prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36902. [PMID: 27841306 PMCID: PMC5107942 DOI: 10.1038/srep36902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepsin, a membrane-associated serine protease, is frequently upregulated in epithelial cancers and involved in cancer progression. Our study aims to describe the expression pattern and evaluate the clinical implication of hepsin in gastric cancer patients. The mRNA expression of hepsin was analyzed in 50 gastric cancer and matched non-tumor tissues, which was downregulated in 78% (39/50) of gastric cancer. By searching and analyzing four independent datasets from Oncomine, we obtained the similar results. Furthermore, we evaluated the hepsin expression by IHC in tissue microarray (TMA) containing 220 Gastric Cancer specimens. More importantly, Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were taken to access the prognosis of gastric cancer and predicted that hepsin protein expression was one of the significant and independent prognostic factors for overall survival of Gastric Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenyi Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology &Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peike Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Caiting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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142
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Wang Z, Li Z, Ye Y, Xie L, Li W. Oxidative Stress and Liver Cancer: Etiology and Therapeutic Targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7891574. [PMID: 27957239 PMCID: PMC5121466 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7891574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that oxidative stress (OS) is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Normally, OS occurs when the body receives any danger signal-from either an internal or external source-and further induces DNA oxidative damage and abnormal protein expression, placing the body into a state of vulnerability to the development of various diseases such as cancer. There are many factors involved in liver carcinogenesis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcohol abuse, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The relationship between OS and HCC has recently been attracting increasing attention. Therefore, elucidation of the impact of OS on the development of liver carcinogenesis is very important for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. This review focuses mainly on the relationship between OS and the development of HCC from the perspective of cellular and molecular mechanisms and the etiology and therapeutic targets of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Zhuonan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yanshuo Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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143
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Hayes CN, Chayama K. Interferon stimulated genes and innate immune activation following infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. J Med Virol 2016; 89:388-396. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases; Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN; Hiroshima Japan
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144
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van de Garde MDB, Movita D, van der Heide M, Herschke F, De Jonghe S, Gama L, Boonstra A, Vanwolleghem T. Liver Monocytes and Kupffer Cells Remain Transcriptionally Distinct during Chronic Viral Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166094. [PMID: 27812182 PMCID: PMC5094584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the scarcity of immunocompetent animal models for chronic viral hepatitis, little is known about the role of the innate intrahepatic immune system during viral replication in the liver. These insights are however fundamental for the understanding of the inappropriate adaptive immune responses during the chronic phase of the infection. We apply the Lymphocytic Choriomenigitis Virus (LCMV) clone 13 mouse model to examine chronic virus-host interactions of Kupffer cells (KC) and infiltrating monocytes (IM) in an infected liver. LCMV infection induced overt clinical hepatitis, with rise in ALT and serum cytokines, and increased intrahepatic F4/80 expression. Despite ongoing viral replication, whole liver transcriptome showed baseline expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, interferons, and interferon induced genes during the chronic infection phase. Transcriptome analyses of sorted KC and IMs using NanoString technology revealed two unique phenotypes with only minimal overlap. At the chronic viral infection phase, KC showed no increased transcription of activation markers Cd80 and Cd86, but an increased expression of genes related to antigen presentation, whereas monocytes were more activated and expressed higher levels of Tnf transcripts. Although both KCs and intrahepatic IM share the surface markers F4/80 and CD11b, their transcriptomes point towards distinctive roles during virus-induced chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn D. B. van de Garde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dowty Movita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Heide
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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145
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Bengsch B, Chang KM. Evolution in Our Understanding of Hepatitis B Virus Virology and Immunology. Clin Liver Dis 2016; 20:629-644. [PMID: 27742004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health challenge. HBV can cause significant morbidity and mortality by establishing acute and chronic hepatitis. Approximately 250 million people worldwide are chronically infected, and more than 2 billion people have been exposed to HBV. Since the discovery of HBV, the advances in our understanding of HBV virology and immunology have translated into effective vaccines and therapies for HBV infection. Although current therapies successfully suppress viral replication but rarely succeed in viral eradication, recent discoveries in HBV virology and immunology provide exciting rationales for novel treatment strategies aiming at HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 331 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Medical Research, Philadelphia Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (CMC VAMC), A424, University and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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146
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Moudi B, Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H. Impact of host gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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147
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Thomsen MK, Nandakumar R, Stadler D, Malo A, Valls RM, Wang F, Reinert LS, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Hollensen AK, Mikkelsen JG, Protzer U, Paludan SR. Lack of immunological DNA sensing in hepatocytes facilitates hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2016; 64:746-59. [PMID: 27312012 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen, and about one third of the global population will be exposed to the virus in their lifetime. HBV infects hepatocytes, where it replicates its DNA and infection can lead to acute and chronic hepatitis with a high risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite this, there is limited understanding of how HBV establishes chronic infections. In recent years it has emerged that foreign DNA potently stimulates the innate immune response, particularly type 1 interferon (IFN) production; and this occurs through a pathway dependent on the DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase and the downstream adaptor protein stimulator of IFN genes (STING). In this work we describe that human and murine hepatocytes do not express STING. Consequently, hepatocytes do not produce type 1 IFN in response to foreign DNA or HBV infection and mice lacking STING or cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase exhibit unaltered ability to control infection in an adenovirus-HBV model. Stimulation of IFN production in the murine liver by administration of synthetic RNA decreases virus infection, thus demonstrating that IFN possesses anti-HBV activity in the liver. Importantly, introduction of STING expression specifically in hepatocytes reconstitutes the DNA sensing pathway, which leads to improved control of HBV in vivo. CONCLUSION The lack of a functional innate DNA-sensing pathway in hepatocytes hampers efficient innate control of HBV infection; this may explain why HBV has adapted to specifically replicate in hepatocytes and could contribute to the weak capacity of this cell type to clear HBV infection. (Hepatology 2016;64:746-759).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ramya Nandakumar
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Malo
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roser Marin Valls
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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148
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Kim DH, Kang HS, Kim KH. Roles of hepatocyte nuclear factors in hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7017-7029. [PMID: 27610013 PMCID: PMC4988315 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 350 million people are estimated to be persistently infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. HBV maintains persistent infection by employing covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), a template for all HBV RNAs. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients are currently treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs such as lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and tenofovir. However, these treatments rarely cure CHB because they are unable to inhibit cccDNA transcription and inhibit only a late stage in the HBV life cycle (the reverse transcription step in the nucleocapsid). Therefore, an understanding of the factors regulating cccDNA transcription is required to stop this process. Among numerous factors, hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) play the most important roles in cccDNA transcription, especially in the generation of viral genomic RNA, a template for HBV replication. Therefore, proper control of HNF function could lead to the inhibition of HBV replication. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the roles of HNFs in the HBV life cycle and the upstream factors that regulate HNFs. This knowledge will enable the identification of new therapeutic targets to cure CHB.
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149
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Dondeti MF, El-Maadawy EA, Talaat RM. Hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights into cytokine gene polymorphisms. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6800-6816. [PMID: 27570418 PMCID: PMC4974580 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i30.6800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer, which is one of the most prevalent cancers among humans. Many factors are involved in the liver carcinogenesis as lifestyle and environmental factors. Hepatitis virus infections are now recognized as the chief etiology of HCC; however, the precise mechanism is still enigmatic till now. The inflammation triggered by the cytokine-mediated immune response, was reported to be the closest factor of HCC development. Cytokines are immunoregulatory proteins produced by immune cells, functioning as orchestrators of the immune response. Genes of cytokines and their receptors are known to be polymorphic, which give rise to variations in their genes. These variations have a great impact on the expression levels of the secreted cytokines. Therefore, cytokine gene polymorphisms are involved in the molecular mechanisms of several diseases. This piece of work aims to shed much light on the role of cytokine gene polymorphisms as genetic host factor in hepatitis related HCC.
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150
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Hepatocarcinogenesis associated with hepatitis B, delta and C viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:1-10. [PMID: 27504999 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over half a billion people are persistently infected with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C viruses. Chronic HBV and HCV infection frequently lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Co-infections with hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a subviral satellite requiring HBV for its propagation, accelerates the progression of liver disease toward HCC. The mechanisms by which these viruses cause malignant transformation, culminating in HCC, remain incompletely understood, partially due to the lack of adequate experimental models for dissecting these complex disease processes in vivo.
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