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Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang T, Wang F, Wang F, Tao Y, Zhang X, Wang F, Huang J. Volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical industrialized valley city of northwest China based on high-resolution PTR-MS measurements: Characterization, sources and chemical effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:883-896. [PMID: 30947059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To scientifically understand the emissions and chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a typical petrochemical industrialized and dust-rich region of Northwest China, VOCs were measured at a receptor site in the Lanzhou Valley using a high-resolution online proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The ranking of VOC mixing ratios was methanol (32.72 ± 8.94 ppb) > acetaldehyde (5.05 ± 2.4 ppb) > acetic acid (3.42 ± 1.71 ppb). Lanzhou has higher oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) mixing ratios (methanol and acetaldehyde) and lower aromatics levels (benzene, toluene and C8-aromatics) compared with other cities. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed eight sources of VOCs as follows: (1) mixed industrial process-1 (13.5%), (2) secondary formation (13.2%), (3) mixed industrial process-2 (11.8%), (4) residential biofuel use and waste disposal (13.80%), (5) solvent usage (10.1%), (6) vehicular exhaust (11.8%), (7) biogenic (13.8%) and (8) biomass burning (12.0%). Both the PSCF and the CWT results of mixed industrial process-1 were mainly from the northeast of Lanzhou and the biomass burning was from the southeast; the other four sources (without secondary formation and biogenic) were mainly from the west and northwest of Lanzhou, which were associated with the dust area of the Gobi Desert. A trajectory sector analysis revealed that the local emissions contributed 64.9-71.1% to the VOCs. OVOCs accounted for 43% of the ozone production potential (OFP), and residential biofuel use and waste disposal (25.1%), mixed industrial process-2 (15.3%) and solvent usage (13.4%) appeared to be the dominant sources contributors to O3 production. The rank of main secondary organic aerosols (SOA) precursors under low-NOx conditions is xylene > toluene > benzene > naphthalene > styrene > C10-aromatics > isoprene, while under high-NOx conditions, it is toluene > naphthalene > xylene > C10-aromatics > styrene > benzene > isoprene. Solvent usage and vehicular exhaust appeared to be the dominant contributors to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Tinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feiteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fanglong Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Malásková M, Olivenza-León D, Piel F, Mochalski P, Sulzer P, Jürschik S, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Compendium of the Reactions of H 3O + With Selected Ketones of Relevance to Breath Analysis Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2019; 7:401. [PMID: 31263690 PMCID: PMC6584912 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft chemical ionization mass spectrometric techniques, such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), are often used in breath analysis, being particularly powerful for real-time measurements. To ascertain the type and concentration of volatiles in exhaled breath clearly assignable product ions resulting from these volatiles need to be determined. This is difficult for compounds where isomers are common, and one important class of breath volatiles where this occurs are ketones. Here we present a series of extensive measurements on the reactions of H3O+ with a selection of ketones using PTR-MS. Of particular interest is to determine if ketone isomers can be distinguished without the need for pre-separation by manipulating the ion chemistry through changes in the reduced electric field. An additional issue for breath analysis is that the product ion distributions for these breath volatiles are usually determined from direct PTR-MS measurements of the compounds under the normal operating conditions of the instruments. Generally, no account is made for the effects on the ion-molecule reactions by the introduction of humid air samples or increased CO2 concentrations into the drift tubes of these analytical devices resulting from breath. Therefore, another motivation of this study is to determine the effects, if any, on the product ion distributions under the humid conditions associated with breath sampling. However, the ultimate objective for this study is to provide a valuable database of use to other researchers in the field of breath analysis to aid in analysis and quantification of trace amounts of ketones in human breath. Here we present a comprehensive compendium of the product ion distributions as a function of the reduced electric field for the reactions of H3O+. (H2O)n (n = 0 and 1) with nineteen ketones under normal and humid (100% relative humidity for 37 °C) PTR-MS conditions. The ketones selected for inclusion in this compendium are (in order of increasing molecular weight): 2-butanone; 2-pentanone; 3-pentanone; 2-hexanone; 3-hexanone; 2-heptanone; 3-heptanone; 4-heptanone; 3-octanone; 2-nonanone; 3-nonanone; 2-decanone; 3-decanone; cyclohexanone; 3-methyl-2-butanone; 3-methyl-2-pentanone; 2-methyl-3-pentanone; 2-methyl-3-hexanone; and 2-methyl-3-heptanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Malásková
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - David Olivenza-León
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Piel
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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103
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Setyan A, Flament P, Locoge N, Deboudt K, Riffault V, Alleman LY, Schoemaecker C, Arndt J, Augustin P, Healy RM, Wenger JC, Cazier F, Delbarre H, Dewaele D, Dewalle P, Fourmentin M, Genevray P, Gengembre C, Leonardis T, Marris H, Mbengue S. Investigation on the near-field evolution of industrial plumes from metalworking activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:443-456. [PMID: 30852220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In a context where a significant fraction of the population lives near industrial areas, the main objectives of this study are to provide (a) new data on PM2.5 chemical compositions, heavy-metal concentrations and trace gases released by metalworking activities and (b) new information on the near-field evolution (up to about a thousand meters) of such industrial plumes in terms of particle chemical composition and size distribution. For that purpose, a one-month field campaign was performed in an industrial area near the city of Dunkirk (Northern France), combining measurements of atmospheric dynamics and physico-chemical characterization of air masses. Comparisons between several elemental ratios (mainly Mn/Fe), particle size distributions and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations at the stacks and at a near-field site suggest that plumes of a ferromanganese alloy plant were quickly mixed with pollutants emitted by other sources (mainly other industries, possibly traffic and sea spray), in particular a neighboring steelworks, before reaching the sampling site. This led to the emergence of secondary particles related to condensation and/or aggregation phenomena inside the plumes. Metalworking emissions were also identified as a source of new particle formation, formed through the emission of gaseous precursors and their fast transformation and condensation, over a timescale of minutes before reaching the near-field site 800 m downwind. Ultrafine particles emitted at the stacks also quickly agglomerated to form larger particles before reaching the near-field site. These results show that, even over short distances, the chemical composition and size distribution of metalworking plumes may evolve rapidly and the characteristics of particles at the boundary of an industrial area (especially in contiguous urban areas) may differ from those emitted directly at the stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Setyan
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
| | - Pascal Flament
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
| | - Nadine Locoge
- Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement - SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Karine Deboudt
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement - SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Y Alleman
- Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement - SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS-Université Lille1 Sciences et Technologies (UMR 8522), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jovanna Arndt
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick Augustin
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Robert M Healy
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John C Wenger
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Hervé Delbarre
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Pascale Dewalle
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS-Université Lille1 Sciences et Technologies (UMR 8522), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marc Fourmentin
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Paul Genevray
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Cyril Gengembre
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Thierry Leonardis
- Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement - SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Hélène Marris
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Saliou Mbengue
- Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement - SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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104
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Huang XF, Wang C, Zhu B, Lin LL, He LY. Exploration of sources of OVOCs in various atmospheres in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:831-842. [PMID: 30953945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are critical atmospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors and radical sources, while understanding of OVOC sources in the atmosphere, especially with large anthropogenic emissions, still has large uncertainties. A high-sensitivity proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was deployed in vastly different atmospheres in southern China, including an urban site (SZ-U), a regional site (NA-R), and a background site (NL-B). Four critical OVOCs, i.e., methanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and acetaldehyde, five groups of aromatic hydrocarbons, isoprene and acetonitrile were measured with a high time resolution. The featured relative abundance and diurnal variations of the OVOCs indicated that methanol, acetone and MEK had prominent contributions from urban industrial activities, while acetaldehyde was closely related to the photochemical formation at all three sites. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was improved locally and then applied to quantify different sources of daytime OVOCs: anthropogenic secondary and biogenic sources (together 60-73%) were always the dominant source for acetaldehyde in various atmospheres; in addition to a significant background for methanol, acetone and MEK, anthropogenic primary emissions (mostly industrial) were their dominant source at SZ-U (38-73%), while biogenic sources played the key role for them at NL-B (30-43%); biomass burning contributed a small fraction of 5-17% for the four OVOCs at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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105
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Leslie MD, Ridoli M, Murphy JG, Borduas-Dedekind N. Isocyanic acid (HNCO) and its fate in the atmosphere: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:793-808. [PMID: 30968101 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) has recently been identified in ambient air at potentially concerning concentrations for human health. Since its first atmospheric detection, significant progress has been made in understanding its sources and sinks. The chemistry of HNCO is governed by its partitioning between the gas and liquid phases, its weak acidity, its high solubility at pH above 5, and its electrophilic chemical behaviour. The online measurement of HNCO in ambient air is possible due to recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques, including chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of weak acids. To date, HNCO has been measured in North America, Europe and South Asia as well as outdoors and indoors, with mixing ratios up to 10s of ppbv. The sources of HNCO include: (1) fossil fuel combustion such as coal, gasoline and diesel, (2) biomass burning such as wildfires and crop residue burning, (3) secondary photochemical production from amines and amides, (4) cigarette smoke, and (5) combustion of materials in the built environment. Then, three losses processes can occur: (1) gas phase photochemistry, (2) heterogenous uptake and hydrolysis, and (3) dry deposition. HNCO lifetimes with respect to photolysis and OH radical oxidation are on the order of months to decades. Consequently, the removal of HNCO from the atmosphere is thought to occur predominantly by dry deposition and by heterogeneous uptake followed by hydrolysis to NH3 and CO2. A back of the envelope calculation reveals that HNCO is an insignificant global source of NH3, contributing only around 1%, but could be important for local environments. Furthermore, HNCO can react due to its electrophilic behaviour with various nucleophilic functionalities, including those present in the human body through a reaction called protein carbamoylation. This protein modification can lead to toxicity, and thus exposure to high concentrations of HNCO can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as cataracts. In this critical review, we outline our current understanding of the atmospheric fate of HNCO and its potential impacts on outdoor and indoor air quality. We also call attention to the need for toxicology studies linking HNCO exposure to health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael David Leslie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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106
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Huang J, Yang B, Shu J, Zhang Z, Li Z, Jiang K. Kinetic Understanding of the Ultrahigh Ionization Efficiencies (up to 28%) of Excited-State CH 2Cl 2-Induced Associative Ionization: A Case Study with Nitro Compounds. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5605-5612. [PMID: 30841695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization (AI) is a newly developed ionization method that is very effective for oxygenated organics. However, this method is not widely known. In this study, an unprecedented ionization efficiency and ultrafast reaction rate of AI toward nitro compounds were observed. The ionization efficiencies of o-nitrotoluene (o-NT), m-nitrotoluene (m-NT), and nitrobenzene (NB) were as high as (28 ± 3)%, (27 ± 2)%, and (13 ± 1)%, respectively (∼1-3 ions for every 10 molecules). The measured reaction rate coefficients of these nitroaromatics were (0.5-1.3) × 10-7 molecule-1 cm3 s-1 (∼300 K). These unusual rate coefficients indicated strong long-range interactions between the two neutral reactants, which was regarded as a key factor leading to the ultrahigh ionization efficiency. The detection sensitivities of the nitroaromatics, (1.01-2.16) × 104 counts pptv-1 in 10 s acquisition time, were obtained by an AI time-of-flight mass spectrometer (AI-TOFMS). These experimental results not only provide new insight into the AI reaction but also reveal an excellent ionization method that can improve the detection sensitivity of nitroaromatics to an unprecedented degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinian Shu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , People's Republic of China
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107
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Pagonis D, Price DJ, Algrim LB, Day DA, Handschy AV, Stark H, Miller SL, de Gouw J, Jimenez JL, Ziemann PJ. Time-Resolved Measurements of Indoor Chemical Emissions, Deposition, and Reactions in a University Art Museum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4794-4802. [PMID: 30990681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 6-week study was conducted at the University of Colorado Art Museum, during which volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), other trace gases, and submicron aerosol were measured continuously. These measurements were then analyzed using a box model to quantify the rates of major processes that transformed the composition of the air. VOC emission factors were quantified for museum occupants and their activities. The deposition of VOCs to surfaces was quantified across a range of VOC saturation vapor concentrations ( C*) and Henry's Law constants ( H) and determined to be a major sink for VOCs with C* < 108 μg m-3 and H > 102 M atm-1. The reaction rates of VOCs with O3, OH radicals, and nitrate (NO3) radicals were quantified, with unsaturated and saturated VOCs having oxidation lifetimes of >5 and >15 h, making deposition to surfaces and ventilation the dominant VOC sinks in the museum. O3 loss rates were quantified inside a museum gallery, where reactions with surfaces, NO, occupants, and NO2 accounted for 62%, 31%, 5%, and 2% of the O3 sink. The measured concentrations of acetic acid, formic acid, NO2, O3, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and total VOCs were below the guidelines for museums.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Stark
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
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108
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Lee Y, Lee S, Kim HS, Moon JT, Joo JB, Choi I. Multifunctional and recyclable TiO2 hybrid sponges for efficient sorption, detection, and photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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109
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Isoprene, Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein from TROICA-12 Measurements and WRF-CHEM and GEOS-CHEM Simulations in the Far East Region. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal distributions of isoprene and its oxidation products, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein in the Far East region of Russia were investigated. The measurement data were obtained from a mobile laboratory, which moved along the Trans-Siberian railway and from WRF-CHEM (Weather Research and Forecasting Chemical Model) and GEOS-CHEM (Goddard Earth Observing System Chemical Model) simulations. During the simulations, the RACM-MIM and MOZART mechanisms, included in the mesoscale WRF-CHEM model, as well as the Caltech Isoprene Scheme (CIS), built in the global GEOS-CHEM model, have been used. We found that the temporal distribution of the measured isoprene is in good agreement with the simulations. The measured isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) concentrations demonstrate pronounced diurnal variations. The correlation between the measured isoprene and MVK + MACR was good (R ~ 0.60–0.86). However, the simulated correlation between MVK + MACR and isoprene is very low, with the data for the night-time and daytime values varying. The simulated MVK + MACR to isoprene ratio, in comparison with the experimental result, has pronounced diurnal variations. During twilight and the night-time, the simulated MVK + MACR to isoprene ratio is more than 10. We propose that, due to the validity of the kinetic equations only in the homogeneous system, all chemical and transport (CTM) models, based on these kinetic equations, are not able to show an adequate simulation at night in the weak mixing atmosphere, when the atmospheric structure becomes heterogeneous. At moderate latitudes, we recommend the use of the turbulent Damköhler number and the Kolmogorov Damköhler numbers, which characterize the limits of CTM applicability, as the quality flags at the air quality forecast simulations.
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110
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Decker ZCJ, Zarzana KJ, Coggon M, Min KE, Pollack I, Ryerson TB, Peischl J, Edwards P, Dubé WP, Markovic MZ, Roberts JM, Veres PR, Graus M, Warneke C, de Gouw J, Hatch LE, Barsanti KC, Brown SS. Nighttime Chemical Transformation in Biomass Burning Plumes: A Box Model Analysis Initialized with Aircraft Observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2529-2538. [PMID: 30698424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a large source of reactive compounds in the atmosphere. While the daytime photochemistry of BB emissions has been studied in some detail, there has been little focus on nighttime reactions despite the potential for substantial oxidative and heterogeneous chemistry. Here, we present the first analysis of nighttime aircraft intercepts of agricultural BB plumes using observations from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the 2013 Southeast Nexus (SENEX) campaign. We use these observations in conjunction with detailed chemical box modeling to investigate the formation and fate of oxidants (NO3, N2O5, O3, and OH) and BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs), using emissions representative of agricultural burns (rice straw) and western wildfires (ponderosa pine). Field observations suggest NO3 production was approximately 1 ppbv hr-1, while NO3 and N2O5 were at or below 3 pptv, indicating rapid NO3/N2O5 reactivity. Model analysis shows that >99% of NO3/N2O5 loss is due to BBVOC + NO3 reactions rather than aerosol uptake of N2O5. Nighttime BBVOC oxidation for rice straw and ponderosa pine fires is dominated by NO3 (72, 53%, respectively) but O3 oxidation is significant (25, 43%), leading to roughly 55% overnight depletion of the most reactive BBVOCs and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C J Decker
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Kyle J Zarzana
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ilana Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Pete Edwards
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
| | - William P Dubé
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Milos Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Martin Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States
| | - Lindsay E Hatch
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Chemical Sciences Division , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
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111
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Ultrasensitive detection of volatile aldehydes with chemi-ionization-coupled time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 194:888-894. [PMID: 30609620 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemi-ionization reaction is a high-efficiency pathway to produce molecular ions in plasma, however, it has rarely been applied in mass spectrometry to directly produce analyte ions. In this study, a novel chemi-ionization technique for mass spectrometry was applied for the direct and ultrasensitive detection of gaseous aldehydes. The ionization technique was enacted by a recently observed chemi-ionization reaction: the efficient proton transfer from H2O to oxygenated compounds was stimulated by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-excited CH2Cl2. By analyzing a series of aliphatic aldehydes (C2-C5) and benzaldehyde with different proton affinities (PAs) and polarities, the ionization features of the new ionization method were investigated for the first time. The chemi-ionization of aldehydes presented soft ionization characteristics with fragmentation patterns analogous to that of VUV photoionization. The method showed ultrahigh sensitivities toward aldehydes (up to 1108 ± 6 counts pptv-1 for benzaldehyde in 10 s acquisition time). The corresponding 3σ limits of detection (LODs) achieved 0.30-0.69 pptv, which are equivalent of 1.35-1.92 ng m-3, for the compounds investigated. The humidity experiments revealed that the moisture in the sample gas had an evident impact on the detection efficiency of the analyte and the influence was PA dependent. In addition, the applicability of this ionization mode was further tested by analysis of aldehydes in cigarette smoke. This study provides a promising ionization method for greatly improving the current on-line detection sensitivity of volatile aldehydes.
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112
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Mäki M, Aalto J, Hellén H, Pihlatie M, Bäck J. Interannual and Seasonal Dynamics of Volatile Organic Compound Fluxes From the Boreal Forest Floor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:191. [PMID: 30853968 PMCID: PMC6395408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the northern hemisphere, boreal forests are a major source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which drive atmospheric processes and lead to cloud formation and changes in the Earth's radiation budget. Although forest vegetation is known to be a significant source of BVOCs, the role of soil and the forest floor, and especially interannual variations in fluxes, remains largely unknown due to a lack of long-term measurements. Our aim was to determine the interannual, seasonal and diurnal dynamics of boreal forest floor volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes and to estimate how much they contribute to ecosystem VOC fluxes. We present here an 8-year data set of forest floor VOC fluxes, measured with three automated chambers connected to the quadrupole proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (quadrupole PTR-MS). The exceptionally long data set shows that forest floor fluxes were dominated by monoterpenes and methanol, with relatively comparable emission rates between the years. Weekly mean monoterpene fluxes from the forest floor were highest in spring and in autumn (maximum 59 and 86 μg m-2 h-1, respectively), whereas the oxygenated VOC fluxes such as methanol had highest weekly mean fluxes in spring and summer (maximum 24 and 79 μg m-2 h-1, respectively). Although the chamber locations differed from each other in emission rates, the inter-annual dynamics were very similar and systematic. Accounting for this chamber location dependent variability, temperature and relative humidity, a mixed effects linear model was able to explain 79-88% of monoterpene, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde fluxes from the boreal forest floor. The boreal forest floor was a significant contributor in the forest stand fluxes, but its importance varies between seasons, being most important in autumn. The forest floor emitted 2-93% of monoterpene fluxes in spring and autumn and 1-72% of methanol fluxes in spring and early summer. The forest floor covered only a few percent of the forest stand fluxes in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Mäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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113
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Bhattu D, Zotter P, Zhou J, Stefenelli G, Klein F, Bertrand A, Temime-Roussel B, Marchand N, Slowik JG, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, Nussbaumer T, El Haddad I, Dommen J. Effect of Stove Technology and Combustion Conditions on Gas and Particulate Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2209-2219. [PMID: 30648378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have systematically examined the gas and particle phase emissions from seven wood combustion devices. Among total carbon mass emitted (excluding CO2), CO emissions were dominant, together with nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) (10-40%). Automated devices emitted 1-3 orders of magnitude lower CH4 (0.002-0.60 g kg-1 of wood) and NMVOCs (0.01-1 g kg-1 of wood) compared to batch-operated devices (CH4: 0.25-2.80 g kg-1 of wood; NMVOCs: 2.5-19 g kg-1 of wood). 60-90% of the total NMVOCs were emitted in the starting phase of batch-operated devices, except for the first load cycles. Partial-load conditions or deviations from the normal recommended operating conditions, such as use of wet wood/wheat pellets, oxygen rich or deficit conditions, significantly enhanced the emissions. NMVOCs were largely dominated by small carboxylic acids and alcohols, and furans. Despite the large variability in NMVOCs emission strengths, the relative contribution of different classes showed large similarities among different devices and combustion phases. We show that specific improper operating conditions may even for advanced technology not result in the emission reduction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) forming compounds and thus not reduce the impact of wood combustion on climate and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Peter Zotter
- Bioenergy Research, Engineering and Architecture , Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , 6048 Horw , Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Amelie Bertrand
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE , Marseille , France
| | | | | | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Bioenergy Research, Engineering and Architecture , Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , 6048 Horw , Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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114
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Deuscher Z, Andriot I, Sémon E, Repoux M, Preys S, Roger JM, Boulanger R, Labouré H, Le Quéré JL. Volatile compounds profiling by using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The case study of dark chocolates organoleptic differences. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:92-119. [PMID: 30478865 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct-injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) techniques have evolved into powerful methods to analyse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) without the need of chromatographic separation. Combined to chemometrics, they have been used in many domains to solve sample categorization issues based on volatilome determination. In this paper, different DIMS methods that have largely outperformed conventional electronic noses (e-noses) in classification tasks are briefly reviewed, with an emphasis on food-related applications. A particular attention is paid to proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and many results obtained using the powerful PTR-time of flight-MS (PTR-ToF-MS) instrument are reviewed. Data analysis and feature selection issues are also summarized and discussed. As a case study, a challenging problem of classification of dark chocolates that has been previously assessed by sensory evaluation in four distinct categories is presented. The VOC profiles of a set of 206 chocolate samples classified in the four sensory categories were analysed by PTR-ToF-MS. A supervised multivariate data analysis based on partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis allowed the construction of a classification model that showed excellent prediction capability: 97% of a test set of 62 samples were correctly predicted in the sensory categories. Tentative identification of ions aided characterisation of chocolate classes. Variable selection using dedicated methods pinpointed some volatile compounds important for the discrimination of the chocolates. Among them, the CovSel method was used for the first time on PTR-MS data resulting in a selection of 10 features that allowed a good prediction to be achieved. Finally, challenges and future needs in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Deuscher
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- CIRAD, UMR 95 QUALISUD, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Andriot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- ChemoSens Platform, CSGA, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Sémon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- ChemoSens Platform, CSGA, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Michel Roger
- IRSTEA, Information, Technologies and Environmental Assessment for Agro-Processes, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Hélène Labouré
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Le Quéré
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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115
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Zhu B, Han Y, Wang C, Huang X, Xia S, Niu Y, Yin Z, He L. Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Shenzhen utilizing photochemical age-based parameterization method. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 75:105-114. [PMID: 30473275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are key intermediates in the atmospheric photooxidation process. To further study the primary and secondary sources of OVOCs, their ambient levels were monitored using a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta of China. Continuous monitoring campaigns were conducted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter of 2016. Among the six types of OVOC species, the mean concentrations of methanol were the highest in each season (up to 13-20ppbv), followed by those of acetone, acetaldehyde and acetic acid (approximately 2-4ppbv), while those of formic acid and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were the lowest (approximately 1-2ppbv). As observed from a diurnal variation chart, the OVOCs observed in Shenzhen may have been affected by numerous factors such as their primary and secondary sources and photochemical consumption. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to apportion the sources of ambient OVOCs. Methanol had significant anthropogenic primary sources but negligible anthropogenic secondary sources during all of the seasons. Acetone, MEK and acetic acid were mostly attributed to anthropogenic primary sources during each season with smaller contributions from anthropogenic secondary sources. Acetaldehyde had similar contributions from both anthropogenic secondary and anthropogenic primary sources throughout the year. Meanwhile, anthropogenic primary sources contributed the most to formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shiyong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingbo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixuan Yin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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116
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Perraud V, Lawler MJ, Malecha KT, Johnson RM, Herman D, Staimer N, Kleinman MT, Nizkorodov SA, Smith JN. Chemical Characterization of Nanoparticles and Volatiles Present in Mainstream Hookah Smoke. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:1023-1039. [PMID: 33041429 PMCID: PMC7546025 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1628342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is becoming more popular worldwide and there is a pressing need to better characterize the exposure of smokers to chemical compounds present in the mainstream smoke. We report real-time measurements of mainstream smoke for carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and nanoparticle size distribution and chemical composition using a custom dilution flow tube. A conventional tobacco mixture, a dark leaf unwashed tobacco and a nicotine-free herbal tobacco were studied. Results show that carbon monoxide is present in the mainstream smoke and originates primarily from the charcoal used to heat the tobacco. Online measurements of volatile organic compounds in mainstream smoke showed an overwhelming contribution from glycerol. Gas phase analysis also showed that very little filtration of the gas phase products is provided by the percolation of mainstream smoke through water. Waterpipe smoking generated high concentrations of 4-100 nm nanoparticles, which were mainly composed of sugar derivatives and especially abundant in the first 10 min of the smoking session. These measured emissions of volatiles and particles are compared with those from a reference cigarette (3R4F) and represent the equivalent of the emission of one or more entire cigarettes for a single puff of hookah smoke. Considerations related to the health impacts of waterpipe smoking are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael J. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kurtis T. Malecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - David Herman
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Norbert Staimer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | - James N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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117
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Isaacman-VanWertz G, Massoli P, O'Brien RE, Nowak JB, Canagaratna MR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR, Su L, Knopf DA, Misztal PK, Arata C, Goldstein AH, Kroll JH. Using advanced mass spectrometry techniques to fully characterize atmospheric organic carbon: current capabilities and remaining gaps. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:579-598. [PMID: 28574567 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds in the atmosphere vary widely in their molecular composition and chemical properties, so no single instrument can reasonably measure the entire range of ambient compounds. Over the past decade, a new generation of in situ, field-deployable mass spectrometers has dramatically improved our ability to detect, identify, and quantify these organic compounds, but no systematic approach has been developed to assess the extent to which currently available tools capture the entire space of chemical identity and properties that is expected in the atmosphere. Reduced-parameter frameworks that have been developed to describe atmospheric mixtures are exploited here to characterize the range of chemical properties accessed by a suite of instruments. Multiple chemical spaces (e.g. oxidation state of carbon vs. volatility, and oxygen number vs. carbon number) were populated with ions measured by several mass spectrometers, with gas- and particle-phase α-pinene oxidation products serving as the test mixture of organic compounds. Few gaps are observed in the coverage of the parameter spaces by the instruments employed in this work, though the full extent to which comprehensive measurement was achieved is difficult to assess due to uncertainty in the composition of the mixture. Overlaps between individual ions and regions in parameter space were identified, both between gas- and particle-phase measurements, and within each phase. These overlaps were conservatively found to account for little (<10%) of the measured mass. However, challenges in identifying overlaps and in accurately converting molecular formulas into chemical properties (such as volatility or reactivity) highlight a continued need to incorporate structural information into atmospheric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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118
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Acton WJF, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Wohlfahrt G, Hewitt CN, Taylor JE, Hansel A. The effect of ozone fumigation on the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from Brassica napus above- and below-ground. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208825. [PMID: 30532234 PMCID: PMC6287848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emissions of BVOCs from oilseed rape (Brassica napus), both when the plant is exposed to clean air and when it is fumigated with ozone at environmentally-relevant mixing ratios (ca. 135 ppbv), were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Emissions of BVOCs were recorded from combined leaf and root chambers using a recently developed Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer (SRI-ToF-MS) enabling BVOC detection with high time and mass resolution, together with the ability to identify certain molecular functionality. Emissions of BVOCs from below-ground were found to be dominated by sulfur compounds including methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide, and these emissions did not change following fumigation of the plant with ozone. Emissions from above-ground plant organs exposed to clean air were dominated by methanol, monoterpenes, 4-oxopentanal and methanethiol. Ozone fumigation of the plants caused a rapid decrease in monoterpene and sesquiterpene concentrations in the leaf chamber and increased concentrations of ca. 20 oxygenated species, almost doubling the total carbon lost by the plant leaves as volatiles. The drop in sesquiterpenes concentrations was attributed to ozonolysis occurring to a major extent on the leaf surface. The drop in monoterpene concentrations was attributed to gas phase reactions with OH radicals deriving from ozonolysis reactions. As plant-emitted terpenoids have been shown to play a role in plant-plant and plant-insect signalling, the rapid loss of these species in the air surrounding the plants during photochemical pollution episodes may have a significant impact on plant-plant and plant-insect communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. F. Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - W. Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G. Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C. N. Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - J. E. Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A. Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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119
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Arroyo PC, Malecha KT, Ammann M, Nizkorodov SA. Influence of humidity and iron(iii) on photodegradation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:30021-30031. [PMID: 30480278 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03981j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of solar actinic radiation by atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles drives condensed-phase photochemical processes, which lead to particle mass loss by the production of CO, CO2, hydrocarbons, and various oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). We examined the influence of relative humidity (RH) and Fe(iii) content on the OVOC release and subsequent mass loss from secondary organic aerosol material (SOM) during UV irradiation. The samples were generated in a flow tube reactor from the oxidation of d-limonene by ozone. The SOM was collected with a Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) on CaF2 windows. To selected samples, a variable amount of FeCl3 was added before irradiation. The resulting SOM samples, with or without added FeCl3, were irradiated with a 305 nm light-emitting diode and the release of several OVOCs, including acetic acid, acetone, formic acid and acetaldehyde, was measured with a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). The release of OVOCs from photodegradation of SOM at typical ambient mid-values of RH (30-70%) was 2-4 times higher than under dry conditions. The release of OVOCs was slightly enhanced in the presence of low concentrations of iron (0.04 Fe molar ratio) but it was suppressed at higher concentrations (0.50 Fe molar ratio) of iron indicating the existence of a complicated radical chemistry driving the photodegradation of SOM. Our findings suggest that the presence of iron in atmospheric aerosol particles will either increase or decrease release of OVOCs due to the photodegradation of SOM depending on whether the relative iron concentration is low or high, respectively. At atmospherically relevant RH conditions, the expected fractional mass loss induced by these photochemical processes from limonene SOA particles would be between 2 and 4% of particle mass per hour. Therefore, photodegradation is an important aging mechanism for this type of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Guo T, Peng Z, Li X, Zhu H, Xu L, Dong J, Feng J, Cheng P, Zhou Z. Application of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry for the assessment of toluene removal in a nonthermal plasma reactor. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1126-1134. [PMID: 30209843 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a mature technique for the real-time measurement and monitoring of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. In this paper, a modified quantification method for PTR-MS was used to assess the performance of nonthermal plasma (NTP) reactor for the removal of toluene which was widely used in industrial production processes. Toluene and 11 corresponding organic by-products were tentatively identified and quantified by a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The degradation dynamics of toluene and the formation of organic by-products were monitored in real-time (resolution = 1 second) under "plasma off" and "plasma on" conditions. We conclude that initial concentration and gas flow rate were the key parameters in the health risk assessment of NTP for the removal of toluene. The toluene removal efficiency and CO2 selectivity decreased with increasing upstream toluene concentration or gas flow rate, whereas the health risk influence index increased with increasing upstream toluene concentration or gas flow rate. The highest removal efficiency of toluene (100%), CO2 selectivity (53.2%), and the best health risk influence index for organic by-products (0.11) were achieved when the toluene concentration was kept at 105 ppmv and flow rate at 0.4 L/minute. The results demonstrate that PTR-MS is a promising tool to improve the practical applications of volatile organic compound removal by NTP because it can be used to optimize the NTP working conditions by providing a precise, fast, and clear health risk assessment for organic by-products based on their real-time analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Institute of Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xueshuang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Kunshan Hexin Mass Spectrometry Technology Co., Ltd, Kunshan, 215311, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junguo Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Rizk M, Guo F, Verriele M, Ward M, Dusanter S, Blond N, Locoge N, Schoemaecker C. Impact of material emissions and sorption of volatile organic compounds on indoor air quality in a low energy building: Field measurements and modeling. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:924-935. [PMID: 30022528 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of VOC emission rates and sorption coefficients was performed for ten surfaces present within a classroom, using field and laboratory emission cells (FLEC) coupled to online and off-line VOC quantification techniques. A total of 21 identified VOCs were emitted by the different surfaces. VOC emission rates measured using PTR-ToF-MS were compared to gas chromatographic measurements. The results showed that the two methods are complementary to one another. Sorption parameters were also successfully measured for a mixture of 14 VOCs within a few hours (<17 hours per surface). A study of the spatial and temporal variability of the measured parameters was also carried out on the two surfaces that presented the most potential for interaction with VOCs, accounting for the largest surface areas within the room. The dataset of emission rates and sorption parameters was used in the INCA-Indoor model to predict indoor air concentrations of VOCs that are compared to experimental values measured in the room. Modeling results showed that sorption processes had a limited effect on indoor concentrations of VOCs for these field campaigns. Modeled daily profiles show good agreement with the experimental observations for VOCs such as toluene (indoor source) and xylenes (outdoor source) but underestimate concentrations of methanol (both indoor and outdoor sources).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Rizk
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université de Lille 1 & CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fangfang Guo
- Laboratoire Image, Ville, Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michael Ward
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université de Lille 1 & CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadège Blond
- Laboratoire Image, Ville, Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université de Lille 1 & CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Liu D, Nyord T, Rong L, Feilberg A. Real-time quantification of emissions of volatile organic compounds from land spreading of pig slurry measured by PTR-MS and wind tunnels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1079-1087. [PMID: 29929277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and hydrogen sulfide are emitted from land spreading of manure slurry to the atmosphere and contribute to odour nuisance, particle formation and tropospheric ozone formation. Data on emissions is almost non-existing partly due to lack of suitable quantitative methods for measuring emissions in full scale. Here we present a method based on application of wind tunnels for simulation of air exchange combined with the use of online mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The focus was on odorous VOC but all relevant VOC were included. A method for quantification of VOC emission based on calculated proton-transfer reaction rate constants was validated by comparison to reference concentrations for typical VOC emitted from pig manure slurry. Wall losses of volatile sulfur compounds in the wind tunnels were assessed to be insignificant and recoveries >95% were observed for these compounds. An influence of air exchange rate was clearly observed highlighting the need to identify realistic air exchange rates for future application of the method. Emission data was obtained for spreading of pig manure slurry as an example of an important source of gases. Emissions were monitored for ~37 h following land spreading and time-resolved emission data was presented for the first time. Highest emissions were observed for short-chain volatile carboxylic acids (C2-C6) with acetic acid being the most abundant compound. Emission peaks were observed immediately following application and were followed by declining emissions until the second day at which emissions reached a second peak for several compounds. This second emission peak was speculated to be caused by a temperature-induced diurnal effect. Emissions of volatile sulfur compounds occurred on a short time-scale and ceased shortly after application. Odour activity values were dominated by C4-C5 carboxylic acids and 4-methylphenol with a less pronounced influence of 4-methylphenol on day 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangoevej 2, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
| | - Tavs Nyord
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangoevej 2, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Li Rong
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangoevej 2, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangoevej 2, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
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Gandolfo A, Marque S, Temime-Roussel B, Gemayel R, Wortham H, Truffier-Boutry D, Bartolomei V, Gligorovski S. Unexpectedly High Levels of Organic Compounds Released by Indoor Photocatalytic Paints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11328-11337. [PMID: 30188114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic paints based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles represent a promising treatment technology for cleaning the air at our dwellings. A few studies have shown that instead of elimination of harmful indoor air pollutants the production of carbonyl compounds occurs from the photocatalytic paints. Herein, we report unexpectedly high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released upon irradiation of photocatalytic paints which are meant to clean the air at our dwellings. The concentrations of the VOCs were measured continuously and online by PTR-ToF-MS (Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry) connected to a well-established flow tube photoreactor. The PTR-ToF-MS analysis revealed the presence of 52 ions in the mass range between 20 and 490 amu, among which 43 have been identified. In particular very high emission rates were estimated of two relevant indoor air pollutants, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as 355 μg h-1 and 257 μg h-1 for 1 m2, respectively. We suggest a detailed reaction mechanism responsible for the production of these harmful indoor air pollutants (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, among the others). The hydroxyl radicals (OH) formed upon activation of TiO2, react with the organic constituent (butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate) of the paint binder lead to generation of an important number of organic compounds. We demonstrate that the TiO2 quantity and the organic content of the binder is of paramount importance with respect to the formation of VOCs, which should be considered for future optimization of this air remediation technology based on TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Gandolfo
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376 , 13331 , Marseille , France
| | - Sylvain Marque
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273 , 13297 , Marseille , France
| | | | - Rachel Gemayel
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376 , 13331 , Marseille , France
| | - Henri Wortham
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376 , 13331 , Marseille , France
| | | | | | - Sasho Gligorovski
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376 , 13331 , Marseille , France
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510 640 , China
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Rissanen K, Hölttä T, Bäck J. Transpiration directly regulates the emissions of water-soluble short-chained OVOCs. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2288-2298. [PMID: 29676016 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most plant-based emissions of volatile organic compounds are considered mainly temperature dependent. However, certain oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) have high water solubility; thus, also stomatal conductance could regulate their emissions from shoots. Due to their water solubility and sources in stem and roots, it has also been suggested that their emissions could be affected by transport in the xylem sap. Yet further understanding on the role of transport has been lacking until present. We used shoot-scale long-term dynamic flux data from Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) to analyse the effects of transpiration and transport in xylem sap flow on emissions of 3 water-soluble OVOCs: methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde. We found a direct effect of transpiration on the shoot emissions of the 3 OVOCs. The emissions were best explained by a regression model that combined linear transpiration and exponential temperature effects. In addition, a structural equation model indicated that stomatal conductance affects emissions mainly indirectly, by regulating transpiration. A part of the temperature's effect is also indirect. The tight coupling of shoot emissions to transpiration clearly evidences that these OVOCs are transported in the xylem sap from their sources in roots and stem to leaves and to ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rissanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - T Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - J Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
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125
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Krechmer J, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Koss A, Hutterli M, Stoermer C, Deming B, Kimmel J, Warneke C, Holzinger R, Jayne J, Worsnop D, Fuhrer K, Gonin M, de Gouw J. Evaluation of a New Reagent-Ion Source and Focusing Ion–Molecule Reactor for Use in Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12011-12018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | | | - Abigail Koss
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | | | - Benjamin Deming
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel Kimmel
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- TOFWERK AG, 3600 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States
| | - Rupert Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Jayne
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Douglas Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | | | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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126
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Asaduzzaman M, Kerschbaumer M, Scampicchio M. Rapid and non-invasive multivariate approach for the quality control of raw milk from mountain areas based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry data. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1379-1386. [PMID: 29689633 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A rapid and non-invasive method for the control of milk by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry was developed. The approach has the potential to verify the geographic origin and altitude of dairy farms, provided that the cows have been extensively grazed with forage that reflects the botanical composition of the mountain environment. METHODS Over a 1-month period, a total of 116 samples were analysed by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTRMS). A multivariate control chart based on the Hotelling T2 statistic was built with PTRMS data and, for comparison, with the chemical parameters obtained by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, MilkoScan). RESULTS The headspace analysis of the samples led to characteristic volatile profiles. Farms located in different mountain areas were discriminated by the protonated molecules m/z 45 (acetaldehyde), 59 (acetone), 73 (2-butanone) and 89 (butyric acid, ethyl acetate, pentanol). Milk samples were also discriminated according to the altitude of the farms according to m/z 45, 59, 63 (dimethyl sulfide), 73 (propionic acid, methyl acetate) and 81 (terpenes). CONCLUSIONS A multivariate control chart based on PTRMS data was used for the quality control of milk. Milk samples from farms located at different mountain areas and altitudes were successfully discriminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asaduzzaman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Kerschbaumer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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127
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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128
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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129
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Coggon MM, McDonald BC, Vlasenko A, Veres PR, Bernard F, Koss AR, Yuan B, Gilman JB, Peischl J, Aikin KC, DuRant J, Warneke C, Li SM, de Gouw JA. Diurnal Variability and Emission Pattern of Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D 5) from the Application of Personal Care Products in Two North American Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5610-5618. [PMID: 29659257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cVMS) that is widely used in consumer products and commonly observed in urban air. This study quantifies the ambient mixing ratios of D5 from ground sites in two North American cities (Boulder, CO, USA, and Toronto, ON, CA). From these data, we estimate the diurnal emission profile of D5 in Boulder, CO. Ambient mixing ratios were consistent with those measured at other urban locations; however, the diurnal pattern exhibited similarities with those of traffic-related compounds such as benzene. Mobile measurements and vehicle experiments demonstrate that emissions of D5 from personal care products are coincident in time and place with emissions of benzene from motor vehicles. During peak commuter times, the D5/benzene ratio (w/w) is in excess of 0.3, suggesting that the mass emission rate of D5 from personal care product usage is comparable to that of benzene due to traffic. The diurnal emission pattern of D5 is estimated using the measured D5/benzene ratio and inventory estimates of benzene emission rates in Boulder. The hourly D5 emission rate is observed to peak between 6:00 and 7:00 AM and subsequently follow an exponential decay with a time constant of 9.2 h. This profile could be used by models to constrain temporal emission patterns of personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Alexander Vlasenko
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - François Bernard
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Abigail R Koss
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Bin Yuan
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Justin DuRant
- Department of Biology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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130
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Ponczek M, George C. Kinetics and Product Formation during the Photooxidation of Butanol on Atmospheric Mineral Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5191-5198. [PMID: 29595957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust particles have photochemical properties that can promote heterogeneous reactions on their surfaces and therefore alter atmospheric composition. Even though dust photocatalytic nature has received significant attention recently, most studies have focused on inorganic trace gases. Here, we investigated how light changes the chemical interactions between butanol and Arizona test dust, a proxy for mineral dust, under atmospheric conditions. Butanol uptake kinetics were measured, exploring the effects of UV light irradiation intensity (0-1.4 mW/cm2), relative humidity (0-10%), temperature (283-298 K), and butanol initial concentration (20-55 ppb). The composition of the gas phase was monitored by a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) operating in H3O+ mode. Water was observed to play a significant role, initially reducing heterogeneous processing of butanol but enhancing reaction rates once it evaporated. Gas phase products were identified, showing that surface reactions of adsorbed butanol led to the emission of a variety of carbonyl containing compounds. Under actinic light these compounds will photolyze and produce hydroxyl radicals, changing dust processing from a sink of VOC into a source of reactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ponczek
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
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131
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Romano A, Hanna GB. Identification and quantification of VOCs by proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry: An experimental workflow for the optimization of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:287-295. [PMID: 29336521 PMCID: PMC5838793 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) is a direct injection MS technique, allowing for the sensitive and real-time detection, identification, and quantification of volatile organic compounds. When aiming to employ PTR-ToF-MS for targeted volatile organic compound analysis, some methodological questions must be addressed, such as the need to correctly identify product ions, or evaluating the quantitation accuracy. This work proposes a workflow for PTR-ToF-MS method development, addressing the main issues affecting the reliable identification and quantification of target compounds. We determined the fragmentation patterns of 13 selected compounds (aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols). Experiments were conducted under breath-relevant conditions (100% humid air), and within an extended range of reduced electric field values (E/N = 48-144 Td), obtained by changing drift tube voltage. Reactivity was inspected using H3 O+ , NO+ , and O2+ as primary ions. The results show that a relatively low (<90 Td) E/N often permits to reduce fragmentation enhancing sensitivity and identification capabilities, particularly in the case of aldehydes using NO+ , where a 4-fold increase in sensitivity is obtained by means of drift voltage reduction. We developed a novel calibration methodology, relying on diffusion tubes used as gravimetric standards. For each of the tested compounds, it was possible to define suitable conditions whereby experimental error, defined as difference between gravimetric measurements and calculated concentrations, was 8% or lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Department Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonUK
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132
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Feilberg A, Hansen MJ, Pontoppidan O, Oxbøl A, Jonassen K. Relevance of n-butanol as a reference gas for odorants and complex odors. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:1751-1756. [PMID: 29595178 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Odor analysis by olfactometry relies on the use of n-butanol as a reference compound for standardizing the selection of human panelists. This requires that human sensitivity towards n-butanol is correlated to sensitivity towards other odorants as well as complex odor mixtures. However, there is limited evidence in the literature of such correlations. In this work, datasets from three odor laboratories were investigated in order to clarify this. All panels routinely analyzed n-butanol and H2S samples. Two of the laboratories analyzed samples from pig production or industry, whereas one laboratory determined odor threshold values for typical pig production odorants. Non-significant correlations were observed in most cases and odor threshold values for structurally related compounds were not well correlated. The work presented strongly indicates that the sensitivity of odor panelists towards n-butanol is not well transferred to other odorants or odor samples. Furthermore, minimization of variance by using n-butanol is not transferable to other odorants or environmental samples. Thus, the harmonization of human panelists for odor analysis based on n-butanol does not appear to result in harmonization with respect to other odorants or odor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Feilberg
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark E-mail:
| | - Michael J Hansen
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark E-mail: ; SEGES, Pig Research Centre, Axel Torv 3, Copenhagen V 1609, Denmark
| | - Ole Pontoppidan
- Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 1, Taastrup 2630, Denmark
| | - Arne Oxbøl
- Force Technology, Park Allé 345, Brondby 2605, Denmark
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133
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Berry JL, Day DA, Elseberg T, Palm BB, Hu W, Abdelhamid A, Schroder JC, Karst U, Jimenez JL, Browne EC. Laser Ablation-Aerosol Mass Spectrometry-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Ambient Surface Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4046-4053. [PMID: 29461799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging is becoming an increasingly common analytical technique due to its ability to provide spatially resolved chemical information. Here, we report a novel imaging approach combining laser ablation with two mass spectrometric techniques, aerosol mass spectrometry and chemical ionization mass spectrometry, separately and in parallel. Both mass spectrometric methods provide the fast response, rapid data acquisition, low detection limits, and high-resolution peak separation desirable for imaging complex samples. Additionally, the two techniques provide complementary information with aerosol mass spectrometry providing near universal detection of all aerosol molecules and chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a heated inlet providing molecular-level detail of both gases and aerosols. The two techniques operate with atmospheric pressure interfaces and require no matrix addition for ionization, allowing for samples to be investigated in their native state under ambient pressure conditions. We demonstrate the ability of laser ablation-aerosol mass spectrometry-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LA-AMS-CIMS) to create 2D images of both standard compounds and complex mixtures. The results suggest that LA-AMS-CIMS, particularly when combined with advanced data analysis methods, could have broad applications in mass spectrometry imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Tim Elseberg
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Münster , Corrensstrasse 28/30 , 49149 Münster , Germany
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Aroob Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Jason C Schroder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Uwe Karst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States.,Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Münster , Corrensstrasse 28/30 , 49149 Münster , Germany
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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134
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Stucchi M, Galli F, Bianchi CL, Pirola C, Boffito DC, Biasioli F, Capucci V. Simultaneous photodegradation of VOC mixture by TiO 2 powders. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:198-206. [PMID: 29131978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Volatile and semi volatile organic compounds' concentration have dramatically increased in indoor environments in recent years. UV light promotes titanium dioxide, which oxidises various molecules; however, most of the studies report the degradation of a single VOC. Here, we investigate the photo-oxidation of 17 molecules in mixture to have a realistic test of TiO2 efficacy. We compare P25, a nanometric catalyst, and 1077, a micrometric sample, that poses less health concerns. A proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer measured online the concentration of all the pollutants simultaneously. Aldehydes compete for the adsorption on both the catalyst's active sites and thus they degrade 70% and 55% with P25 and 1077 respectively. Considering the single pollutant oxidation, instead, aldehydes fully oxidize. Even though benzene is recalcitrant to degradation, P25 and 1077 reduced toluene's concentration to 97% and 96% in 55 min, respectively. Acetonitrile is refractory to photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Stucchi
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département de Génie Chimique, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3C 3A4 Montrèal (QC), Canada
| | - Federico Galli
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département de Génie Chimique, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3C 3A4 Montrèal (QC), Canada.
| | - Claudia L Bianchi
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Pirola
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daria C Boffito
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département de Génie Chimique, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3C 3A4 Montrèal (QC), Canada
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research & Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Valentino Capucci
- GranitiFiandre SpA, Via Ghiarola Nuova 119, 42014 Castellarano, Italy
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135
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Urban flux measurements reveal a large pool of oxygenated volatile organic compound emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1186-1191. [PMID: 29358383 PMCID: PMC5819406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714715115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) at the surface–atmosphere interface is a fundamental constraint and important boundary condition for atmospheric chemistry and its effects on climate. Anthropogenic emissions are thought to account for about half of the NMVOC flux into the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, yet their budget is considerably uncertain due to the scarcity of appropriate top-down constraints. Here we present direct flux measurements of NMVOCs based on the eddy covariance technique, showing that the contribution of typical urban emission sources is comprised of a surprisingly large portion of oxygenated NMVOC. These results suggest that typical urban NMVOC emission sources could be significantly higher than currently projected in air chemistry and climate models. Atmospheric chemistry is fueled by a large annual influx of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). These compounds influence ozone formation, lead to secondary organic aerosol production, and play a significant role for the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic NMVOC budget is considerably uncertain due to the diversity of urban emission sources. Here, we present comprehensive observations of urban NMVOC eddy covariance fluxes using a newly designed proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found emission fluxes of a surprisingly large pool of oxygenated NMVOCs (OVOCs) with an appreciable fraction of higher oxidized OVOCs that cannot be explained by known fast photochemical turnaround or current primary emission estimates. Measured OVOC/NMVOC bulk flux ratios are two to four times higher than inferred from aggregated anthropogenic emission inventories. Extrapolating these results would double the global anthropogenic NMVOC flux. In view of globally accelerating urbanization, our study highlights the need to reevaluate the influence of anthropogenic NMVOC on atmospheric chemistry, human health, and the climate system.
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136
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Taiti C, Costa C, Figorilli S, Billi M, Caparrotta S, Comparini D, Mancuso S. Volatome analysis approach for the taxonomic classification of tree exudate collection using Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences; University of Florence; Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Corrado Costa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA); Unità di ricerca per l'ingegneria agraria (CREA-ING); via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Scalo 00015 Roma Italy
| | - Simone Figorilli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA); Unità di ricerca per l'ingegneria agraria (CREA-ING); via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo Scalo 00015 Roma Italy
| | - Marco Billi
- Shangri-la Association; Via XXV Aprile 132, Sesto F.no 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Stefania Caparrotta
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences; University of Florence; Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Diego Comparini
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences; University of Florence; Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences; University of Florence; Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no 50019 Florence Italy
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137
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Peinado I, Mason M, Biasioli F, Scampicchio M. Hyphenation of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry with thermal analysis for monitoring the thermal degradation of retinyl acetate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:57-62. [PMID: 28913850 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The processing of retinyl acetate, a vitamin and biomarker, at high temperatures causes significant decomposition of the compound and thus loss of its activity. The rate of mass loss can be conveniently studied by thermogravimetry (TG). However, this technique generally fails to reveal which compounds have evolved from the compound. In this work we propose a new hyphenation approach to continuously monitor the thermal decomposition of retinyl acetate and follow the evolution of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs). METHODS Thermal degradation of retinyl acetate was followed by TG coupled to a direct injection mass spectrometer based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to follow continuously the thermal decomposition of retinyl acetate. The results were also compared with those obtained by a second evolved gas analysis system based on the coupling of TG with FTIR. RESULTS The TG results showed two main mass losses, at 180°C and 350°C. When the PTR-MS instrument was connected to the outlet of the TG instrument, specific fragment ions (m/z 43, 61, 75, 85 and 97) showed characteristic evolution profiles. The first mass loss was mainly associated with the release of acetic acid (m/z 43 and 61), whereas the second mass loss was connected with the degradation of the molecule backbone (m/z 43, 61, 75, 85 and 97). These results were substantially correlated with those achieved by TG coupled with FTIR, although PTR-MS showed superior performance in terms of the qualitative identification of specific fragments and better sensitivity toward complex organic VOCs. CONCLUSIONS The proposed TG-PTR-MS technique shows a great potential for following in real time the thermal degradation of ingredients such as retinyl acetate and identifying compounds evolved at specific temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Peinado
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Mason
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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138
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Large unexplained suite of chemically reactive compounds present in ambient air due to biomass fires. Sci Rep 2018; 8:626. [PMID: 29330495 PMCID: PMC5766614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass fires impact global atmospheric chemistry. The reactive compounds emitted and formed due to biomass fires drive ozone and organic aerosol formation, affecting both air quality and climate. Direct hydroxyl (OH) Reactivity measurements quantify total gaseous reactive pollutant loadings and comparison with measured compounds yields the fraction of unmeasured compounds. Here, we quantified the magnitude and composition of total OH reactivity in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain. More than 120% increase occurred in total OH reactivity (28 s-1 to 64 s-1) and from no missing OH reactivity in the normal summertime air, the missing OH reactivity fraction increased to ~40 % in the post-harvest summertime period influenced by large scale biomass fires highlighting presence of unmeasured compounds. Increased missing OH reactivity between the two summertime periods was associated with increased concentrations of compounds with strong photochemical source such as acetaldehyde, acetone, hydroxyacetone, nitromethane, amides, isocyanic acid and primary emissions of acetonitrile and aromatic compounds. Currently even the most detailed state-of-the art atmospheric chemistry models exclude formamide, acetamide, nitromethane and isocyanic acid and their highly reactive precursor alkylamines (e.g. methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine). For improved understanding of atmospheric chemistry-air quality-climate feedbacks in biomass-fire impacted atmospheric environments, future studies should include these compounds.
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139
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Mansurova M, Ebert BE, Blank LM, Ibáñez AJ. A breath of information: the volatilome. Curr Genet 2017; 64:959-964. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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140
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Yang B, Zhang H, Shu J, Ma P, Zhang P, Huang J, Li Z, Xu C. Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Excited and CH2Cl2/H2O-Amplified Ionization-Coupled Mass Spectrometry for Oxygenated Organics Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1301-1308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haixu Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Pengkun Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Jingyun Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ce Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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141
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Comparison between novel and standard methods for analysis of free fatty acids in milk – Including relation to rancid flavour. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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142
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Li J, Du X, Guo T, Peng Z, Xu L, Dong J, Cheng P, Zhou Z. Study of gas-phase reactions of NO 2+ with aromatic compounds using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:830-836. [PMID: 28885753 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of ion chemistry involving the NO2+ is currently the focus of considerable fundamental interest and is relevant in diverse fields ranging from mechanistic organic chemistry to atmospheric chemistry. A very intense source of NO2+ was generated by injecting the products from the dielectric barrier discharge of a nitrogen and oxygen mixture upstream into the drift tube of a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) apparatus with H3 O+ as the reagent ion. The NO2+ intensity is controllable and related to the dielectric barrier discharge operation conditions and ratio of oxygen to nitrogen. The purity of NO2+ can reach more than 99% after optimization. Using NO2+ as the chemical reagent ion, the gas-phase reactions of NO2+ with 11 aromatic compounds were studied by PTR-TOF-MS. The reaction rate coefficients for these reactions were measured, and the product ions and their formation mechanisms were analyzed. All the samples reacted with NO2+ rapidly with reaction rate coefficients being close to the corresponding capture ones. In addition to electron transfer producing [M]+ , oxygen ion transfer forming [MO]+ , and 3-body association forming [M·NO2 ]+ , a new product ion [M-C]+ was also formed owing to the loss of C═O from [MO]+ .This work not only developed a new chemical reagent ion NO2+ based on PTR-MS but also provided significant interesting fundamental data on reactions involving aromatic compounds, which will probably broaden the applications of PTR-MS to measure these compounds in the atmosphere in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xubing Du
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Teng Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Institute of Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junguo Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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143
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Müller M, Eichler P, D'Anna B, Tan W, Wisthaler A. Direct Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particulate Organic Matter by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10889-10897. [PMID: 28911223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on a new method for analyzing atmospheric submicrometer particulate organic matter which combines direct particle sampling and volatilization with online chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis. Technically, the method relies on the combined use of a CHARON ("Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Online") particle inlet and a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). Laboratory studies on target analytes showed that the ionization conditions in the PTR-ToF-MS lead to extensive fragmentation of levoglucosan and cis-pinonic acid, while protonated oleic acid and 5α-cholestane molecules remain intact. Potential problems and biases in quantitative and qualitative analyses are discussed. Side-by-side atmospheric comparison measurements of total particulate organic mass and levoglucosan with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were in good agreement. Complex and clearly distinct organic mass spectra were obtained from atmospheric measurements in three European cities (Lyon, Valencia, Innsbruck). Data visualization in reduced-parameter frameworks (e.g., oxidation state of carbon vs carbon number) revealed that the CHARON-PTR-ToF-MS technique adds significant analytical capabilities for characterizing particulate organic carbon in the Earth's atmosphere. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for apportioning sources of atmospheric particles in late fall in Innsbruck. The m/z signatures of known source marker compounds (levoglucosan and resin acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nicotine) in the mass spectra were used to assign PMF factors to biomass burning, traffic, and smoking emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, Université de Lyon , 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, Lyon, 69626, France
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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144
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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145
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Guo T, Du X, Peng Z, Xu L, Dong J, Li J, Cheng P, Zhou Z. Quantification and risk assessment of organic products resulting from non-thermal plasma removal of toluene in nitrogen. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1424-1430. [PMID: 28586540 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has proven to be an effective approach for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, harmful organic by-products, produced during NTP-mediated removal of VOCs, hinder practical applications of this technology. It is necessary to characterize the organic by-products to assess their health risks. METHODS A method is proposed for analyzing and evaluating organic by-products for NTP-mediated removal of VOCs in this work. NTP generated by a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was used for the removal of a model VOC, toluene, in nitrogen. Organic products were characterized using a real-time proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) apparatus. RESULTS The PTR-TOF-MS apparatus has been shown to be effective for real-time high-sensitivity detection of trace VOCs. The main observed organic compounds, with concentrations on the order of ppb/ppm, were hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, propanenitrile, benzene, benzonitrile, and benzyl nitrile, etc. CONCLUSIONS A health-related index (HRI) was introduced to assess the health risks associated with these organic products. The HRI was not correlated with the removal efficiency (η), with higher η possibly yielding higher HRI, associated with higher health risks. Specific input energy (SIE) was a key factor affecting the formation of the observed organic products and their HRI values. We conclude that in practical applications, SIE, HRI, and η must be balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xubing Du
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Institute of Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 510632
| | - Li Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junguo Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jianquan Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 510632
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146
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Zeng Y, Tang F, Zhai Y, Wang X. Performance enhancement of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry by applying differential-RF-driven operation mode. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:095113. [PMID: 28964226 DOI: 10.1063/1.5002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional operation mode of high-field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS) uses a one-way radio frequency (RF) voltage input as the dispersion voltage. This requires a high voltage input and limits power consumption reduction and miniaturization of instruments. With higher dispersion voltages or larger compensation voltages, there also exist problems such as low signal intensity or the fact that the dispersion voltage is no longer much larger than the compensation voltage. In this paper, a differential-RF-driven operation mode of FAIMS is proposed. The two-way RF is used to generate the dispersion field, and a phase difference is added between the two RFs to generate a single step waveform field. Theoretical analysis, and experimental results from an ethanol sample, showed that the peak positions of the ion spectra changed linearly (R2 = 0.9992) with the phase difference of the two RFs in the differential-RF-driven mode and that the peak intensity of the ion spectrum could be enhanced by more than eight times for ethanol ions. In this way, it is possible to convert the ion spectrum peaks outside the separation or compensation voltage range into a detectable range, by changing the phase difference. To produce the same separation electric field, the high-voltage direct current input voltage can be maximally reduced to half of that in the traditional operation mode. Without changing the drift region size or drift condition, the differential-RF-driven operation mode can reduce power consumption, increase signal-to-noise ratio, extend the application range of the dispersion voltage and compensation voltage, and improve FAIMS detection performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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147
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Zhang T, Li ZY, Liu QY, He SG. Chemical Ionization of Large Linear Alkanes and Small Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds by the Reactions with Atomic Gold Cations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9083-9090. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education
Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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148
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Achyuthan KE, Harper JC, Manginell RP, Moorman MW. Volatile Metabolites Emission by In Vivo Microalgae-An Overlooked Opportunity? Metabolites 2017; 7:E39. [PMID: 28788107 PMCID: PMC5618324 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragrances and malodors are ubiquitous in the environment, arising from natural and artificial processes, by the generation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although VOCs constitute only a fraction of the metabolites produced by an organism, the detection of VOCs has a broad range of civilian, industrial, military, medical, and national security applications. The VOC metabolic profile of an organism has been referred to as its 'volatilome' (or 'volatome') and the study of volatilome/volatome is characterized as 'volatilomics', a relatively new category in the 'omics' arena. There is considerable literature on VOCs extracted destructively from microalgae for applications such as food, natural products chemistry, and biofuels. VOC emissions from living (in vivo) microalgae too are being increasingly appreciated as potential real-time indicators of the organism's state of health (SoH) along with their contributions to the environment and ecology. This review summarizes VOC emissions from in vivo microalgae; tools and techniques for the collection, storage, transport, detection, and pattern analysis of VOC emissions; linking certain VOCs to biosynthetic/metabolic pathways; and the role of VOCs in microalgae growth, infochemical activities, predator-prey interactions, and general SoH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komandoor E Achyuthan
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Jason C Harper
- Bioenergy and Defense Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Ronald P Manginell
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Matthew W Moorman
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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149
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Zou X, Kang M, Wang H, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. Rapid and sensitive on-line monitoring 6 different kinds of volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples by spray inlet proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (SI-PTR-MS). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:217-223. [PMID: 28288430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in aqueous samples is very important to human health and environmental protection. In this study, an on-line spray inlet proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (SI-PTR-MS) method was developed for the rapid and sensitive monitoring of 6 different kinds of VOCs, namely acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetone, aether, and methylbenzene, in aqueous samples. The response time, limit of detection (LOD), and repeatability of the SI-PTR-MS system were evaluated. The response of the SI-PTR-MS was quite rapid with response times of 31-88 s. The LODs for all these VOCs were below 10 μg/L. The LOD of methylbenzene was 0.9 μg/L, much lower than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) in drinking water. The repeatability of this method was evaluated with 5 replicate determinations. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 0.8-3.1%, indicating good repeatability. To evaluate the matrix effects, the SI-PTR-MS system was employed for on-line monitoring of these 6 VOCs in different aqueous matrices, including lake water, tap water, and waste water. The relative recoveries were in the range of 94.6-106.0% for the lake water, 96.3-105.6% for the tap water, and 95.6-102.9% for the waste water. The results indicate that the SI-PTR-MS method has important application values in the rapid and sensitive monitoring of VOCs in these aqueous samples. In addition, the effect of salt concentration on the extracting efficiency was evaluated. The results showed that the LOD of the SI-PTR-MS could be further decreased by changing the salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zou
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Meng Kang
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
| | - Yannan Chu
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, PR China
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150
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Kilic D, Brem BT, Klein F, El-Haddad I, Durdina L, Rindlisbacher T, Setyan A, Huang R, Wang J, Slowik JG, Baltensperger U, Prevot ASH. Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Aircraft Turbine Engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3621-3629. [PMID: 28304157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonmethane organic gas emissions (NMOGs) from in-service aircraft turbine engines were investigated using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at an engine test facility at Zurich Airport, Switzerland. Experiments consisted of 60 exhaust samples for seven engine types (used in commercial aviation) from two manufacturers at thrust levels ranging from idle to takeoff. Emission indices (EIs) for more than 200 NMOGs were quantified, and the functional group fractions (including acids, carbonyls, aromatics, and aliphatics) were calculated to characterize the exhaust chemical composition at different engine operation modes. Total NMOG emissions were highest at idling with an average EI of 7.8 g/kg fuel and were a factor of ∼40 lower at takeoff thrust. The relative contribution of pure hydrocarbons (particularly aromatics and aliphatics) of the engine exhaust decreased with increasing thrust while the fraction of oxidized compounds, for example, acids and carbonyls increased. Exhaust chemical composition at idle was also affected by engine technology. Older engines emitted a higher fraction of nonoxidized NMOGs compared to newer ones. Idling conditions dominated ground level organic gas emissions. Based on the EI determined here, we estimate that reducing idle emissions could substantially improve air quality near airports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogushan Kilic
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ari Setyan
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rujin Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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