101
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Mann T, Scherner C, Röhm KH, Kolbe L. Structure-Activity Relationships of Thiazolyl Resorcinols, Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Human Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030690. [PMID: 29495618 PMCID: PMC5877551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase inhibitors are of great clinical interest as agents for the treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders; however, most compounds described in the literature lack clinical efficiency due to insufficient inhibitory activity against human tyrosinase (hTyr). Recently, we reported that thiazolyl resorcinols (4-resorcinylthiazol-2-amines and -amides) are both selective and efficacious inhibitors of hTyr in vitro and in vivo. Here, we measured dose-activity profiles of a large number of thiazolyl resorcinols and analogous compounds to better understand the molecular basis of their interaction with hTyr. We show that both the resorcinyl moiety and the thiazole ring must be intact to allow efficient inhibition of hTyr, while the substituents at the thiazole 2-amino group confer additional inhibitory activity, depending on their size and polarity. The results of molecular docking simulations were in excellent agreement with the experimental data, affording a rationale for the structural importance of either ring. We further propose that a special type of interaction between the thiazole sulfur and a conserved asparagine residue is partially responsible for the superior inhibitory activity of thiazolyl resorcinols against hTyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mann
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, 20245 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Klaus-Heinrich Röhm
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps University, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, 20245 Hamburg, Germany.
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102
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Mann T, Gerwat W, Batzer J, Eggers K, Scherner C, Wenck H, Stäb F, Hearing VJ, Röhm KH, Kolbe L. Inhibition of Human Tyrosinase Requires Molecular Motifs Distinctively Different from Mushroom Tyrosinase. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1601-1608. [PMID: 29427586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme of melanin production and, accordingly, is the most prominent target for inhibiting hyperpigmentation. Numerous tyrosinase inhibitors have been identified, but most of those lack clinical efficacy because they were identified using mushroom tyrosinase as the target. Therefore, we used recombinant human tyrosinase to screen a library of 50,000 compounds and compared the active screening hits with well-known whitening ingredients. Hydroquinone and its derivative arbutin only weakly inhibited human tyrosinase with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the millimolar range, and kojic acid showed a weak efficacy (IC50 > 500 μmol/L). The most potent inhibitors of human tyrosinase identified in this screen were resorcinyl-thiazole derivatives, especially the newly identified Thiamidol (Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) (isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol), which had an IC50 of 1.1 μmol/L. In contrast, Thiamidol only weakly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 = 108 μmol/L). In melanocyte cultures, Thiamidol strongly but reversibly inhibited melanin production (IC50 = 0.9 μmol/L), whereas hydroquinone irreversibly inhibited melanogenesis (IC50 = 16.3 μmol/L). Clinically, Thiamidol visibly reduced the appearance of age spots within 4 weeks, and after 12 weeks some age spots were indistinguishable from the normal adjacent skin. The full potential of Thiamidol to reduce hyperpigmentation of human skin needs to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mann
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jan Batzer
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Horst Wenck
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Stäb
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ludger Kolbe
- Front End Innovation, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany.
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103
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Isaschar-Ovdat S, Fishman A. Crosslinking of food proteins mediated by oxidative enzymes – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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104
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Chai WM, Huang Q, Lin MZ, Ou-Yang C, Huang WY, Wang YX, Xu KL, Feng HL. Condensed Tannins from Longan Bark as Inhibitor of Tyrosinase: Structure, Activity, and Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:908-917. [PMID: 29313327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the content, structure, antityrosinase activity, and mechanism of longan bark condensed tannins were evaluated. The findings obtained from mass spectrometry demonstrated that longan bark condensed tannins were mixtures of procyanidins, propelargonidins, prodelphinidins, and their acyl derivatives (galloyl and p-hydroxybenzoate). The enzyme analysis indicated that these mixtures were efficient, reversible, and mixed (competitive is dominant) inhibitor of tyrosinase. What's more, the mixtures showed good inhibitions on proliferation, intracellular enzyme activity and melanogenesis of mouse melanoma cells (B16). From molecular docking, the results showed the interactions between inhibitors and tyrosinase were driven by hydrogen bond, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, high levels of total phenolic and extractable condensed tannins suggested that longan bark might be a good source of tyrosinase inhibitor. This study would offer theoretical basis for the development of longan bark condensed tannins as novel food preservatives and medicines of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Huang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Zhen Lin
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Ou-Yang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yang Huang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xia Wang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Li Xu
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ling Feng
- Zigong Innovation Center of Zhejiang University , Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
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105
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Zhang SQ, Chino M, Liu L, Tang Y, Hu X, DeGrado WF, Lombardi A. De Novo Design of Tetranuclear Transition Metal Clusters Stabilized by Hydrogen-Bonded Networks in Helical Bundles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1294-1304. [PMID: 29249157 PMCID: PMC5860638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
De novo design provides an attractive approach to test the mechanism by which metalloproteins define the geometry and reactivity of their metal ion cofactors. While there has been considerable progress in designing proteins that bind transition metal ions including iron-sulfur clusters, the design of tetranuclear clusters with oxygen-rich environments has not been accomplished. Here, we describe the design of tetranuclear clusters, consisting of four Zn2+ and four carboxylate oxygens situated at the vertices of a distorted cube-like structure. The tetra-Zn2+ clusters are bound at a buried site within a four-helix bundle, with each helix donating a single carboxylate (Glu or Asp) and imidazole (His) ligand, as well as second- and third-shell ligands. Overall, the designed site consists of four Zn2+ and 16 polar side chains in a fully connected hydrogen-bonded network. The designed proteins have apolar cores at the top and bottom of the bundle, which drive the assembly of the liganding residues near the center of the bundle. The steric bulk of the apolar residues surrounding the binding site was varied to determine how subtle changes in helix-helix packing affect the binding site. The crystal structures of two of four proteins synthesized were in good agreement with the overall design; both formed a distorted cuboidal site stabilized by flanking second- and third-shell interactions that stabilize the primary ligands. A third structure bound a single Zn2+ in an unanticipated geometry, and the fourth bound multiple Zn2+ at multiple sites at partial occupancy. The metal-binding and conformational properties of the helical bundles in solution, probed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and NMR, were consistent with the crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 46, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
- DLX Scientific, Lawrence, KS 66049, United States
| | - Youzhi Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 46, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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106
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Toledo L, Aguirre C. Enzymatic browning in avocado (Persea americana) revisited: History, advances, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3860-3872. [PMID: 27172067 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1175416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Considering nearly 80 years of research regarding one of the enzymes responsible for catalyzing the formation of pigments in higher animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, this review will focus on collecting and categorizing the existing information about polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in fruits, with particular emphasis on the information in relation to avocado, which is one of the hardiest species in terms of inactivation, has documented dual activity (EC 1.14.18.1/EC 1.10.3.1), and represents one of the oldest challenges for food science research and fruit processors. It is expected that this review will contribute to the further development of the field by highlighting the questions that have arisen during the characterization of PPO, the progress that has been made and the questions that remain today, in addition to new methodologies that are being applied to study this system. Holistic methodologies offer unexplored potential for advancing our understanding of the complex phenomena that govern PPO activity in fruits, because these methodologies will enable the characterization of this family of enzymes in all of its complexity. Subsequently, it will be possible to develop better techniques for controlling enzymatic browning in this valuable fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Toledo
- a School of Food Engineering , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
| | - Carolina Aguirre
- b Research Center for Biodiversity and Sustainable Environments (CIBAS) , Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Concepción , Chile
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107
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Prexler SM, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks-Hofmeister ME. A specific amino acid residue in the catalytic site of dandelion polyphenol oxidases acts as 'selector' for substrate specificity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:151-164. [PMID: 29218491 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful site-directed mutagenesis combined with in silico modeling and docking studies for the first time offers experimental proof of the role of the 'substrate selector' residue in plant polyphenol oxidases. The plant and fungi enzymes responsible for tissue browning are called polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). In plants, PPOs often occur as families of isoenzymes which are differentially expressed, but little is known about their physiological roles or natural substrates. In a recent study that explored these structure-function relationships, the eleven known dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) PPOs were shown to separate into two different phylogenetic groups differing in catalytic cavity architecture, kinetic parameters, and substrate range. The same study proposed that the PPOs' substrate specificity is controlled by one specific amino acid residue positioned at the entrance to the catalytic site: whereas group 1 dandelion PPOs possess a hydrophobic isoleucine (I) at position HB2+1, group 2 PPOs exhibit a larger, positively charged arginine (R). However, this suggestion was only based on bioinformatic analyses, not experiments. To experimentally investigate this hypothesis, we converted group 1 ToPPO-2 and group 2 ToPPO-6 into PPO-2-I244R and PPO-6-R254I, respectively, and expressed them in E. coli. By performing detailed kinetic characterization and in silico docking studies, we found that replacing this single amino acid significantly changed the PPO's substrate specificity. Our findings therefore proof the role of the 'substrate selector' in plant PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Prexler
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
| | - Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- WeissBioTech GmbH, An der Hansalinie 48-50, 59387, Ascheberg, Germany
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108
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Rok J, Wrześniok D, Beberok A, Otręba M, Delijewski M, Buszman E. Phototoxic effect of oxytetracycline on normal human melanocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 48:26-32. [PMID: 29248593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, used in dermatology and veterinary medicine. Like other tetracyclines, it may evoke skin phototoxic reactions related to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melanins are biopolymers synthesised in melanocytes - highly specialised cells, localised in the basal layer of epidermis. Production of melanin is a defence mechanism against harmful effects of UV radiation, ROS and many chemical substances, including drugs. In the present study the influence of oxytetracycline and UVA radiation on darkly pigmented melanocytes viability, the melanogenesis process and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were analysed. The obtained results show that oxytetracycline decreases cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. It has also been stated that UVA radiation as well as simultaneous exposure to oxytetracycline and UVA radiation reduce melanocytes viability. The tested drug alone exhibits little effect on antioxidant enzymes activity and has no influence on the synthesis of melanin. However, simultaneous exposure of the cells to oxytetracycline and UVA radiation causes an increase of SOD and GPx activity, a decrease of CAT activity as well as stimulates melanogenesis. The obtained results suggest that phototoxicity of oxytetracycline towards normal human melanocytes depends on both time of UVA exposure and the drug concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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109
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Do H, Kang E, Yang B, Cha HJ, Choi YS. A tyrosinase, mTyr-CNK, that is functionally available as a monophenol monooxygenase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17267. [PMID: 29222480 PMCID: PMC5722948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase efficiently catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of diphenols without any additional cofactors. Although it is of significant interest for the biosynthesis of catechol derivatives, the rapid catechol oxidase activity and inactivation of tyrosinase have hampered its practical utilization as a monophenol monooxygenase. Here, we prepared a functional tyrosinase that exhibited a distinguished monophenolase/diphenolase activity ratio (Vmax mono/ Vmax di = 3.83) and enhanced catalytic efficiency against L-tyrosine (kcat = 3.33 ± 0.18 s−1, Km = 2.12 ± 0.14 mM at 20 °C and pH 6.0). This enzyme was still highly active in ice water (>80%), and its activity was well conserved below 30 °C. In vitro DOPA modification, with a remarkably high yield as a monophenol monooxygenase, was achieved by the enzyme taking advantage of these biocatalytic properties. These results demonstrate the strong potential for this enzyme’s use as a monophenol monooxygenase in biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Do
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eungsu Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Byeongseon Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seong Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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110
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Gou L, Lee J, Yang JM, Park YD, Zhou HM, Zhan Y, Lü ZR. Inhibition of tyrosinase by fumaric acid: Integration of inhibition kinetics with computational docking simulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1663-1669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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111
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Quantification of Catechin and Epicatechin in Foods by Enzymatic-Spectrophotometric Method with Tyrosinase. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Lai X, Wichers HJ, Soler-Lopez M, Dijkstra BW. Structure and Function of Human Tyrosinase and Tyrosinase-Related Proteins. Chemistry 2017; 24:47-55. [PMID: 29052256 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the main pigment responsible for the color of human skin, hair and eye. Its biosynthesis requires three melanogenic enzymes, tyrosinase (TYR), and the tyrosinase-related proteins TYRP1 and TYRP2. The difficulty of isolating pure and homogeneous proteins from endogenous sources has hampered their study, and resulted in many contradictory findings regarding their physiological functions. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the structure and function of TYR and TYRPs by virtue of the crystal structure of human TYRP1, which is the first available structure of a mammalian melanogenic enzyme. This structure, combined with tyrosinase structures from other lower eukaryotes and mutagenesis studies of key active site residues, sheds light on the mechanism of TYR and TYRPs. Furthermore, a TYRP1-based homology model of TYR provides a high-quality platform to map and analyze albinism-related mutations, as well as the design of specific antimelanogenic compounds. Finally, we provide perspectives for future structure/function studies of TYR and TYRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Lai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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113
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Saura-Sanmartin A, Berna J, Garcia-Canovas F, Rodriguez-Lopez JN. Structural and kinetic considerations on the catalysis of deoxyarbutin by tyrosinase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187845. [PMID: 29136639 PMCID: PMC5685642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyarbutin, a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, could act as substrate of the enzyme. Oxytyrosinase is able to hydroxylate deoxyarbutin and finishes the catalytic cycle by oxidizing the formed o-diphenol to quinone, while the enzyme becomes deoxytyrosinase, which evolves to oxytyrosinase in the presence of oxygen. This compound is the only one described that does not release o-diphenol after the hydroxylation step. Oxytyrosinase hydroxylates the deoxyarbutin in ortho position of the phenolic hydroxyl group by means of an aromatic electrophilic substitution. As the oxygen orbitals and the copper atoms are not coplanar, but in axial/equatorial position, the concerted oxidation/reduction cannot occur and the release of a copper atom to bind again in coplanar position, enabling the oxidation/reduction or release of the o-diphenol from the active site to the medium. In the case of deoxyarbutin, the o-diphenol formed is repulsed by the water due to its hydrophobicity, and so can bind correctly and be oxidized to a quinone before being released. Deoxyarbutin has been characterized with: [Formula: see text] = 1.95 ± 0.06 s-1 and [Formula: see text] = 33 ± 4 μM. Computational simulations of the interaction of β-arbutin, deoxyarbutin and their o-diphenol products with tyrosinase show how these ligands bind at the copper centre of tyrosinase. The presence of an energy barrier in the release of the o-diphenol product of deoxyarbutin, which is not present in the case of β-arbutin, together with the differences in polarity and, consequently differences in their interaction with water help understand the differences in the kinetic behaviour of both compounds. Therefore, it is proposed that the release of the o-diphenol product of deoxyarbutin from the active site might be slower than in the case of β-arbutin, contributing to its oxidation to a quinone before being released from the protein into the water phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Jimenez
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel-Puche
- Group of Molecular Interactions in Membranes, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Garcia-Ruiz
- Group of Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Industrial Polymers and Additives, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José Neptuno Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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114
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Decker H, Tuczek F. Die erste Kristallstruktur des humanen Tyrosinase-ähnlichen Proteins 1 (HsTYRP1) löst ein altes Problem und wirft ein neues auf. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Decker
- Institut für Molekulare Biologie; Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Jakob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Deutschland
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115
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Decker H, Tuczek F. The Recent Crystal Structure of Human Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (HsTYRP1) Solves an Old Problem and Poses a New One. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14352-14354. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Decker
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Jacob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Alberts University Kiel; Max Eyth Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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116
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Three recombinantly expressed apple tyrosinases suggest the amino acids responsible for mono- versus diphenolase activity in plant polyphenol oxidases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8860. [PMID: 28821733 PMCID: PMC5562730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme family, which is mainly responsible for the browning of fruits. Three cDNAs encoding PPO pro-enzymes have been cloned from leaves of Malus domestica (apple, MdPPO). The three pro-enzymes MdPPO1-3 were heterologously expressed in E. coli yielding substantial amounts of protein and have been characterized with regard to their optimum of activity resulting from SDS, acidic and proteolytic activation. Significant differences were found in the kinetic characterization of MdPPO1-3 when applying different mono- and diphenolic substrates. All three enzymes have been classified as tyrosinases, where MdPPO1 exhibits the highest activity with tyramine (kcat = 9.5 s−1) while MdPPO2 and MdPPO3 are also clearly active on this monophenolic substrate (kcat = 0.92 s−1 and kcat = 1.0 s−1, respectively). Based on the activity, sequence data and homology modelling it is proposed that the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of PPOs can be manipulated by the appropriate combination of two amino acids, which are located within the active site cleft and were therefore named “activity controllers”.
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117
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Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Rompel A. In crystallo activity tests with latent apple tyrosinase and two mutants reveal the importance of the mutated sites for polyphenol oxidase activity. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:491-499. [PMID: 28777094 PMCID: PMC5544008 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17010822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases are type 3 copper enzymes that belong to the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) family and are able to catalyze both the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols and their subsequent oxidation to o-quinones, which are precursors for the biosynthesis of colouring substances such as melanin. The first plant pro-tyrosinase from Malus domestica (MdPPO1) was recombinantly expressed in its latent form (56.4 kDa) and mutated at four positions around the catalytic pocket which are believed to influence the activity of the enzyme. Mutating the amino acids, which are known as activity controllers, yielded the mutants MdPPO1-Ala239Thr and MdPPO1-Leu243Arg, whereas mutation of the so-called water-keeper and gatekeeper residues resulted in the mutants MdPPO1-Glu234Ala and MdPPO1-Phe259Ala, respectively. The wild-type enzyme and two of the mutants, MdPPO1-Ala239Thr and MdPPO1-Phe259Ala, were successfully crystallized, leading to single crystals that diffracted to 1.35, 1.55 and 1.70 Å resolution, respectively. All crystals belonged to space group P212121, exhibiting similar unit-cell parameters: a = 50.70, b = 80.15, c = 115.96 Å for the wild type, a = 50.58, b = 79.90, c = 115.76 Å for MdPPO1-Ala239Thr and a = 50.53, b = 79.76, c = 116.07 Å for MdPPO1-Phe259Ala. In crystallo activity tests with the crystals of the wild type and the two mutants were performed by adding the monophenolic substrate tyramine and the diphenolic substrate dopamine to crystal-containing drops. The effects of the mutation on the activity of the enzyme were observed by colour changes of the crystals owing to the conversion of the substrates to dark chromophore products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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118
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Whitten MMA, Coates CJ. Re-evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:386-401. [PMID: 28378380 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanins (eumelanin and pheomelanin) are synthesized in insects for several purposes including cuticle sclerotization and color patterning, clot formation, organogenesis, and innate immunity. Traditional views of insect immunity detail the storage of pro-phenoloxidases inside specialized blood cells (hemocytes) and their release upon recognition of foreign bodies. Activated phenoloxidases convert monophenols into reactive quinones in a two-step enzymatic reaction, and until recently, the mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylation remained a mystery. Herein, we present our interpretations of these enzyme-substrate complexes. The resultant melanins are deposited onto the surface of microbes to immobilize, agglutinate, and suffocate them. Phenoloxidase activity and melanin production are not limited to the blood (hemolymph) or cuticle, as recent evidence points to more diverse, sophisticated interactions in the gut and with the resident symbionts. This review offers insight into the somewhat neglected areas of insect melanogenesis research, particularly in innate immunity, its role in beneficial insects such as pollinators, the functional versatility of phenoloxidases, and the limitations of common experimental approaches that may impede progress inadvertently.
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119
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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120
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Quist DA, Diaz DE, Liu JJ, Karlin KD. Activation of dioxygen by copper metalloproteins and insights from model complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:253-288. [PMID: 27921179 PMCID: PMC5600896 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses dioxygen as a key oxidant in the transformation of biomolecules. Among the enzymes that are utilized for these reactions are copper-containing metalloenzymes, which are responsible for important biological functions such as the regulation of neurotransmitters, dioxygen transport, and cellular respiration. Enzymatic and model system studies work in tandem in order to gain an understanding of the fundamental reductive activation of dioxygen by copper complexes. This review covers the most recent advancements in the structures, spectroscopy, and reaction mechanisms for dioxygen-activating copper proteins and relevant synthetic models thereof. An emphasis has also been placed on cofactor biogenesis, a fundamentally important process whereby biomolecules are post-translationally modified by the pro-enzyme active site to generate cofactors which are essential for the catalytic enzymatic reaction. Significant questions remaining in copper-ion-mediated O2-activation in copper proteins are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Quist
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Daniel E Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kenneth D Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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121
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122
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Hamann JN, Herzigkeit B, Jurgeleit R, Tuczek F. Small-molecule models of tyrosinase: From ligand hydroxylation to catalytic monooxygenation of external substrates. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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123
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Ferro S, De Luca L, Germanò MP, Buemi MR, Ielo L, Certo G, Kanteev M, Fishman A, Rapisarda A, Gitto R. Chemical exploration of 4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidine fragment for the development of new tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:992-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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124
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The unravelling of the complex pattern of tyrosinase inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34993. [PMID: 27725765 PMCID: PMC5057104 DOI: 10.1038/srep34993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases are responsible for melanin formation in all life domains. Tyrosinase inhibitors are used for the prevention of severe skin diseases, in skin-whitening creams and to avoid fruit browning, however continued use of many such inhibitors is considered unsafe. In this study we provide conclusive evidence of the inhibition mechanism of two well studied tyrosinase inhibitors, KA (kojic acid) and HQ (hydroquinone), which are extensively used in hyperpigmentation treatment. KA is reported in the literature with contradicting inhibition mechanisms, while HQ is described as both a tyrosinase inhibitor and a substrate. By visualization of KA and HQ in the active site of TyrBm crystals, together with molecular modeling, binding constant analysis and kinetic experiments, we have elucidated their mechanisms of inhibition, which was ambiguous for both inhibitors. We confirm that while KA acts as a mixed inhibitor, HQ can act both as a TyrBm substrate and as an inhibitor.
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125
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Abstract
Copper (Cu) is indispensible for growth and development of human organisms. It is required for such fundamental and ubiquitous processes as respiration and protection against reactive oxygen species. Cu also enables catalytic activity of enzymes that critically contribute to the functional identity of many cells and tissues. Pigmentation, production of norepinephrine by the adrenal gland, the key steps in the formation of connective tissue, neuroendocrine signaling, wound healing - all these processes require Cu and depend on Cu entering the secretory pathway. To reach the Cu-dependent enzymes in a lumen of the trans-Golgi network and various vesicular compartments, Cu undertakes a complex journey crossing the extracellular and intracellular membranes and staying firmly on course while traveling in a cytosol. The proteins that assist Cu in this journey by mediating its entry, distribution, and export, have been identified. The accumulating data also indicate that the current model of cellular Cu homeostasis is still a "skeleton" that has to be fleshed out with many new details. This review summarizes recent data on the mechanisms responsible for Cu transfer to the secretory pathway. The emerging new concepts and gaps in our knowledge are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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126
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Wu J, Cunningham AL, Dehghani F, Diefenbach RJ. Comparison of Haliotis rubra hemocyanin isoforms 1 and 2. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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127
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Immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:293-317. [PMID: 27518203 PMCID: PMC5219038 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. A primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. Aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. Likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebrates, namely hemocyanin and hemerythrin, act as potent immune effectors under certain physiological conditions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the true extent of oxygen-transport protein dynamics in innate immunity, and to impress upon the reader the multi-functionality of these ancient proteins on the basis of their structures. In this context, erythrocyte-pathogen antibiosis and the immune competences of various erythroid cells are compared across diverse taxa.
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128
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Fujieda N, Itoh S. Controlling Dicopper Protein Functions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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129
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Ortiz-Ruiz CV, Berna J, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F. 4-n-butylresorcinol, a depigmenting agent used in cosmetics, reacts with tyrosinase. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:663-72. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel-Puche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Group of Molecular Interactions in Membranes; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Carmen Vanessa Ortiz-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Tudela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
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130
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Solem E, Tuczek F, Decker H. Tyrosinase versus Catecholoxidase: ein Asparagin macht den Unterschied. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Even Solem
- Institut für Molekulare Biophysik; Johannes Gutenberg Universität; Jakob-Welder-Weg 26 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Deutschland
| | - Heinz Decker
- Institut für Molekulare Biophysik; Johannes Gutenberg Universität; Jakob-Welder-Weg 26 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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131
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Solem E, Tuczek F, Decker H. Tyrosinase versus Catechol Oxidase: One Asparagine Makes the Difference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2884-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Even Solem
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics; Johannes Gutenberg University; Jakob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max Eyth Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Heinz Decker
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics; Johannes Gutenberg University; Jakob Welder Weg 26 55128 Mainz Germany
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132
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Utzeri VJ, Bertolini F, Ribani A, Schiavo G, Dall'Olio S, Fontanesi L. The albinism of the feral Asinara white donkeys (Equus asinus
) is determined by a missense mutation in a highly conserved position of the tyrosinase (TYR
) gene deduced protein. Anim Genet 2015; 47:120-4. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. J. Utzeri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Division of Animal Sciences; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 46 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - F. Bertolini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Division of Animal Sciences; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 46 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - A. Ribani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Division of Animal Sciences; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 46 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - G. Schiavo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Division of Animal Sciences; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 46 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - S. Dall'Olio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Division of Animal Sciences; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 46 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - L. Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Division of Animal Sciences; University of Bologna; Viale Fanin 46 40127 Bologna Italy
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133
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Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Molitor C, Zekiri F, Rompel A. Kristallstruktur einer pflanzlichen Tyrosinase aus Walnussblättern: die Bedeutung “substratlenkender Aminosäurereste” für die Enzymspezifität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Bijelic
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Österreich) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Österreich) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Österreich) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Florime Zekiri
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Österreich) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Österreich) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
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134
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Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Molitor C, Zekiri F, Rompel A. The Structure of a Plant Tyrosinase from Walnut Leaves Reveals the Importance of "Substrate-Guiding Residues" for Enzymatic Specificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14677-80. [PMID: 26473311 PMCID: PMC4678486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases are members of the class of type III copper enzymes. While tyrosinases accept both mono- and o-diphenols as substrates, only the latter substrate is converted by catechol oxidases. Researchers have been working for decades to elucidate the monophenolase/diphenolase specificity on a structural level and have introduced an early hypothesis that states that the reason for the lack of monophenolase activity in catechol oxidases may be its structurally restricted active site. However, recent structural and biochemical studies of this enzyme class have raised doubts about this theory. Herein, the first crystal structure of a plant tyrosinase (from Juglans regia) is presented. The structure reveals that the distinction between mono- and diphenolase activity does not depend on the degree of restriction of the active site, and thus a more important role for amino acid residues located at the entrance to and in the second shell of the active site is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Bijelic
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Austria) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Austria) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Austria) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Florime Zekiri
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Austria) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien (Austria) http://www.bpc.univie.ac.at.
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