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Sarcopoterium spinosum Inhibited the Development of Non-Alcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123044. [PMID: 31847157 PMCID: PMC6950080 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a comorbidity of obesity, which gradually develops from hepatic steatosis into steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually even into fibrosis or hepatic carcinoma. To date, there has been no specific and effective treatment for NAFLD. Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE) was found to improve insulin sensitivity. Recognizing the intimate link between insulin resistance and NAFLD, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectivity of SSE in the prevention and management of NAFLD at various severities. SSE was given to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (steatosis model) or to mice given a Western diet (WD) in the short or long term (NASH prevention or treatment, respectively). SSE reduced body weight accumulation, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and prevented the development of hepatic steatosis. SSE also blocked the progression of liver disease toward NASH in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant machinery was regulated by SSE in both models of steatosis and NASH development. However, SSE failed to reverse the hepatic damage in the advanced model of NASH. In summary, SSE might be considered as a botanical supplement for the prevention and treatment of hepatic steatosis, and for slowing the deterioration toward NASH.
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102
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Hong SA, Jung IR, Choi SE, Hwang Y, Lee SJ, Son Y, Heo YJ, Cui R, Han SJ, Kim HJ, Lee KW, Kang Y. Sodium fluorocitrate having inhibitory effect on fatty acid uptake ameliorates high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17839. [PMID: 31780766 PMCID: PMC6882787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is excessive fat build-up in the liver without alcohol consumption and includes hepatic inflammation and damage. Excessive influx of fatty acids to liver from circulation is thought to be a pathogenic cause for the development of NAFLD. Thus, inhibition of fatty acid intake into hepatocyte would be a maneuver for protection from high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. This study was initiated to determine whether sodium fluorocitrate (SFC) as a fatty acid uptake inhibitor could prevent palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes and protect the mice from HFD-induced NAFLD. SFC significantly inhibited the cellular uptake of palmitate in HepG2 hepatocytes, and thus prevented palmitate-induced fat accumulation and death in these cells. Single treatment with SFC reduced fasting-induced hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6J mice. Concurrent treatment with SFC for 15 weeks in HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice prevented HFD-induced fat accumulation and stress/inflammatory signal activation in the liver. SFC restored HFD-induced increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferases as hepatic injury markers in these mice. SFC treatment also improved HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance, and thus ameliorated HFD-induced hyperglycemia. In conclusion, inhibition of fatty acid mobilization into liver through SFC treatment can be a strategy to protect from HFD-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung A Hong
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Rak Jung
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-E Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjung Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Son
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Heo
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Rihua Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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103
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Cigarette smoking differentially regulates inflammatory responses in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis depending on exposure time point. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110930. [PMID: 31678261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a risk factor for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the role of mainstream CS (MSCS) in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. During the first (early exposure) or last (late exposure) three weeks of methionine-choline deficient with high fat diet feeding (6 weeks), each diet group was exposed to MSCS (300 or 600 μg/L). Hepatic or serum biochemical analysis showed that MSCS differentially modulated hepatic injury in NASH milieu, depending on exposure time points. Consistently, NASH-related hepatocellular apoptosis and fibrosis were increased in the early exposure group, but decreased in the late exposure group, except for steatosis. Ex vivo experiments showed that CS extract differentially regulated inflammatory responses in co-cultured hepatocytes and macrophages isolated from steatohepatitic livers after 10 days or 3 weeks of diet feeding. Furthermore, CS differentially up- and down-regulated the expression levels of M1/M2 polarization markers and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) in livers (29% and 38%, respectively) or co-cultured macrophages (2 and 2.5 fold, respectively). Collectively, our findings indicate that opposite effects of MSCS on NASH progression are mediated by differential modulation of PPARγ and its-associated M1/M2 polarization in hepatic macrophages, depending on exposure time points.
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104
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Yashiro H, Hamagami K, Hiyoshi H, Sugama J, Tsuchimori K, Yamaguchi F, Moritoh Y, Sasaki M, Maekawa T, Yamada Y, Watanabe M. SCO-792, an enteropeptidase inhibitor, improves disease status of diabetes and obesity in mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2228-2239. [PMID: 31144422 PMCID: PMC6771630 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Enteropeptidase is a serine protease localized on the duodenal brush border that catalyzes the conversion of inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin, thereby regulating protein breakdown in the gut. We evaluated the effects of SCO-792, a novel enteropeptidase inhibitor, in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo inhibition of enteropeptidase was evaluated via an oral protein challenge. Pharmacological effects were evaluated in normal mice, in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and in obese and diabetic ob/ob mice. RESULTS A single oral administration of SCO-792 inhibited plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in an oral protein challenge test in mice, indicating in vivo inhibition of enteropeptidase. Repeated treatment with SCO-792 induced reduction in food intake and decrease in body weight in DIO and ob/ob mice. Plasma FGF21 levels were increased in SCO-792-treated DIO mice, an observation that was probably independent of reduction in food intake. Hyperglycaemia was markedly improved in SCO-792-treated ob/ob mice. A hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp study revealed improved muscle insulin sensitivity in SCO-792-treated ob/ob mice. SCO-792 also improved plasma and liver lipid profiles and decreased plasma alanine transaminase, suggesting a potential treatment for liver diseases. Dietary supplementation with essential amino acids attenuated the effect of SCO-792 on reduction in food intake and decrease in body weight in normal mice, suggesting a pivotal role for enteropeptidase in these biological phenomena. CONCLUSIONS SCO-792 inhibited enteropeptidase in vivo, reduced food intake, decreased body weight, increased insulin sensitivity, improved glucose and lipid control, and ameliorated liver parameters in mouse models with obesity and/or diabetes. SCO-792 may exhibit similar effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yashiro
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Kenichi Hamagami
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
| | - Yukio Yamada
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
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105
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Zhao P, Han SN, Arumugam S, Yousaf MN, Qin Y, Jiang JX, Torok NJ, Chen Y, Mankash MS, Liu J, Li J, Iwakiri Y, Ouyang X. Digoxin improves steatohepatitis with differential involvement of liver cell subsets in mice through inhibition of PKM2 transactivation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G387-G397. [PMID: 31411894 PMCID: PMC6842989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00054.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac glycoside digoxin was identified as a potent suppressor of pyruvate kinase isoform 2-hypoxia-inducible factor-α (PKM2-HIF-1α) pathway activation in liver injury mouse models via intraperitoneal injection. We have assessed the therapeutic effects of digoxin to reduce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by the clinically relevant oral route in mice and analyzed the cellular basis for this effect with differential involvement of liver cell subsets. C57BL/6J male mice were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 wk and started concurrently with the gavage of digoxin (2.5, 0.5, 0.125 mg/kg twice a week) for 5 wk. Digoxin significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic damage, steatosis, and liver inflammation across a wide dosage range. The lowest dose of digoxin (0.125 mg/kg) showed significant protective effects against liver injury and sterile inflammation. Consistently, digoxin attenuated HIF-1α sustained NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. We have reported for the first time that PKM2 is upregulated in hepatocytes with hepatic steatosis, and digoxin directly improved hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and steatosis. Mechanistically, digoxin directly bound to PKM2 and inhibited PKM2 targeting HIF-1α transactivation without affecting PKM2 enzyme activation. Thus, oral digoxin showed potential to therapeutically inhibit liver injury in NASH through the regulation of PKM2-HIF-1α pathway activation with involvement of multiple cell types. Because of the large clinical experience with oral digoxin, this may have significant clinical applicability in human NASH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral digoxin on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model and to determine the divergent of cell type-specific effects. Oral digoxin reduced liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation in HFD mice. Digoxin attenuated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α axis-sustained inflammasome activity in macrophages and hepatic oxidative stress response in hepatocytes via the regulation of PKM2-HIF-1α axis pathway activation. Oral digoxin may have significant clinical applicability in human NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,5Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sheng-Na Han
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,6Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suyavaran Arumugam
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Yousaf
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yanqin Qin
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,5Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Joy X. Jiang
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Natalie Julia Torok
- 3Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University and Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Yonglin Chen
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohd Salah Mankash
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Junbao Liu
- 4The People’s Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- 5Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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106
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Overview of the Pathogenesis, Genetic, and Non-Invasive Clinical, Biochemical, and Scoring Methods in the Assessment of NAFLD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193570. [PMID: 31554274 PMCID: PMC6801903 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. It represents a range of disorders, including simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and liver cirrhosis, and its prevalence continues to rise. In some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may develop. The develop;ment of non-invasive diagnostic and screening tools is needed, in order to reduce the frequency of liver biopsies. The most promising methods are those able to exclude advanced fibrosis and quantify steatosis. In this study, new perspective markers for inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis; emerging scoring models for detecting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis; and new genetic, epigenetic, and multiomic studies are discussed. As isolated biochemical parameters are not specific or sensitive enough to predict the presence of NASH and fibrosis, there is a tendency to use various markers and combine them into mathematical algorithms. Several predictive models and scoring systems have been developed. Current data suggests that panels of markers (NAFLD fibrosis score, Fib-4 score, BARD score, and others) are useful diagnostic modalities to minimize the number of liver biopsies. The review unveils pathophysiological aspects related to new trends in current non-invasive biochemical, genetic, and scoring methods, and provides insight into their diagnostic accuracies and suitability in clinical practice.
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107
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Petrucciani N, Gugenheim J. Molecular pathways between obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2019; 8:395-397. [PMID: 31489312 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.03.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo Petrucciani
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Archet 2 Hospital, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Jean Gugenheim
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Archet 2 Hospital, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France
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108
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Lupberger J, Croonenborghs T, Roca Suarez AA, Van Renne N, Jühling F, Oudot MA, Virzì A, Bandiera S, Jamey C, Meszaros G, Brumaru D, Mukherji A, Durand SC, Heydmann L, Verrier ER, El Saghire H, Hamdane N, Bartenschlager R, Fereshetian S, Ramberger E, Sinha R, Nabian M, Everaert C, Jovanovic M, Mertins P, Carr SA, Chayama K, Dali-Youcef N, Ricci R, Bardeesy NM, Fujiwara N, Gevaert O, Zeisel MB, Hoshida Y, Pochet N, Baumert TF. Combined Analysis of Metabolomes, Proteomes, and Transcriptomes of Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Cells and Liver to Identify Pathways Associated With Disease Development. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:537-551.e9. [PMID: 30978357 PMCID: PMC8318381 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mechanisms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, liver disease progression, and hepatocarcinogenesis are only partially understood. We performed genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of HCV-infected cells and chimeric mice to learn more about these processes. METHODS Huh7.5.1dif (hepatocyte-like cells) were infected with culture-derived HCV and used in RNA sequencing, proteomic, metabolomic, and integrative genomic analyses. uPA/SCID (urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice were injected with serum from HCV-infected patients; 8 weeks later, liver tissues were collected and analyzed by RNA sequencing and proteomics. Using differential expression, gene set enrichment analyses, and protein interaction mapping, we identified pathways that changed in response to HCV infection. We validated our findings in studies of liver tissues from 216 patients with HCV infection and early-stage cirrhosis and paired biopsy specimens from 99 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, including 17 patients with histologic features of steatohepatitis. Cirrhotic liver tissues from patients with HCV infection were classified into 2 groups based on relative peroxisome function; outcomes assessed included Child-Pugh class, development of hepatocellular carcinoma, survival, and steatohepatitis. Hepatocellular carcinomas were classified according to steatohepatitis; the outcome was relative peroxisomal function. RESULTS We quantified 21,950 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 8297 proteins in HCV-infected cells. Upon HCV infection of hepatocyte-like cells and chimeric mice, we observed significant changes in levels of mRNAs and proteins involved in metabolism and hepatocarcinogenesis. HCV infection of hepatocyte-like cells significantly increased levels of the mRNAs, but not proteins, that regulate the innate immune response; we believe this was due to the inhibition of translation in these cells. HCV infection of hepatocyte-like cells increased glucose consumption and metabolism and the STAT3 signaling pathway and reduced peroxisome function. Peroxisomes mediate β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids; we found intracellular accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in HCV-infected cells, which is also observed in patients with fatty liver disease. Cells in livers from HCV-infected mice had significant reductions in levels of the mRNAs and proteins associated with peroxisome function, indicating perturbation of peroxisomes. We found that defects in peroxisome function were associated with outcomes and features of HCV-associated cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients. CONCLUSIONS We performed combined transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analyses of liver tissues from HCV-infected hepatocyte-like cells and HCV-infected mice. We found that HCV infection increases glucose metabolism and the STAT3 signaling pathway and thereby reduces peroxisome function; alterations in the expression levels of peroxisome genes were associated with outcomes of patients with liver diseases. These findings provide insights into liver disease pathogenesis and might be used to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Lupberger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Tom Croonenborghs
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolaas Van Renne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Jühling
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marine A Oudot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessia Virzì
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simonetta Bandiera
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carole Jamey
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Pôle de biologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gergö Meszaros
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Daniel Brumaru
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Pôle de biologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Atish Mukherji
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah C Durand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi R Verrier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hussein El Saghire
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nourdine Hamdane
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shaunt Fereshetian
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Evelyn Ramberger
- Proteomics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rileen Sinha
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohsen Nabian
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Celine Everaert
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marko Jovanovic
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Philipp Mertins
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Proteomics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven A Carr
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nassim Dali-Youcef
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Pôle de biologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Romeo Ricci
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nathalie Pochet
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Strasbourg, France.
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109
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Ali ES, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ. Deranged hepatocyte intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis and the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Calcium 2019; 82:102057. [PMID: 31401389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men, and the sixth in women. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now one of the major risk factors for HCC. NAFLD, which involves the accumulation of excess lipid in cytoplasmic lipid droplets in hepatocytes, can progress to non-alcoholic steatosis, fibrosis, and HCC. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ constitute important signaling pathways for the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal hepatocytes. Recent studies of steatotic hepatocytes have identified lipid-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+, and have provided evidence that altered Ca2+ signaling exacerbates lipid accumulation and may promote HCC. The aims of this review are to summarise current knowledge of the lipid-induced changes in hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis, to comment on the mechanisms involved, and discuss the pathways leading from altered Ca2+ homeostasis to enhanced lipid accumulation and the potential promotion of HCC. In steatotic hepatocytes, lipid inhibits store-operated Ca2+ entry and SERCA2b, and activates Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its transfer to mitochondria. These changes are associated with changes in Ca2+ concentrations in the ER (decreased), cytoplasmic space (increased) and mitochondria (likely increased). They lead to: inhibition of lipolysis, lipid autophagy, lipid oxidation, and lipid secretion; activation of lipogenesis; increased lipid; ER stress, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases and activation of transcription factor Nrf2. These all can potentially mediate the transition of NAFLD to HCC. It is concluded that lipid-induced changes in hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis are important in the initiation and progression of HCC. Further research is desirable to better understand the cause and effect relationships, the time courses and mechanisms involved, and the potential of Ca2+ transporters, channels, and binding proteins as targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunus S Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Grigori Y Rychkov
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Greg J Barritt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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Shi S, Verstegen MMA, Mezzanotte L, de Jonge J, Löwik CWGM, van der Laan LJW. Necroptotic Cell Death in Liver Transplantation and Underlying Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Perspective. Liver Transpl 2019; 25:1091-1104. [PMID: 31077562 PMCID: PMC6617733 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a natural process for the turnover of aged cells, but it can also arise as a result of pathological conditions. Cell death is recognized as a key feature in both acute and chronic hepatobiliary diseases caused by drug, alcohol, and fat uptake; by viral infection; or after surgical intervention. In the case of chronic disease, cell death can lead to (chronic) secondary inflammation, cirrhosis, and the progression to liver cancer. In liver transplantation, graft preservation and ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with acute cell death. In both cases, so-called programmed cell death modalities are involved. Several distinct types of programmed cell death have been described of which apoptosis and necroptosis are the most well known. Parenchymal liver cells, including hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, are susceptible to both apoptosis and necroptosis, which are triggered by distinct signal transduction pathways. Apoptosis is dependent on a proteolytic cascade of caspase enzymes, whereas necroptosis induction is caspase-independent. Moreover, different from the "silent" apoptotic cell death, necroptosis can cause a secondary inflammatory cascade, so-called necroinflammation, triggered by the release of various damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs activate the innate immune system, leading to both local and systemic inflammatory responses, which can even cause remote organ failure. Therapeutic targeting of necroptosis by pharmacological inhibitors, such as necrostatin-1, shows variable effects in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Shi
- Department of SurgeryErasmus MC ‐ University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of RadiologyErasmus MC ‐ University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of SurgeryErasmus MC ‐ University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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111
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Hepatic Metabolism and Reduces Inflammation Independent of Obesity in High-Fat-Fed Mice and in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030599. [PMID: 30871035 PMCID: PMC6471632 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, concurrent with increased obesity. Thus, there is urgent need for research that can lead to effective NAFLD prevention/treatment strategies. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), improve inflammation- and dyslipidemia-related metabolic disorders; however, mechanisms mediating the benefits of n-3 PUFAs in NAFLD treatment are less understood. We previously reported that EPA reversed obesity-induced hepatic steatosis in high-fat (HF)-fed B6 mice. Utilizing a combination of biochemical analyses of liver tissues from HF and HF-EPA-fed mice and a series of in vitro studies in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated HepG2 cells, we dissect the mechanistic effects of EPA in reducing hepatic steatosis, including the role of EPA-targeted microRNAs (miRNA). With EPA, hepatic lipid metabolism was improved in HF-EPA mice, as indicated by decreased protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acaca) gene, and increased mRNA levels for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (Pparα), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt) 1a and 2 genes in the HF-EPA mice. Additionally, inflammation was reduced, as shown by decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfα) gene expression. Accordingly, EPA also significantly reduced FASN and ACACA mRNAs in human HepG2 cells. Glycolysis, estimated by extracellular acidification rate, was significantly reduced in HepG2 cells treated with EPA vs. vehicle. Furthermore, we identified several miRNAs that are regulated by EPA in mouse liver, including miR-19b-3p, miR-21a-5p, and others, which target lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, our findings provide novel mechanistic evidence for beneficial effects of EPA in NAFLD, through the identification of specific genes and miRNAs, which may be further exploited as future NAFLD therapies.
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112
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Nolan CJ, Prentki M. Insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Time for a conceptual framework shift. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:118-127. [PMID: 30770030 DOI: 10.1177/1479164119827611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While few dispute the existence of the metabolic syndrome as a clustering of factors indicative of poor metabolic health, its utility above that of its individual components in the clinical care of individual patients is questioned. This is likely a consequence of the failure of clinicians and scientists to agree on a unifying mechanism to explain the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance has most commonly been proposed for this role and is generally considered to be a root causative factor for not only metabolic syndrome but also for its associated conditions of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity-related type 2 diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). An alternative view, for which evidence is mounting, is that hyper-responsiveness of islet β-cells to a hostile environment, such as westernised lifestyle, is primary and that the resulting hyperinsulinaemia drives the other components of the metabolic syndrome. Importantly, within this new conceptual framework, insulin resistance, while always a biomarker and state of poor metabolic health, is not considered to be harmful, but a protective adaptive response of critical tissues including the myocardium against insulin-induced metabolic stress. This major shift in how metabolic syndrome can be considered puts insulin hypersecretion into position as the unifying mechanism. If shown to be correct, this new conceptual framework has major implications for the future prevention and management of the metabolic syndrome, including its associated conditions of NAFLD, PCOS, obesity-related T2D and ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nolan
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
- 2 Australian National University Medical School and John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marc Prentki
- 3 CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Spirulina Liquid Extract Protects against Fibrosis Related to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Increases Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010194. [PMID: 30669332 PMCID: PMC6357008 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by an excess of lipids and oxidative stress in the liver. Spirulina was reported to possess hypolipemic and antioxidative effects and might counteract NASH development. C57Bl/6J mice were fed a western diet (WD) during 25 weeks with or without spirulina liquid extract (SLE) at 2 different doses (WDS1 and WDS2 groups) in drinking water. Liver histology, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed as well as glucose tolerance status, lipid metabolism, and gallbladder bile acid profile. WDS2 gained significantly less weight than WD. Liver weight-to-body weight ratio and plasma alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower in WDS2 mice. A reduced liver fibrosis and NFκBp65 protein expression were measured in the supplemented group as a lower accumulation of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric reactive substances. WDS2 mice showed also a preserved glucose tolerance, a strong decrease of plasma cholesterol, and a significant increase of gallbladder ursodeoxycholic acid and β-muricholic acid. Our findings demonstrate a protective effect of SLE against WD induced NASH that is related to less inflammation and oxidative stress, a preserved glucose tolerance, and less hepatotoxic bile acid profile.
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Francini-Pesenti F, Spinella P, Calò LA. Potential role of phytochemicals in metabolic syndrome prevention and therapy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1987-2002. [PMID: 31632110 PMCID: PMC6778731 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s214550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of cardiovascular risk factors which severely increases the risk of type II diabetes, renal disease and cardiovascular disease. Over the last decades, the role of dietary bioactive substances in features of MetS has been extensively investigated. Due to their multiple properties, these plant-derived natural compounds have demonstrated to provide positive effects in obesity, diabetes, renal and in cardiovascular disease. Catechins of green tea and caffeine reduce body mass index and waist circumference. Catechins, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins of cocoa reduce blood pressure and blood glucose. Curcumin and silymarin exert hepatoprotective effects. Monacolins of red yeast rice are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, inconsistent or conflicting results have been found in clinical trials when other promising compounds in vitro or in animal studies, such as policosanol, curcumin or silymarin, were used. Low oral bioavailability of substances, ineffective dosages, inadequate treatment duration and insufficient statistical approach may explain the lack of effectiveness observed in some human studies. Further clinical studies are needed to better understand the role of bioactive compounds in the prevention and management of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Spinella
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nutrition Unit, University of Padova-Azienda Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova-Azienda Ospedaliera, Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: Lorenzo A CalòDepartment of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova-Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova35128, ItalyTel +39 049 821 3071Fax +39 049 821 7921Email
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115
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Saeed WK, Jun DW, Jang K, Ahn SB, Oh JH, Chae YJ, Lee JS, Kang HT. Mismatched effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5477-5490. [PMID: 30622377 PMCID: PMC6319133 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i48.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To validate the effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) deletion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to clarify the mechanism of action. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and RIP3 knockout (KO) mice were fed normal chow and high fat (HF) diets for 12 wk. The body weight was assessed once weekly. After 12 wk, the liver and serum samples were extracted. The liver tissue expression levels of RIP3, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, apolipoprotein-B, X-box binding protein-1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, cluster of differentiation-36, diglyceride acyltransferase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 were assessed. Oleic acid treated primary hepatocytes from WT and RIP3KO mice were stained with Nile red. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1, CXCL2, and TNF-α, in monocytes was evaluated. RESULTS RIP3KO HF diet fed mice showed a significant gain in body weight, and liver weight, liver to body weight ratio, and liver triglycerides were increased in HF diet fed RIP3KO mice compared to HF diet fed WT mice. RIP3KO primary hepatocytes also had increased intracellular fat droplets compared to WT primary hepatocytes after oleic acid treatment. RIP3 overexpression decreased hepatic fat content. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of very-low-density lipoproteins secretion markers (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and apolipoprotein-B) was significantly suppressed in RIP3KO mice. The overall NAFLD Activity Score was the same between WT and RIP3KO mice; however, RIP3KO mice had increased fatty change and decreased lobular inflammation compared to WT mice. Inflammatory signals (CXCL1/2, TNF-α, and interleukin-6) increased after lipopolysaccharide and pan-caspase inhibitor (necroptotic condition) treatment in monocytes. Neutrophil chemokines (CXCL1, and CXCL2) were decreased, and TNF-α was increased after RIP3 inhibitor treatment in monocytes. CONCLUSION RIP3 deletion exacerbates steatosis, and partially inhibits inflammation in the HF diet induced NAFLD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Khalid Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Sang Bong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, South Korea
| | - Ju Hee Oh
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ji Chae
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jai Sun Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Tae Kang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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