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Malik P, Phipps C, Edginton A, Blay J. Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antibody-Drug Conjugates against Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2579-2595. [PMID: 28924691 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are ushering in the next era of targeted therapy against cancer. An ADC for cancer therapy consists of a potent cytotoxic payload that is attached to a tumour-targeted antibody by a chemical linker, usually with an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 3.5-4. The theory is to deliver potent cytotoxic payloads directly to tumour cells while sparing healthy cells. However, practical application has proven to be more difficult. At present there are only two ADCs approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, in the last decade there has been an explosion of options for ADC engineering to optimize target selection, Fc receptor interactions, linker, payload and more. Evaluation of these strategies requires an understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of ADC pharmacokinetics. Development of ADCs for use in cancer further requires an understanding of tumour properties and kinetics within the tumour environment, and how the presence of cancer as a disease will impact distribution and elimination. Key pharmacokinetic considerations for the successful design and clinical application of ADCs in oncology are explored in this review, with a focus on the mechanistic determinants of distribution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Malik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Colin Phipps
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.,DMPK & Translational Modeling, Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
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Kojic M, Milosevic M, Simic V, Koay E, Fleming J, Nizzero S, Kojic N, Ziemys A, Ferrari M. A composite smeared finite element for mass transport in capillary systems and biological tissue. COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 2017; 324:413-437. [PMID: 29200531 PMCID: PMC5703437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the key processes in living organisms is mass transport occurring from blood vessels to tissues for supplying tissues with oxygen, nutrients, drugs, immune cells, and - in the reverse direction - transport of waste products of cell metabolism to blood vessels. The mass exchange from blood vessels to tissue and vice versa occurs through blood vessel walls. This vital process has been investigated experimentally over centuries, and also in the last decades by the use of computational methods. Due to geometrical and functional complexity and heterogeneity of capillary systems, it is however not feasible to model in silico individual capillaries (including transport through the walls and coupling to tissue) within whole organ models. Hence, there is a need for simplified and robust computational models that address mass transport in capillary-tissue systems. We here introduce a smeared modeling concept for gradient-driven mass transport and formulate a new composite smeared finite element (CSFE). The transport from capillary system is first smeared to continuous mass sources within tissue, under the assumption of uniform concentration within capillaries. Here, the fundamental relation between capillary surface area and volumetric fraction is derived as the basis for modeling transport through capillary walls. Further, we formulate the CSFE which relies on the transformation of the one-dimensional (1D) constitutive relations (for transport within capillaries) into the continuum form expressed by Darcy's and diffusion tensors. The introduced CSFE is composed of two volumetric parts - capillary and tissue domains, and has four nodal degrees of freedom (DOF): pressure and concentration for each of the two domains. The domains are coupled by connectivity elements at each node. The fictitious connectivity elements take into account the surface area of capillary walls which belongs to each node, as well as the wall material properties (permeability and partitioning). The overall FE model contains geometrical and material characteristics of the entire capillary-tissue system, with physiologically measurable parameters assigned to each FE node within the model. The smeared concept is implemented into our implicit-iterative FE scheme and into FE package PAK. The first three examples illustrate accuracy of the CSFE element, while the liver and pancreas models demonstrate robustness of the introduced methodology and its applicability to real physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kojic
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, The Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7-117, Houston, TX 77030
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 3400 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Corresponding author: Milos Kojic, Houston Methodist Research Institute, The Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7-117, Houston, TX 77030, , phone: 713 441 7355; fax: 713 441 7438
| | - M. Milosevic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 3400 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - V. Simic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 3400 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - E.J. Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - J.B. Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - S. Nizzero
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, The Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7-117, Houston, TX 77030
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - N. Kojic
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - A. Ziemys
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, The Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7-117, Houston, TX 77030
| | - M. Ferrari
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, The Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7-117, Houston, TX 77030
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103
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McGowan DR, Macpherson RE, Hackett SL, Liu D, Gleeson FV, McKenna WG, Higgins GS, Fenwick JD. 18 F-fluoromisonidazole uptake in advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer: A voxel-by-voxel PET kinetics study. Med Phys 2017; 44:4665-4676. [PMID: 28644546 PMCID: PMC5600259 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the relative abilities of compartment models to describe time-courses of 18 F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) uptake in tumor voxels of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) imaged using dynamic positron emission tomography. Also to use fits of the best-performing model to investigate changes in fitted rate-constants with distance from the tumor edge. METHODS Reversible and irreversible two- and three-tissue compartment models were fitted to 24 662 individual voxel time activity curves (TACs) obtained from tumors in nine patients, each imaged twice. Descriptions of the TACs provided by the models were compared using the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria (AIC and BIC). Two different models (two- and three-tissue) were fitted to 30 measured voxel TACs to provide ground-truth TACs for a statistical simulation study. Appropriately scaled noise was added to each of the resulting ground-truth TACs, generating 1000 simulated noisy TACs for each ground-truth TAC. The simulation study was carried out to provide estimates of the accuracy and precision with which parameter values are determined, the estimates being obtained for both assumptions about the ground-truth kinetics. A BIC clustering technique was used to group the fitted rate-constants, taking into consideration the underlying uncertainties on the fitted rate-constants. Voxels were also categorized according to their distance from the tumor edge. RESULTS For uptake time-courses of individual voxels an irreversible two-tissue compartment model was found to be most precise. The simulation study indicated that this model had a one standard deviation precision of 39% for tumor fractional blood volumes and 37% for the FMISO binding rate-constant. Weighted means of fitted FMISO binding rate-constants of voxels in all tumors rose significantly with increasing distance from the tumor edge, whereas fitted fractional blood volumes fell significantly. When grouped using the BIC clustering, many centrally located voxels had high-fitted FMISO binding rate-constants and low rate-constants for tracer flow between the vasculature and tumor, both indicative of hypoxia. Nevertheless, many of these voxels had tumor-to-blood (TBR) values lower than the 1.4 level commonly expected for hypoxic tissues, possibly due to the low rate-constants for tracer flow between the vasculature and tumor cells in these voxels. CONCLUSIONS Time-courses of FMISO uptake in NSCLC tumor voxels are best analyzed using an irreversible two-tissue compartment model, fits of which provide more precise parameter values than those of a three-tissue model. Changes in fitted model parameter values indicate that levels of hypoxia rise with increasing distance from tumor edges. The average FMISO binding rate-constant is higher for voxels in tumor centers than in the next tumor layer out, but the average value of the more simplistic TBR metric is lower in tumor centers. For both metrics, higher values might be considered indicative of hypoxia, and the mismatch in this case is likely to be due to poor perfusion at the tumor center. Kinetics analysis of dynamic PET images may therefore provide more accurate measures of the hypoxic status of such regions than the simpler TBR metric, a hypothesis we are presently exploring in a study of tumor imaging versus histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. McGowan
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Radiation Physics and ProtectionOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Ruth E. Macpherson
- Department of RadiologyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Sara L. Hackett
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Dan Liu
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Fergus V. Gleeson
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of RadiologyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - W. Gillies McKenna
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of OncologyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Geoff S. Higgins
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of OncologyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - John D. Fenwick
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyGray LaboratoriesDepartment of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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104
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Tan L, McGarry MDJ, Van Houten EEW, Ji M, Solamen L, Zeng W, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. A numerical framework for interstitial fluid pressure imaging in poroelastic MRE. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178521. [PMID: 28586393 PMCID: PMC5460821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A numerical framework for interstitial fluid pressure imaging (IFPI) in biphasic materials is investigated based on three-dimensional nonlinear finite element poroelastic inversion. The objective is to reconstruct the time-harmonic pore-pressure field from tissue excitation in addition to the elastic parameters commonly associated with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). The unknown pressure boundary conditions (PBCs) are estimated using the available full-volume displacement data from MRE. A subzone-based nonlinear inversion (NLI) technique is then used to update mechanical and hydrodynamical properties, given the appropriate subzone PBCs, by solving a pressure forward problem (PFP). The algorithm was evaluated on a single-inclusion phantom in which the elastic property and hydraulic conductivity images were recovered. Pressure field and material property estimates had spatial distributions reflecting their true counterparts in the phantom geometry with RMS errors around 20% for cases with 5% noise, but degraded significantly in both spatial distribution and property values for noise levels > 10%. When both shear moduli and hydraulic conductivity were estimated along with the pressure field, property value error rates were as high as 58%, 85% and 32% for the three quantities, respectively, and their spatial distributions were more distorted. Opportunities for improving the algorithm are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Tan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. J. McGarry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Elijah E. W. Van Houten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - Ligin Solamen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
| | - Wei Zeng
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
| | - John B. Weaver
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 United States of America
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 United States of America
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105
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Fan Z, Zhou S, Garcia C, Fan L, Zhou J. pH-Responsive fluorescent graphene quantum dots for fluorescence-guided cancer surgery and diagnosis. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:4928-4933. [PMID: 28368056 PMCID: PMC5501082 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00888k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Improved cancer treatment requires enhancement of cancer diagnosis and detection. To achieve this goal, here we report a novel imaging probe, pH-responsive fluorescent graphene quantum dots (pRF-GQDs). pRF-GQDs were prepared by electrolysis of graphite rods in sodium p-toluenesulfonate acetonitrile solution. The resulting pRF-GQDs, which have minimal toxicity, display a sharp fluorescence transition between green and blue at pH 6.8, a pH matching the acidic extracellular microenvironment in solid tumors. We found that this unique fluorescence switch property allows tumors to be distinguished from normal tissues. In addition to fluorescence, pRF-GQDs also exhibit upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL). We demonstrate that the combination of UCPL and fluorescence switch enables detection of solid tumors of different origin at an early developmental stage. Therefore, pRF-GQDs have great potential to be used as a universal probe for fluorescence-guided cancer surgery and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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106
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Tranilast-induced stress alleviation in solid tumors improves the efficacy of chemo- and nanotherapeutics in a size-independent manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46140. [PMID: 28393881 PMCID: PMC5385877 DOI: 10.1038/srep46140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of mechanical stresses during cancer progression can induce blood and lymphatic vessel compression, creating hypo-perfusion, hypoxia and interstitial hypertension which decrease the efficacy of chemo- and nanotherapies. Stress alleviation treatment has been recently proposed to reduce mechanical stresses in order to decompress tumor vessels and improve perfusion and chemotherapy. However, it remains unclear if it improves the efficacy of nanomedicines, which present numerous advantages over traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, we need to identify safe and well-tolerated pharmaceutical agents that reduce stress levels and may be added to cancer patients' treatment regimen. Here, we show mathematically and with a series of in vivo experiments that stress alleviation improves the delivery of drugs in a size-independent manner. Importantly, we propose the repurposing of tranilast, a clinically approved anti-fibrotic drug as stress-alleviating agent. Using two orthotopic mammary tumor models, we demonstrate that tranilast reduces mechanical stresses, decreases interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), improves tumor perfusion and significantly enhances the efficacy of different-sized drugs, doxorubicin, Abraxane and Doxil, by suppressing TGFβ signaling and expression of extracellular matrix components. Our findings strongly suggest that repurposing tranilast could be directly used as a promising strategy to enhance, not only chemotherapy, but also the efficacy of cancer nanomedicine.
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107
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Wertheim KY, Roose T. A Mathematical Model of Lymphangiogenesis in a Zebrafish Embryo. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:693-737. [PMID: 28233173 PMCID: PMC5501200 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system of a vertebrate is important in health and diseases. We propose a novel mathematical model to elucidate the lymphangiogenic processes in zebrafish embryos. Specifically, we are interested in the period when lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) exit the posterior cardinal vein and migrate to the horizontal myoseptum of a zebrafish embryo. We wonder whether vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) is a morphogen and a chemotactic factor for these LECs. The model considers the interstitial flow driving convection, the reactive transport of VEGFC, and the changing dynamics of the extracellular matrix in the embryo. Simulations of the model illustrate that VEGFC behaves very differently in diffusion and convection-dominant scenarios. In the former case, it must bind to the matrix to establish a functional morphogen gradient. In the latter case, the opposite is true and the pressure field is the key determinant of what VEGFC may do to the LECs. Degradation of collagen I, a matrix component, by matrix metallopeptidase 2 controls the spatiotemporal dynamics of VEGFC. It controls whether diffusion or convection is dominant in the embryo; it can create channels of abundant VEGFC and scarce collagen I to facilitate lymphangiogenesis; when collagen I is insufficient, VEGFC cannot influence the LECs at all. We predict that VEGFC is a morphogen for the migrating LECs, but it is not a chemotactic factor for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Y. Wertheim
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Tiina Roose
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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108
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Abstract
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a promising technique that generates a pressure gradient at the tip of an infusion catheter to deliver therapeutics directly through the interstitial spaces of the central nervous system. It addresses and offers solutions to many limitations of conventional techniques, allowing for delivery past the blood-brain barrier in a targeted and safe manner that can achieve therapeutic drug concentrations. CED is a broadly applicable technique that can be used to deliver a variety of therapeutic compounds for a diversity of diseases, including malignant gliomas, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. While a number of technological advances have been made since its development in the early 1990s, clinical trials with CED have been largely unsuccessful, and have illuminated a number of parameters that still need to be addressed for successful clinical application. This review addresses the physical principles behind CED, limitations in the technique, as well as means to overcome these limitations, clinical trials that have been performed, and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - A M Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - J N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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109
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Vavourakis V, Wijeratne PA, Shipley R, Loizidou M, Stylianopoulos T, Hawkes DJ. A Validated Multiscale In-Silico Model for Mechano-sensitive Tumour Angiogenesis and Growth. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005259. [PMID: 28125582 PMCID: PMC5268362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularisation is a key feature of cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. To better understand the governing biophysical processes and their relative importance, it is instructive to develop physiologically representative mathematical models with which to compare to experimental data. Previous studies have successfully applied this approach to test the effect of various biochemical factors on tumour growth and angiogenesis. However, these models do not account for the experimentally observed dependency of angiogenic network evolution on growth-induced solid stresses. This work introduces two novel features: the effects of hapto- and mechanotaxis on vessel sprouting, and mechano-sensitive dynamic vascular remodelling. The proposed three-dimensional, multiscale, in-silico model of dynamically coupled angiogenic tumour growth is specified to in-vivo and in-vitro data, chosen, where possible, to provide a physiologically consistent description. The model is then validated against in-vivo data from murine mammary carcinomas, with particular focus placed on identifying the influence of mechanical factors. Crucially, we find that it is necessary to include hapto- and mechanotaxis to recapitulate observed time-varying spatial distributions of angiogenic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Vavourakis
- University College London, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter A. Wijeratne
- University College London, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- University College London, Department of Mechanical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- University College London, Department of Surgery, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J. Hawkes
- University College London, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
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110
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Stapleton S, Jaffray D, Milosevic M. Radiation effects on the tumor microenvironment: Implications for nanomedicine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 109:119-130. [PMID: 27262923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has an important influence on cancer biological and clinical behavior and radiation treatment (RT) response. However, RT also influences the tumor microenvironment in a complex and dynamic manner that can either reinforce or inhibit this response and the likelihood of long-term disease control in patients. It is increasingly evident that the interplay between RT and the tumor microenvironment can be exploited to enhance the accumulation and intra-tumoral distribution of nanoparticles, mediated by changes to the vasculature and stroma with secondary effects on hypoxia, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), solid tissue pressure (STP), and the recruitment and activation of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells (BMDCs). The use of RT to modulate nanoparticle drug delivery offers an exciting opportunity to improve antitumor efficacy. This review explores the interplay between RT and the tumor microenvironment, and the integrated effects on nanoparticle drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Stapleton
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Milosevic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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111
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Yi Y, Hsieh IY, Huang X, Li J, Zhao W. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells: Characteristics, Microenvironment, and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 28003805 PMCID: PMC5141588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), grade IV astrocytoma, is the most fatal malignant primary brain tumor. GBM contains functional subsets of cells called glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), which are radioresistant and chemoresistant and eventually lead to tumor recurrence. Recent studies showed that GSCs reside in particular tumor niches that are necessary to support their behavior. To successfully eradicate GBM growth and recurrence, new strategies selectively targeting GSCs and/or their microenvironmental niche should be designed. In this regard, here we focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern these GSC properties and on understanding the mechanism of the microenvironmental signals within the tumor mass. Moreover, to overcome the blood–brain barrier, which represents a critical limitation of GBM treatments, a new drug delivery system should be developed. Nanoparticles can be easily modified by different methods to facilitate delivery efficiency of chemotherapeutics, to enhance the accumulation within the tumors, and to promote the capacity for targeting the GSCs. Therefore, nanotechnology has become the most promising approach to GSC-targeting therapy. Additionally, we discussed the future of nanotechnology-based targeted therapy and point out the disadvantages that should be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - I-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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112
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Abu Lila AS, Ishida T. Metronomic chemotherapy and nanocarrier platforms. Cancer Lett 2016; 400:232-242. [PMID: 27838415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic concept of administering chemotherapeutic agents continuously at lower doses, relative to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) without drug-free breaks over extended periods -known as "metronomic chemotherapy"- is a promising approach for anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. In comparison with MTD chemotherapy regimens, metronomic chemotherapy has demonstrated reduced toxicity. However, as a monotherapy, metronomic chemotherapy has failed to provide convincing results in clinical trials. Therapeutic approaches including combining the anti-angiogenic "metronomic" therapy with conventional radio-/chemo-therapy and/or targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumor tissues via their encapsulation with nanocarrier-based platforms have proven to potentiate the overall therapeutic outcomes. In this review, therefore, we focused on the mutual contribution made by nanoscale drug delivery platforms to the therapeutic efficacy of metronomic-based chemotherapy. In addition, the influence that the dosing schedule has on the overall therapeutic efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hail University, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Medical Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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113
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Chinen AB, Ferrer JR, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Relationships between Poly(ethylene glycol) Modifications on RNA-Spherical Nucleic Acid Conjugates and Cellular Uptake and Circulation Time. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2715-2721. [PMID: 27762539 PMCID: PMC5439959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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Two synthetic approaches
that allow one to control PEG content
within spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) have been developed. One approach
begins with RNA-modified gold nanoparticles followed by a backfill
of PEG 2K alkanethiols, and the other involves co-adsorption of the
two entities on a gold nanoparticle template. These two methods have
been used to explore the role of PEG density on the chemical and biological
properties of RNA–SNAs. Such studies show that while increasing
the extent of PEGylation within RNA–SNAs extends their blood
circulation half-life in mice, it also results in decreased cellular
uptake. Modified ELISA assays show that constructs, depending upon
RNA and PEG content, have markedly different affinities for class
A scavenger receptors, the entities responsible, in part, for cellular
internalization of SNAs. In designing SNAs for therapeutic purposes,
these competing factors must be considered and appropriately adjusted
depending upon the desired use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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114
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Dey B, Raja Sekhar GP. A theoretical study on the elastic deformation of cellular phase and creation of necrosis due to the convection reaction process inside a spherical tumor. INT J BIOMATH 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524516500959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several biological processes, such as convective nutrient transport and convective drug delivery in biological tissues involves the transvascular and interstitial movement of biofluids. This work addresses transvascular and interstitial transport of nutrient inside a spherical tumor. Most of the biological tissues behave like deformable porous material and show mechanical behavior towards the fluid motion, due to the fact, that the forces like the drag, which is associated with fluid flow may compress the tissue material. On the macroscopic level, transport of solutes like nutrients, drug molecules, etc. within the tumor interstitial space is modeled. The hydrodynamic problem is treated with biphasic mixture theory under steady state and spherically symmetry situation. The transvascular transport of nutrient is modeled with the modified Sterling’s equation. The present model describes the overall nutrient distribution and predicts various criteria for the necrosis formation inside the tumor. Present study justifies that the parameters, which controls the nutrient supply to the tumor interstitial space through the blood vessel network inside the tumor, competes with reversible nutrient consumption kinetics of the tumor cells. This study also finds the role of some of those parameters on the deformation of cellular phase of the tumor as a consequence of interstitial fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibaswan Dey
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - G. P. Raja Sekhar
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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115
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Heilmann L, Tempelhoff GFV, Schneider D. State-of the-Art Review : Prevention of Thrombosis in Gynecologic Malignancy. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107602969800400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Heilmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, City Hospital, Ruesselsheim, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, City Hospital, Ruesselsheim, Germany
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116
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DuFort CC, DelGiorno KE, Hingorani SR. Mounting Pressure in the Microenvironment: Fluids, Solids, and Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1545-1557.e2. [PMID: 27072672 PMCID: PMC4957812 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment influences the pathogenesis of solid tumors and plays an outsized role in some. Our understanding of the stromal response to cancers, particularly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, has evolved from that of host defense to tumor offense. We know that most, although not all, of the factors and processes in the microenvironment support tumor epithelial cells. This reappraisal of the roles of stromal elements has also revealed potential vulnerabilities and therapeutic opportunities to exploit. The high concentration in the stroma of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, together with the large gel-fluid phase and pressures it generates, were recently identified as primary sources of treatment resistance in pancreas cancer. Whereas the relatively minor role of free interstitial fluid in the fluid mechanics and perfusion of tumors has been long appreciated, the less mobile, gel-fluid phase has been largely ignored for historical and technical reasons. The inability of classic methods of fluid pressure measurement to capture the gel-fluid phase, together with a dependence on xenograft and allograft systems that inaccurately model tumor vascular biology, has led to an undue emphasis on the role of free fluid in impeding perfusion and drug delivery and an almost complete oversight of the predominant role of the gel-fluid phase. We propose that a hyaluronan-rich, relatively immobile gel-fluid phase induces vascular collapse and hypoperfusion as a primary mechanism of treatment resistance in pancreas cancers. Similar properties may be operant in other solid tumors as well, so revisiting and characterizing fluid mechanics with modern techniques in other autochthonous cancers may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. DuFort
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen E. DelGiorno
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sunil R. Hingorani
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington,Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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117
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From the Guest Editors: Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Tumor Progression and Treatment Response: A 30 Years' Journey. Cancer J 2016. [PMID: 26222072 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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118
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Akhtari J, Rezayat SM, Teymouri M, Alavizadeh SH, Gheybi F, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Targeting, bio distributive and tumor growth inhibiting characterization of anti-HER2 affibody coupling to liposomal doxorubicin using BALB/c mice bearing TUBO tumors. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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119
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Valera E, Hernández-Albors A, Marco MP. Electrochemical coding strategies using metallic nanoprobes for biosensing applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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120
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Kue CS, Kamkaew A, Burgess K, Kiew LV, Chung LY, Lee HB. Small Molecules for Active Targeting in Cancer. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:494-575. [PMID: 26992114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of this review, active targeting in cancer research encompasses strategies wherein a ligand for a cell surface receptor expressed on tumor cells is used to deliver a cytotoxic or imaging cargo. This area of research is more than two decades old, but in those 20 and more years, how many receptors have been studied extensively? What kinds of the ligands are used for active targeting? Are they mostly naturally occurring molecules such as folic acid, or synthetic substances developed in campaigns for medicinal chemistry efforts? This review outlines the most important receptor or ligand combinations that have been used in active targeting to answer these questions, and therefore to address the most important one of all: is research in active targeting affording diminishing returns, or is this an area for which the potential far exceeds progress made so far?
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin S Kue
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842
| | - Lik V Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lip Y Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong B Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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121
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Al-Ahmady Z, Kostarelos K. Chemical Components for the Design of Temperature-Responsive Vesicles as Cancer Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3883-918. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Al-Ahmady
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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122
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Sungailaitė S, Ruzgys P, Šatkauskienė I, Čepurnienė K, Šatkauskas S. The dependence of efficiency of transmembrane molecular transfer using electroporation on medium viscosity. J Gene Med 2016; 17:80-6. [PMID: 25761762 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of drug and gene electrotransfer into cells in vitro depending on medium viscosity. METHODS Experiments were performed using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Efficiency of molecular electrotransfer depending of medium viscosity was evaluated using two different electroporation conditions: a high-voltage (HV) pulse and a combination of a high-voltage pulse and a low-voltage pulse (HV + LV). To evaluate the efficiency of molecular electrotransfer, anticancer drug bleomycin and two different plasmids coding for green fluorescent protein and luciferase were used. RESULTS We found that a slight increase in medium viscosity from 1.3-1.4 mPa·s significantly decreased the transfection efficiency, both in terms of transfected cells and total protein production, which was abolished completely with an increase in medium viscosity to 6.1 mPa·s. Notably, at this medium viscosity, electrotransfer of the small anticancer drug was still efficient. Using HV and HV + LV pulse combinations, we showed that a decrease of DNA electrotransfer, especially at lower medium viscosities, can be compensated for by the LV pulse to some extent. On the other hand, the addition of the LV pulse after the HV pulse did not have any positive effect on the efficiency of bleomycin electrotransfer. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that transfection is very susceptible to medium viscosity and highlights the importance of the electrophoretic component in experiments when a considerable transfection level is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sungailaitė
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Emergency Department, Southampton General Hospital, University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust (UHS), Southampton, UK
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Šatkauskienė
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Čepurnienė
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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123
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Dey B, Sekhar GPR. Hydrodynamics and convection enhanced macromolecular fluid transport in soft biological tissues: Application to solid tumor. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:62-86. [PMID: 26851443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses a theoretical framework for transvascular exchange and extravascular transport of solute macromolecules through soft interstitial space inside a solid tumor. Most of the soft biological tissues show materialistic properties similar to deformable porous material. They exhibit mechanical behavior towards the fluid motion since the solid phase of the tumor tissue gets compressed by the drag force that is associated with the extracellular fluid flow. This paper presents a general view about the transvascular and interstitial transport of solute nutrients inside a tumor in the macroscopic level. Modified Starling׳s equation is used to describe transvascular nutrient transport. On the macroscopic level, motion of extracellular fluid within the tumor interstitium is modeled with the help of biphasic mixture theory and a spherical symmetry solution is given as a simpler case. This present model describes the average interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), extracellular fluid velocity (EFV) and flow rate of extracellular fluid, as well as the deformation of the solid phase of the tumor tissue as an immediate cause of extracellular fluid flow. When the interstitial transport is diffusion dominated, an analytical treatment of advection-diffusion-reaction equation finds the overall nutrient distribution. We propose suitable criteria for the formation of necrosis within the tumor interstitium. This study introduces some parameters that represent the nutrient supply from tumor blood vessels into the tumor extracellular space. These transport parameters compete with the reversible nutrient metabolism of the tumor cells present in the interstitium. The present study also shows that the effectiveness factor corresponding to a first order nutrient metabolism may reach beyond unity if the strength of the distributive solute source assumes positive non-zero values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibaswan Dey
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
| | - G P Raja Sekhar
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India.
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124
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Niehl A, Appaix F, Boscá S, van der Sanden B, Nicoud JF, Bolze F, Heinlein M. Fluorescent Tobacco mosaic virus-Derived Bio-Nanoparticles for Intravital Two-Photon Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1244. [PMID: 26793221 PMCID: PMC4710741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multi-photon intravital imaging has become a powerful tool to investigate the healthy and diseased brain vasculature in living animals. Although agents for multi-photon fluorescence microscopy of the microvasculature are available, issues related to stability, bioavailability, toxicity, cost or chemical adaptability remain to be solved. In particular, there is a need for highly fluorescent dyes linked to particles that do not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in brain diseases like tumor or stroke to estimate the functional blood supply. Plant virus particles possess a number of distinct advantages over other particles, the most important being the multi-valency of chemically addressable sites on the particle surface. This multi-valency, together with biological compatibility and inert nature, makes plant viruses ideal carriers for in vivo imaging agents. Here, we show that the well-known Tobacco mosaic virus is a suitable nanocarrier for two-photon dyes and for intravital imaging of the mouse brain vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP-UPR2357), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueStrasbourg, France
| | - Florence Appaix
- Two-Photon Microscopy Platform, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U836, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Sonia Boscá
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP-UPR2357), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueStrasbourg, France
| | | | - Jean-François Nicoud
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Bolze
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP-UPR2357), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueStrasbourg, France
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125
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Abstract
Polymeric delivery vehicles can improve the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy drugs by facilitating preferential tumor delivery. Polymer-drug conjugates are especially attractive carriers because additional formulation steps are not required during manufacturing, and drug release profiles can be altered based on linker choice. For clinical translation, these vehicles should also be reproducibly and controllably synthesized. Recently, we reported the development of a class of materials called "sunflower polymers," synthesized by controlled radical polymerization of hydrophilic "petals" from a cyclic multimacroinitiator "core". This synthesis strategy afforded control over the size of the polymer nanostructures based on their petal polymerization time. In this work, we demonstrate that particle size can be further tuned by varying the degree of polymerization of the cyclic core in addition to that of the petals. Additionally, we investigate the application of these materials for tumor-targeted drug delivery. We demonstrate that folate-targeted, doxorubicin-conjugated sunflower polymers undergo receptor-mediated uptake into cancer cells and pH-triggered drug release leading to cytotoxicity. These materials are attractive as drug carriers due to their discrete and small size, shielded drug cargo that can be triggered for release, and relative ease of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Nicholas Tan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195
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126
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Computer Simulations of the Tumor Vasculature: Applications to Interstitial Fluid Flow, Drug Delivery, and Oxygen Supply. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 936:31-72. [PMID: 27739042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42023-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vasculature, the blood vessel network supplying a growing tumor with nutrients such as oxygen or glucose, is in many respects different from the hierarchically organized arterio-venous blood vessel network in normal tissues. Angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), vessel cooption (the integration of existing blood vessels into the tumor vasculature), and vessel regression remodel the healthy vascular network into a tumor-specific vasculature. Integrative models, based on detailed experimental data and physical laws, implement, in silico, the complex interplay of molecular pathways, cell proliferation, migration, and death, tissue microenvironment, mechanical and hydrodynamic forces, and the fine structure of the host tissue vasculature. With the help of computer simulations high-precision information about blood flow patterns, interstitial fluid flow, drug distribution, oxygen and nutrient distribution can be obtained and a plethora of therapeutic protocols can be tested before clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview over the current status of computer simulations of vascular remodeling during tumor growth including interstitial fluid flow, drug delivery, and oxygen supply within the tumor. The model predictions are compared with experimental and clinical data and a number of longstanding physiological paradigms about tumor vasculature and intratumoral solute transport are critically scrutinized.
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127
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Abstract
Over the past decades, in vivo vascular permeability measurements have provided significant insight into vascular functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as the response to pro- and anti-angiogenic signaling, abnormality of tumor vasculature and its normalization, and delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents. Different approaches for vascular permeability measurements have been established. Here, we describe and discuss a conventional 2D imaging method to measure vascular permeability, which was originally documented by Gerlowski and Jain in 1986 (Microvasc Res 31:288-305, 1986) and further developed by Yuan et al. in the early 1990s (Microvasc Res 45:269-289, 1993; Cancer Res 54:352-3356, 1994), and our recently developed 3D imaging method, which advances the approach originally described by Brown et al. in 2001 (Nat Med 7:864-868, 2001).
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128
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Bolkestein M, de Blois E, Koelewijn SJ, Eggermont AMM, Grosveld F, de Jong M, Koning GA. Investigation of Factors Determining the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect in Subcutaneous Xenografts. J Nucl Med 2015; 57:601-7. [PMID: 26719375 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal chemotherapy offers several advantages over conventional therapies, including high intratumoral drug delivery, reduced side effects, prolonged circulation time, and the possibility to dose higher. The efficient delivery of liposomal chemotherapeutics relies, however, on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which refers to the ability of macromolecules to extravasate leaky tumor vessels and accumulate in the tumor tissue. Using a panel of human xenograft tumors, we evaluated the influence of the EPR effect on liposomal distribution in vivo by injection of pegylated liposomes radiolabeled with (111)In. Liposomal accumulation in tumors and organs was followed over time by SPECT/CT imaging. We observed that fast-growing xenografts, which may be less representative of tumor development in patients, showed higher liposomal accumulation than slow-growing xenografts. Additionally, several other parameters known to influence the EPR effect were evaluated, such as blood and lymphatic vessel density, intratumoral hypoxia, and the presence of infiltrating macrophages. The investigation of various parameters showed a few correlations. Although hypoxia, proliferation, and macrophage presence were associated with tumor growth, no hard conclusions or predictions could be made regarding the EPR effect or liposomal uptake. However, liposomal uptake was significantly correlated with tumor growth, with fast-growing tumors showing a higher uptake, although no biological determinants could be elucidated to explain this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bolkestein
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Blois
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart J Koelewijn
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion de Jong
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben A Koning
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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129
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Wang CE, Stayton PS, Pun SH, Convertine AJ. Polymer nanostructures synthesized by controlled living polymerization for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:345-354. [PMID: 26342661 PMCID: PMC4656053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug delivery systems based on well-defined polymer nanostructures could lead to significant improvements in the treatment of cancer. The design of these therapeutic nanosystems must account for numerous systemic and circulation obstacles as well as the specific pathophysiology of the tumor. Nanoparticle size and surface charge must also be carefully selected in order to maintain long circulation times, allow tumor penetration, and avoid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Targeting ligands such as vitamins, peptides, and antibodies can improve the accumulation of nanoparticle-based therapies in tumor tissue but must be optimized to allow for intratumoral penetration. In this review, we will highlight factors influencing the design of nanoparticle therapies as well as the development of modern controlled "living" polymerization techniques (e.g. ATRP, RAFT, ROMP) that are leading to the creation of sophisticated new polymer architectures with discrete spatially-defined functional modules. These innovative materials (e.g. star polymers, polymer brushes, macrocyclic polymers, and hyperbranched polymers) combine many of the desirable properties of traditional nanoparticle therapies while substantially reducing or eliminating the need for complex formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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130
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Miao L, Lin CM, Huang L. Stromal barriers and strategies for the delivery of nanomedicine to desmoplastic tumors. J Control Release 2015; 219:192-204. [PMID: 26277065 PMCID: PMC4656082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle based delivery formulations have become a leading delivery strategy for cancer imaging and therapy. The success of nanoparticle-based therapy relies heavily on their ability to utilize the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting moieties to their advantage. However, these methods often fail to enable a uniform NP distribution across the tumor, and lead to insufficient local concentrations of drug. Oftentimes, this heterogeneous drug distribution is one of the primary reasons for suboptimal treatment efficacy in NP delivery platforms. Herein, we seek to examine the biophysical causes of heterogeneous NP distribution in stroma-rich desmoplastic tumors; namely the abnormal tumor vasculature, deregulated extracellular matrix and high interstitial hypertension associated with these tumors. It is suggested that these factors help explain the discrepancy between promising outlooks for many NP formulations in preclinical studies, but suboptimal clinical outcomes for most FDA approved nanoformulations. Furthermore, examination into the role of the physicochemical properties of NPs on successful drug delivery was conducted in this review. In light of the many formidable barriers against successful NP drug delivery, we provided possible approaches to mitigate delivery issues from the perspective of stromal remodeling and NP design. In all, this review seeks to provide guidelines for optimizing nanoparticle-based cancer drug delivery through both modified nanoparticle design and alleviation of biological barriers to successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Miao
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - C Michael Lin
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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131
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Gkretsi V, Stylianou A, Papageorgis P, Polydorou C, Stylianopoulos T. Remodeling Components of the Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:214. [PMID: 26528429 PMCID: PMC4604307 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumor pathophysiology is characterized by an abnormal microenvironment that guides tumor progression and poses barriers to the efficacy of cancer therapies. Most common among tumor types are abnormalities in the structure of the tumor vasculature and stroma. Remodeling the tumor microenvironment with the aim to normalize any aberrant properties has the potential to improve therapy. In this review, we discuss structural abnormalities of the tumor microenvironment and summarize the therapeutic strategies that have been developed to normalize tumors as well as their potential to enhance therapy. Finally, we present different in vitro models that have been developed to analyze and better understand the effects of the tumor microenvironment on cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Papageorgis
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus ; Program in Biological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Christiana Polydorou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
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132
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Ma J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Huang J, Qin Y, Li X, Liu H, Yang K, Wu G. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters radiosensitise human nasopharyngeal and lung cancer cells after alternating magnetic field treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:800-12. [PMID: 26382714 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1063168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat generated by magnetic nanoparticle clusters (MNCs) in an alternating magnetic field (AMF) can be used for hyperthermia cancer treatment. Here, we have synthesised polyacrylic acid-coated MNCs according to previous report, with the ability to increase particle stability in suspension. Radiosensitisation effects of the MNCs under an AMF were investigated in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assay, flow cytometry, clone formation assay, Western blotting, and a γ-H2AX experiment were used to explore the biocompatibility and radiosensitisation effect of the MNCs and their putative radiosensitisation mechanism. An NCI-H460 mouse xenograft model was used to investigate the anti-tumour effect under an AMF in vivo. RESULTS The temperature of MNC fluids at different concentrations (200 μg/mL to 2 mg/mL) increased rapidly. The MNCs were endocytosed by the cells and were found to be biocompatible. Hsp70 and caspase-3 were found to be up-regulated upon MNCs under an AMF, radiation, and combination of both treatments. MNCs under an AMF efficiently radiosensitised both CNE-2 cells and NCI-H460 cells. Finally, the tumour inhibition rate after treatment with MNCs under an AMF and radiation was significantly higher than that after either treatment alone. The mechanism of radiosensitisation putatively involves inhibition of DNA repair and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The MNC fluids under an AMF enhanced the radiosensitivity of tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ma
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- b Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhanjie Zhang
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Jing Huang
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - You Qin
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Xu Li
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Hongli Liu
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Kunyu Yang
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Gang Wu
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
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133
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Jhaveri A, Torchilin V. Intracellular delivery of nanocarriers and targeting to subcellular organelles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:49-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1086745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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134
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ferrer JR, Barnaby SN, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle Probes for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, and Tissues by Fluorescence. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10530-74. [PMID: 26313138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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135
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Lane LA, Qian X, Nie S. SERS Nanoparticles in Medicine: From Label-Free Detection to Spectroscopic Tagging. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10489-529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Lane
- Departments
of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Health Sciences Research Building,
Room E116, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ximei Qian
- Departments
of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Health Sciences Research Building,
Room E116, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shuming Nie
- Departments
of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Health Sciences Research Building,
Room E116, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- College
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou
Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China
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136
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Ruan S, Cao X, Cun X, Hu G, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Lu L, He Q, Gao H. Matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive size-shrinkable nanoparticles for deep tumor penetration and pH triggered doxorubicin release. Biomaterials 2015; 60:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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137
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Wan C, Allen TM, Cullis PR. Lipid nanoparticle delivery systems for siRNA-based therapeutics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 4:74-83. [PMID: 25786618 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) have a huge potential for the treatment of disease but requires sophisticated delivery systems for in vivo applications. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are proven delivery systems for conventional small molecule drugs with over eight approved LNP drugs. Experience gained in the clinical development of LNP for the delivery of small molecules, combined with an understanding of the physical properties of lipids, can be applied to design LNP systems for in vivo delivery of siRNA. In particular, cationic lipids are required to achieve efficient encapsulation of oligonucleotides; however, the presence of a charge on LNP systems can result in toxic side effects and rapid clearance from the circulation. To address these problems, we have developed ionizable cationic lipids with pKa values below 7 that allow oligonucleotide encapsulation at low pH (e.g., pH 4) and a relatively neutral surface at physiological pH. Further optimization of cationic lipids to achieve maximized endosomal destabilization following uptake has resulted in LNP siRNA systems that can silence genes in hepatocytes at doses as low as 0.005 mg siRNA/kg body weight in mouse models. These systems have been shown to be highly effective clinically, with promising results for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and transthyretin-induced amyloidosis among others. More LNP siRNA therapeutics, targeting different tissues and diseases, are expected to become available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
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138
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Lane LA, Qian X, Smith AM, Nie S. Physical chemistry of nanomedicine: understanding the complex behaviors of nanoparticles in vivo. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2015; 66:521-47. [PMID: 25622189 PMCID: PMC8590374 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field of research at the interface of science, engineering, and medicine, with broad clinical applications ranging from molecular imaging to medical diagnostics, targeted therapy, and image-guided surgery. Despite major advances during the past 20 years, there are still major fundamental and technical barriers that need to be understood and overcome. In particular, the complex behaviors of nanoparticles under physiological conditions are poorly understood, and detailed kinetic and thermodynamic principles are still not available to guide the rational design and development of nanoparticle agents. Here we discuss the interactions of nanoparticles with proteins, cells, tissues, and organs from a quantitative physical chemistry point of view. We also discuss insights and strategies on how to minimize nonspecific protein binding, how to design multistage and activatable nanostructures for improved drug delivery, and how to use the enhanced permeability and retention effect to deliver imaging agents for image-guided cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Lane
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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139
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Jain RK, Martin JD, Stylianopoulos T. The role of mechanical forces in tumor growth and therapy. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 16:321-46. [PMID: 25014786 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumors generate physical forces during growth and progression. These physical forces are able to compress blood and lymphatic vessels, reducing perfusion rates and creating hypoxia. When exerted directly on cancer cells, they can increase cells' invasive and metastatic potential. Tumor vessels-while nourishing the tumor-are usually leaky and tortuous, which further decreases perfusion. Hypoperfusion and hypoxia contribute to immune evasion, promote malignant progression and metastasis, and reduce the efficacy of a number of therapies, including radiation. In parallel, vessel leakiness together with vessel compression causes a uniformly elevated interstitial fluid pressure that hinders delivery of blood-borne therapeutic agents, lowering the efficacy of chemo- and nanotherapies. In addition, shear stresses exerted by flowing blood and interstitial fluid modulate the behavior of cancer and a variety of host cells. Taming these physical forces can improve therapeutic outcomes in many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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140
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Khan S, Chauhan N, Yallapu MM, Ebeling MC, Balakrishna S, Ellis RT, Thompson PA, Balabathula P, Behrman SW, Zafar N, Singh MM, Halaweish FT, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Nanoparticle formulation of ormeloxifene for pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials 2015; 53:731-43. [PMID: 25890768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer with about an 85% mortality rate; thus, an utmost need exists to discover new therapeutic modalities that would enhance therapy outcomes of this disease with minimal or no side effects. Ormeloxifene (ORM), a synthetic molecule, has exhibited potent anti-cancer effects through inhibition of important oncogenic and proliferation signaling pathways. However, the anti-cancer efficacy of ORM can be further improved by developing its nanoformulation, which will also offer tumor specific targeted delivery. Therefore, we have developed a novel ORM encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle (NP) formulation (PLGA-ORM NP). This formulation was characterized for particle size, chemical composition, and drug loading efficiency, using various physico-chemical methods (TEM, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and HPLC). Because of its facile composition, this novel formulation is compatible with antibody/aptamer conjugation to achieve tumor specific targeting. The particle size analysis of this PLGA-ORM formulation (∼100 nm) indicates that this formulation can preferentially reach and accumulate in tumors by the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect. Cellular uptake and internalization studies demonstrate that PLGA-ORM NPs escape lysosomal degradation, providing efficient endosomal release to cytosol. PLGA-ORM NPs showed remarkable anti-cancer potential in various pancreatic cancer cells (HPAF-II, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Panc-1, and MiaPaca) and a BxPC-3 xenograft mice model resulting in increased animal survival. PLGA-ORM NPs suppressed pancreatic tumor growth via suppression of Akt phosphorylation and expression of MUC1, HER2, PCNA, CK19 and CD31. This study suggests that the PLGA-ORM formulation is highly efficient for the inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth and thus can be valuable for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mara C Ebeling
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Swathi Balakrishna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert T Ellis
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul A Thompson
- Methodology and Data Analysis Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Pavan Balabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Plough Center for Sterile Drug Delivery Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen W Behrman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nadeem Zafar
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee at Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Man M Singh
- Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fathi T Halaweish
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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141
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Heskamp S, Boerman OC, Molkenboer-Kuenen JDM, Koornstra RHT, Linn SC, Oyen WJG, van der Graaf WTA, van Laarhoven HWM. Dynamics of IGF-1R expression during endocrine breast cancer treatment. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:529-37. [PMID: 24532107 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to assess changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression with immunoSPECT/CT and to study the dynamics of IGF-1R expression of human breast tumors during endocrine treatment. PROCEDURES Mice with MCF-7 xenografts were treated with estradiol or tamoxifen, and IGF-1R expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoSPECT/CT using (111)In-R1507 (anti-IGF-1R antibody). Moreover, IGF-1R expression was analyzed immunohistochemically on 22 human breast tumors, treated preoperatively with endocrine therapy. RESULTS Estradiol resulted in an increased expression of IGF-1R, as measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoSPECT/CT. In contrast, tamoxifen resulted in a downregulation of IGF-1R, whereas this could not be measured with immunoSPECT/CT. A downregulation was also detectable in 9 out of 22 (41 %) human breast tumors after endocrine therapy. CONCLUSIONS Anti-estrogen treatment can cause a reduction in membranous IGF-1R expression. Based on these results, a combination of anti-IGF-1R antibodies with anti-estrogen therapy might not be a rational treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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142
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Nakayama M, Akimoto J, Okano T. Polymeric micelles with stimuli-triggering systems for advanced cancer drug targeting. J Drug Target 2015; 22:584-99. [PMID: 25012066 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.936872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, nanoscale drug carriers have played a pivotal role in cancer chemotherapy, acting through passive drug delivery mechanisms and subsequent pharmaceutical action at tumor tissues with reduction of adverse effects. Polymeric micelles, as supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic polymers, have been considerably developed as promising drug carrier candidates, and a number of clinical studies of anticancer drug-loaded polymeric micelle carriers for cancer chemotherapy applications are now in progress. However, these systems still face several issues; at present, the simultaneous control of target-selective delivery and release of incorporated drugs remains difficult. To resolve these points, the introduction of stimuli-responsive mechanisms to drug carrier systems is believed to be a promising approach to provide better solutions for future tumor drug targeting strategies. As possible trigger signals, biological acidic pH, light, heating/cooling and ultrasound actively play significant roles in signal-triggering drug release and carrier interaction with target cells. This review article summarizes several molecular designs for stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles in response to variation of pH, light and temperature and discusses their potentials as next-generation tumor drug targeting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nakayama
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns) , Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , Japan
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143
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Zhu SJ, Poon EKW, Ooi ASH, Moore S. Enhanced Targeted Drug Delivery Through Controlled Release in a Three-Dimensional Vascular Tree. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:1926224. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
“Controlled particle release and targeting” is a technique using particle release score map (PRSM) and transient particle release score map (TPRSM) via backtracking to determine optimal drug injection locations for achieving an enhanced target efficiency (TE). This paper investigates the possibility of targeting desired locations through an idealized but complex three-dimensional (3D) vascular tree geometry under realistic hemodynamic conditions by imposing a Poiseuille velocity profile and a Womersley velocity profile derived from cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for steady and pulsatile simulations, respectively. The shear thinning non-Newtonian behavior of blood was accounted for by the Carreau–Yasuda model. One-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian particle tracking method was used to record individual drug particle trajectories. Particle size and density showed negligible influence on the particle fates. With the proposed optimal release scoring algorithm, multiple optimal release locations were determined under steady flow conditions, whereas there was one unique optimal release location under pulsatile flow conditions. The initial in silico results appear promising, showing on average 66% TE in the pulsatile simulations, warranting further studies to improve the mathematical model and experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang J. Zhu
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia e-mail:
| | - Eric K. W. Poon
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew S. H. Ooi
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen Moore
- IBM Research Collaboratory, Victoria Life Sciences Computation Initiative, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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144
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Correlation of perfusion MRI and 18F-FDG PET imaging biomarkers for monitoring regorafenib therapy in experimental colon carcinomas with immunohistochemical validation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115543. [PMID: 25668193 PMCID: PMC4323201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate a multimodal, multiparametric perfusion MRI / 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-(18F-FDG)-PET imaging protocol for monitoring regorafenib therapy effects on experimental colorectal adenocarcinomas in rats with immunohistochemical validation. Materials and Methods Human colorectal adenocarcinoma xenografts (HT-29) were implanted subcutaneously in n = 17 (n = 10 therapy group; n = 7 control group) female athymic nude rats (Hsd:RH-Foxn1rnu). Animals were imaged at baseline and after a one-week daily treatment protocol with regorafenib (10 mg/kg bodyweight) using a multimodal, multiparametric perfusion MRI/18F-FDG-PET imaging protocol. In perfusion MRI, quantitative parameters of plasma flow (PF, mL/100 mL/min), plasma volume (PV, %) and endothelial permeability-surface area product (PS, mL/100 mL/min) were calculated. In 18F-FDG-PET, tumor-to-background-ratio (TTB) was calculated. Perfusion MRI parameters were correlated with TTB and immunohistochemical assessments of tumor microvascular density (CD-31) and cell proliferation (Ki-67). Results Regorafenib significantly (p<0.01) suppressed PF (81.1±7.5 to 50.6±16.0 mL/100mL/min), PV (12.1±3.6 to 7.5±1.6%) and PS (13.6±3.2 to 7.9±2.3 mL/100mL/min) as well as TTB (3.4±0.6 to 1.9±1.1) between baseline and day 7. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly (p<0.03) lower tumor microvascular density (CD-31, 7.0±2.4 vs. 16.1±5.9) and tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67, 434.0 ± 62.9 vs. 663.0 ± 98.3) in the therapy group. Perfusion MRI parameters ΔPF, ΔPV and ΔPS showed strong and significant (r = 0.67-0.78; p<0.01) correlations to the PET parameter ΔTTB and significant correlations (r = 0.57-0.67; p<0.03) to immunohistochemical Ki-67 as well as to CD-31-stainings (r = 0.49-0.55; p<0.05). Conclusions A multimodal, multiparametric perfusion MRI/PET imaging protocol allowed for non-invasive monitoring of regorafenib therapy effects on experimental colorectal adenocarcinomas in vivo with significant correlations between perfusion MRI parameters and 18F-FDG-PET validated by immunohistochemistry.
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145
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Ozturk D, Yonucu S, Yilmaz D, Unlu MB. Influence of vascular normalization on interstitial flow and delivery of liposomes in tumors. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:1477-96. [PMID: 25611340 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/4/1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated interstitial fluid pressure is one of the barriers of drug delivery in solid tumors. Recent studies have shown that normalization of tumor vasculature by anti-angiogenic factors may improve the delivery of conventional cytotoxic drugs, possibly by increasing blood flow, decreasing interstitial fluid pressure, and enhancing the convective transvascular transport of drug molecules. Delivery of large therapeutic agents such as nanoparticles and liposomes might also benefit from normalization therapy since their transport depends primarily on convection. In this study, a mathematical model is presented to provide supporting evidence that normalization therapy may improve the delivery of 100 nm liposomes into solid tumors, by both increasing the total drug extravasation and providing a more homogeneous drug distribution within the tumor. However these beneficial effects largely depend on tumor size and are stronger for tumors within a certain size range. It is shown that this size effect may persist under different microenvironmental conditions and for tumors with irregular margins or heterogeneous blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ozturk
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey. Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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146
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Geary SM, Salem AK. Exploiting the tumor phenotype using biodegradable submicron carriers of chemotherapeutic drugs. Crit Rev Oncog 2014; 19:269-80. [PMID: 25271435 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014011518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor tissues possess characteristics that distinguish them from healthy tissues and make them attractive targets for submicron carriers of chemotherapeutic drugs (CTX). CTX are generally administered systemically in free form to cancer patients resulting in unwanted cytotoxic effects and placing limitations on the deliverable CTX dose. In an effort to raise the therapeutic index of CTX there are now liposome-based CTX formulations in clinical use that are more tumor specific than the free form of CTX. However, progression to liposome-based chemotherapy in the clinic has been slow and there have been no approved formulations introduced in the last decade. Alternative carrier systems such as those made from the biodegradable polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) have been investigated in preclinical settings with promising outcomes. Here we review the principle behind biodegradable submicron carriers as CTX delivery vehicles for solid tumors with a specific focUS on liposomes and PLGA-based carriers, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Geary
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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147
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Shevchenko VE, Arnotskaia NE, Ogorodnikova EV, Davydov MM, Ibraev MA, Turkin IN, Davydov MI. [Search for potential gastric cancer biomarkers using low molecular weight blood plasma proteome profiling by mass spectrometry]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2014; 60:503-14. [PMID: 25249535 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146004503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer, one of the most widespread malignant tumors, still lacks reliable serum/plasma biomarkers of its early detection. In this study we have developed, unified, and tested a new methodology for search of gastric cancer biomarkers based on profiling of low molecular weight proteome (LMWP) (1-17 kDa). This approach included three main components: sample pre-fractionation, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), data analysis by a bioinformatics software package. Applicability and perspectives of the developed approach for detection of potential gastric cancer markers during LMWP analysis have been demonstrated using 69 plasma samples from patients with gastric cancer (stages I-IV) and 238 control samples. The study revealed peptides/polypeptides, which may be potentially used for detection of this pathology.
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148
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Liu D, Chalkidou A, Landau DB, Marsden PK, Fenwick JD. Interstitial diffusion and the relationship between compartment modelling and multi-scale spatial-temporal modelling of (18)F-FLT tumour uptake dynamics. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:5175-202. [PMID: 25138724 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/17/5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cell proliferation can be imaged via positron emission tomography of the radiotracer 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT). Conceptually, the number of proliferating cells might be expected to correlate more closely with the kinetics of 18F-FLT uptake than with uptake at a fixed time. Radiotracer uptake kinetics are standardly visualized using parametric maps of compartment model fits to time-activity-curves (TACs) of individual voxels. However the relationship between the underlying spatiotemporal accumulation of FLT and the kinetics described by compartment models has not yet been explored. In this work tumour tracer uptake is simulated using a mechanistic spatial-temporal model based on a convection-diffusion-reaction equation solved via the finite difference method. The model describes a chain of processes: the flow of FLT between the spatially heterogeneous tumour vasculature and interstitium; diffusion and convection of FLT within the interstitium; transport of FLT into cells; and intracellular phosphorylation. Using values of model parameters estimated from the biological literature, simulated FLT TACs are generated with shapes and magnitudes similar to those seen clinically. Results show that the kinetics of the spatial-temporal model can be recovered accurately by fitting a 3-tissue compartment model to FLT TACs simulated for those tumours or tumour sub-volumes that can be viewed as approximately closed, for which tracer diffusion throughout the interstitium makes only a small fractional change to the quantity of FLT they contain. For a single PET voxel of width 2.5-5 mm we show that this condition is roughly equivalent to requiring that the relative difference in tracer uptake between the voxel and its neighbours is much less than one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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149
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Budker VG, Monahan SD, Subbotin VM. Loco-regional cancer drug therapy: present approaches and rapidly reversible hydrophobization (RRH) of therapeutic agents as the future direction. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1855-70. [PMID: 25173702 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient drug uptake by solid tumors remains the major problem for systemic chemotherapy. Many studies have demonstrated anticancer drug effects to be dose-dependent, although dose-escalation studies have resulted in limited survival benefit with increased systemic toxicities. One solution to this has been the idea of loco-regional drug treatments, which offer dramatically higher drug concentrations in tumor tissues while minimizing systemic toxicity. Although loco-regional delivery has been most prominent in cancers of the liver, soft tissues and serosal peritoneal malignancies, survival benefits are very far from desirable. This review discusses the evolution of loco-regional treatments, the present approaches and offers rapidly reversible hydrophobization of drugs as the new future direction.
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150
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Xu Y, Meng H. Paclitaxel-loaded stealth liposomes: Development, characterization, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:350-5. [PMID: 25162671 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.951722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical , 85 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hui Meng
- a Department of Pharmaceutical , 85 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shanghai , P. R. China
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