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Ghafari M, Sõmera M, Sarmiento C, Niehl A, Hébrard E, Tsoleridis T, Ball J, Moury B, Lemey P, Katzourakis A, Fargette D. Revisiting the origins of the Sobemovirus genus: A case for ancient origins of plant viruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011911. [PMID: 38206964 PMCID: PMC10807823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The discrepancy between short- and long-term rate estimates, known as the time-dependent rate phenomenon (TDRP), poses a challenge to extrapolating evolutionary rates over time and reconstructing evolutionary history of viruses. The TDRP reveals a decline in evolutionary rate estimates with the measurement timescale, explained empirically by a power-law rate decay, notably observed in animal and human viruses. A mechanistic evolutionary model, the Prisoner of War (PoW) model, has been proposed to address TDRP in viruses. Although TDRP has been studied in animal viruses, its impact on plant virus evolutionary history remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the consequences of TDRP in plant viruses by applying the PoW model to reconstruct the evolutionary history of sobemoviruses, plant pathogens with significant importance due to their impact on agriculture and plant health. Our analysis showed that the Sobemovirus genus dates back over four million years, indicating an ancient origin. We found evidence that supports deep host jumps to Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae occurring between tens to hundreds of thousand years ago, followed by specialization. Remarkably, the TDRP-corrected evolutionary history of sobemoviruses was extended far beyond previous estimates that had suggested their emergence nearly 9,000 years ago, a time coinciding with the Neolithic period in the Near East. By incorporating sequences collected through metagenomic analyses, the resulting phylogenetic tree showcases increased genetic diversity, reflecting a deep history of sobemovirus species. We identified major radiation events beginning between 4,600 to 2,000 years ago, which aligns with the Neolithic period in various regions, suggesting a period of rapid diversification from then to the present. Our findings make a case for the possibility of deep evolutionary origins of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Ghafari
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merike Sõmera
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Cecilia Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eugénie Hébrard
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Theocharis Tsoleridis
- The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research and School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research and School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aris Katzourakis
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Fargette
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Frei M, Sarmiento C, Kärblane K, Niehl A, Sõmera M. Sequencing and biological characterization of historical cynosurus mottle virus isolates from Germany. Arch Virol 2023; 168:265. [PMID: 37792109 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We report sequencing of four historical cynosurus mottle virus (CnMoV) isolates, originating from different hosts and locations. The CnMoV genome, ranging from 4417 to 4419 nt, encodes five ORFs. It shares 48.1% nucleotide sequence identity with cocksfoot mottle virus and 69.8% with the recently discovered Poaceae Liege sobemovirus. Phylogenetic analysis supports classification within the genus Sobemovirus. Sequenced CnMoV isolates exhibit 96.4-99.9% identity. Nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid changes showed no host associations. However, amino acid changes in the coat protein appear to be linked to differences in serological properties. Aphid transmission tests confirmed non-transmissibility, consistent with earlier observations for the English isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frei
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Cecilia Sarmiento
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Kairi Kärblane
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, Braunschweig, 38102, Germany
| | - Merike Sõmera
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia.
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3
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Gauthier K, Pankovic D, Nikolic M, Hobert M, Germeier CU, Ordon F, Perovic D, Niehl A. Nutrients and soil structure influence furovirus infection of wheat. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1200674. [PMID: 37600210 PMCID: PMC10436314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV), genus Furovirus, family Virgaviridae, cause significant crop losses in cereals. The viruses are transmitted by the soil-borne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis. Inside P. graminis resting spores, the viruses persist in the soil for long time, which makes the disease difficult to combat. To open up novel possibilities for virus control, we explored the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on infection of wheat with SBWMV and SBCMV. Moreover, we investigated, whether infection rates are influenced by the nutritional state of the plants. Infection rates of susceptible wheat lines were correlated to soil structure parameters and nutrient contents in soil and plants. Our results show that SBWMV and SBCMV infection rates decrease the more water-impermeable the soil is and that virus transmission depends on pH. Moreover, we found that contents of several nutrients in the soil (e.g. phosphorous, magnesium, zinc) and in planta (e.g. nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, calcium) affect SBWMV and SBCMV infection rates. The knowledge generated may help paving the way towards development of a microenvironment-adapted agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gauthier
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dejana Pankovic
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Hobert
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agricultural Investigations, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Christoph U. Germeier
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Frank Ordon
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Dragan Perovic
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Brunswick, Germany
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4
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Amari K, Niehl A. Nucleic acid-mediated PAMP-triggered immunity in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Calabrese S, Cusant L, Sarazin A, Niehl A, Erban A, Brulé D, Recorbet G, Wipf D, Roux C, Kopka J, Boller T, Courty PE. Imbalanced Regulation of Fungal Nutrient Transports According to Phosphate Availability in a Symbiocosm Formed by Poplar, Sorghum, and Rhizophagus irregularis. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1617. [PMID: 31921260 PMCID: PMC6920215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, key components of nutrient uptake and exchange are specialized transporters that facilitate nutrient transport across membranes. As phosphate is a nutrient and a regulator of nutrient exchanges, we investigated the effect of P availability to extraradical mycelium (ERM) on both plant and fungus transcriptomes and metabolomes in a symbiocosm system. By perturbing nutrient exchanges under the control of P, our objectives were to identify new fungal genes involved in nutrient transports, and to characterize in which extent the fungus differentially modulates its metabolism when interacting with two different plant species. We performed transportome analysis on the ERM and intraradical mycelium of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis associated to Populus trichocarpa and Sorghum bicolor under high and low P availability in ERM, using quantitative RT-PCR and Illumina mRNA-sequencing. We observed that mycorrhizal symbiosis induces expression of specific phosphate and ammonium transporters in both plants. Furthermore, we identified new AM-inducible transporters and showed that a subset of phosphate transporters is regulated independently of symbiotic nutrient exchange. mRNA-Sequencing revealed that the fungal transportome was not similarly regulated in the two host plant species according to P availability. Mirroring this effect, many plant carbohydrate transporters were down-regulated in P. trichocarpa mycorrhizal root tissue. Metabolome analysis revealed further that AM root colonization led to a modification of root primary metabolism under low and high P availability and to a decrease of primary metabolite pools in general. Moreover, the down regulation of the sucrose transporters suggests that the plant limits carbohydrate long distance transport (i.e. from shoot to the mycorrhizal roots). By simultaneous uptake/reuptake of nutrients from the apoplast at the biotrophic interface, plant and fungus are both able to control reciprocal nutrient fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Loic Cusant
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alexis Sarazin
- Department of Biology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Niehl
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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6
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Abstract
RNA silencing and antiviral pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) both rely on recognition of double-stranded (ds)RNAs as defence-inducing signals. While dsRNA recognition by dicer-like proteins during antiviral RNA silencing is thoroughly investigated, the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA perception leading to antiviral PTI are just about to be untangled. Parallels to antimicrobial PTI thereby only partially facilitate our view on antiviral PTI. PTI against microbial pathogens involves plasma membrane bound receptors; however, dsRNAs produced during virus infection occur intracellularly. Hence, how dsRNA may be perceived during this immune response is still an open question. In this short review, we describe recent discoveries in PTI signalling upon sensing of microbial patterns and endogenous 'danger' molecules with emphasis on immune signalling-associated subcellular trafficking processes in plants. Based on these studies, we develop different scenarios how dsRNAs could be sensed during antiviral PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen DiagnosticsMesseweg 11‐12D‐38104BraunschweigGermany
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR235712 rue du Général ZimmerF‐67000StrasbourgFrance
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7
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Niehl A, Soininen M, Poranen MM, Heinlein M. Synthetic biology approach for plant protection using dsRNA. Plant Biotechnol J 2018; 16:1679-1687. [PMID: 29479789 PMCID: PMC6097125 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens induce severe damages on cultivated plants and represent a serious threat to global food security. Emerging strategies for crop protection involve the external treatment of plants with double-stranded (ds)RNA to trigger RNA interference. However, applying this technology in greenhouses and fields depends on dsRNA quality, stability and efficient large-scale production. Using components of the bacteriophage phi6, we engineered a stable and accurate in vivo dsRNA production system in Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. Unlike other in vitro or in vivo dsRNA production systems that rely on DNA transcription and postsynthetic alignment of single-stranded RNA molecules, the phi6 system is based on the replication of dsRNA by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thus allowing production of high-quality, long dsRNA molecules. The phi6 replication complex was reprogrammed to multiply dsRNA sequences homologous to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by replacing the coding regions within two of the three phi6 genome segments with TMV sequences and introduction of these constructs into P. syringae together with the third phi6 segment, which encodes the components of the phi6 replication complex. The stable production of TMV dsRNA was achieved by combining all the three phi6 genome segments and by maintaining the natural dsRNA sizes and sequence elements required for efficient replication and packaging of the segments. The produced TMV-derived dsRNAs inhibited TMV propagation when applied to infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The established dsRNA production system enables the broad application of dsRNA molecules as an efficient, highly flexible, nontransgenic and environmentally friendly approach for protecting crops against viruses and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSIBMP UPR 2357StrasbourgFrance
- Present address:
Julius Kühn‐Institute (JKI)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Marjukka Soininen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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8
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Calabrese S, Kohler A, Niehl A, Veneault-Fourrey C, Boller T, Courty PE. Transcriptome analysis of the Populus trichocarpa-Rhizophagus irregularis Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Regulation of Plant and Fungal Transportomes under Nitrogen Starvation. Plant Cell Physiol 2017; 58:1003-1017. [PMID: 28387868 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient transfer is a key feature of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Valuable mineral nutrients are transferred from the AM fungus to the plant, increasing its fitness and productivity, and, in exchange, the AM fungus receives carbohydrates as an energy source from the plant. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome of the Populus trichocarpa-Rhizophagus irregularis symbiosis using RNA-sequencing of non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal fine roots, with a focus on the effect of nitrogen (N) starvation. In R. irregularis, we identified 1,015 differentially expressed genes, whereby N starvation led to a general induction of gene expression. Genes of the functional classes of cell growth, membrane biogenesis and cell structural components were highly abundant. Interestingly, N starvation also led to a general induction of fungal transporters, indicating increased nutrient demand upon N starvation. In non-mycorrhizal P. trichocarpa roots, 1,341 genes were differentially expressed under N starvation. Among the 953 down-regulated genes in N starvation, most were involved in metabolic processes including amino acids, carbohydrate and inorganic ion transport, while the 342 up-regulated genes included many defense-related genes. Mycorrhization led to the up-regulation of 549 genes mainly involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and transport; only 24 genes were down-regulated. Mycorrhization specifically induced expression of three ammonium transporters and one phosphate transporter, independently of the N conditions, corroborating the hypothesis that these transporters are important for symbiotic nutrient exchange. In conclusion, our data establish a framework of gene expression in the two symbiotic partners under high-N and low-N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Annette Niehl
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
- Agroécologie, AgroSupDijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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9
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Niehl A, Wyrsch I, Boller T, Heinlein M. Double-stranded RNAs induce a pattern-triggered immune signaling pathway in plants. New Phytol 2016; 211:1008-19. [PMID: 27030513 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is a plant defense response that relies on the perception of conserved microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs, respectively). Recently, it has been recognized that PTI restricts virus infection in plants; however, the nature of the viral or infection-induced PTI elicitors and the underlying signaling pathways are still unknown. As double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are conserved molecular patterns associated with virus replication, we applied dsRNAs or synthetic dsRNA analogs to Arabidopsis thaliana and investigated PTI responses. We show that in vitro-generated dsRNAs, dsRNAs purified from virus-infected plants and the dsRNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induce typical PTI responses dependent on the co-receptor SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (SERK1), but independent of dicer-like (DCL) proteins in Arabidopsis. Moreover, dsRNA treatment of Arabidopsis induces SERK1-dependent antiviral resistance. Screening of Arabidopsis wild accessions demonstrates natural variability in dsRNA sensitivity. Our findings suggest that dsRNAs represent genuine PAMPs in plants, which induce a signaling cascade involving SERK1 and a specific dsRNA receptor. The dependence of dsRNA-mediated PTI on SERK1, but not on DCLs, implies that dsRNA-mediated PTI involves membrane-associated processes and operates independently of RNA silencing. dsRNA sensitivity may represent a useful trait to increase antiviral resistance in cultivated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ines Wyrsch
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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10
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Niehl A, Appaix F, Boscá S, van der Sanden B, Nicoud JF, Bolze F, Heinlein M. Fluorescent Tobacco mosaic virus-Derived Bio-Nanoparticles for Intravital Two-Photon Imaging. Front Plant Sci 2016; 6:1244. [PMID: 26793221 PMCID: PMC4710741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multi-photon intravital imaging has become a powerful tool to investigate the healthy and diseased brain vasculature in living animals. Although agents for multi-photon fluorescence microscopy of the microvasculature are available, issues related to stability, bioavailability, toxicity, cost or chemical adaptability remain to be solved. In particular, there is a need for highly fluorescent dyes linked to particles that do not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in brain diseases like tumor or stroke to estimate the functional blood supply. Plant virus particles possess a number of distinct advantages over other particles, the most important being the multi-valency of chemically addressable sites on the particle surface. This multi-valency, together with biological compatibility and inert nature, makes plant viruses ideal carriers for in vivo imaging agents. Here, we show that the well-known Tobacco mosaic virus is a suitable nanocarrier for two-photon dyes and for intravital imaging of the mouse brain vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP-UPR2357), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueStrasbourg, France
| | - Florence Appaix
- Two-Photon Microscopy Platform, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U836, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Sonia Boscá
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP-UPR2357), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueStrasbourg, France
| | | | - Jean-François Nicoud
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Bolze
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP-UPR2357), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueStrasbourg, France
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Peña EJ, Ferriol I, Sambade A, Buschmann H, Niehl A, Elena SF, Rubio L, Heinlein M. Experimental virus evolution reveals a role of plant microtubule dynamics and TORTIFOLIA1/SPIRAL2 in RNA trafficking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105364. [PMID: 25133612 PMCID: PMC4136834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network composed of filamentous polymers and regulatory proteins that provide a flexible structural scaffold to the cell and plays a fundamental role in developmental processes. Mutations that alter the spatial orientation of the cortical microtubule (MT) array of plants are known to cause important changes in the pattern of cell wall synthesis and developmental phenotypes; however, the consequences of such alterations on other MT-network-associated functions in the cytoplasm are not known. In vivo observations suggested a role of cortical MTs in the formation and movement of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA complexes along the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, to probe the significance of dynamic MT behavior in the coordination of MT-network-associated functions related to TMV infection and, thus, in the formation and transport of RNA complexes in the cytoplasm, we performed an evolution experiment with TMV in Arabidopsis thaliana tor1/spr2 and tor2 mutants with specific defects in MT dynamics and asked whether TMV is sensitive to these changes. We show that the altered cytoskeleton induced genetic changes in TMV that were correlated with efficient spread of infection in the mutant hosts. These observations demonstrate a role of dynamic MT rearrangements and of the MT-associated protein TORTIFOLIA1/SPIRAL2 in cellular functions related to virus spread and indicate that MT dynamics and MT-associated proteins represent constraints for virus evolution and adaptation. The results highlight the importance of the dynamic plasticity of the MT network in directing cytoplasmic functions in macromolecular assembly and trafficking and illustrate the value of experimental virus evolution for addressing the cellular functions of dynamic, long-range order systems in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Peña
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Inmaculada Ferriol
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Sambade
- Department of Comparative Neurobiology, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva CIBERNED, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- Institute for Botany, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Annette Niehl
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Luis Rubio
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (LR); (MH)
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (LR); (MH)
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12
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Niehl A, Pasquier A, Ferriol I, Mély Y, Heinlein M. Comparison of the Oilseed rape mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus movement proteins (MP) reveals common and dissimilar MP functions for tobamovirus spread. Virology 2014; 456-457:43-54. [PMID: 24889224 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a longstanding model for studying virus movement and macromolecular transport through plasmodesmata (PD). Its movement protein (MP) interacts with cortical microtubule (MT)-associated ER sites (C-MERs) to facilitate the formation and transport of ER-associated viral replication complexes (VRCs) along the ER-actin network towards PD. To investigate whether this movement mechanism might be conserved between tobamoviruses, we compared the functions of Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) MP with those of MP(TMV). We show that MP(ORMV) supports TMV movement more efficiently than MP(TMV). Moreover, MP(ORMV) localizes to C-MERs like MP(TMV) but accumulates to lower levels and does not localize to larger inclusions/VRCs or along MTs, patterns regularly seen for MP(TMV). Our findings extend the role of C-MERs in viral cell-to-cell transport to a virus commonly used for functional genomics in Arabidopsis. Moreover, accumulation of tobamoviral MP in inclusions or along MTs is not required for virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Adrien Pasquier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Inmaculada Ferriol
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, CNRS (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Kørner CJ, Klauser D, Niehl A, Domínguez-Ferreras A, Chinchilla D, Boller T, Heinlein M, Hann DR. The immunity regulator BAK1 contributes to resistance against diverse RNA viruses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2013; 26:1271-80. [PMID: 23902263 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-13-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant's innate immune system detects potential biotic threats through recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). A central regulator of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is the BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1), which undergoes complex formation with PRR upon ligand binding. Although viral patterns inducing PTI are well known from animal systems, nothing similar has been reported for plants. Rather, antiviral defense in plants is thought to be mediated by post-transcriptional gene silencing of viral RNA or through effector-triggered immunity, i.e., recognition of virus-specific effectors by resistance proteins. Nevertheless, infection by compatible viruses can also lead to the induction of defense gene expression, indicating that plants may also recognize viruses through PTI. Here, we show that PTI, or at least the presence of the regulator BAK1, is important for antiviral defense of Arabidopsis plants. Arabidopsis bak1 mutants show increased susceptibility to three different RNA viruses during compatible interactions. Furthermore, crude viral extracts but not purified virions induce several PTI marker responses in a BAK1-dependent manner. Overall, we conclude that BAK1-dependent PTI contributes to antiviral resistance in plants.
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14
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Niehl A, Peña EJ, Amari K, Heinlein M. Microtubules in viral replication and transport. Plant J 2013; 75:290-308. [PMID: 23379770 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses use and subvert host cell mechanisms to support their replication and spread between cells, tissues and organisms. Microtubules and associated motor proteins play important roles in these processes in animal systems, and may also play a role in plants. Although transport processes in plants are mostly actin based, studies, in particular with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and its movement protein (MP), indicate direct or indirect roles of microtubules in the cell-to-cell spread of infection. Detailed observations suggest that microtubules participate in the cortical anchorage of viral replication complexes, in guiding their trafficking along the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/actin network, and also in developing the complexes into virus factories. Microtubules also play a role in the plant-to-plant transmission of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) by assisting in the development of specific virus-induced inclusions that facilitate viral uptake by aphids. The involvement of microtubules in the formation of virus factories and of other virus-induced inclusions suggests the existence of aggresomal pathways by which plant cells recruit membranes and proteins into localized macromolecular assemblies. Although studies related to the involvement of microtubules in the interaction of viruses with plants focus on specific virus models, a number of observations with other virus species suggest that microtubules may have a widespread role in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Niehl A, Zhang ZJ, Kuiper M, Peck SC, Heinlein M. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of systemic responses to local wounding and virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2491-503. [PMID: 23594257 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to changing environmental conditions and must, as sessile organisms, possess sophisticated acclimative mechanisms. To gain insight into systemic responses to local virus infection or wounding, we performed comparative LC-MS/MS protein profiling of distal, virus-free leaves four and five days after local inoculation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with either Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) or inoculation buffer alone. Our study revealed biomarkers for systemic signaling in response to wounding and compatible virus infection in Arabidopsis, which should prove useful in further addressing the trigger-specific systemic response network and the elusive systemic signals. We observed responses common to ORMV and mock treatment as well as protein profile changes that are specific to local virus infection or mechanical wounding (mock treatment) alone, which provides evidence for the existence of more than one systemic signal to induce these distinct changes. Comparison of the systemic responses between time points indicated that the responses build up over time. Our data indicate stress-specific changes in proteins involved in jasmonic and abscisic acid signaling, intracellular transport, compartmentalization of enzyme activities, protein folding and synthesis, and energy and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, a virus-triggered systemic signal appears to suppress antiviral host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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16
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Niehl A, Amari K, Heinlein M. CDC48 function during TMV infection: regulation of virus movement and replication by degradation? Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:e22865. [PMID: 23154510 PMCID: PMC3656987 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell-division-cycle protein 48 (CDC48) is an essential, conserved ATP-driven chaperone in eukaryotic cells, which functions in diverse cellular processes including the targeting of misfolded and aggregated proteins for degradation via proteasomal and aggresomal-autophagic pathways. We recently demonstrated that plant CDC48 localizes to and interacts with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP) in ER-associated viral protein inclusions. Our data suggest that CDC48 participates in the clearance of these viral protein inclusions in an ER-assisted protein degradation (ERAD)-like mechanism. As TMV MP-inclusions formed at late infection stages resemble aggresomes, we here propose that TMV MP enters both, ERAD-like and aggresomal pathways in its host cells and that CDC48 coordinates these processes. Moreover, as viruses often exploit host pathways for replication and spread, we propose a model in which CDC48 functions in the degradation pathway of overaccumulating viral protein and also actively participates in the regulation of TMV replication and cell-to-cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Botany; Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence to: Annette Niehl,
| | - Khalid Amari
- Botany; Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Botany; Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UPR 2357 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
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17
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Niehl A, Amari K, Gereige D, Brandner K, Mély Y, Heinlein M. Control of Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein fate by CELL-DIVISION-CYCLE protein48. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:2093-108. [PMID: 23027663 PMCID: PMC3510134 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Like many other viruses, Tobacco mosaic virus replicates in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and exploits this membrane network for intercellular spread through plasmodesmata (PD), a process depending on virus-encoded movement protein (MP). The movement process involves interactions of MP with the ER and the cytoskeleton as well as its targeting to PD. Later in the infection cycle, the MP further accumulates and localizes to ER-associated inclusions, the viral factories, and along microtubules before it is finally degraded. Although these patterns of MP accumulation have been described in great detail, the underlying mechanisms that control MP fate and function during infection are not known. Here, we identify CELL-DIVISION-CYCLE protein48 (CDC48), a conserved chaperone controlling protein fate in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and animal cells by extracting protein substrates from membranes or complexes, as a cellular factor regulating MP accumulation patterns in plant cells. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CDC48 is induced upon infection, interacts with MP in ER inclusions dependent on the MP N terminus, and promotes degradation of the protein. We further provide evidence that CDC48 extracts MP from ER inclusions to the cytosol, where it subsequently accumulates on and stabilizes microtubules. We show that virus movement is impaired upon overexpression of CDC48, suggesting that CDC48 further functions in controlling virus movement by removal of MP from the ER transport pathway and by promoting interference of MP with microtubule dynamics. CDC48 acts also in response to other proteins expressed in the ER, thus suggesting a general role of CDC48 in ER membrane maintenance upon ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (A.N., K.A., D.G., K.B., M.H.); Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.N., K.A., M.H.); and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France (Y.M.)
| | - Khalid Amari
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (A.N., K.A., D.G., K.B., M.H.); Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.N., K.A., M.H.); and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France (Y.M.)
| | | | - Katrin Brandner
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (A.N., K.A., D.G., K.B., M.H.); Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.N., K.A., M.H.); and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France (Y.M.)
| | - Yves Mély
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (A.N., K.A., D.G., K.B., M.H.); Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.N., K.A., M.H.); and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France (Y.M.)
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France (A.N., K.A., D.G., K.B., M.H.); Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.N., K.A., M.H.); and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France (Y.M.)
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18
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Hu Q, Hollunder J, Niehl A, Kørner CJ, Gereige D, Windels D, Arnold A, Kuiper M, Vazquez F, Pooggin M, Heinlein M. Specific impact of tobamovirus infection on the Arabidopsis small RNA profile. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19549. [PMID: 21572953 PMCID: PMC3091872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobamoviruses encode a silencing suppressor that binds small RNA (sRNA) duplexes in vitro and supposedly in vivo to counteract antiviral silencing. Here, we used sRNA deep-sequencing combined with transcriptome profiling to determine the global impact of tobamovirus infection on Arabidopsis sRNAs and their mRNA targets. We found that infection of Arabidopsis plants with Oilseed rape mosaic tobamovirus causes a global size-specific enrichment of miRNAs, ta-siRNAs, and other phased siRNAs. The observed patterns of sRNA enrichment suggest that in addition to a role of the viral silencing suppressor, the stabilization of sRNAs might also occur through association with unknown host effector complexes induced upon infection. Indeed, sRNA enrichment concerns primarily 21-nucleotide RNAs with a 5'-terminal guanine. Interestingly, ORMV infection also leads to accumulation of novel miRNA-like sRNAs from miRNA precursors. Thus, in addition to canonical miRNAs and miRNA*s, miRNA precursors can encode additional sRNAs that may be functional under specific conditions like pathogen infection. Virus-induced sRNA enrichment does not correlate with defects in miRNA-dependent ta-siRNA biogenesis nor with global changes in the levels of mRNA and ta-siRNA targets suggesting that the enriched sRNAs may not be able to significantly contribute to the normal activity of pre-loaded RISC complexes. We conclude that tobamovirus infection induces the stabilization of a specific sRNA pool by yet unknown effector complexes. These complexes may sequester viral and host sRNAs to engage them in yet unknown mechanisms involved in plant:virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanan Hu
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Jens Hollunder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams
Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) - Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and
Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des
Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg,
France
| | - Camilla Julie Kørner
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Dalya Gereige
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des
Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg,
France
| | - David Windels
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Andreas Arnold
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuiper
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Franck Vazquez
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Pooggin
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Botanical Institute, Department of Plant
Physiology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des
Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg,
France
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Abstract
Plant viruses use plasmodesmata (PD) to spread infection between cells and systemically. Dependent on viral species, movement through PD can occur in virion or non-virion form, and requires different mechanisms for targeting and modification of the pore. These mechanisms are supported by viral movement proteins and by other virus-encoded factors that interact among themselves and with plant cellular components to facilitate virus movement in a coordinated and regulated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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Ouko MO, Sambade A, Brandner K, Niehl A, Peña E, Ahad A, Heinlein M, Nick P. Tobacco mutants with reduced microtubule dynamics are less susceptible to TMV. Plant J 2010; 62:829-39. [PMID: 20230489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A panel of seven SR1 tobacco mutants (ATER1 to ATER7) derived via T-DNA activation tagging and screening for resistance to a microtubule assembly inhibitor, ethyl phenyl carbamate, were used to study the role of microtubules during infection and spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In one of these lines, ATER2, alpha-tubulin is shifted from the tyrosinylated into the detyrosinated form, and the microtubule plus-end marker GFP-EB1 moves significantly slower when expressed in the background of the ATER2 mutant as compared with the SR1 wild type. The efficiency of cell-to-cell movement of TMV encoding GFP-tagged movement protein (MP-GFP) is reduced in ATER2 accompanied by a reduced association of MP-GFP with plasmodesmata. This mutant is also more tolerant to viral infection as compared with the SR1 wild type, implying that reduced microtubule dynamics confer a comparative advantage in face of TMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice O Ouko
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Boutant E, Didier P, Niehl A, Mély Y, Ritzenthaler C, Heinlein M. Fluorescent protein recruitment assay for demonstration and analysis of in vivo protein interactions in plant cells and its application to Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein. Plant J 2010; 62:171-7. [PMID: 20070568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple fluorescent protein-based method to investigate interactions with a viral movement protein in living cells that relies on the in vivo re-localization of proteins in the presence of their interaction partners. We apply this method in combination with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to demonstrate that a domain of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP) previously predicted to mediate protein:protein interactions is dispensable for these contacts. We suggest that this method can be generalized for analysis of other protein interactions in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boutant
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR 2357), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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22
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Ebert B, Zöller D, Erban A, Fehrle I, Hartmann J, Niehl A, Kopka J, Fisahn J. Metabolic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana epidermal cells. J Exp Bot 2010; 61:1321-35. [PMID: 20150518 PMCID: PMC2837255 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic phenotyping at cellular resolution may be considered one of the challenges in current plant physiology. A method is described which enables the cell type-specific metabolic analysis of epidermal cell types in Arabidopsis thaliana pavement, basal, and trichome cells. To achieve the required high spatial resolution, single cell sampling using microcapillaries was combined with routine gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) based metabolite profiling. The identification and relative quantification of 117 mostly primary metabolites has been demonstrated. The majority, namely 90 compounds, were accessible without analytical background correction. Analyses were performed using cell type-specific pools of 200 microsampled individual cells. Moreover, among these identified metabolites, 38 exhibited differential pool sizes in trichomes, basal or pavement cells. The application of an independent component analysis confirmed the cell type-specific metabolic phenotypes. Significant pool size changes between individual cells were detectable within several classes of metabolites, namely amino acids, fatty acids and alcohols, alkanes, lipids, N-compounds, organic acids and polyhydroxy acids, polyols, sugars, sugar conjugates and phenylpropanoids. It is demonstrated here that the combination of microsampling and GC-MS based metabolite profiling provides a method to investigate the cellular metabolism of fully differentiated plant cell types in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
| | - Ines Fehrle
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
| | - Annette Niehl
- CNRS UPR 2357 Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany
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Hofmann C, Niehl A, Sambade A, Steinmetz A, Heinlein M. Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus movement by expression of an actin-binding protein. Plant Physiol 2009; 149:1810-23. [PMID: 19218363 PMCID: PMC2663746 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.133827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP) required for the cell-to-cell spread of viral RNA interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as with the cytoskeleton during infection. Whereas associations of MP with ER and microtubules have been intensely investigated, research on the role of actin has been rather scarce. We demonstrate that Nicotiana benthamiana plants transgenic for the actin-binding domain 2 of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) fimbrin (AtFIM1) fused to green fluorescent protein (ABD2:GFP) exhibit a dynamic ABD2:GFP-labeled actin cytoskeleton and myosin-dependent Golgi trafficking. These plants also support the movement of TMV. In contrast, both myosin-dependent Golgi trafficking and TMV movement are dominantly inhibited when ABD2:GFP is expressed transiently. Inhibition is mediated through binding of ABD2:GFP to actin filaments, since TMV movement is restored upon disruption of the ABD2:GFP-labeled actin network with latrunculin B. Latrunculin B shows no significant effect on the spread of TMV infection in either wild-type plants or ABD2:GFP transgenic plants under our treatment conditions. We did not observe any binding of MP along the length of actin filaments. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that TMV movement does not require an intact actomyosin system. Nevertheless, actin-binding proteins appear to have the potential to exert control over TMV movement through the inhibition of myosin-associated protein trafficking along the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hofmann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Krueger S, Niehl A, Lopez Martin MC, Steinhauser D, Donath A, Hildebrandt T, Romero LC, Hoefgen R, Gotor C, Hesse H. Analysis of cytosolic and plastidic serine acetyltransferase mutants and subcellular metabolite distributions suggests interplay of the cellular compartments for cysteine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:349-367. [PMID: 19143986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the enzymes for cysteine synthesis serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine-(thiol)-lyase (OASTL) are present in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria. However, it is still not clearly resolved to what extent the different compartments are involved in cysteine biosynthesis and how compartmentation influences the regulation of this biosynthetic pathway. To address these questions, we analysed Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion mutants for cytosolic and plastidic SAT isoforms. In addition, the subcellular distribution of enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations implicated in cysteine and glutathione biosynthesis were revealed by non-aqueous fractionation (NAF). We demonstrate that cytosolic SERAT1.1 and plastidic SERAT2.1 do not contribute to cysteine biosynthesis to a major extent, but may function to overcome transport limitations of O-acetylserine (OAS) from mitochondria. Substantiated by predominantly cytosolic cysteine pools, considerable amounts of sulphide and presence of OAS in the cytosol, our results suggest that the cytosol is the principal site for cysteine biosynthesis. Subcellular metabolite analysis further indicated efficient transport of cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione between the compartments. With respect to regulation of cysteine biosynthesis, estimation of subcellular OAS and sulphide concentrations established that OAS is limiting for cysteine biosynthesis and that SAT is mainly present bound in the cysteine-synthase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Krueger
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, France
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Krueger S, Niehl A, Lopez Martin MC, Steinhauser D, Donath A, Hildebrandt T, Romero LC, Hoefgen R, Gotor C, Hesse H. Analysis of cytosolic and plastidic serine acetyltransferase mutants and subcellular metabolite distributions suggests interplay of the cellular compartments for cysteine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:349-67. [PMID: 19143986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the enzymes for cysteine synthesis serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine-(thiol)-lyase (OASTL) are present in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria. However, it is still not clearly resolved to what extent the different compartments are involved in cysteine biosynthesis and how compartmentation influences the regulation of this biosynthetic pathway. To address these questions, we analysed Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion mutants for cytosolic and plastidic SAT isoforms. In addition, the subcellular distribution of enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations implicated in cysteine and glutathione biosynthesis were revealed by non-aqueous fractionation (NAF). We demonstrate that cytosolic SERAT1.1 and plastidic SERAT2.1 do not contribute to cysteine biosynthesis to a major extent, but may function to overcome transport limitations of O-acetylserine (OAS) from mitochondria. Substantiated by predominantly cytosolic cysteine pools, considerable amounts of sulphide and presence of OAS in the cytosol, our results suggest that the cytosol is the principal site for cysteine biosynthesis. Subcellular metabolite analysis further indicated efficient transport of cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione between the compartments. With respect to regulation of cysteine biosynthesis, estimation of subcellular OAS and sulphide concentrations established that OAS is limiting for cysteine biosynthesis and that SAT is mainly present bound in the cysteine-synthase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Krueger
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, France
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Niehl A, Lacomme C, Erban A, Kopka J, Krämer U, Fisahn J. Systemic Potato virus X infection induces defence gene expression and accumulation of β-phenylethylamine-alkaloids in potato. Funct Plant Biol 2006; 33:593-604. [PMID: 32689267 DOI: 10.1071/fp06049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of defence responses elicited during compatible plant-virus interactions is a current goal in plant pathology. We analysed defence responses during infection of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree with Potato virus X (PVX) at the transcript and metabolite level. A mostly unchanged primary metabolism reflects the compatible nature of this plant-virus interaction. Salicylic acid biosynthesis and expression of several defence genes including PR-1 and glutathione-S-transferase, which are involved in ethylene and reactive oxygen species dependent signalling, were highly up-regulated in upper-uninoculated (systemic) leaves of PVX-infected potato plants compared with mock-inoculated controls. Moreover, the β-phenylethylamine-alkaloids tyramine, octopamine, dopamine and norepinephrine were highly induced upon infection. β-phenylethylamine-alkaloids can contribute to active plant defence responses by forming hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAA), which are thought to increase cell wall stability by extracellular peroxidative polymerisation. Expression of tyramine-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (THT) and apoplastic peroxidase (POD) was highly induced upon PVX infection in systemic leaves, which suggests synthesis and extracellular polymerisation of HCAA. Since cell-wall-bound ion concentrations could contribute to this process, we measured cell-wall-bound and total ion concentrations in PVX-infected and mock-inoculated leaves. The observed metabolic and transcriptional changes might represent a systemic acquired resistance response against subsequent pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Lacomme
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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