101
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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Improves Motor Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9139-9155. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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102
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Fu Q, Zou MM, Zhu JW, Zhang Y, Chen WJ, Cheng M, Liu CF, Ma QH, Xu RX. TRIM32 affects the recovery of motor function following spinal cord injury through regulating proliferation of glia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45380-45390. [PMID: 28514764 PMCID: PMC5542194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the extrinsic environmental factors and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms limit the axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we identify tripartite motif protein 32 (TRIM32), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is barely detected in glial cells in the normal uninjured spinal cord, exhibits strong expression in both astrocytes and microglia following SCI. We further observe that deficiency of TRIM32 results in increased numbers of astrocytes and microglia, which is accompanied by enhanced proliferation of both cells and increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-10. The axonal regeneration is impaired in the spinal cord of TRIM32-/- mice following SCI, which is indicated by increased distances of the corticospinal tracts (CST) fiber to the lesion site and less axonal sprouting. We further show that deficiency of TRIM32 results in delay motor recovery following SCI. Therefore, TRIM32 is a novel essential positive factor modulating axonal regeneration and the recovery of motor function following SCI, possibly through suppressing proliferation of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The 251st Hospital of P.L.A., Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zou
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-Jin Chen
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.,Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.,Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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103
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Reinicke M, Schröter J, Müller-Klieser D, Helmschrodt C, Ceglarek U. Free oxysterols and bile acids including conjugates - Simultaneous quantification in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:245-255. [PMID: 30292299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS) assay was developed and qualified for analyzing 35 analytes of the cholesterol metabolism, including free cholesterol, 17 free, non-esterified oxysterols and 17 free and conjugated bile acids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. As internal standards, 25 commercially available stable deuterium-labeled analogs of the analytes were used. Pre-analytical investigations included stability tests of analyte concentrations affected by different anticoagulation additives: lithium heparin-, citrate-, EDTA-K3-stabilized plasma and serum, and the stability in EDTA whole blood at RT. This LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the analysis of paired serum/cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with and without blood-brain barrier disturbance, as well as of 100 plasma samples of a LIFE-Adult study sub-cohort. A fast and simple sample preparation including protein precipitation and on-line solid-phase extraction was developed. As little as 55 μL of human plasma/serum or cerebrospinal fluid were needed for the analysis. It was possible to separate isomeric oxysterols and bile acids within 23 min using a C18 core-shell column. The assay is capable of quantifying in a linear range of 0.8-250 ng mL-1 for free hydroxycholesterols, 0.2-10 ng mL-1 for dihydroxycholesterols, 0.2-500 ng mL-1 for bile acids and 16-2000 μg mL-1 for cholesterol with acceptable accuracy and precision. In cerebrospinal fluid one free oxysterols, five free and five conjugated bile acids could be quantified. No significant differences between patients with and without blood-brain barrier disturbance were obtained. In the LIFE-Adult sub-cohort two free oxysterols, four free and seven conjugated bile acids could be quantified in EDTA plasma. Men showed significantly higher concentrations of 26-OHC than women (p = 0.035). Furthermore, in women lower levels of cholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid and higher levels of taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid/hyodeoxycholic acid were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Reinicke
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jenny Schröter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Müller-Klieser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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104
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Yuan BF, Zhu QF, Guo N, Zheng SJ, Wang YL, Wang J, Xu J, Liu SJ, He K, Hu T, Zheng YW, Xu FQ, Feng YQ. Comprehensive Profiling of Fecal Metabolome of Mice by Integrated Chemical Isotope Labeling-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3512-3520. [PMID: 29406693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays important roles in the host health. The host and symbiotic gut microbiota coproduce a large number of metabolites during the metabolism of food and xenobiotics. The analysis of fecal metabolites can provide a noninvasive manner to study the outcome of the host-gut microbiota interaction. Herein, we reported the comprehensive profiling of fecal metabolome of mice by an integrated chemical isotope labeling combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CIL-LC-MS) analysis. The metabolites are categorized into several submetabolomes based on the functional moieties (i.e., carboxyl, carbonyl, amine, and thiol) and then analysis of the individual submetabolome was performed. The combined data from the submetabolome form the metabolome with relatively high coverage. To this end, we synthesized stable isotope labeling reagents to label metabolites with different groups, including carboxyl, carbonyl, amine, and thiol groups. We detected 2302 potential metabolites, among which, 1388 could be positively or putatively identified in feces of mice. We then further confirmed 308 metabolites based on our established library of chemically labeled standards and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. With the identified metabolites in feces of mice, we established mice fecal metabolome database, which can be used to readily identify metabolites from feces of mice. Furthermore, we discovered 211 fecal metabolites exhibited significant difference between Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice and wild type (WT) mice, which suggests the close correlation between the fecal metabolites and AD pathology and provides new potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Quan-Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Ning Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Shu-Jian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Ya-Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance (Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) , Wuhan 430071 , P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Ke He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
| | - Ting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance (Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) , Wuhan 430071 , P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Ying-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance (Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) , Wuhan 430071 , P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Fu-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance (Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) , Wuhan 430071 , P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , P.R. China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P.R. China
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105
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Wilkins JM, Trushina E. Application of Metabolomics in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 8:719. [PMID: 29375465 PMCID: PMC5770363 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress toward the development of efficacious therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is halted by a lack of understanding early underlying pathological mechanisms. Systems biology encompasses several techniques including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics is the newest omics platform that offers great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases as an individual’s metabolome reflects alterations in genetic, transcript, and protein profiles and influences from the environment. Advancements in the field of metabolomics have demonstrated the complexity of dynamic changes associated with AD progression underscoring challenges with the development of efficacious therapeutic interventions. Defining systems-level alterations in AD could provide insights into disease mechanisms, reveal sex-specific changes, advance the development of biomarker panels, and aid in monitoring therapeutic efficacy, which should advance individualized medicine. Since metabolic pathways are largely conserved between species, metabolomics could improve the translation of preclinical research conducted in animal models of AD into humans. A summary of recent developments in the application of metabolomics to advance the AD field is provided below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Maximillian Wilkins
- Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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106
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Alzheimer's disease pathology and the unfolded protein response: prospective pathways and therapeutic targets. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:161-178. [PMID: 28252521 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many vital interdependent cellular functions including proteostasis, lipogenesis and Ca homeostasis are executed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Exogenous insults can impair ER performance: this must be rapidly corrected or cell death will ensue. Protective adaptations can boost the functional capacity of the ER and form the basis of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Activated in response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, the UPR can halt protein translation while increasing protein-handling chaperones and the degradation of erroneous proteins through a conserved three-tier molecular cascade. However, prolonged activation of the UPR can result in the maladaptation of the system, resulting in the activation of inflammatory and apoptotic effectors. Recently, UPR and its involvement in neurodegenerative disease has attracted much interest and numerous potentially 'drugable' points of crosstalk are now emerging. Here, we summarize the functions of the ER and UPR, and highlight evidence for its potential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, before discussing several key targets with therapeutic potential.
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107
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Cai H, Wang Y, He J, Cai T, Wu J, Fang J, Zhang R, Guo Z, Guan L, Zhan Q, Lin L, Xiao Y, Pan H, Wang Q. Neuroprotective effects of bajijiasu against cognitive impairment induced by amyloid-β in APP/PS1 mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92621-92634. [PMID: 29190943 PMCID: PMC5696209 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological degenerative disease. The main clinical manifestations of AD include progressive cognitive impairment and alteration of personality. Senile plaques, neuroinflammation, and destruction of synapse structure stability are the main pathological features of AD. Bajijiasu(BJJS) is extracted from Morinda Officinalis, a Chinese herb. In this study, we explored the effect of BJJS on AD from many aspects in APPswe/PSEN1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice. The Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests results showed that BJJS could significantly improve the learning and memory abilities in APP/PS1 mice. BJJS treatment increased the level of insulin degradation enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP) and decreased the level of β-site app cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1) in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. BJJS-treated APP/PS1 mice appeared to have reductions of Aβ deposition and senile plaques, and showed higher levels of neurotrophic factors in the brain. We also found that BJJS had an inhibitory function on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, the synapse structure relevant proteins were elevated in the brain of BJJS-treated APP/PS1 mice. The present results indicated that BJJS could attenuate cognitive impairment via ameliorating the AD-related pathological alterations in APP/PS1 mice. These findings suggest that BJJS may be a potential therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jiayang He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tiantian Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhouke Guo
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Li Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qinkai Zhan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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108
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Nedic Erjavec G, Konjevod M, Nikolac Perkovic M, Svob Strac D, Tudor L, Barbas C, Grune T, Zarkovic N, Pivac N. Short overview on metabolomic approach and redox changes in psychiatric disorders. Redox Biol 2017; 14:178-186. [PMID: 28942195 PMCID: PMC5609866 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are severe mental disorders and complicated diagnostic entities, due to their phenotypic, biological and genetic heterogeneity, unknown etiology, and poorly understood alterations in biological pathways and biological mechanisms. Disturbed homeostasis between overproduction of oxidant species, overcoming redox regulation and a lack of cellular antioxidant defenses, resulting in free radical-mediated pathology and subsequent neurotoxicity contributes to development of depression, schizophrenia and PTSD, their heterogeneous clinical presentation and resistance to treatment. Metabolomics is a discipline that combines different strategies with the aim to extract, detect, identify and quantify all metabolites that are present in a biological sample and might provide mechanistic insights into the etiology of various psychiatric disorders. Therefore, oxidative stress research combined with metabolomics might offer a novel approach in dissecting psychiatric disorders, since these data-driven but not necessarily hypothesis-driven methods might identify new targets, molecules and pathways responsible for development of schizophrenia, depression or PTSD. Findings from the oxidative research in psychiatry together with metabolomics data might facilitate development of specific and validated prognostic, therapeutic and clinical biomarkers. These methods might reveal bio-signatures of individual patients, leading to individualized treatment approach. In reviewing findings related to oxidative stress and metabolomics in selected psychiatric disorders, we have highlighted how these novel approaches might make a unique contribution to deeper understanding of psychopathological alterations underlying schizophrenia, depression and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laborattory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; The Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO) at thte Pharmacy Faculty, University San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laborattory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laborattory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laborattory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laborattory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Coral Barbas
- The Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO) at thte Pharmacy Faculty, University San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laborattory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia.
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109
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Nrf2 activation by tauroursodeoxycholic acid in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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110
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Rosa AI, Fonseca I, Nunes MJ, Moreira S, Rodrigues E, Carvalho AN, Rodrigues CMP, Gama MJ, Castro-Caldas M. Novel insights into the antioxidant role of tauroursodeoxycholic acid in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2171-2181. [PMID: 28583715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function and generation of reactive oxygen species are deeply implicated in Parkinson's disease progression. Indeed, mutations in genes that affect mitochondrial function account for most of the familial cases of the disease, and post mortem studies in sporadic PD patients brains revealed increased signs of oxidative stress. Moreover, exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, leads to clinical symptoms similar to sporadic PD. The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an anti-apoptotic molecule shown to protect against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice, but the mechanisms involved are still incompletely identified. Herein we used MPTP-treated mice, as well as primary cultures of mice cortical neurons and SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+ to investigate the modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction by TUDCA in PD models. We show that TUDCA exerts its neuroprotective role in a parkin-dependent manner. Overall, our results point to the pharmacological up-regulation of mitochondrial turnover by TUDCA as a novel neuroprotective mechanism of this molecule, and contribute to the validation of TUDCA clinical application in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Rosa
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Fonseca
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Nunes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Neves Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gama
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Castro-Caldas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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111
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Zhuang S, Li Q, Cai L, Wang C, Lei X. Chemoproteomic Profiling of Bile Acid Interacting Proteins. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:501-509. [PMID: 28573213 PMCID: PMC5445530 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a family of endogenous metabolites synthesized from cholesterol in liver and modified by microbiota in gut. Being amphipathic molecules, the major function of BAs is to help with dietary lipid digestion. In addition, they also act as signaling molecules to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism as well as gut microbiota composition in the host. Remarkably, recent discoveries of the dedicated receptors for BAs such as FXR and TGR5 have uncovered a number of novel actions of BAs as signaling hormones which play significant roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. Disorders in BAs' metabolism are closely related to metabolic syndrome and intestinal and neurodegenerative diseases. Though BA-based therapies have been clinically implemented for decades, the regulatory mechanism of BA is still poorly understood and a comprehensive characterization of BA-interacting proteins in proteome remains elusive. We herein describe a chemoproteomic strategy that uses a number of structurally diverse, clickable, and photoreactive BA-based probes in combination with quantitative mass spectrometry to globally profile BA-interacting proteins in mammalian cells. Over 600 BA-interacting protein targets were identified, including known endogenous receptors and transporters of BA. Analysis of these novel BA-interacting proteins revealed that they are mainly enriched in functional pathways such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and lipid metabolism, and are predicted with strong implications with Alzheimer's disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diarrhea. Our findings will significantly improve the current understanding of BAs' regulatory roles in human physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shentian Zhuang
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lirong Cai
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- E-mail:
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- E-mail:
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112
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Soares R, Ribeiro FF, Xapelli S, Genebra T, Ribeiro MF, Sebastião AM, Rodrigues CMP, Solá S. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Enhances Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Neural Stem Cell Pool, and Early Neurogenesis in Adult Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3725-3738. [PMID: 28534273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although neurogenesis occurs in restricted regions of the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) produce very few neurons during ageing or after injury. We have recently discovered that the endogenous bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial apoptosis and a neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, also enhances NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and neuronal conversion by improving mitochondrial integrity and function of NSCs. In the present study, we explore the effect of TUDCA on regulation of NSC fate in neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), using rat postnatal neurospheres and adult rats exposed to the bile acid. TUDCA significantly induced NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and neural differentiation in the SVZ, without affecting DG-derived NSCs. More importantly, expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins and mitochondrial antioxidant responses were significantly increased by TUDCA in SVZ-derived NSCs. Finally, intracerebroventricular administration of TUDCA in adult rats markedly enhanced both NSC proliferation and early differentiation in SVZ regions, corroborating in vitro data. Collectively, our results highlight a potential novel role for TUDCA in neurologic disorders associated with SVZ niche deterioration and impaired neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Soares
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Genebra
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria F Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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113
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Bose S, Cho J. Targeting chaperones, heat shock factor-1, and unfolded protein response: Promising therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:155-175. [PMID: 27702699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, which is known to cause several serious diseases, is an emerging field that addresses multiple therapeutic areas. Misfolding of a disease-specific protein in the central nervous system ultimately results in the formation of toxic aggregates that may accumulate in the brain, leading to neuronal cell death and dysfunction, and associated clinical manifestations. A large number of neurodegenerative diseases in humans, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases, are primarily caused by protein misfolding and aggregation. Notably, the cellular system is equipped with a protein quality control system encompassing chaperones, ubiquitin proteasome system, and autophagy, as a defense mechanism that monitors protein folding and eliminates inappropriately folded proteins. As the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of protein misfolding become more clearly understood, the novel therapeutic approaches in this arena are gaining considerable interest. The present review will describe the chaperones network and different approaches as the therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Current and emerging therapeutic approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases, addressing the roles of molecular, chemical, and pharmacological chaperones, as well as heat shock factor-1 and the unfolded protein response, are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhunath Bose
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
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114
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Song C, Wang B, Tan J, Zhu L, Lou D. Discovery of tauroursodeoxycholic acid biotransformation enzymes from the gut microbiome of black bears using metagenomics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45495. [PMID: 28436439 PMCID: PMC5402301 DOI: 10.1038/srep45495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) has been used to treat many diseases effectively. 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) are two key enzymes that drive the efficient biosynthesis of TUDCA from taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) in vitro. In this study, a metagenomic approach was used to isolate 7α- and 7β-HSDHs from fecal samples of black bears. Five new 7α-HSDHs and one new 7β-HSDH enzyme were discovered and identified from the gut microbiota of black bears, and four of them presented good enzymatic properties. Our data also suggest cooperation in the biotransformation of TUDCA by the gut microbiota in black bears. In conclusion, this work expands the natural enzyme bank of HSDHs, provides promising candidate enzymes for application in the biosynthesis TUDCA and the epimerization reaction of bile acids at the C-7 position, and provides a data set for the discovery of novel enzymes in the gut micriobiome of black bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Yanguas-Casás N, Barreda-Manso MA, Nieto-Sampedro M, Romero-Ramírez L. TUDCA: An Agonist of the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1/TGR5 With Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2231-2245. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - M. Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
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116
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Tauroursodeoxycholic bile acid arrests axonal degeneration by inhibiting the unfolded protein response in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:283-301. [PMID: 28004277 PMCID: PMC5250669 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the highly conserved unfolded protein response (UPR) is prominent in the pathogenesis of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which are classically characterized by an accumulation of aggregated or misfolded proteins. This activation is orchestrated by three endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensors: PERK, ATF6 and IRE1. These sensors transduce signals that induce the expression of the UPR gene programme. Here, we first identified an early activator of the UPR and investigated the role of a chronically activated UPR in the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a neurometabolic disorder that is caused by ABCD1 malfunction; ABCD1 transports very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into peroxisomes. The disease manifests as inflammatory demyelination in the brain or and/or degeneration of corticospinal tracts, thereby resulting in spastic paraplegia, with the accumulation of intracellular VLCFA instead of protein aggregates. Using X-ALD mouse model (Abcd1− and Abcd1−/Abcd2−/− mice) and X-ALD patient’s fibroblasts and brain samples, we discovered an early engagement of the UPR. The response was characterized by the activation of the PERK and ATF6 pathways, but not the IRE1 pathway, showing a difference from the models of AD, PD or ALS. Inhibition of PERK leads to the disruption of homeostasis and increased apoptosis during ER stress induced in X-ALD fibroblasts. Redox imbalance appears to be the mechanism that initiates ER stress in X-ALD. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the bile acid tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) abolishes UPR activation, which results in improvement of axonal degeneration and its associated locomotor impairment in Abcd1−/Abcd2−/− mice. Altogether, our preclinical data provide evidence for establishing the UPR as a key drug target in the pathogenesis cascade. Our study also highlights the potential role of TUDCA as a treatment for X-ALD and other axonopathies in which similar molecular mediators are implicated.
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Romero-Ramírez L, Nieto-Sampedro M, Yanguas-Casás N. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: more than just a neuroprotective bile conjugate. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:62-63. [PMID: 28250744 PMCID: PMC5319238 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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118
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Ackerman HD, Gerhard GS. Bile Acids in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:263. [PMID: 27920719 PMCID: PMC5118426 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, a structurally related group of molecules derived from cholesterol, have a long history as therapeutic agents in medicine, from treatment for primarily ocular diseases in ancient Chinese medicine to modern day use as approved drugs for certain liver diseases. Despite evidence supporting a neuroprotective role in a diverse spectrum of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including several small pilot clinical trials, little is known about their molecular mechanisms or their physiological roles in the nervous system. We review the data reported for their use as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and their underlying molecular basis. While data from cellular and animal models and clinical trials support potential efficacy to treat a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, the relevant bile acids, their origin, and the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which they confer neuroprotection are not known delaying translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Ackerman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yanguas-Casás N, Barreda-Manso MA, Pérez-Rial S, Nieto-Sampedro M, Romero-Ramírez L. TGFβ Contributes to the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid on an Animal Model of Acute Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6737-6749. [PMID: 27744574 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid conjugate tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a neuroprotective agent in various animal models of neuropathologies. We have previously shown the anti-inflammatory properties of TUDCA in an animal model of acute neuroinflammation. Here, we present a new anti-inflammatory mechanism of TUDCA through the regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway. The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intravenously (iv) on TGFβ reporter mice (Smad-binding element (SBE)/Tk-Luc) to study in their brains the real-time activation profile of the TGFβ pathway in a non-invasive way. The activation of the TGFβ pathway in the brain of SBE/Tk-Luc mice increased 24 h after LPS injection, compared to control animals. This activation peak increased further in mice treated with both LPS and TUDCA than in mice treated with LPS only. The enhanced TGFβ activation in mice treated with LPS and TUDCA correlated with both an increase in TGFβ3 transcript in mouse brain and an increase in TGFβ3 immunoreactivity in microglia/macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons. Inhibition of the TGFβ receptor with SB431542 drug reverted the effect of TUDCA on microglia/macrophages activation and on TGFβ3 immunoreactivity. Under inflammatory conditions, treatment with TUDCA enhanced further the activation of TGFβ pathway in mouse brain and increased the expression of TGFβ3. Therefore, the induction of TGFβ3 by TUDCA might act as a positive feedback, increasing the initial activation of the TGFβ pathway by the inflammatory stimulus. Our findings provide proof-of-concept that TGFβ contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect of TUDCA under neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural. Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural. Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Rial
- Laboratorio de Neumología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERES, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural. Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neural. Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Protects Against Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death via Mitophagy in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6107-6119. [PMID: 27699602 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been deeply implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, to keep a healthy mitochondrial population, a balanced mitochondrial turnover must be achieved. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is neuroprotective in various neurodegenerative disease models; however, the mechanisms involved are still incompletely characterized. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective role of TUDCA against mitochondrial damage triggered by the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophelyhydrazone (CCCP). Herein, we show that TUDCA significantly prevents CCCP-induced cell death, ROS generation, and mitochondrial damage. Our results indicate that the neuroprotective role of TUDCA in this cell model is mediated by parkin and depends on mitophagy. The demonstration that pharmacological up-regulation of mitophagy by TUDCA prevents neurodegeneration provides new insights for the use of TUDCA as a modulator of mitochondrial activity and turnover, with implications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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121
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McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Effects of bile acids on neurological function and disease. FASEB J 2016; 30:3658-3668. [PMID: 27468758 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600275r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol and are known to be involved with the emulsification and digestion of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Outside of this role, bile acids can act as cell signaling effectors through binding and activating receptors on both the cell membrane and nucleus. Numerous reports have investigated these signaling pathways in conditions where the liver is damaged. More recently, effort has been made to investigate the role of bile acids in diseases outside of those associated with liver damage. This review summarizes recent findings on the influences that bile acids can exert in normal neurological function and their contribution to diseases of the nervous system, with the intent of highlighting the role of these metabolites as potential players in neurological disorders.-McMillin, M., DeMorrow, S. Effects of bile acids on neurological function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA; and.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA; and .,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA
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122
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Protein aggregation and ER stress. Brain Res 2016; 1648:658-666. [PMID: 27037184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a common feature of the protein misfolding or conformational diseases, among them most of the neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are a major scourge, with scarce if any effective therapies at present. Recent research has identified ER stress as a major mechanism implicated in cytotoxicity in these diseases. Whether amyloid-β or tau in Alzheimer's, α-synuclein in Parkinson's, huntingtin in Huntington's disease or other aggregation-prone proteins in many other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a shared pathway of oligomerization and aggregation into amyloid fibrils. There is increasing evidence in recent years that the toxic species, and those that evoke ER stress, are the intermediate oligomeric forms and not the final amyloid aggregates. This review focuses on recent findings on the mechanisms and importance of the development of ER stress upon protein aggregation, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, and possible therapeutic approaches that are being examined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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123
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Gronbeck KR, Rodrigues CMP, Mahmoudi J, Bershad EM, Ling G, Bachour SP, Divani AA. Application of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid for Treatment of Neurological and Non-neurological Diseases: Is There a Potential for Treating Traumatic Brain Injury? Neurocrit Care 2016; 25:153-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-015-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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124
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Killing Me Softly: Connotations to Unfolded Protein Response and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1805304. [PMID: 26881014 PMCID: PMC4736771 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1805304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the possible causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, underlying molecular mechanisms of this malfunction, possible causes and known consequences of APP, Aβ, and hyperphosphorylated tau presence in mitochondria, and the contribution of altered lipid metabolism (nonsterol isoprenoids) to pathological processes leading to increased formation and accumulation of the aforementioned hallmarks of AD. Abnormal protein folding and unfolded protein response seem to be the outcomes of impaired glycosylation due to metabolic disturbances in geranylgeraniol intermediary metabolism. The origin and consecutive fate of APP, Aβ, and tau are emphasized on intracellular trafficking apparently influenced by inaccurate posttranslational modifications. We hypothesize that incorrect intracellular processing of APP determines protein translocation to mitochondria in AD. Similarly, without obvious reasons, the passage of Aβ and tau to mitochondria is observed. APP targeted to mitochondria blocks the activity of protein translocase complex resulting in poor import of proteins central to oxidative phosphorylation. Besides, APP, Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles of tau directly or indirectly impair mitochondrial biochemistry and bioenergetics, with concomitant generation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Limited protective mechanisms are inadequate to prevent the free radical-mediated lesions. Finally, neuronal loss is observed in AD-affected brains typically by pathologic apoptosis.
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125
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Ji Q, Tan J, Zhu L, Lou D, Wang B. Preparing tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) using a double-enzyme-coupled system. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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126
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Bile Acids Reduce Prion Conversion, Reduce Neuronal Loss, and Prolong Male Survival in Models of Prion Disease. J Virol 2015; 89:7660-72. [PMID: 25972546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01165-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its aberrant infectious form (PrPSc). There is no treatment available for these diseases. The bile acids tauroursodeoxycholic acid(TUDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) have been recently shown to be neuroprotective in other protein misfolding disease models, including Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and also in humans with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Here, we studied the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds in prion disease. We demonstrated that TUDCA and UDCA substantially reduced PrP conversion in cell-free aggregation assays, as well as in chronically and acutely infected cell cultures. This effect was mediated through reduction of PrPSc seeding ability, rather than an effect on PrPC. We also demonstrated the ability of TUDCA and UDCA to reduce neuronal loss in prion-infected cerebellar slice cultures. UDCA treatment reduced astrocytosis and prolonged survival in RML prion-infected mice. Interestingly, these effects were limited to the males, implying a gender-specific difference in drug metabolism. Beyond effects on PrPSc, we found that levels of phosphorylated eIF2 were increased at early time points, with correlated reductions in postsynaptic density protein 95. As demonstrated for other neurodegenerative diseases, we now show that TUDCA and UDCA may have a therapeutic role in prion diseases, with effects on both prion conversion and neuroprotection. Our findings, together with the fact that these natural compounds are orally bioavailable, permeable to the blood-brain barrier, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in humans, make these compounds promising alternatives for the treatment of prion diseases. IMPORTANCE Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are transmissible to humans and other mammals. There are no disease-modifying therapies available, despite decades of research. Treatment targets have included inhibition of protein accumulation,clearance of toxic aggregates, and prevention of downstream neurodegeneration. No one target may be sufficient; rather, compounds which have a multimodal mechanism, acting on different targets, would be ideal. TUDCA and UDCA are bile acids that may fulfill this dual role. Previous studies have demonstrated their neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative disease models, and we now demonstrate that this effect occurs in prion disease, with an added mechanistic target of upstream prion seeding. Importantly, these are natural compounds which are orally bioavailable, permeable to the blood-brain barrier, and U.S.Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in humans with primary biliary cirrhosis. They have recently been proven efficacious in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, these compounds are promising options for the treatment of prion diseases.
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Fernández-Sánchez L, Lax P, Noailles A, Angulo A, Maneu V, Cuenca N. Natural Compounds from Saffron and Bear Bile Prevent Vision Loss and Retinal Degeneration. Molecules 2015; 20:13875-93. [PMID: 26263962 PMCID: PMC6332441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All retinal disorders, regardless of their aetiology, involve the activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis pathways. The administration of neuroprotective factors is crucial in all phases of the pathology, even when vision has been completely lost. The retina is one of the most susceptible tissues to reactive oxygen species damage. On the other hand, proper development and functioning of the retina requires a precise balance between the processes of proliferation, differentiation and programmed cell death. The life-or-death decision seems to be the result of a complex balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals. It has been recently shown the efficacy of natural products to slow retinal degenerative process through different pathways. In this review, we assess the neuroprotective effect of two compounds used in the ancient pharmacopoeia. On one hand, it has been demonstrated that administration of the saffron constituent safranal to P23H rats, an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa, preserves photoreceptor morphology and number, the capillary network and the visual response. On the other hand, it has been shown that systemic administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), the major component of bear bile, to P23H rats preserves cone and rod structure and function, together with their contact with postsynaptic neurons. The neuroprotective effects of safranal and TUDCA make these compounds potentially useful for therapeutic applications in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Pedro Lax
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Agustina Noailles
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Antonia Angulo
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
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128
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Zhang HR, Peng JH, Cheng XB, Shi BZ, Zhang MY, Xu RX. Paeoniflorin Atttenuates Amyloidogenesis and the Inflammatory Responses in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1583-92. [PMID: 26068144 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the inflammatory response in response to amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Previous studies have suggested that paeoniflorin (PF) shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in inflammation-related diseases. However, the impacts of PF on AD have not been investigated. In the present study, we showed that a 4-week treatment with PF could significantly inhibit Aβ burden, Aβ-induced over activation of astrocytes and microglia, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. In addition, we demonstrated that chronic treatment with PF inhibited the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and reversed neuroinflammtory-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Moreover, PF exerted inhibitory effects on NALP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, and IL-1β. Collectively, in the present study, we demonstrated that PF exhibits neuroprotective effects in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice via inhibiting neuroinflammation mediated by the GSK-3β and NF-κB signaling pathways and nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome. Thus, these results suggest that PF might be useful to intervene in development or progression of neurodegeneration in AD through its anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ri Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
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129
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Zhang MY, Zheng CY, Zou MM, Zhu JW, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu CF, Li QF, Xiao ZC, Li S, Ma QH, Xu RX. Lamotrigine attenuates deficits in synaptic plasticity and accumulation of amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2713-2725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Amyloid-β pathology is attenuated by tauroursodeoxycholic acid treatment in APP/PS1 mice after disease onset. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:228-40. [PMID: 25443293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder hallmarked by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated tau, as well as chronic neuroinflammation. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous anti-apoptotic bile acid with potent neuroprotective properties in several experimental models of AD. We have previously reported the therapeutic efficacy of TUDCA treatment before amyloid plaque deposition in APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of TUDCA when administrated after the onset of amyloid pathology. APP/PS1 transgenic mice with 7 months of age were injected intraperitoneally with TUDCA (500 mg/kg) every 3 days for 3 months. TUDCA treatment significantly attenuated Aβ deposition in the brain, with a concomitant decrease in Aβ₁₋₄₀ and Aβ₁₋₄₂ levels. The amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein was also reduced, indicating that TUDCA interferes with Aβ production. In addition, TUDCA abrogated GSK3β hyperactivity, which is highly implicated in tau hyperphosphorylation and glial activation. This effect was likely dependent on the specific activation of the upstream kinase, Akt. Finally, TUDCA treatment decreased glial activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA expression, while partially rescuing synaptic loss. Overall, our results suggest that TUDCA is a promising therapeutic strategy not only for prevention but also for treatment of AD after disease onset.
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131
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Plácido A, Pereira C, Duarte A, Candeias E, Correia S, Santos R, Carvalho C, Cardoso S, Oliveira C, Moreira P. The role of endoplasmic reticulum in amyloid precursor protein processing and trafficking: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1444-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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132
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Vang S, Longley K, Steer CJ, Low WC. The Unexpected Uses of Urso- and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in the Treatment of Non-liver Diseases. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:58-69. [PMID: 24891994 PMCID: PMC4030606 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a US Food and Drug Administration–approved hydrophilic bile acid for the treatment of certain cholestatic liver diseases. There is a growing body of research on the mechanism(s) of TUDCA and its potential therapeutic effect on a wide variety of non-liver diseases. Both UDCA and TUDCA are potent inhibitors of apoptosis, in part by interfering with the upstream mitochondrial pathway of cell death, inhibiting oxygen-radical production, reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and stabilizing the unfolded protein response (UPR). Several studies have demonstrated that TUDCA serves as an anti-apoptotic agent for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. In addition, TUDCA plays an important role in protecting against cell death in certain retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa. It has been shown to reduce ER stress associated with elevated glucose levels in diabetes by inhibiting caspase activation, up-regulating the UPR, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Obesity, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, and a long list of acute and chronic non-liver diseases associated with apoptosis are all potential therapeutic targets for T/UDCA. A growing number of pre-clinical and clinical studies underscore the potential benefit of this simple, naturally occurring bile acid, which has been used in Chinese medicine for more than 3000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Vang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Ms Vang), United States
| | - Katie Longley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Ms Longley), United States
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota (Dr Steer), United States
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota (Dr Low), United States
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133
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Cortez L, Sim V. The therapeutic potential of chemical chaperones in protein folding diseases. Prion 2014; 8:28938. [PMID: 24818993 DOI: 10.4161/pri.28938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases are caused by defects in protein folding, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and prion diseases. Once a disease-specific protein misfolds, it can then form toxic aggregates which accumulate in the brain, leading to neuronal dysfunction, cell death, and clinical symptoms. Although significant advances have been made toward understanding the mechanisms of protein aggregation, there are no curative treatments for any of these diseases. Since protein misfolding and the accumulation of aggregates are the most upstream events in the pathological cascade, rescuing or stabilizing the native conformations of proteins is an obvious therapeutic strategy. In recent years, small molecules known as chaperones have been shown to be effective in reducing levels of misfolded proteins, thus minimizing the accumulation of aggregates and their downstream pathological consequences. Chaperones are classified as molecular, pharmacological, or chemical. In this mini-review we summarize the modes of action of different chemical chaperones and discuss evidence for their efficacy in the treatment of protein folding diseases in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cortez
- Department of Medicine - Division of Neurology; Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Valerie Sim
- Department of Medicine - Division of Neurology; Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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134
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Chen Y, Jastrzebska B, Cao P, Zhang J, Wang B, Sun W, Yuan Y, Feng Z, Palczewski K. Inherent instability of the retinitis pigmentosa P23H mutant opsin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9288-303. [PMID: 24515108 PMCID: PMC3979360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The P23H opsin mutation is the most common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Even though the pathobiology of the resulting retinal degeneration has been characterized in several animal models, its complex molecular mechanism is not well understood. Here, we expressed P23H bovine rod opsin in the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Expression was low due to enhanced protein degradation. The mutant opsin was glycosylated, but the polysaccharide size differed from that of the normal protein. Although P23H opsin aggregated in the nervous system of C. elegans, the pharmacological chaperone 9-cis-retinal stabilized it during biogenesis, producing a variant of rhodopsin called P23H isorhodopsin. In vitro, P23H isorhodopsin folded correctly, formed the appropriate disulfide bond, could be photoactivated but with reduced sensitivity, and underwent Meta II decay at a rate similar to wild type isorhodopsin. In worm neurons, P23H isorhodopsin initiated phototransduction by coupling with the endogenous Gi/o signaling cascade that induced loss of locomotion. Using pharmacological interventions affecting protein synthesis and degradation, we showed that the chromophore could be incorporated either during or after mutant protein translation. However, regeneration of P23H isorhodopsin with chromophore was significantly slower than that of wild type isorhodopsin. This effect, combined with the inherent instability of P23H rhodopsin, could lead to the structural cellular changes and photoreceptor death found in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. These results also suggest that slow regeneration of P23H rhodopsin could prevent endogenous chromophore-mediated stabilization of rhodopsin in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benlian Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965 and
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Polgenix Inc., Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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135
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Jung JI, Ladd TB, Kukar T, Price AR, Moore BD, Koo EH, Golde TE, Felsenstein KM. Steroids as γ-secretase modulators. FASEB J 2013; 27:3775-85. [PMID: 23716494 PMCID: PMC3752532 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and accumulation of Aβ42 play an initiating role in Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, selective lowering of Aβ42 by γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remains a promising approach to AD therapy. Based on evidence suggesting that steroids may influence Aβ production, we screened 170 steroids at 10 μM for effects on Aβ42 secreted from human APP-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Many acidic steroids lowered Aβ42, whereas many nonacidic steroids actually raised Aβ42. Studies on the more potent compounds showed that Aβ42-lowering steroids were bonafide GSMs and Aβ42-raising steroids were inverse GSMs. The most potent steroid GSM identified was 5β-cholanic acid (EC50=5.7 μM; its endogenous analog lithocholic acid was virtually equipotent), and the most potent inverse GSM identified was 4-androsten-3-one-17β-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (EC50=6.25 μM). In addition, we found that both estrogen and progesterone are weak inverse GSMs with further complex effects on APP processing. These data suggest that certain endogenous steroids may have the potential to act as GSMs and add to the evidence that cholesterol, cholesterol metabolites, and other steroids may play a role in modulating Aβ production and thus risk for AD. They also indicate that acidic steroids might serve as potential therapeutic leads for drug optimization/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Ashleigh R. Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brenda D. Moore
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin M. Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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136
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Goldberg AA, Titorenko VI, Beach A, Sanderson JT. Bile acids induce apoptosis selectively in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. PeerJ 2013; 1:e122. [PMID: 23940835 PMCID: PMC3740138 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent age-related disease in North America, accounting for about 15% of all diagnosed cancers. We have previously identified lithocholic acid (LCA) as a potential chemotherapeutic compound that selectively kills neuroblastoma cells while sparing normal human neurons. Now, we report that LCA inhibits the proliferation of androgen-dependent (AD) LNCaP prostate cancer cells and that LCA is the most potent bile acid with respect to inducing apoptosis in LNCaP as well as androgen-independent (AI) PC-3 cells, without killing RWPE-1 immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells. In LNCaP and PC-3 cells, LCA triggered the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and cell death induced by LCA was partially dependent on the activation of caspase-8 and -3. Moreover, LCA increased cleavage of Bid and Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and activation of caspase-9. The cytotoxic actions of LCA occurred despite the inability of this bile acid to enter the prostate cancer cells with about 98% of the nominal test concentrations present in the extracellular culture medium. With our findings, we provide evidence to support a mechanism of action underlying the broad anticancer activity of LCA in various human tissues.
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137
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Trushina E, Mielke MM. Recent advances in the application of metabolomics to Alzheimer's Disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:1232-9. [PMID: 23816564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) begin decades before the emergence of clinical symptoms. Understanding the early mechanisms associated with AD pathology is, therefore, especially important for identifying disease-modifying therapeutic targets. While the majority of AD clinical trials to date have focused on anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) treatments, other therapeutic approaches may be necessary. The ability to monitor changes in cellular networks that include both Aβ and non-Aβ pathways is essential to advance our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of AD and subsequent development of cognitive symptoms and dementia. Metabolomics is a powerful tool that detects perturbations in the metabolome, a pool of metabolites that reflects changes downstream of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic fluctuations, and represents an accurate biochemical profile of the organism in health and disease. The application of metabolomics could help to identify biomarkers for early AD diagnosis, to discover novel therapeutic targets, and to monitor therapeutic response and disease progression. Moreover, given the considerable parallel between mouse and human metabolism, the use of metabolomics provides ready translation of animal research into human studies for accelerated drug design. In this review, we will summarize current progress in the application of metabolomics in both animal models and in humans to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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138
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Potential for therapeutic manipulation of the UPR in disease. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:351-73. [PMID: 23572207 PMCID: PMC3641308 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the activated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling associated with it play key roles in physiological processes as well as under pathological conditions. The UPR normally protects cells and re-establishes cellular homeostasis, but prolonged UPR activation can lead to the development of various pathologies. These features make the UPR signaling pathway an attractive target for the treatment of diseases whose pathogenesis is characterized by chronic activation of this pathway. Here, we focus on the molecular signaling pathways of the UPR and suggest possible ways to target this response for therapeutic purposes.
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139
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Simões AES, Pereira DM, Amaral JD, Nunes AF, Gomes SE, Rodrigues PM, Lo AC, D'Hooge R, Steer CJ, Thibodeau SN, Borralho PM, Rodrigues CMP. Efficient recovery of proteins from multiple source samples after TRIzol(®) or TRIzol(®)LS RNA extraction and long-term storage. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:181. [PMID: 23496794 PMCID: PMC3620933 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simultaneous isolation of nucleic acids and proteins from a single biological sample facilitates meaningful data interpretation and reduces time, cost and sampling errors. This is particularly relevant for rare human and animal specimens, often scarce, and/or irreplaceable. TRIzol® and TRIzol®LS are suitable for simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from the same biological sample. These reagents are widely used for RNA and/or DNA isolation, while reports on their use for protein extraction are limited, attributable to technical difficulties in protein solubilisation. Results TRIzol®LS was used for RNA isolation from 284 human colon cancer samples, including normal colon mucosa, tubulovillous adenomas, and colon carcinomas with proficient and deficient mismatch repair system. TRIzol® was used for RNA isolation from human colon cancer cells, from brains of transgenic Alzheimer’s disease mice model, and from cultured mouse cortical neurons. Following RNA extraction, the TRIzol®-chloroform fractions from human colon cancer samples and from mouse hippocampus and frontal cortex were stored for 2 years and 3 months, respectively, at −80°C until used for protein isolation. Simple modifications to the TRIzol® manufacturer’s protocol, including Urea:SDS solubilization and sonication, allowed improved protein recovery yield compared to the TRIzol® manufacturer’s protocol. Following SDS-PAGE and Ponceau and Coomassie staining, recovered proteins displayed wide molecular weight range and staining pattern comparable to those obtainable with commonly used protein extraction protocols. We also show that nuclear and cytosolic proteins can be easily extracted and detected by immunoblotting, and that posttranslational modifications, such as protein phosphorylation, are detectable in proteins recovered from TRIzol®-chloroform fractions stored for up to 2 years at −80°C. Conclusions We provide a novel approach to improve protein recovery from samples processed for nucleic acid extraction with TRIzol® and TRIzol®LS compared to the manufacturer`s protocol, allowing downstream immunoblotting and evaluation of steady-state relative protein expression levels. The method was validated in large sets of samples from multiple sources, including human colon cancer and brains of transgenic Alzheimer’s disease mice model, stored in TRIzol®-chloroform for up to two years. Collectively, we provide a faster and cheaper alternative to the TRIzol® manufacturer`s protein extraction protocol, illustrating the high relevance, and wide applicability, of the present protein isolation method for the immunoblot evaluation of steady-state relative protein expression levels in samples from multiple sources, and following prolonged storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E S Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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140
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Qiu W, Wee K, Takeda K, Lim X, Sugii S, Radda GK, Han W. Suppression of adipogenesis by pathogenic seipin mutant is associated with inflammatory response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57874. [PMID: 23520483 PMCID: PMC3592919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While pathogenic mutations in BSCL2/Seipin cause congenital generalized lipodystrophy, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether and how the pathogenic missense A212P mutation of Seipin (Seipin-A212P) inhibits adipogenesis. Methodology/Results We analyzed gene expression and lipid accumulation in stable 3T3-L1 cell lines expressing wild type (3T3-WT), non-lipodystrophic mutants N88S (3T3-N88S) and S90L (3T3-S90L), or lipodystrophic mutant A212P Seipin (3T3-A212P). When treated with adipogenic cocktail, 3T3-WT, 3T3-N88S and 3T3-S90L cells exhibited proper differentiation into mature adipocytes, indistinguishable from control 3T3-L1 cells. In contrast, adipogenesis was significantly impaired in 3T3-A212P cells. The defective adipogenesis in 3T3-A212P cells could be partially rescued by either PPARγ agonist or PPARγ overexpression. Gene expression profiling by microarray revealed that inhibition of adipogenesis was associated with activation of inflammatory genes including IL-6 and iNOS. We further demonstrated that Seipin-A212P expression at pre-differentiation stages significantly activated inflammatory responses by using an inducible expression system. The inflammation-associated inhibition of adipogenesis could be rescued by treatment with anti-inflammatory agents. Conclusions These results suggest that pathogenic Seipin-A212P inhibits adipogenesis and the inhibition is associated with activation of inflammatory pathways at pre-differentiation stages. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs may be a potential strategy for the treatment of lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kenneth Wee
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kosuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuemei Lim
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shigeki Sugii
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail: (WH) (SS); (SS) (WH)
| | - George K. Radda
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail: (WH) (SS); (SS) (WH)
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141
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Lo AC, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Nunes AF, Rodrigues CMP, D'Hooge R. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) supplementation prevents cognitive impairment and amyloid deposition in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:21-9. [PMID: 22974733 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease hallmarked by extracellular Aβ(1-42) containing plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Progressively, memory deficits and cognitive disabilities start to occur as these hallmarks affect hippocampus and frontal cortex, regions highly involved in memory. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression, which is high in the vicinity of Aβ plaques and NFTs, was found to influence γ-secretase activity, the molecular crux in Aβ(1-42) production. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous bile acid that downregulates CTGF expression in hepatocytes and has been shown to possess therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative models. To investigate the possible in vivo therapeutic effects of TUDCA, we provided 0.4% TUDCA-supplemented food to APP/PS1 mice, a well-established AD mouse model. Six months of TUDCA supplementation prevented the spatial, recognition and contextual memory defects observed in APP/PS1 mice at 8 months of age. Furthermore, TUDCA-supplemented APP/PS1 mice displayed reduced hippocampal and prefrontal amyloid deposition. These effects of TUDCA supplementation suggest a novel mechanistic route for Alzheimer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Lo
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Viana RJS, Nunes AF, Rodrigues CMP. Endoplasmic reticulum enrollment in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:522-34. [PMID: 22815194 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a huge challenge for society and health care worldwide as molecular pathogenesis of the disease is poorly understood and curative treatment does not exist. The mechanisms leading to accelerated neuronal cell death in AD are still largely unknown, but accumulation of misfolded disease-specific proteins has been identified as potentially involved. In the present review, we describe the essential role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in AD. Despite the function that mitochondria may play as the central major player in the apoptotic process, accumulating evidence highlights ER as a critical organelle in AD. Stress that impairs ER physiology leads to accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, such as amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, the major component of amyloid plaques. In an attempt to ameliorate the accumulation of unfolded proteins, ER stress triggers a protective cellular mechanism, which includes the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, when activation of the UPR is severe or prolonged enough, the final cellular outcome is pathologic apoptotic cell death. Distinct pathways can be activated in this process, involving stress sensors such as the JNK pathway or ER chaperones such as Bip/GRP94, stress modulators such as Bcl-2 family proteins, or even stress effectors such as caspase-12. Here, we detail the involvement of the ER and associated stress pathways in AD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J S Viana
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal
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Castro-Caldas M, Carvalho AN, Rodrigues E, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Rodrigues CMP, Gama MJ. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Prevents MPTP-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Death in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:475-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tauroursodeoxycholic acid suppresses amyloid β-induced synaptic toxicity in vitro and in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:551-61. [PMID: 22621777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synapses are considered the earliest site of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, where synapse density is reduced, and synaptic loss is highly correlated with cognitive impairment. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) has been shown to be neuroprotective in several models of AD, including neuronal exposure to amyloid β (Aβ) and amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) double-transgenic mice. Here, we show that TUDCA modulates synaptic deficits induced by Aβ in vitro. Specifically, TUDCA reduced the downregulation of the postsynaptic marker postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and the decrease in spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) frequency, while increasing the number of dendritic spines. This contributed to the induction of more robust and synaptically efficient neurons, reflected in inhibition of neuronal death. In vivo, TUDCA treatment of APP/PS1 mice abrogated the decrease in PSD-95 reactivity in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results expand the neuroprotective role of TUDCA to a synaptic level, further supporting the use of this molecule as a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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