101
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Volatile organic metabolites identify patients with breast cancer, cyclomastopathy, and mammary gland fibroma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5383. [PMID: 24947160 PMCID: PMC4064322 DOI: 10.1038/srep05383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cancer and volatile organic metabolites in exhaled breaths has attracted increasing attention from researchers. The present study reports on a systematic study of gas profiles of metabolites in human exhaled breath by pattern recognition methods. Exhaled breath was collected from 85 patients with histologically confirmed breast disease (including 39 individuals with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, 25 individuals with cyclomastopathy and from 21 individuals with mammary gland fibroma) and 45 healthy volunteers. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to process the final data. The volatile organic metabolites exhibited significant differences between breast cancer and normal controls, breast cancer and cyclomastopathy, and breast cancer and mammary gland fibroma; 21, 6, and 8 characteristic metabolites played decisive roles in sample classification, respectively (P < 0.05). Three volatile organic metabolites in the exhaled air, 2,5,6-trimethyloctane, 1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-butanediol, and cyclohexanone, distinguished breast cancer patients from healthy individuals, mammary gland fibroma patients, and patients with cyclomastopathy (P < 0.05). The identified three volatile organic metabolites associated with breast cancer may serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers.
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102
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Filipiak W, Filipiak A, Sponring A, Schmid T, Zelger B, Ager C, Klodzinska E, Denz H, Pizzini A, Lucciarini P, Jamnig H, Troppmair J, Amann A. Comparative analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from patients, tumors and transformed cell lines for the validation of lung cancer-derived breath markers. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027111. [PMID: 24862102 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis for the purpose of non-invasive diagnosis of lung cancer has yielded numerous candidate compounds with still questionable clinical relevance. To arrive at suitable volatile organic compounds our approach combined the analysis of different sources: isolated tumor samples compared to healthy lung tissues, and exhaled breath from lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Candidate compounds were further compared to substances previously identified in the comparison of transformed and normal lung epithelial cell lines. For human studies, a breath sampling device was developed enabling automated and CO2-controlled collection of the end-tidal air. All samples were first preconcentrated on multibed sorption tubes and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations in all three types of cancer samples studied were observed for ethanol and n-octane. Additional metabolites (inter alia 2-methylpentane, n-hexane) significantly released by lung cancer cells were observed at higher levels in cancer lung tissues and breath samples (compared to respective healthy controls) with statistical significance (p < 0.05) only in breath samples. The results obtained confirmed the cancer-related origin of volatile metabolites, e.g. ethanol and octane that were both detected at significantly (p < 0.05) elevated concentrations in all three kinds of cancer samples studied. This work is an important step towards identification of volatile breath markers of lung cancer through the demonstration of cancer-related origin of certain volatile metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Filipiak
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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103
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Kalluri U, Naiker M, Myers MA. Cell culture metabolomics in the diagnosis of lung cancer-the influence of cell culture conditions. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027109. [PMID: 24861817 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Unfortunately, lung cancer is often diagnosed only when it becomes symptomatic or at an advanced stage when few treatment options are available. Hence, a diagnostic test suitable for screening widespread populations is required to enable earlier diagnosis. Analysis of exhaled breath provides a non-invasive method for early detection of lung cancer. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by various mass spectral techniques has identified potential biomarkers of disease. Nevertheless, the metabolic origins and the disease specificity of VOCs need further elucidation. Cell culture metabolomics can be used as a bottom-up approach to identify biomarkers of pathological conditions and can also be used to study the metabolic pathways that produce such compounds. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of lung cancer biomarkers in exhaled breath and emphasizes the critical role of cell culture conditions in determining the VOCs produced in vitro. Hypoxic culture conditions more closely mimic the conditions of cancer cell growth in vivo. We propose that since hypoxia influences cell metabolism and so potentially the VOCs that the cancer cells produce, the cell culture metabolomics projects should consider culturing cancer cells in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kalluri
- Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria 3350, Australia
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104
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Asimakopoulos AD, Del Fabbro D, Miano R, Santonico M, Capuano R, Pennazza G, D'Amico A, Finazzi-Agrò E. Prostate cancer diagnosis through electronic nose in the urine headspace setting: a pilot study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 17:206-11. [PMID: 24686772 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of prostate cancer (PCa) detection by the electronic nose (EN) on human urine samples. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from candidates of prostate biopsy (PB). Exclusion criteria were a history of urothelial carcinoma or other malignant disease, urine infection, fasting for <12 h before PB or ingestion of alcohol or foods that might alter the urine smell in the last 24 h. The initial part of the voided urine and the midstream were collected separately in two sterile containers. Both samples were analyzed by the EN immediately after the collection. All patients underwent a standard transperineal, transrectal-ultrasound-guided PB. The pathological results were compared with the outcomes of the EN. Sensitivity and specificity of EN were assessed. RESULTS Forty-one men were included in the study. Fourteen out of the 41 patients were positive for PCa. Midstream urine did not correlate significantly neither with a positive nor with a negative PB. Instead, significantly different results on the initial part of the urine stream between positive and negative PBs were obtained. The EN correctly recognized 10 out of the 14 cases (that is, sensitivity 71.4% (confidence interval (CI) 42-92%)) of PCa while four were false negatives. Moreover, the device recognized as negative 25 out of the 27 (that is, specificity 92.6% (CI 76-99%)) samples of negative PBs, with only two false positives. CONCLUSIONS We believe this is the first demonstration of an olfactory imprinting of the initial part of the urine stream in patients with PCa that was revealed by an EN, with high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Asimakopoulos
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata-Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy
| | - D Del Fabbro
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R Miano
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M Santonico
- Center for Integrated Research-CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - R Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G Pennazza
- Center for Integrated Research-CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Amico
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - E Finazzi-Agrò
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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105
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Phillips M, Beatty JD, Cataneo RN, Huston J, Kaplan PD, Lalisang RI, Lambin P, Lobbes MBI, Mundada M, Pappas N, Patel U. Rapid point-of-care breath test for biomarkers of breast cancer and abnormal mammograms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90226. [PMID: 24599224 PMCID: PMC3943910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath as biomarkers of breast cancer and abnormal mammograms, apparently resulting from increased oxidative stress and cytochrome p450 induction. We evaluated a six-minute point-of-care breath test for VOC biomarkers in women screened for breast cancer at centers in the USA and the Netherlands. Methods 244 women had a screening mammogram (93/37 normal/abnormal) or a breast biopsy (cancer/no cancer 35/79). A mobile point-of-care system collected and concentrated breath and air VOCs for analysis with gas chromatography and surface acoustic wave detection. Chromatograms were segmented into a time series of alveolar gradients (breath minus room air). Segmental alveolar gradients were ranked as candidate biomarkers by C-statistic value (area under curve [AUC] of receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve). Multivariate predictive algorithms were constructed employing significant biomarkers identified with multiple Monte Carlo simulations and cross validated with a leave-one-out (LOO) procedure. Results Performance of breath biomarker algorithms was determined in three groups: breast cancer on biopsy versus normal screening mammograms (81.8% sensitivity, 70.0% specificity, accuracy 79% (73% on LOO) [C-statistic value], negative predictive value 99.9%); normal versus abnormal screening mammograms (86.5% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity, accuracy 83%, 62% on LOO); and cancer versus no cancer on breast biopsy (75.8% sensitivity, 74.0% specificity, accuracy 78%, 67% on LOO). Conclusions A pilot study of a six-minute point-of-care breath test for volatile biomarkers accurately identified women with breast cancer and with abnormal mammograms. Breath testing could potentially reduce the number of needless mammograms without loss of diagnostic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phillips
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. David Beatty
- Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Renee N. Cataneo
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jan Huston
- HackensackUMC Mountainside, Montclair, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kaplan
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roy I. Lalisang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc B. I. Lobbes
- Department of Radiology, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mayur Mundada
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nadine Pappas
- Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Urvish Patel
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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106
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Clinical application of volatile organic compound analysis for detecting infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 26:462-75. [PMID: 23824368 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article introduces the significance of testing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in clinical samples and summarizes important features of some of the technologies. Compared to other human diseases such as cancer, studies on VOC analysis in cases of infectious diseases are limited. Here, we have described results of studies which have used some of the appropriate technologies to evaluate VOC biomarkers and biomarker profiles associated with infections. The publications reviewed include important infections of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and nasal cavity. The results highlight the use of VOC biomarker profiles resulting from certain infectious diseases in discriminating between infected and healthy subjects. Infection-related VOC profiles measured in exhaled breath as well as from headspaces of feces or urine samples are a source of information with respect to disease detection. The volatiles emitted in clinical matrices may on the one hand represent metabolites of the infecting pathogen or on the other hand reflect pathogen-induced host responses or, indeed, a combination of both. Because exhaled-breath samples are easy to collect and online instruments are commercially available, VOC analysis in exhaled breath appears to be a promising tool for noninvasive detection and monitoring of infectious diseases.
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107
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Strauch M, Lüdke A, Münch D, Laudes T, Galizia CG, Martinelli E, Lavra L, Paolesse R, Ulivieri A, Catini A, Capuano R, Di Natale C. More than apples and oranges--detecting cancer with a fruit fly's antenna. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3576. [PMID: 24389870 PMCID: PMC3880960 DOI: 10.1038/srep03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells and non-cancer cells differ in their metabolism and they emit distinct volatile compound profiles, allowing to recognise cancer cells by their scent. Insect odorant receptors are excellent chemosensors with high sensitivity and a broad receptive range unmatched by current gas sensors. We thus investigated the potential of utilising the fruit fly's olfactory system to detect cancer cells. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we recorded an array of olfactory receptor neurons on the fruit fly's antenna. We performed multidimensional analysis of antenna responses, finding that cell volatiles from different cell types lead to characteristic response vectors. The distances between these response vectors are conserved across flies and can be used to discriminate healthy mammary epithelial cells from different types of breast cancer cells. This may expand the repertoire of clinical diagnostics, and it is the first step towards electronic noses equipped with biological sensors, integrating artificial and biological olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strauch
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2]
| | - Alja Lüdke
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2]
| | - Daniel Münch
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2]
| | - Thomas Laudes
- Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - C Giovanni Galizia
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2] Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Lavra
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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108
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Yan Y, Wang Q, Li W, Zhao Z, Yuan X, Huang Y, Duan Y. Discovery of potential biomarkers in exhaled breath for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC-MS with metabolomics. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight breath biomarkers of T2DM were discovered by a new SPME-GC-MS based metabolic profiling tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyue Yan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- College of Life Sciences
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
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Amann A, Miekisch W, Schubert J, Buszewski B, Ligor T, Jezierski T, Pleil J, Risby T. Analysis of exhaled breath for disease detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:455-482. [PMID: 25014347 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a young field of research with great clinical potential. As a result of this interest, researchers have developed new analytical techniques that permit real-time analysis of exhaled breath with breath-to-breath resolution in addition to the conventional central laboratory methods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Breath tests are based on endogenously produced volatiles, metabolites of ingested precursors, metabolites produced by bacteria in the gut or the airways, or volatiles appearing after environmental exposure. The composition of exhaled breath may contain valuable information for patients presenting with asthma, renal and liver diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory lung disease, or metabolic disorders. In addition, oxidative stress status may be monitored via volatile products of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of enzyme activity provides phenotypic information important in personalized medicine, whereas breath measurements provide insight into perturbations of the human exposome and can be interpreted as preclinical signals of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria;
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110
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Haick H, Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A. Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1423-49. [PMID: 24305596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new non-invasive and potentially inexpensive frontier in the diagnosis of cancer relies on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath samples. Breath can be sampled and analyzed in real-time, leading to fascinating and cost-effective clinical diagnostic procedures. Nevertheless, breath analysis is a very young field of research and faces challenges, mainly because the biochemical mechanisms behind the cancer-related VOCs are largely unknown. In this review, we present a list of 115 validated cancer-related VOCs published in the literature during the past decade, and classify them with respect to their "fat-to-blood" and "blood-to-air" partition coefficients. These partition coefficients provide an estimation of the relative concentrations of VOCs in alveolar breath, in blood and in the fat compartments of the human body. Additionally, we try to clarify controversial issues concerning possible experimental malpractice in the field, and propose ways to translate the basic science results as well as the mechanistic understanding to tools (sensors) that could serve as point-of-care diagnostics of cancer. We end this review with a conclusion and a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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111
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Schivo M, Aksenov AA, Yeates LC, Pasamontes A, Davis CE. Diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: possibilities of a new breath test in a dolphin model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:163. [PMID: 24324455 PMCID: PMC3839089 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes type-2 and the metabolic syndrome are prevalent in epidemic proportions and result in significant co-morbid disease. Limitations in understanding of dietary effects and cholesterol metabolism exist. Current methods to assess diabetes are essential, though many are invasive; for example, blood glucose and lipid monitoring require regular finger sticks and blood draws. A novel method to study these diseases may be non-invasive breath testing of exhaled compounds. Currently, acetone and lipid peroxidation products have been seen in small scale studies, though other compounds may be significant. As Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have been proposed as a good model for human diabetes, applications of dietary manipulations and breath testing in this population may shed important light on how to design human clinical studies. In addition, ongoing studies indicate that breath testing in dolphins is feasible, humane, and yields relevant metabolites. By studying the metabolic and cholesterol responses of dolphins to dietary modifications, researchers may gain insight into human diabetes, improve the design of costly human clinical trials, and potentially discover biomarkers for non-invasive breath monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schivo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander A. Aksenov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Cristina E. Davis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis School of Engineering, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail:
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112
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Jareño-Esteban JJ, Muñoz-Lucas MÁ, Carrillo-Aranda B, Maldonado-Sanz JÁ, de Granda-Orive I, Aguilar-Ros A, Civera-Tejuca C, Gutiérrez-Ortega C, Callol-Sánchez LM. Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath in a healthy population: effect of tobacco smoking. Arch Bronconeumol 2013; 49:457-61. [PMID: 23791244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke is a source of free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are the main causes of oxidative stress. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in exhaled breath is an indirect method of measuring the level of oxidative stress that occurs in the airways caused by tobacco consumption. The aim of this study was to determine whether smoking influences the production of VOC, in a clinically healthy population. METHODS Exhaled breath from 89 healthy volunteers, divided into three groups (non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers) was analysed. Samples were collected using Bio-VOC® devices and transferred to universal desorption tubes. Chemical compounds were analysed by thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We analysed hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, nonanoic acid and propanoic acid, all identified by retention time and mass spectra referenced in the NIST 08 mass spectral library; confirmation was carried out using reference standards of the pure chemical compound. RESULTS These VOC were found in very low concentrations. Only nonanal showed significant quantitative and qualitative statistical differences among the study groups. Nonanal concentration is dependent on smoking, but is independent of the amount of tobacco consumed, age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Nonanal in exhaled breath is associated with tobacco consumption, current or previous. Nonanal is a sub-product of the destruction of the cell membrane, and its finding may be indicative of cell damage in smokers. This result appears in many farmers who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Jareño-Esteban
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Central de la Defensa-Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España.
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113
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Jareño-Esteban JJ, Muñoz-Lucas MÁ, Carrillo-Aranda B, Maldonado-Sanz JÁ, de Granda-Orive I, Aguilar-Ros A, Civera-Tejuca C, Gutiérrez-Ortega C, Callol-Sánchez LM. Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath in a Healthy Population: Effect of Tobacco Smoking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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114
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Effects of dietary nutrients on volatile breath metabolites. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e34. [PMID: 25191584 PMCID: PMC4153095 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis is becoming increasingly established as a means of assessing metabolic,
biochemical and physiological function in health and disease. The methods available for
these analyses exploit a variety of complex physicochemical principles, but are becoming
more easily utilised in the clinical setting. Whilst some of the factors accounting for
the biological variation in breath metabolite concentrations have been clarified, there
has been relatively little work on the dietary factors that may influence them. In
applying breath analysis to the clinical setting, it will be important to consider how
these factors may affect the interpretation of endogenous breath composition. Diet may
have complex effects on the generation of breath compounds. These effects may either be
due to a direct impact on metabolism, or because they alter the gastrointestinal flora.
Bacteria are a major source of compounds in breath, and their generation of H2,
hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes and alkanes may be an indicator of the health of their
host.
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115
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Breath tests in respiratory and critical care medicine: from research to practice in current perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:702896. [PMID: 24151617 PMCID: PMC3789325 DOI: 10.1155/2013/702896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Today, exhaled nitric oxide has been studied the most, and most researches have now focused on asthma. More than a thousand different volatile organic compounds have been observed in low concentrations in normal human breath. Alkanes and methylalkanes, the majority of breath volatile organic compounds, have been increasingly used by physicians as a novel method to diagnose many diseases without discomforts of invasive procedures. None of the individual exhaled volatile organic compound alone is specific for disease. Exhaled breath analysis techniques may be available to diagnose and monitor the diseases in home setting when their sensitivity and specificity are improved in the future.
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Hou C, Lei J, Huo D, Song K, Li J, Luo X, Yang M, Fa H. Discrimination of Lung Cancer Related Volatile Organic Compounds with a Colorimetric Sensor Array. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.782550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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117
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Phillips M, Byrnes R, Cataneo RN, Chaturvedi A, Kaplan PD, Libardoni M, Mehta V, Mundada M, Patel U, Ramakrishna N, Schiff PB, Zhang X. Detection of volatile biomarkers of therapeutic radiation in breath. J Breath Res 2013; 7:036002. [PMID: 23793046 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Breath testing could provide a rational tool for radiation biodosimetry because radiation causes distinct stress-producing molecular damage, notably an increased production of reactive oxygen species. The resulting oxidative stress accelerates lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, liberating alkanes and alkane metabolites that are excreted in the breath as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Breath tests were performed before and after radiation therapy over five days in 31 subjects receiving daily fractionated doses: 180-400 cGy d(-1) standard radiotherapy (n = 26), or 700-1200 cGy d(-1) high-dose stereotactic body radiotherapy (n = 5). Breath VOCs were assayed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Multiple Monte Carlo simulations identified approximately 50 VOCs as greater-than-chance biomarkers of radiation on all five days of the study. A consistent subset of 15 VOCs was observed at all time points. A radiation response function was built by combining these biomarkers and the resulting dose-effect curve was significantly elevated at all exposures ⩾1.8 Gy. Cross-validated binary algorithms identified radiation exposures ⩾1.8 Gy with 99% accuracy, and ⩾5 Gy with 78% accuracy. In this proof of principal study of breath VOCs, we built a preliminary radiation response function based on 15 VOCs that appears to identify exposure to localized doses of 1.8 Gy and higher. VOC breath testing could provide a new tool for rapid and non-invasive radiation biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phillips
- Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc., 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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118
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Wang B, Haick H. Effect of functional groups on the sensing properties of silicon nanowires toward volatile compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2289-2299. [PMID: 23452335 DOI: 10.1021/am4004649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular layers attached to a silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNW FET) can serve as antennas for signal transduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nevertheless, the mutual relationship between the molecular layers and VOCs is still a puzzle. In the present paper, we explore the effect of the molecular layer's end (functional) groups on the sensing properties of VOCs. Toward this end, SiNW FETs were modified with tailor-made molecular layers that have the same backbone but differ in their end groups. Changes in the threshold voltage (ΔVth) and changes in the mobility (Δμh) were then recorded upon exposure to various VOCs. Model-based analysis indicates that the interaction between molecular layers and VOCs can be classified to three main scenarios: (a) dipole-dipole interaction between the molecular layer and the polar VOCs; (b) induced dipole-dipole interaction between the molecular layers and the nonpolar VOCs; and (c) molecular layer tilt as a result of VOCs diffusion. Based on these scenarios, it is likely that the electron-donating/withdrawing properties of the functional groups control the dipole moment orientation of the adsorbed VOCs and, as a result, determine the direction (or sign) of the ΔVth. Additionally, it is likely the diffusion of VOCs into the molecular layer, determined by the type of functional groups, is the main reason for the Δμh responses. The reported findings are expected to provide an efficient way to design chemical sensors that are based on SiNW FETs to nonpolar VOCs, which do not exchange carriers with the molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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119
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Peled N, Barash O, Tisch U, Ionescu R, Broza YY, Ilouze M, Mattei J, Bunn PA, Hirsch FR, Haick H. Volatile fingerprints of cancer specific genetic mutations. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:758-66. [PMID: 23428987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report on a new concept for profiling genetic mutations of (lung) cancer cells, based on the detection of patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from cell membranes, using an array of nanomaterial-based sensors. In this in-vitro pilot study we have derived a volatile fingerprint assay for representative genetic mutations in cancer cells that are known to be associated with targeted cancer therapy. Five VOCs were associated with the studied oncogenes, using complementary chemical analysis, and were discussed in terms of possible metabolic pathways. The reported approach could lead to the development of novel methods for guiding treatments, so that patients could benefit from safer, more timely and effective interventions that improve survival and quality of life while avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures. Studying clinical samples (tissue/blood/breath) will be required as next step in order to determine whether this cell-line study can be translated into a clinically useful tool. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this novel study, a new concept for profiling genetic mutations of (lung) cancer cells is described, based on the detection of patterns of volatile organic compounds emitted from cell membranes, using an array of nano-gold based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Peled
- Thoracic Cancer Research and Detection Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
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120
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Altomare DF, Di Lena M, Porcelli F, Trizio L, Travaglio E, Tutino M, Dragonieri S, Memeo V, de Gennaro G. Exhaled volatile organic compounds identify patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2013; 100:144-50. [PMID: 23212621 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.8942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective screening tool for colorectal cancer is still lacking. Analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked to cancer is a new frontier in cancer screening, as tumour growth involves several metabolic changes leading to the production of specific compounds that can be detected in exhaled breath. This study investigated whether patients with colorectal cancer have a specific VOC pattern compared with the healthy population. METHODS Exhaled breath was collected in an inert bag (Tedlar(®) ) from patients with colorectal cancer and healthy controls (negative at colonoscopy), and processed offline by thermal-desorber gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate the VOC profile. During the trial phase VOCs of interest were identified and selected, and VOC patterns able to discriminate patients from controls were set up; in the validation phase their discriminant performance was tested on blinded samples. A probabilistic neural network (PNN) validated by the leave-one-out method was used to identify the pattern of VOCs that better discriminated between the two groups. RESULTS Some 37 patients and 41 controls were included in the trial phase. Application of a PNN to a pattern of 15 compounds showed a discriminant performance with a sensitivity of 86 per cent, a specificity of 83 per cent and an accuracy of 85 per cent (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0·852). The accuracy of PNN analysis was confirmed in the validation phase on a further 25 subjects; the model correctly assigned 19 patients, giving an overall accuracy of 76 per cent. CONCLUSION The pattern of VOCs in patients with colorectal cancer was different from that in healthy controls. The PNN in this study was able to discriminate patients with colorectal cancer with an accuracy of over 75 per cent. Breath VOC analysis appears to have potential clinical application in colorectal cancer screening, although further studies are required to confirm its reliability in heterogeneous clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Altomare
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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121
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Li J, Peng Y, Duan Y. Diagnosis of breast cancer based on breath analysis: an emerging method. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 87:28-40. [PMID: 23265856 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of the cancer-related deaths among females. Early diagnosis is one of the most important strategies to reduce breast cancer morbidity rate and improve the survival rate. However, early diagnosis of breast cancer is limited because the disease usually develops asymptomatically. Moreover, current screening techniques for breast cancer are always expensive, discomfort, and even harmful for patients, and furthermore, do not fulfill the requirements for reliable differentiation between breast cancer patients and healthy subjects. Breath analysis is non-invasive, painless, easy to perform and no risk to patients. Therefore, this innovative method provides a potentially useful approach to screen breast cancer. This review summarizes the scientific evidences related to breast cancer patients through detecting unique potential biomarkers in the exhaled breath, and the profile of breath biomarker for breast cancer clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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122
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Svedahl SR, Svendsen K, Tufvesson E, Romundstad PR, Sjaastad AK, Qvenild T, Hilt B. Inflammatory markers in blood and exhaled air after short-term exposure to cooking fumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23179989 PMCID: PMC3567812 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Cooking fumes contain aldehydes, alkanoic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic compounds. The inhalation of cooking fumes entails a risk of deleterious health effects. The aim of this study was to see if the inhalation of cooking fumes alters the expression of inflammatory reactions in the bronchial mucosa and its subsequent systemic inflammatory response in blood biomarkers. Methods: Twenty-four healthy volunteers stayed in a model kitchen on two different occasions for 2 or 4h. On the first occasion, there was only exposure to normal air, and on the second, there was exposure to controlled levels of cooking fumes. On each occasion, samples of blood, exhaled air, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were taken three times in 24h and inflammatory markers were measured from all samples. Results: There was an increase in the concentration of the d-dimer in blood from 0.27 to 0.28mg ml–1 on the morning after exposure to cooking fumes compared with the levels the morning before (P-value = 0.004). There was also a trend of an increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in blood, ethane in exhaled air, and IL-1β in EBC after exposure to cooking fumes. In a sub-analysis of 12 subjects, there was also an increase in the levels of ethane—from 2.83 parts per billion (ppb) on the morning before exposure to cooking fumes to 3.53 ppb on the morning after exposure (P = 0.013)—and IL-1β—from 1.04 on the morning before exposure to cooking fumes to 1.39 pg ml–1 immediately after (P = 0.024). Conclusion: In our experimental setting, we were able to unveil only small changes in the levels of inflammatory markers in exhaled air and in blood after short-term exposure to moderate concentrations of cooking fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Rabben Svedahl
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
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123
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Ghio AJ, Roggli VL, Soukup JM, Richards JH, Randell SH, Muhlebach MS. Iron accumulates in the lavage and explanted lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros 2012. [PMID: 23176785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress participates in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF). An underlying disruption in iron homeostasis can frequently be demonstrated in injuries and diseases associated with an oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that iron accumulation and altered expression of iron-related proteins could be demonstrated in both the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and explanted lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. BAL fluid collected from 10 children with CF showed elevated concentrations of protein, iron, ferritin, transferrin, heme, and hemoglobin relative to that obtained from 20 healthy volunteers. Using Perl's Prussian blue staining, explanted lung from CF patients revealed increased iron in alveolar and interstitial macrophages. Similarly, there was an increased expression of ferritin, the iron importer DMT1, and the exporter ferroportin 1 in lung tissue from CF patients. We conclude that iron homeostasis is disrupted in CF patients with an accumulation of this metal and altered expression of iron-related proteins being evident in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7315, USA.
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124
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Hakim M, Broza YY, Barash O, Peled N, Phillips M, Amann A, Haick H. Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5949-66. [PMID: 22991938 DOI: 10.1021/cr300174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meggie Hakim
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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125
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Impact of individual training parameters and manner of taking breath odor samples on the reliability of canines as cancer screeners. J Vet Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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126
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Minh TDC, Blake DR, Galassetti PR. The clinical potential of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 97:195-205. [PMID: 22410396 PMCID: PMC3384765 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds in present human breath have long been loosely associated with pathological states (including acetone smell in uncontrolled diabetes). Only recently, however, the precise measurement of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosolized particles was made possible at extremely low concentrations by advances in several analytical methodologies, described in detail in the international literature and each suitable for specific subsets of exhaled compounds. Exhaled gases may be generated endogenously (in the pulmonary tract, blood, or peripheral tissues), as metabolic by-products of human cells or colonizing micro-organisms, or may be inhaled as atmospheric pollutants; growing evidence indicates that several of these molecules have distinct cell-to-cell signaling functions. Independent of origin and physiological role, exhaled VOCs are attractive candidates as biomarkers of cellular activity/metabolism, and could be incorporated in future non-invasive clinical testing devices. Indeed, several recent studies reported altered exhaled gas profiles in dysmetabolic conditions and relatively accurate predictions of glucose concentrations, at least in controlled experimental conditions, for healthy and diabetic subjects over a broad range of glycemic values. Optimization of this methodology and validation in large-scale trials under a wider range of conditions is needed to determine its true potential to transition into practical clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Do Chau Minh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1385, United States.
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127
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Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, Laleman W, Van Hee P, Coucke W, Nevens F, Quirynen M. Breath biomarkers of liver cirrhosis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 905:17-22. [PMID: 22921634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of asymptomatic cirrhosis in patients with liver disease is of importance to start screening for complications in due time. Liver biopsy is neither sensitive nor practical enough to be used as a frequent follow-up test in patients with chronic liver disease. The volatile organic compounds present in exhaled breath offer the possibility of exploring internal physiologic and pathologic process in a non invasive way. This study examined whether a specific pattern of biomarkers can be found in breath samples of patients with cirrhosis. To this aim samples of alveolar breath from patients with cirrhosis and healthy volunteers were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When linear discriminant analysis was used to search for a model(s)/pattern of compounds characteristic for liver cirrhosis, 24 models of 8 independent compounds could distinguish between the groups. The sensitivity and specificity (between 82% and 88%, and 96% and 100%, respectively) of the models suggest that a specific pattern of breath biomarkers can be found in patients with cirrhosis, which may allow detecting this complication of chronic liver disease in an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica Dadamio
- Department of Periodontology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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128
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Amal H, Ding L, Liu BB, Tisch U, Xu ZQ, Shi DY, Zhao Y, Chen J, Sun RX, Liu H, Ye SL, Tang ZY, Haick H. The scent fingerprint of hepatocarcinoma: in-vitro metastasis prediction with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4135-46. [PMID: 22888249 PMCID: PMC3415321 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and aggressive form of cancer. Due to a high rate of postoperative recurrence, the prognosis for HCC is poor. Subclinical metastasis is the major cause of tumor recurrence and patient mortality. Currently, there is no reliable prognostic method of invasion. AIM To investigate the feasibility of fingerprints of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the in-vitro prediction of metastasis. METHODS Headspace gases were collected from 36 cell cultures (HCC with high and low metastatic potential and normal cells) and analyzed using nanomaterial-based sensors. Predictive models were built by employing discriminant factor analysis pattern recognition, and the classification success was determined using leave-one-out cross-validation. The chemical composition of each headspace sample was studied using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Excellent discrimination was achieved using the nanomaterial-based sensors between (i) all HCC and normal controls; (ii) low metastatic HCC and normal controls; (iii) high metastatic HCC and normal controls; and (iv) high and low HCC. Several HCC-related VOCs that could be associated with biochemical cellular processes were identified through GC-MS analysis. CONCLUSION The presented results constitute a proof-of-concept for the in-vitro prediction of the metastatic potential of HCC from VOC fingerprints using nanotechnology. Further studies on a larger number of more diverse cell cultures are needed to evaluate the robustness of the VOC patterns. These findings could benefit the development of a fast and potentially inexpensive laboratory test for subclinical HCC metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Discriminant Analysis
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Theoretical
- Nanotechnology/instrumentation
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Pattern Recognition, Automated
- Reproducibility of Results
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis
- Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Amal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin-bin Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ulrike Tisch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zhen-qin Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Da-you Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-xia Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng-Long Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-you Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong-shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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129
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Phillips M, Basa-Dalay V, Blais J, Bothamley G, Chaturvedi A, Modi KD, Pandya M, Natividad MPR, Patel U, Ramraje NN, Schmitt P, Udwadia ZF. Point-of-care breath test for biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:314-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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130
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Lee HJJ, Meinardi S, Pahl MV, Vaziri ND, Blake DR. Exposure to potentially toxic hydrocarbons and halocarbons released from the dialyzer and tubing set during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60:609-16. [PMID: 22507911 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.02.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although much is known about the effect of chronic kidney failure and dialysis on the composition of solutes in plasma, little is known about their impact on the composition of gaseous compounds in exhaled breath. This study was designed to explore the effect of uremia and the hemodialysis (HD) procedure on the composition of exhaled breath. Breath samples were collected from 10 dialysis patients immediately before, during, and after a dialysis session. To determine the potential introduction of gaseous compounds from dialysis components, gasses emitted from dialyzers, tubing set, dialysate, and water supplies were collected. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 10 HD patients and 10 age-matched healthy individuals. PREDICTOR Predictors include the dialyzers, tubing set, dialysate, and water supplies before, during, and after dialysis. OUTCOMES Changes in the composition of exhaled breath. MEASUREMENTS A 5-column/detector gas chromatography system was used to measure hydrocarbon, halocarbon, oxygenate, and alkyl nitrate compounds. RESULTS Concentrations of 14 hydrocarbons and halocarbons in patients' breath rapidly increased after the onset of the HD treatment. All 14 compounds and 5 others not found in patients' breath were emitted from the dialyzers and tubing sets. Contrary to earlier reports, exhaled breath ethane concentrations in our dialysis patients were virtually unchanged during the HD treatment. LIMITATIONS Single-center study with a small sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings. CONCLUSIONS The study documented the release of several potentially toxic hydrocarbons and halocarbons to patients from the dialyzer and tubing sets during the HD procedure. Because long-term exposure to these compounds may contribute to the morbidity and mortality in dialysis population, this issue should be considered in the manufacturing of the new generation of dialyzers and dialysis tubing sets.
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132
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Barash O, Peled N, Tisch U, Bunn PA, Hirsch FR, Haick H. Classification of lung cancer histology by gold nanoparticle sensors. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:580-9. [PMID: 22033081 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We propose a nanomedical device for the classification of lung cancer (LC) histology. The device profiles volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of (subtypes of) LC cells, using gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensors that are suitable for detecting LC-specific patterns of VOC profiles, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Analyzing the GNP sensing signals by support vector machine allowed significant discrimination between (i) LC and healthy cells; (ii) small cell LC and non-small cell LC; and between (iii) two subtypes of non-small cell LC: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The discriminative power of the GNP sensors was then linked with the chemical nature and composition of the headspace VOCs of each LC state. These proof-of-concept findings could totally revolutionize LC screening and diagnosis, and might eventually allow early and differential diagnosis of LC subtypes with detectable or unreachable lung nodules. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, a nanomedical device that profiles volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lung cancer cells is investigated, using a matrix of gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensors that are suitable for detecting lung cancer (LC) specific patterns of VOC profiles. This device might eventually allow early differential diagnosis of LC subtypes including unreachable lung nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Barash
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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133
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Minh TDC, Oliver SR, Ngo J, Flores R, Midyett J, Meinardi S, Carlson MK, Rowland FS, Blake DR, Galassetti PR. Noninvasive measurement of plasma glucose from exhaled breath in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1166-75. [PMID: 21467303 PMCID: PMC3118590 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00634.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective management of diabetes mellitus, affecting tens of millions of patients, requires frequent assessment of plasma glucose. Patient compliance for sufficient testing is often reduced by the unpleasantness of current methodologies, which require blood samples and often cause pain and skin callusing. We propose that the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath can be used as a novel, alternative, noninvasive means to monitor glycemia in these patients. Seventeen healthy (9 females and 8 males, 28.0 ± 1.0 yr) and eight type 1 diabetic (T1DM) volunteers (5 females and 3 males, 25.8 ± 1.7 yr) were enrolled in a 240-min triphasic intravenous dextrose infusion protocol (baseline, hyperglycemia, euglycemia-hyperinsulinemia). In T1DM patients, insulin was also administered (using differing protocols on 2 repeated visits to separate the effects of insulinemia on breath composition). Exhaled breath and room air samples were collected at 12 time points, and concentrations of ~100 VOCs were determined by gas chromatography and matched with direct plasma glucose measurements. Standard least squares regression was used on several subsets of exhaled gases to generate multilinear models to predict plasma glucose for each subject. Plasma glucose estimates based on two groups of four gases each (cluster A: acetone, methyl nitrate, ethanol, and ethyl benzene; cluster B: 2-pentyl nitrate, propane, methanol, and acetone) displayed very strong correlations with glucose concentrations (0.883 and 0.869 for clusters A and B, respectively) across nearly 300 measurements. Our study demonstrates the feasibility to accurately predict glycemia through exhaled breath analysis over a broad range of clinically relevant concentrations in both healthy and T1DM subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D C Minh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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134
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Spaněl P, Smith D. Progress in SIFT-MS: breath analysis and other applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:236-267. [PMID: 20648679 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, is described from its inception as the modified very large SIFT instruments used to demonstrate the feasibility of SIFT-MS as an analytical technique, towards the smaller but bulky transportable instruments and finally to the current smallest Profile 3 instruments that have been located in various places, including hospitals and schools to obtain on-line breath analyses. The essential physics and engineering principles are discussed, which must be appreciated to design and construct a SIFT-MS instrument. The versatility and sensitivity of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by typical mass spectra obtained using the three precursor ions H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2)(+)·, and the need to account for differential ionic diffusion and mass discrimination in the analytical algorithms is emphasized to obtain accurate trace gas analyses. The performance of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by the results of several pilot studies, including (i) on-line real time quantification of several breath metabolites for cohorts of healthy adults and children, which have provided representative concentration/population distributions, and the comparative analyses of breath exhaled via the mouth and nose that identify systemic and orally-generated compounds, (ii) the enhancement of breath metabolites by drug ingestion, (iii) the identification of HCN as a marker of Pseudomonas colonization of the airways and (iv) emission of volatile compounds from urine, especially ketone bodies, and from skin. Some very recent developments are discussed, including the quantification of carbon dioxide in breath and the combination of SIFT-MS with GC and ATD, and their significance. Finally, prospects for future SIFT-MS developments are alluded to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spaněl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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135
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Shuster G, Gallimidi Z, Reiss AH, Dovgolevsky E, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Engel A, Shiban A, Tisch U, Haick H. Classification of breast cancer precursors through exhaled breath. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:791-6. [PMID: 21190078 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain benign breast diseases are considered to be precursors of invasive breast cancer. Currently available techniques for diagnosing benign breast conditions lack accuracy. The purpose of this study was to deliver a proof-of-concept for a novel method that is based on breath testing to identify breast cancer precursors. Within this context, the authors explored the possibility of using exhaled alveolar breath to identify and distinguish between benign breast conditions, malignant lesions, and healthy states, using a small-scale, case-controlled, cross-sectional clinical trial. Breath samples were collected from 36 volunteers and were analyzed using a tailor-made nanoscale artificial NOSE (NA-NOSE). The NA-NOSE signals were analyzed using two independent methods: (i) principal component analysis, ANOVA and Student's t-test and (ii) support vector machine analysis to detect statistically significant differences between the sub-populations. The NA-NOSE could distinguish between all studied test populations. Breath testing with a NA-NOSE holds future potential as a cost-effective, fast, and reliable diagnostic test for breast cancer risk factors and precursors, with possible future potential as screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Shuster
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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136
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Guéraud F, Atalay M, Bresgen N, Cipak A, Eckl PM, Huc L, Jouanin I, Siems W, Uchida K. Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1098-124. [PMID: 20836659 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.498477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and resulting lipid peroxidation is involved in various and numerous pathological states including inflammation, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review is focused on recent advances concerning the formation, metabolism and reactivity towards macromolecules of lipid peroxidation breakdown products, some of which being considered as 'second messengers' of oxidative stress. This review relates also new advances regarding apoptosis induction, survival/proliferation processes and autophagy regulated by 4-hydroxynonenal, a major product of omega-6 fatty acid peroxidation, in relationship with detoxication mechanisms. The use of these lipid peroxidation products as oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation biomarkers is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guéraud
- UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, INRA, Toulouse, France.
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137
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Olfactory detection of prostate cancer by dogs sniffing urine: a step forward in early diagnosis. Eur Urol 2010; 59:197-201. [PMID: 20970246 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatiles organic compounds (VOCs) in urine have been proposed as cancer biomarkers. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of prostate cancer (PCa) detection by trained dogs on human urine samples. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A Belgian Malinois shepherd was trained by the clicker training method (operant conditioning) to scent and recognize urine of people having PCa. All urine samples were frozen for preservation and heated to the same temperature for all tests. After a learning phase and a training period of 24 mo, the dog's ability to discriminate PCa and control urine was tested in a double-blind procedure. Urine was obtained from 66 patients referred to a urologist for elevated prostate-specific antigen or abnormal digital rectal examination. All patients underwent prostate biopsy and two groups were considered: 33 patients with cancer and 33 controls presenting negative biopsies. MEASUREMENTS During each "run," the dog was asked to signal a cancer urine among six samples containing only one cancer urine and five randomly selected controls. Sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The dog completed all the runs and correctly designated the cancer samples in 30 of 33 cases. Of the three cases wrongly classified as cancer, one patient was rebiopsied and a PCa was diagnosed. The sensitivity and specificity were both 91%. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that dogs can be trained to detect PCa by smelling urine with a significant success rate. It suggests that PCa gives an odor signature to urine. Identification of the VOCs involved could lead to a potentially useful screening tool for PCa.
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138
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Peng G, Hakim M, Broza YY, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Tisch U, Haick H. Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:542-51. [PMID: 20648015 PMCID: PMC2939793 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour growth is accompanied by gene and/or protein changes that may lead to peroxidation of the cell membrane species and, hence, to the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we investigated the ability of a nanosensor array to discriminate between breath VOCs that characterise healthy states and the most widespread cancer states in the developed world: lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Methods: Exhaled alveolar breath was collected from 177 volunteers aged 20–75 years (patients with lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers and healthy controls). Breath from cancerous subjects was collected before any treatment. The healthy population was healthy according to subjective patient's data. The breath of volunteers was examined by a tailor-made array of cross-reactive nanosensors based on organically functionalised gold nanoparticles and gas chromatography linked to the mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS). Results: The results showed that the nanosensor array could differentiate between ‘healthy’ and ‘cancerous’ breath, and, furthermore, between the breath of patients having different cancer types. Moreover, the nanosensor array could distinguish between the breath patterns of different cancers in the same statistical analysis, irrespective of age, gender, lifestyle, and other confounding factors. The GC-MS results showed that each cancer could have a unique pattern of VOCs, when compared with healthy states, but not when compared with other cancer types. Conclusions: The reported results could lead to the development of an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, non-invasive tool that overcomes many of the deficiencies associated with the currently available diagnostic methods for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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139
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Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Saunders C, Hope P, Schmitt P, Wai J. Volatile biomarkers in the breath of women with breast cancer. J Breath Res 2010; 4:026003. [PMID: 21383471 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/2/026003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We sought biomarkers of breast cancer in the breath because the disease is accompanied by increased oxidative stress and induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, both of which generate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are excreted in breath. We analyzed breath VOCs in 54 women with biopsy-proven breast cancer and 204 cancer-free controls, using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Chromatograms were converted into a series of data points by segmenting them into 900 time slices (8 s duration, 4 s overlap) and determining their alveolar gradients (abundance in breath minus abundance in ambient room air). Monte Carlo simulations identified time slices with better than random accuracy as biomarkers of breast cancer by excluding random identifiers. Patients were randomly allocated to training sets or test sets in 2:1 data splits. In the training sets, time slices were ranked according their C-statistic values (area under curve of receiver operating characteristic), and the top ten time slices were combined in multivariate algorithms that were cross-validated in the test sets. Monte Carlo simulations identified an excess of correct over random time slices, consistent with non-random biomarkers of breast cancer in the breath. The outcomes of ten random data splits (mean (standard deviation)) in the training sets were sensitivity = 78.5% (6.14), specificity = 88.3% (5.47), C-statistic = 0.89 (0.03) and in the test sets, sensitivity = 75.3% (7.22), specificity = 84.8 (9.97), C-statistic = 0.83 (0.06). A breath test identified women with breast cancer, employing a combination of volatile biomarkers in a multivariate algorithm.
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140
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Phillips M, Basa-Dalay V, Bothamley G, Cataneo RN, Lam PK, Natividad MPR, Schmitt P, Wai J. Breath biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:145-51. [PMID: 20189456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath may contain biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis derived from the infectious organism (metabolites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and from the infected host (products of oxidative stress). METHODS We analyzed breath VOCs in 226 symptomatic high-risk patients in USA, Philippines, and UK, using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Diagnosis of disease was based on sputum culture, smear microscopy, chest radiography and clinical suspicion of tuberculosis (CSTB). Chromatograms were converted to a series of 8s overlapping time slices. Biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis were identified with a Monte Carlo analysis of time-slice alveolar gradients (abundance in breath minus abundance in room air). RESULTS Breath VOCs contained apparent biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis comprising oxidative stress products (alkanes and alkane derivatives) and volatile metabolites of M. tuberculosis (cyclohexane and benzene derivatives). Breath biomarkers identified active pulmonary tuberculosis with C-statistic (area under curve of receiver operating characteristic)=0.85 (i.e. 85% overall accuracy, sensitivity=84.0%, specificity=64.7%) when sputum culture, microscopy, and chest radiography were either all positive or all negative. Employing a single criterion of disease, C-statistic=0.76 (smear microscopy), 0.68 (sputum culture), 0.66 (chest radiography) and 0.65 (CSTB). CONCLUSION A breath test identified apparent biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis with 85% accuracy in symptomatic high-risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phillips
- Menssana Research Inc., 1 Horizon Road, Suite 1415, Fort Lee, NJ 07024-6510, USA.
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141
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Chan HP, Lewis C, Thomas PS. Oxidative Stress and Exhaled Breath Analysis: A Promising Tool for Detection of Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:32-42. [PMID: 24281031 PMCID: PMC3827589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiang Ping Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; E-Mail: (H.P.C.)
| | - Craig Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; E-Mail: (C.L.)
| | - Paul S. Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; E-Mail: (H.P.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (P.T.); Tel.: +61 2 9382 4620; Fax: +61 2 9382 4627
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142
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Poli D, Goldoni M, Corradi M, Acampa O, Carbognani P, Internullo E, Casalini A, Mutti A. Determination of aldehydes in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer by means of on-fiber-derivatisation SPME-GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2643-51. [PMID: 20149763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified and used in preliminary clinical studies of the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of aldehydes (known biomarkers of oxidative stress) in the diagnosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We used an on-fiber-derivatisation SPME sampling technique coupled with GC/MS analysis to measure straight aldehydes C3-C9 in exhaled breath. Linearity was established over two orders of magnitude (range: 3.3-333.3×10(-12) M); the LOD and LOQ of all the aldehydes were respectively 1×10(-12) M and 3×10(-12) M. Accuracy was within 93% and precision calculated as % RSD was 7.2-15.1%. Aldehyde stability in a Bio-VOC(®) tube stored at +4°C was 10-17 h, but this became >10 days using a specific fiber storage device. Finally, exhaled aldehydes were measured in 38 asymptomatic non-smokers (controls) and 40 NSCLC patients. The levels of all of the aldehydes were increased in the NSCLC patients without any significant effect of smoking habits and little effect of age. The good discriminant power of the aldehyde pattern (90%) was confirmed by multivariate analysis. These results show that straight aldehydes may be promising biomarkers associated with NSCLC, and increase the sensitivity and specificity of previously identified VOC patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Poli
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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143
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Barash O, Peled N, Hirsch FR, Haick H. Sniffing the unique "odor print" of non-small-cell lung cancer with gold nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2618-24. [PMID: 19705367 PMCID: PMC3368377 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and fast-response array of sensors based on gold nanoparticles, in combination with pattern recognition methods, can distinguish between the odor prints of non-small-cell lung cancer and negative controls with 100% accuracy, with no need for preconcentration techniques. Additionally, preliminary results indicate that the same array of sensors might serve as a better tool for understanding the biochemical source of volatile organic compounds that might occur in cancer cells and appear in the exhaled breath, as compared to traditional spectrometry techniques. The reported results provide a launching pad to initiate a bedside tool that might be able to screen for early stages of lung cancer and allow higher cure rates. In addition, such a tool might be used for the immediate diagnosis of fresh (frozen) tissues of lung cancer in operating rooms, where a dichotomic diagnosis is crucial to guide surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Barash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 (Israel)
| | - Nir Peled
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Division of Medical Oncology Aurora, CO 80045 (USA)
| | - Fred R. Hirsch
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Division of Medical Oncology Aurora, CO 80045 (USA)
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 (Israel)
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144
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Wang C, Sahay P. Breath analysis using laser spectroscopic techniques: breath biomarkers, spectral fingerprints, and detection limits. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:8230-62. [PMID: 22408503 PMCID: PMC3292105 DOI: 10.3390/s91008230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis, a promising new field of medicine and medical instrumentation, potentially offers noninvasive, real-time, and point-of-care (POC) disease diagnostics and metabolic status monitoring. Numerous breath biomarkers have been detected and quantified so far by using the GC-MS technique. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques and laser sources have driven breath analysis to new heights, moving from laboratory research to commercial reality. Laser spectroscopic detection techniques not only have high-sensitivity and high-selectivity, as equivalently offered by the MS-based techniques, but also have the advantageous features of near real-time response, low instrument costs, and POC function. Of the approximately 35 established breath biomarkers, such as acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, and nitric oxide, 14 species in exhaled human breath have been analyzed by high-sensitivity laser spectroscopic techniques, namely, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), cavity leak-out spectroscopy (CALOS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), and optical frequency comb cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFC-CEAS). Spectral fingerprints of the measured biomarkers span from the UV to the mid-IR spectral regions and the detection limits achieved by the laser techniques range from parts per million to parts per billion levels. Sensors using the laser spectroscopic techniques for a few breath biomarkers, e.g., carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, etc. are commercially available. This review presents an update on the latest developments in laser-based breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuji Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Peeyush Sahay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
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145
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Peng G, Tisch U, Adams O, Hakim M, Shehada N, Broza YY, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Haick H. Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:669-73. [PMID: 19809459 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conventional diagnostic methods for lung cancer are unsuitable for widespread screening because they are expensive and occasionally miss tumours. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry studies have shown that several volatile organic compounds, which normally appear at levels of 1-20 ppb in healthy human breath, are elevated to levels between 10 and 100 ppb in lung cancer patients. Here we show that an array of sensors based on gold nanoparticles can rapidly distinguish the breath of lung cancer patients from the breath of healthy individuals in an atmosphere of high humidity. In combination with solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify 42 volatile organic compounds that represent lung cancer biomarkers. Four of these were used to train and optimize the sensors, demonstrating good agreement between patient and simulated breath samples. Our results show that sensors based on gold nanoparticles could form the basis of an inexpensive and non-invasive diagnostic tool for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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146
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Mashir A, Dweik RA. Exhaled breath analysis: The new interface between medicine and engineering. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2009; 20:420-425. [PMID: 20948990 PMCID: PMC2952965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath testing is becoming an increasingly important non-invasive diagnostic method that can be used in the evaluation of health and disease states in the lung and beyond. Potential advantages of breath tests over other conventional medical tests include their non-invasive nature, low cost, and safety. To advance in this area further, however, there has to be a close collaboration between technical experts and engineers who have devices looking for clinical application(s), the medical experts who have the clinical problems looking for a test/biomarker that can be helpful in diagnosis or monitoring, and industry/commercial experts who can build and commercialize the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alquam Mashir
- Department of Pathobiology/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Raed A. Dweik
- Department of Pathobiology/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine/Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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147
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Breath pentane: an indicator for early and continuous monitoring of lipid peroxidation in hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26:513-9. [PMID: 19445060 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e328326f7b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lipid peroxidation plays an important role during liver ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Pentane in breath is often used as an index of lipid peroxidation. We observed the changes in levels of breath pentane during the lipid peroxidation process caused by liver ischaemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Ten male swine were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate 0.3-0.5 g kg(-1) min(-1). Total hepatic ischaemia was induced by occluding the portal inflow vessels. Ischaemia lasted 30 min followed by reperfusion for 180 min. Breath samples were sampled from the anaesthesia circuit and blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava. Pentane concentrations in breath and blood were quantified by means of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrography technique. RESULTS Exhaled pentane concentrations (means +/- SE) increased markedly after reperfusion for 1 min (244.13 +/- 33.3 pmol l(-1)) and decreased gradually to initial levels after reperfusion for 60 min. Blood pentane concentrations (means +/- SE) increased significantly after reperfusion for 1 min (333.46 +/- 63.05 pmol l(-1)) and then decreased to basal level. Breath pentane concentrations showed a correlation with blood (r = 0.709, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Breath pentane analysis could provide early, rapid, noninvasive and continuous assessment of lipid peroxidation during hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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148
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Crohns M, Saarelainen S, Laitinen J, Peltonen K, Alho H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P. Exhaled pentane as a possible marker for survival and lipid peroxidation during radiotherapy for lung cancer--a pilot study. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:965-74. [PMID: 19670068 DOI: 10.1080/10715760903159162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To examine lipid peroxidation during radiotherapy (RT), exhaled pentane samples were collected from 11 lung cancer patients before RT and 30 and 120 min after the start of RT on days 1, 4 and 5 and at 30 and 40 Grays, if possible. Exhaled pentane samples were collected once from 30 healthy controls. Serum thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes (CD) were obtained from patients on each exhaled air collection day. Lung cancer patients had higher exhaled pentane levels than controls (1.73 ng/L vs 0.83 ng/L, p=0.017). Exhaled pentane levels tended to decrease during the first RT day (p=0.075) and levels of CD decreased during the first week of RT (p=0.014). Higher pre-treatment pentane levels predicted better survival (p=0.003). Elevated exhaled pentane levels before RT may be due to the lipid peroxidation burden associated with cancer. The decrease of lipid peroxidation markers during RT may be attributable to enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Crohns
- Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Bland JS. Oxidants and Antioxidants in Clinical Medicine: Past, Present and Future Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/13590849509000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Haick H, Hakim M, Patrascu M, Levenberg C, Shehada N, Nakhoul F, Abassi Z. Sniffing chronic renal failure in rat model by an array of random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1258-1266. [PMID: 19397334 DOI: 10.1021/nn9001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we use an experimental model of bilateral nephrectomy in rats to identify an advanced, yet simple nanoscale-based approach to discriminate between exhaled breath of healthy states and of chronic renal failure (CRF) states. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) in conjugation with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of healthy and CRF breath, collected directly from the trachea of the rats, identified 15 common volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in all samples of healthy and CRF states and 27 VOCs that appear in CRF but not in healthy states. Online breath analysis via an array of chemiresistive random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coated with organic materials showed excellent discrimination between the various breath states. Stepwise discriminate analysis showed that enhanced discrimination capacity could be achieved by decreasing the humidity prior to their analysis with the sensors' array. Furthermore, the analysis showed the adequacy of using representative simulated VOCs to imitate the breath of healthy and CRF states and, therefore, to train the sensors' array the pertinent breath signatures. The excellent discrimination between the various breath states obtained in this study provides expectations for future capabilities for diagnosis, detection, and screening various stages of kidney disease, especially in the early stages of the disease, where it is possible to control blood pressure and protein intake to slow the progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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