101
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Zafar A, Hasan M, Tariq T, Dai Z. Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapeutic Efficacy with Sonotheranostic Strategies. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 33:1011-1034. [PMID: 34793138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the modality for establishing a firm immune response and immunological memory. However, intrinsic limitations of conventional low responsive poor T cell infiltration and immune related adverse effects urge the coupling of cancer nanomedicines with immunotherapy for boosting antitumor response under ultrasound (US) sensitization to mimic dose-limiting toxicities for safe and effective therapy against advanced cancer. US is composed of high-frequency sound waves that mediate targeted spatiotemporal control over release and internalization of the drug. The unconventional US triggered immunogenic nanoengineered arena assists the limited immunogenic dose, limiting toxicities and efficacies. In this Review, we discuss current prospects of enhanced immunotherapy using nanomedicine under US. We highlight how nanotechnology designs and incorporates nanomedicines for the reprogramming of systematic immunity in the tumor microenvironment. We also emphasize the mechanical and biological potential of US, encompassing sonosensitizer activation for enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacies. Finally, the smartly converging combinational platform of US stimulated cancer nanomedicines for amending immunotherapy is summarized. This Review will widen scientists' ability to explore and understand the limiting factors for combating cancer in a precisely customized way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Tuba Tariq
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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102
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Liu Z, Liu L, Guo C, Yu S, Meng L, Zhou X, Han X. Tumor suppressor gene mutations correlate with prognosis and immunotherapy benefit in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108340. [PMID: 34789428 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tumor microenvironment (TME) has profound impacts on prognosis and immunotherapy. The TME can be altered by the genomic mutations on specific tumor-suppressor genes (TSG), thus, comprehending the association between TME and TSG in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is imperative. METHODS With a total of 1699 HCC patients from 6 international multicenter cohorts, we delineated the mutational landscape of TSG and summarized the proportion of TSG mutated HCC in different countries. Using the genomic and transcriptomic data, we comprehensively explored the impacts of TSG mutations on TME and immunity in HCC. A dataset of 31 HCC patients from the cBioPortal database was utilized to evaluate the predictive value of TSG subtypes for immunotherapy response. RESULTS Interestingly, TSG non-mutated HCC will have more "immune-hot" tumors, and display the infiltration abundance of immune cells such as B cell, CD4+/CD8+T cell, and neutrophil. Moreover, TSG non-mutated HCC was characterized by the higher expression level of three immune checkpoints, including CD40, CD40LG, and TNFRSF4. In line with the TME characterization and immune checkpoint profiles, TSG non-mutated HCC displayed prolonged overall survival and relapse-free survival, notably, are more likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested the TSG subtypes could serve as a promising biomarker for guiding surveillance protocol and immunotherapeutic decisions for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - ChunGuang Guo
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Sun Yu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lingfang Meng
- Department of Infection Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Xueliang Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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103
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Robust immune response stimulated by in situ injection of CpG/αOX40/cGAMP in αPD-1-resistant malignancy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1597-1609. [PMID: 34731284 PMCID: PMC9188536 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized traditional tumour treatment. However, effective treatments for patients exhibiting αPD-1 resistance are still lacking. In our study, a combination of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), anti-OX40 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) injection in situ systematically generated a robust antitumour immune response in TC1 and B16 cells, which are αPD-1-resistant malignancies. More precisely, this method activates both adaptive and innate immunity. Additionally, in situ vaccination with CpG/αOX40/cGAMP fully activates the production of cytokines. However, the combination of αPD-1 does not improve the efficacy of triple therapy, prompting further questions. Collectively, the combination of CpG/αOX40/cGAMP causes the regression of various αPD-1-resistant tumours through the full mobilization of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, we explored the therapeutic effect of triple therapy on the αPD-1-sensitive cell line CT26. The results showed that triple therapy could significantly enhance the therapeutic effect of αPD-1, and some mice even achieved complete tumour regression after the combined application of αPD-1 and triple treatment.
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104
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Chen DP, Chang SW, Wang PN, Lin WT, Hsu FP, Wang WT, Tseng CP. The Association Between Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Co-Stimulatory Genes Within Non-HLA Region and the Prognosis of Leukemia Patients With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730507. [PMID: 34671352 PMCID: PMC8520956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid graft rejection, the hematopoietic stem cells with matched classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are the primary choice for clinical allogeneic transplantation. However, even if the fully HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cells are used for transplantation, some patients still have poor prognosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), suggesting that the HLA system was not the only determinant of the outcomes of HSCT. In this study, we investigated whether the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the co-stimulatory genes within non-HLA regions were related to the outcomes of HSCT. The genomic DNAs of 163 patients who had acute leukemia and received HSCT and their respective donors were collected for analysis. Thirty-four SNPs located in the four co-stimulatory genes including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4), CD28, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily 4 (TNFSF4), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD1) were selected to explore their relationship with the adverse outcomes after transplantation, including mortality, cytomegalovirus infection, graft-versus-host disease, and relapse. Our results revealed that nine SNPs in the CTLA4 gene, five SNPs in the PDCD1 gene, two SNPs in the TNFSF4 gene, and four SNPs in the CD28 gene were significantly associated with the occurrence of adverse outcomes post-HSCT. These SNPs may play important roles in immune response to allografts post-HSCT and can be the targets for developing strategy to identify appropriate donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Wei Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nan Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tzu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ping Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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105
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Fu Y, Wang L, Liu W, Yang L, Li L, Wang L, Sun X, Zhang ZR, Lin Q, Zhang L. OX40L blockade cellular nanovesicles for autoimmune diseases therapy. J Control Release 2021; 337:557-570. [PMID: 34371056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical agents for autoimmunity disorders treatment often cause substantial adverse effects and safety concerns, owing to non-specific immune modulation. Due to the prominent contribution of effector T cells in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and preferential location of co-stimulatory receptor-ligand pair OX40-OX40L at the inflamed sites, selectively targeting autoaggressive T cells by blockade OX40-OX40L, might represent an alternative strategy. Herein, we developed a new strategy to antagonize OX40-OX40L interaction by engineering a cell membrane derived nanovesicles (NVs) expressing OX40 receptors (OX40 NVs), and explored their potential for autoimmune disorders therapy. OX40 NVs showed specific binding capability to inflamed HUVECs in vitro, it also possessed distinct arthritic-targeting capacity in RA inflamed joints, and preferential accumulation in IBD inflamed colon. OX40 NVs efficiently suppressed the progression of both RA and IBD diseases through reducing CD4+OX40+ T cells population, and proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β), while reinforcing Tregs immune-suppressive effect, with superior therapeutic efficacy than anti-OX40L. Additionally, dexamethasone (DEX) loading can further enhance the potential of OX40 NVs for RA treatment. Owing to their preferential localization to inflamed sites, and potent immune-suppression ability, targeting OX40-OX40L blockade by OX40 NVs for autoimmune therapy is highly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Lin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Luyao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Xun Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china.
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china.
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106
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Lentiviral Vectors for T Cell Engineering: Clinical Applications, Bioprocessing and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081528. [PMID: 34452392 PMCID: PMC8402758 DOI: 10.3390/v13081528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have played a critical role in the emergence of gene-modified cell therapies, specifically T cell therapies. Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah), axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) and most recently brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus) are examples of T cell therapies which are now commercially available for distribution after successfully obtaining EMA and FDA approval for the treatment of blood cancers. All three therapies rely on retroviral vectors to transduce the therapeutic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T lymphocytes. Although these innovations represent promising new therapeutic avenues, major obstacles remain in making them readily available tools for medical care. This article reviews the biological principles as well as the bioprocessing of lentiviral (LV) vectors and adoptive T cell therapy. Clinical and engineering successes, shortcomings and future opportunities are also discussed. The development of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant instruments, technologies and protocols will play an essential role in the development of LV-engineered T cell therapies.
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107
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Liu N, Shan F, Ma M. Strategic enhancement of immune checkpoint inhibition in refractory Colorectal Cancer: Trends and future prospective. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108017. [PMID: 34352568 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), known as a frequently fatal disease, ranking as the third most common malignancy, is the second leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Metastases are common in CRC patients which account for approximately 25% of the patients at diagnosis, 50% of patients during treatment which is associated closely with CRC mortality. Conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are standards of care for the treatment of CRC patients. However, primary tumor recurrence and secondary disease in patients receiving standard of care treatment modalities occur in 50% of patients so that new treatment modalities are needed. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has transformed the management of patients suffered from metastatic CRC (mCRC) with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) -high (MSI-H) while manifests ineffectiveness in preserved mismatch repair (pMMR) or microsatellite stable (MSS) "cold" tumors which makes up the majority (95%) of mCRC. In this review, we mainly lay emphasis on the development of combinations in therapy strategies with ICIs with other immune based treatment approaches to increase the intra-tumoral immune response and render tumors 'immune-reactive', thereby increasing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingxing Ma
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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108
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Fan P, Liu Z, Zheng M, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao D. Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 1 breaks immune tolerance in mice by downregulating Tregs through TSLP-OX40/OX40L-mTOR axis. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:20-30. [PMID: 34332182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early life is associated strongly with the subsequent development and exacerbation of asthma, however, the mechanism is still ambiguous. In this study, we identified that RSV nonstructural protein (NS) 1 plays a critical role. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of NS1 induced significant airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, and mucus hyperproduction in mice. In the pNS1 group, there were markedly elevated proportions of Th2 and Th17 cells, while Th1 and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly declined compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased but levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 declined in pNS1 group. Besides, NS1 caused a significant rise of serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and OX40L levels, and a neutralizing mAb anti-OX40L was capable of promoting RSV clearance and attenuating the airway allergic inflammation caused by pNS1. Otherwise, OX40L-blocking counteracts the inhibitory effect of pNS1 on Tregs in the spleen. RSV NS1 caused elevated levels of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-S6K1, which were partially attenuated by anti-OX40L. Moreover, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1 significantly relieved the inhibition of Foxp3 expression and Tregs differentiation. Together, the data indicate that RSV NS1 protein breaks immune tolerance and induces airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. In this process, NS1-stimulated TSLP and OX40L play a major role by inhibiting the induction of Tregs, which is at least partially mediated by modulating AKT-mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yueshi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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109
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Liu S, Xu J, Wu J. The Role of Co-Signaling Molecules in Psoriasis and Their Implications for Targeted Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:717042. [PMID: 34354596 PMCID: PMC8329336 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.717042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic immune-mediated inflammatory disease manifesting in the skin, joint or both. Co-signaling molecules are essential for determining the magnitude of the T cell response to the antigen. According to the function of co-signaling molecules, they can be divided into co-stimulatory molecules and co-inhibitory molecules. The role of co-signaling molecules in psoriasis is recognized, mainly including the co-stimulatory molecules CD28, CD40, OX40, CD27, DR3, LFA-1, and LFA-3 and the co-inhibitory molecules CTLA-4, PD-1, and TIM-3. They impact the pathological process of psoriasis by modulating the immune strength of T cells, regulating the production of cytokines or the differentiation of Tregs. In recent years, immunotherapies targeting co-signaling molecules have made significant progress and shown broad application prospects in psoriasis. This review aims to outline the possible role of co-signaling molecules in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and their potential application for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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110
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Palazón-Carrión N, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Sánchez-León ML, Henao-Carrasco F, Nogales-Fernández E, Chiesa M, Caballero R, Rojo F, Nieto-García MA, Sánchez-Margalet V, de la Cruz-Merino L. Circulating immune biomarkers in peripheral blood correlate with clinical outcomes in advanced breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14426. [PMID: 34257359 PMCID: PMC8277895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the different elements intervening at the tumor microenvironment seems key to explain clinical evolution in several tumor types. In this study, a set of immune biomarkers (myeloid derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and OX40 + and PD-1 + T lymphocytes counts) in peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with advanced breast cancer were analyzed along of first line antineoplastic therapy. Subsequently, a comparison between groups with clinical benefit versus progression of disease and with a healthy women cohort was executed. Results reflected that patients showed higher basal levels of myeloid derived suppressor cells (35.43, IR = 180.73 vs 17.53, IR = 16.96 cells/μl; p = 0.001) and regulatory T cells (32.05, IR = 29.84 vs 22.61, IR = 13.57 cells/μl; p = 0.001) in comparison with healthy women. Furthermore, an increase in the number of activated T lymphocytes (expressing OX40), a decrease of immune inhibitory cells (MDSCs and Tregs) and inhibited T lymphocytes (expressing PD-1) were observed along the treatment in patients with clinical benefit (p ≤ 0.001). The opposite trend was observed in the case of disease progression. These findings suggest that some critical immune elements can be easily detected and measured in peripheral blood, which open a new opportunity for translational research, as they seem to be correlated with clinical evolution, at least in ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Sánchez-León
- Clinical Oncology Department, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Massimo Chiesa
- GEICAM (Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz-CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Luis de la Cruz-Merino
- Clinical Oncology Department, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
- GEICAM (Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group), Madrid, Spain.
- Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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111
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Mascarelli DE, Rosa RSM, Toscaro JM, Semionatto IF, Ruas LP, Fogagnolo CT, Lima GC, Bajgelman MC. Boosting Antitumor Response by Costimulatory Strategies Driven to 4-1BB and OX40 T-cell Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692982. [PMID: 34277638 PMCID: PMC8277962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy explores several strategies to enhance the host immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate cancer cells. The use of antibodies that block immunological checkpoints, such as anti–programed death 1/programed death 1 ligand and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4, is widely recognized to generate a long-lasting antitumor immune response in several types of cancer. Evidence indicates that the elimination of tumors by T cells is the key for tumor control. It is well known that costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways are critical regulators in the activation of T cells. Besides blocking checkpoints inhibitors, the agonistic signaling on costimulatory molecules also plays an important role in T-cell activation and antitumor response. Therefore, molecules driven to costimulatory pathways constitute promising targets in cancer therapy. The costimulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors on lymphocytes surface may transduce signals that control the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of these immune cells. Among the members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, there are 4-1BB and OX40. Several clinical studies have been carried out targeting these molecules, with agonist monoclonal antibodies, and preclinical studies exploring their ligands and other experimental approaches. In this review, we discuss functional aspects of 4-1BB and OX40 costimulation, as well as the progress of its application in immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele E Mascarelli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rhubia S M Rosa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isadora F Semionatto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Ruas
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolinne T Fogagnolo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Lima
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Pro Rectory of Graduation, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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112
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Zhou Z, Lin L, An Y, Zhan M, Chen Y, Cai M, Zhu X, Lu L, Zhu K. The Combination Immunotherapy of TLR9 Agonist and OX40 Agonist via Intratumoural Injection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:529-543. [PMID: 34136421 PMCID: PMC8197594 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s301375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The response rate of immunotherapy via immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited due to multiple immune evasion mechanisms. OX40 is a T cell co-stimulating molecule which suppresses the cancer immune evasion by activating effector T cells (Teffs) and counteracting regulatory T cells (Tregs). TLR9 belongs to the toll-like receptor superfamily which promotes tumour antigen presentation by stimulating the maturation of dendritic cells. Though the combination immunotherapy of TLR9 agonist (CpG) and OX40 agonist (anti-OX40 antibody) has shown encouraging efficacy in various tumours, its effect on HCC remains unknown. Materials and Methods Orthotopic and ectopic HCC models were constructed by implanting Hepa1-6 cells at different body sites of the mice. Immune agents were administrated via three ways, including intratumoural injection into one site of the tumour, intraperitoneal injection, and subcutaneous injection. The anti-tumour immune response was evaluated by the regression of both the local treated tumour and distant untreated tumour. The ratio and function of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results CpG via intratumoural injection remarkably upregulated the weakly expressed OX40 of intratumoural T cells. The combination immunotherapy of CpG and anti-OX40 antibody via intratumoural injection significantly inhibited the growth of local and distant tumours, and also effectively prevented their recurrence. Excitingly, drug administration via intratumoural injection, rather than via intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections, induced potent anti-tumour immune response. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the combination immunotherapy promoted CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and inhibited Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, contributing to the effective inhibition on HCC. Noteworthily, the combination immunotherapy also induced an immune memory response. Conclusion The intratumoural administration of combined CpG and anti-OX40 antibody serves as a promising immunotherapy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Zhou
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Liteng Lin
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcheng An
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Cai
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
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113
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Tian W, Liu X, Wang L, Zheng B, Jiang K, Fu G, Feng W. Deciphering the selective binding mechanisms of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-derived neuroblastoma tumor neoepitopes to human leukocyte antigen. J Mol Model 2021; 27:134. [PMID: 33899124 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), as a metastatic form of solid tumor, has a high fatality rate found in early childhood. The two anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) neoepitopes nonamer and decamer used in cancer immunotherapy against NB cancer can selectively bind to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA-B*15:01) groove with high affinities, whereas the native self-peptide is unable to interact with the HLA-B*15:01. Here, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and subsequent molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding free energy calculations to explore the selective binding mechanisms of nonamer and decamer to the HLA-B*15:01 against the self-peptide. MD simulations revealed the significant conformational dynamics of the self-peptide in the HLA-B*15:01 groove against the nonamer and decamer. Binding free energy calculations showed that the binding affinities of HLA-B*15:01-neoepitope complexes were followed in the order decamer > nonamer > self-peptide. Detailed analysis of HLA-B*15:01-neoepitope structural complexes showed that compared to the nonamer, the self-peptide tended to move outward to the solvent, whereas the decamer moved deep to the HLA-B*15:01 groove. These different dynamic observations of the ALK neoepitopes can explain the distinct binding affinities of self-peptide, nonamer, and decamer to the HLA-B*15:01. The results may be useful for the design of more selective ALK neoepitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Tian
- Pediatric Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China
| | - Xianxian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China
| | - Bufeng Zheng
- Pediatric Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Pediatric Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China
| | - Guoyong Fu
- Pediatric Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyu Feng
- Pediatric Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, China.
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Abstract
OX40 and 5T4 are molecules that play a role in T-cell expansion and cytoskeleton's disruption in cancer, respectively. US2019161555 patent describes a bispecific antibody that targets OX40/5T4 with the potential application of cancer treatment. The method of analysis of the US201916155 patent consisted of claim's analysis, as well as the chemical/biological information's analysis of the bispecific antibody. The patent includes independent claims related to bispecific antibodies that bind to OX40/5T4, DNA encoding the antibodies, a vector that harbors the DNA, a host cell that contains the vector, a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically effective amount of the antibodies, medical use of the antibodies, use of the antibodies in the treatment or prevention of neoplastic disorders and a method of treating neoplastic disorders. Bispecific antibodies that target OX40/5T4 can activate IL-2 secretion in CD4+ T cells.
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115
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Hsu YSO, Lu KL, Fu Y, Wang CW, Lu CW, Lin YF, Chang WC, Yeh KY, Hung SI, Chung WH, Chen CB. The Roles of Immunoregulatory Networks in Severe Drug Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:597761. [PMID: 33717075 PMCID: PMC7953830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.597761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and co-signaling receptors have gained much attention, as they help balance immunogenic and immunotolerant responses that may be disrupted in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Drug hypersensitivity has a myriad of manifestations, which ranges from the mild maculopapular exanthema to the severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DRESS/DIHS). While studies have identified high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes, the presence of the HLA allotype at risk is not sufficient to elicit drug hypersensitivity. Recent studies have suggested that insufficient regulation by Tregs may play a role in severe hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1, in cancer treatment also induce hypersensitivity reactions including SJS/TEN and DRESS/DIHS. Taken together, mechanisms involving both Tregs as well as coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors may be crucial in the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity. In this review, we summarize the currently implicated roles of co-signaling receptors and Tregs in delayed-type drug hypersensitivity in the hope of identifying potential pharmacologic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shiuan Olivia Hsu
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yun Fu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lin
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yun Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Mattsson J, Ekdahl L, Junghus F, Ajore R, Erlandsson E, Niroula A, Pertesi M, Frendéus B, Teige I, Nilsson B. Accelerating target deconvolution for therapeutic antibody candidates using highly parallelized genome editing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1277. [PMID: 33627649 PMCID: PMC7904777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are transforming the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Today, a key challenge is finding antibodies against new targets. Phenotypic discovery promises to achieve this by enabling discovery of antibodies with therapeutic potential without specifying the molecular target a priori. Yet, deconvoluting the targets of phenotypically discovered antibodies remains a bottleneck; efficient deconvolution methods are needed for phenotypic discovery to reach its full potential. Here, we report a comprehensive investigation of a target deconvolution approach based on pooled CRISPR/Cas9. Applying this approach within three real-world phenotypic discovery programs, we rapidly deconvolute the targets of 38 of 39 test antibodies (97%), a success rate far higher than with existing approaches. Moreover, the approach scales well, requires much less work, and robustly identifies antibodies against the major histocompatibility complex. Our data establish CRISPR/Cas9 as a highly efficient target deconvolution approach, with immediate implications for the development of antibody-based drugs. Efficient deconvolution of antibody targets is needed for phenotype-based discovery. Here, the authors investigate a deconvolution approach based on pooled CRISPR Cas9 to achieve 97% deconvolution success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mattsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,BioInvent International AB, Ideongatan 1, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Ekdahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Junghus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ram Ajore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Erlandsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Ideongatan 1, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund, Sweden. .,Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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De Lombaerde E, De Wever O, De Geest BG. Delivery routes matter: Safety and efficacy of intratumoral immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188526. [PMID: 33617921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer immunotherapeutic agents, including the monoclonal immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines and immunostimulatory mRNA are commonly administrated by the intravenous route. Unfortunately, this route is prone to inducing, often life-threatening, side effects through accumulation of these immunotherapeutic agents at off-target tissues. Moreover, additional biological barriers need to be overcome before reaching the tumor microenvironment. By contrast, direct intratumoral injection allows for accomplishing local immune activation and multiple (pre)clinical studies have demonstrated decreased systemic toxicity, improved efficacy as well as abscopal effects. The approval of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) as first approved intratumoral oncolytic virotherapy has fueled the interest to study intensively other immunotherapeutic approaches in preclinical models as well as in clinical context. Moreover, it has been shown that intratumoral administration of immunostimulatory agents successfully synergizes with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Here we review the current state of the art in (pre)clinical intratumoral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily De Lombaerde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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118
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CD137 + T-Cells: Protagonists of the Immunotherapy Revolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030456. [PMID: 33530328 PMCID: PMC7866028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The CD137 receptor is expressed by activated antigen-specific T-cells. CD137+ T-cells were identified inside TILs and PBMCs of different tumor types and have proven to be the naturally occurring antitumor effector cells, capable of expressing a wide variability in terms of TCR specificity against both shared and neoantigenic tumor-derived peptides. The aim of this review is thus summarizing and highlighting their role as drivers of patients’ immune responses in anticancer therapies as well as their potential role in future and current strategies of immunotherapy. Abstract The CD137 receptor (4-1BB, TNF RSF9) is an activation induced molecule expressed by antigen-specific T-cells. The engagement with its ligand, CD137L, is capable of increasing T-cell survival, proliferation, and cytokine production. This allowed to identify the CD137+ T-cells as the real tumor-specific activated T-cell population. In fact, these cells express various TCRs that are specific for a wide range of tumor-derived peptides, both shared and neoantigenic ones. Moreover, their prevalence in sites close to the tumor and their unicity in killing cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, raised particular interest in studying their potential role in different strategies of immunotherapy. They indeed showed to be a reliable marker able to predict patient’s outcome to immune-based therapies as well as monitor their response. In addition, the possibility of isolating and expanding this population, turned promising in order to generate effector antitumor T-cells in the context of adoptive T-cell therapies. CD137-targeting monoclonal antibodies have already shown their antitumor efficacy in cancer patients and a number of clinical trials are thus ongoing to test their possible introduction in different combination approaches of immunotherapy. Finally, the intracellular domain of the CD137 receptor was introduced in the anti-CD19 CAR-T cells that were approved by FDA for the treatment of pediatric B-cell leukemia and refractory B-cell lymphoma.
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119
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Zhou X, Sun SC. Targeting ubiquitin signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:16. [PMID: 33436547 PMCID: PMC7804490 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an attractive approach of cancer treatment with tremendous success in treating various advanced malignancies. The development and clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors represent one of the most extraordinary accomplishments in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, considerable progress is being made in understanding the mechanism of antitumor immunity and characterizing novel targets for developing additional therapeutic approaches. One active area of investigation is protein ubiquitination, a post-translational mechanism of protein modification that regulates the function of diverse immune cells in antitumor immunity. Accumulating studies suggest that E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases form a family of potential targets to be exploited for enhancing antitumor immunity in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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120
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Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020214. [PMID: 33430146 PMCID: PMC7827333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune-based treatment strategies, which include immune checkpoint inhibition, have recently become a new frontier for the treatment of B-cell-derived lymphoma. Whereas checkpoint inhibition has given oncologists and patients hope in specific lymphoma subtypes like Hodgkin lymphoma, other entities do not benefit from such promising agents. Understanding the factors that determine the efficacy and safety of checkpoint inhibition in different lymphoma subtypes can lead to improved therapeutic strategies, including combinations with various chemotherapies, biologics and/or different immunologic agents with manageable safety profiles. Abstract For years, immunotherapy has been considered a viable and attractive treatment option for patients with cancer. Among the immunotherapy arsenal, the targeting of intratumoral immune cells by immune-checkpoint inhibitory agents has recently revolutionised the treatment of several subtypes of tumours. These approaches, aimed at restoring an effective antitumour immunity, rapidly reached the market thanks to the simultaneous identification of inhibitory signals that dampen an effective antitumor response in a large variety of neoplastic cells and the clinical development of monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint receptors. Leading therapies in solid tumours are mainly focused on the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathways. These approaches have found a promising testing ground in both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mainly because, in these diseases, the malignant cells interact with the immune system and commonly provide signals that regulate immune function. Although several trials have already demonstrated evidence of therapeutic activity with some checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma, many of the immunologic lessons learned from solid tumours may not directly translate to lymphoid malignancies. In this sense, the mechanisms of effective antitumor responses are different between the different lymphoma subtypes, while the reasons for this substantial difference remain partially unknown. This review will discuss the current advances of immune-checkpoint blockade therapies in B-cell lymphoma and build a projection of how the field may evolve in the near future. In particular, we will analyse the current strategies being evaluated both preclinically and clinically, with the aim of fostering the use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma, including combination approaches with chemotherapeutics, biological agents and/or different immunologic therapies.
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121
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Takeuchi M, Miyoshi H, Ohshima K. Tumor microenvironment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2021; 61:202-209. [PMID: 34937829 PMCID: PMC8808106 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignancy caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Aggressive ATLL is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and has a poor prognosis. Better therapeutic approaches, including cancer immunotherapy, are required to improve survival and prognosis. The genetic landscape of ATLL reveals frequent genetic alterations in genes associated with immune surveillance, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, CD58 antigen, and programmed cell death ligand 1. Clinicopathological investigations also revealed tumor immunity mechanisms in ATLL, including immune checkpoint molecules, MHC molecules, tumor-associated macrophages, and chemokines. However, the tumor microenvironment of ATLL remains complex because ATLL itself originates from T-cells, usually expressing regulatory T-cell markers. In this review, we discuss the recent literature describing the tumor microenvironment of ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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The Landscape of Immunotherapy in Advanced NSCLC: Driving Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors (CTLA-4, LAG3, IDO, OX40, TIGIT, Vaccines). Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:126. [PMID: 34453261 PMCID: PMC8397682 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we analyzed the current landscape of non-PD-(L)1 targeting immunotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of immunotherapy has completely changed the standard approach toward advanced NSCLC. Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have quickly taken place as first-line treatment for NSCLC patients without targetable "driver" mutations. However, a non-negligible portion of patients derive modest benefit from immune-checkpoint inhibitors, and valid second-line alternatives are lacking, pushing researchers to analyze other molecules and pathways as potentially viable targets in the struggle against NSCLC. Starting from the better characterized CTLA-4 inhibitors, we then critically collected the actual knowledge on NSCLC vaccines as well as on other emerging molecules, many of them in their early phase of testing, to provide to the reader a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of immunotherapy in NSCLC beyond PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
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123
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Zhang Y, Wei Z, Dong H, Zhou J, Yuan J, Ni B, Wu Y, Han C, Tian Y. Regulation of mRNA stability by RBPs and noncoding RNAs contributing to the pathogenicity of Th17 cells. RNA Biol 2020; 18:647-656. [PMID: 33302787 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1862567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells remain one of the most important subsets of T cells in numerous autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Posttranscriptional regulation (PTR), especially mRNA stability, has recently emerged as an important mechanism that controls the fate of Th17 cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that induce mRNA stability changes and their roles in mediating the differentiation, proliferation, function, and migration of Th17 cells. In addition, we summarize the role of RNA modifications and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in Th17 cells. Ongoing research will help to identify practical applications for the regulation of mRNA stability and provide potential targets to prevent and treat Th17-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jizhao Yuan
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Han
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
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Small molecules targeting the innate immune cGAS‒STING‒TBK1 signaling pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2272-2298. [PMID: 33354501 PMCID: PMC7745059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cancer immunotherapies including chimeric antigen receptor T cell and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been successfully developed to treat various cancers by motivating the adaptive anti-tumor immunity. Particularly, the checkpoint blockade approach has achieved great clinic success as evidenced by several U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-programmed death receptor 1/ligand 1 or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 antibodies. However, the majority of cancers have low clinical response rates to these ICIs due to poor tumor immunogenicity. Indeed, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase‒stimulator of interferon genes‒TANK-binding kinase 1 (cGAS‒STING‒TBK1) axis is now appreciated as the major signaling pathway in innate immune response across different species. Aberrant signaling of this pathway has been closely linked to multiple diseases, including auto-inflammation, virus infection and cancers. In this perspective, we provide an updated review on the latest progress on the development of small molecule modulators targeting the cGAS‒STING‒TBK1 signaling pathway and their preclinical and clinical use as a new immune stimulatory therapy. Meanwhile, highlights on the clinical candidates, limitations and challenges, as well as future directions in this field are also discussed. Further, small molecule inhibitors targeting this signaling axis and their potential therapeutic use for various indications are discussed as well.
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Key Words
- ABZI, amidobenzimidazole
- ACMA, 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Anti-tumor
- BNBC, 6-bromo-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide
- CBD, cyclic dinucleotide-binding domain
- CDA, cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP)
- CDG, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)
- CDN, cyclic dinucleotide
- CMA, 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4
- CTT, C-terminal tail
- CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
- DC50, concentration for 50% degradation
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DMXAA, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid
- DSDP, dispiro diketopiperzine
- EM, cryo-electron microscopy
- ENPP1, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FAA, flavone-8-acetic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- GMP, guanosine monophosphate
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- HCQ, hydrochloroquine
- HTS, high throughput screening
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IO, immune-oncology
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- ISG, interferon stimulated gene
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- Immunotherapy
- KD, kinase domain
- LBD, ligand-binding domain
- MDCK, Madin–Darby canine kidney
- MG, Mangostin
- MI, maximum induction
- MLK, mixed lineage kinase
- MinEC5×, minimum effective concentration for inducing 5-fold luciferase activity
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Ntase, nucleotidyl transferase
- PBMCs, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1, programmed death receptor 1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- PDE, phosphodiesterases
- PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- PPi, pyrophosphoric acid
- PROTACs, proteolysis targeting chimeras
- PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
- QC, quinacrine
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDD, scaffold and dimerization domain
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- STING
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- Small molecule modulators
- TBK1
- TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1
- THIQCs, tetrahydroisoquinolone acetic acids
- TNFRSF, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- VHL, von Hippel–Lindau
- cAIMP, cyclic adenosine-inosine monophosphate
- cGAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS
- cGAS, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- i.t., intratumoral
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Gutierrez M, Moreno V, Heinhuis KM, Olszanski AJ, Spreafico A, Ong M, Chu Q, Carvajal RD, Trigo J, Ochoa de Olza M, Provencio M, De Vos FY, De Braud F, Leong S, Lathers D, Wang R, Ravindran P, Feng Y, Aanur P, Melero I. OX40 Agonist BMS-986178 Alone or in Combination With Nivolumab and/or Ipilimumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:460-472. [PMID: 33148673 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I/IIa study (NCT02737475) evaluated the safety and activity of BMS-986178, a fully human OX40 agonist IgG1 mAb, ± nivolumab and/or ipilimumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients (with non-small cell lung, renal cell, bladder, other advanced cancers) received BMS-986178 (20-320 mg) ± nivolumab (240-480 mg) and/or ipilimumab (1-3 mg/kg). The primary endpoint was safety. Additional endpoints included immunogenicity, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity per RECIST version 1.1. RESULTS Twenty patients received BMS-986178 monotherapy, and 145 received combination therapy in various regimens (including two patients receiving nivolumab monotherapy). With a follow-up of 1.1 to 103.6 weeks, the most common (≥5%) treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) included fatigue, pruritus, rash, pyrexia, diarrhea, and infusion-related reactions. Overall, grade 3-4 TRAEs occurred in one of 20 patients (5%) receiving BMS-986178 monotherapy, six of 79 (8%) receiving BMS-986178 plus nivolumab, zero of two receiving nivolumab monotherapy, six of 41 (15%) receiving BMS-986178 plus ipilimumab, and three of 23 (13%) receiving BMS-986178 plus nivolumab plus ipilimumab. No deaths occurred. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed with monotherapy, and the MTD was not reached in either the monotherapy or the combination escalation cohorts. No objective responses were seen with BMS-986178 alone; objective response rates ranged from 0% to 13% across combination therapy cohorts. CONCLUSIONS In this study, BMS-986178 ± nivolumab and/or ipilimumab appeared to have a manageable safety profile, but no clear efficacy signal was observed above that expected for nivolumab and/or ipilimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gutierrez
- John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey.
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kimberley M Heinhuis
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Spreafico
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ong
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quincy Chu
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - José Trigo
- Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Filip Yves De Vos
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen Leong
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Yan Feng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Clínica Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. *was an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb at the time the studies were performed
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are a specialized subset of hematopoietic cells essential for mounting immunity against tumors and infectious disease as well as inducing tolerance for maintenance of homeostasis. DCs are equipped with number of immunoregulatory or stimulatory molecules that interact with other leukocytes to modulate their functions. Recent advances in DC biology identified a specific role for the conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) in eliciting cytotoxic CD8+ T cells essential for clearance of tumors and infected cells. The critical role of this subset in eliciting immune responses or inducing tolerance has largely been defined in mice whereas the biology of human cDC1 is poorly characterized owing to their extremely low frequency in tissues. A detailed characterization of the functions of many immunoregulatory and stimulatory molecules expressed by human cDC1 is critical for understanding their biology to exploit this subset for designing novel therapeutic modalities against cancer, infectious disease and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Balan
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Extramural member Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, CA, United States.
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He S, Xu J, Wu J. The emerging role of co-stimulatory molecules and their agonistic mAb-based combination therapies in melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107097. [PMID: 33091814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although anti-PD-1/L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, the validated immune checkpoint blockades, can elicit durable long-lasting antitumor immunity and improve the clinical outcomes of melanoma treatment, there are still a fraction of patients who did not receive therapeutic benefits as expected. In addition to findings of blocking the co-inhibitory pathways, the preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that triggering the co-stimulatory pathways through agonists such as CD137, OX40, CD40, GITR and CD27 may be a rational next step for melanoma therapy. In this review, we discuss the progress of studies on these co-stimulatory molecules in terms of their promising therapeutic effects and underlying antitumor mechanisms, and provide a review of the possible combinations that orchestrate the interplay of co-stimulatory agonistic mAbs and other therapies for treating melanoma, including inhibitory immune checkpoint mAbs, adoptive T cell therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We also briefly present the limitations and challenges involved in these co-stimulatory agonistic mAb-based combination strategies for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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128
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Federico P, Petrillo A, Giordano P, Bosso D, Fabbrocini A, Ottaviano M, Rosanova M, Silvestri A, Tufo A, Cozzolino A, Daniele B. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Novel Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3025. [PMID: 33080958 PMCID: PMC7603151 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a promising treatment for many kinds of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The rationale for using ICIs in HCC is based on the immunogenic background of hepatitis and cirrhosis and on the observation of high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in this cancer. Promising data from phase I/II studies in advanced HCC, showing durable objective response rates (~20% in first- and second-line settings) and good safety profile, have led to phase III studies with ICIs as single agents or in combination therapy, both in first and second line setting. While the activity of immunotherapy agents as single agents seems to be limited to an "ill-defined" small subset of patients, the combination of the anti PD-L1 atezolizumab and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab revealed a benefit in the outcomes when compared to sorafenib in the first line. In addition, the activity and efficacy of the combinations between anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 antibody and other ICIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or surgical and locoregional therapies, has also been investigated in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of ICIs in the management of HCC with a critical evaluation of the current status and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Federico
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Angelica Petrillo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Study of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Giordano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Davide Bosso
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Antonietta Fabbrocini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Margaret Ottaviano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Antonia Silvestri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Andrea Tufo
- Surgical Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy;
| | | | - Bruno Daniele
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (P.G.); (D.B.); (A.F.); (M.O.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (B.D.)
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Barbari C, Fontaine T, Parajuli P, Lamichhane N, Jakubski S, Lamichhane P, Deshmukh RR. Immunotherapies and Combination Strategies for Immuno-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5009. [PMID: 32679922 PMCID: PMC7404041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of novel immunotherapies in the treatment of cancers has dramatically changed the landscape of the oncology field. Recent developments in checkpoint inhibition therapies, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, and cancer vaccines have shown immense promise for significant advancements in cancer treatments. Immunotherapies act on distinct steps of immune response to augment the body's natural ability to recognize, target, and destroy cancerous cells. Combination treatments with immunotherapies and other modalities intend to activate immune response, decrease immunosuppression, and target signaling and resistance pathways to offer a more durable, long-lasting treatment compared to traditional therapies and immunotherapies as monotherapies for cancers. This review aims to briefly describe the rationale, mechanisms of action, and clinical efficacy of common immunotherapies and highlight promising combination strategies currently approved or under clinical development. Additionally, we will discuss the benefits and limitations of these immunotherapy approaches as monotherapies as well as in combination with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Barbari
- OMS Students, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (C.B.); (T.F.)
| | - Tyler Fontaine
- OMS Students, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (C.B.); (T.F.)
| | - Priyanka Parajuli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Narottam Lamichhane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Silvia Jakubski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Purushottam Lamichhane
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), 4800 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Rahul R. Deshmukh
- School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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130
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Han C, Zhong J, Hu J, Liu H, Liu R, Ling F. Single-Sample Node Entropy for Molecular Transition in Pre-deterioration Stage of Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:809. [PMID: 32766227 PMCID: PMC7381145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex disease, especially cancer, always has pre-deterioration stage during its progression, which is difficult to identify but crucial to drug research and clinical intervention. However, using a few samples to find mechanisms that propel cancer crossing the pre-deterioration stage is still a complex problem. In this study, we successfully developed a novel single-sample model based on node entropy with a priori established protein interaction network. Using this model, critical stages were successfully detected in simulation data and four TCGA datasets, indicating its sensitivity and robustness. Besides, compared with the results of the differential analysis, our results showed that most of dynamic network biomarkers identified by node entropy, such as NKD2 or DAAM1, located in upstream in many important cancer-related signaling pathways regulated intergenic signaling within pathways. We also identified some novel prognostic biomarkers such as PER2, TNFSF4, MMP13 and ENO4 using node entropy rather than expression level. More importantly, we found the switch of non-specific pathways related to DNA damage repairing was the main driven force for cancer progression. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a dynamic node entropy model based on single case data to find out tipping point and possible mechanism for cancer progression. These findings may provide new target genes in therapeutic intervention tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyin Han
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhong
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ling
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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131
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, Mittoo S, Weissert R, Kass JS, Rajagopal S, Pai AR, Kutty S. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1648. [PMID: 32754159 PMCID: PMC7365905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm is an acute hyperinflammatory response that may be responsible for critical illness in many conditions including viral infections, cancer, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. The phenomenon has been implicated in critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus implicated in COVID-19. Critically ill COVID-19 patients experiencing cytokine storm are believed to have a worse prognosis and increased fatality rate. In SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, cytokine storm appears important to the pathogenesis of several severe manifestations of COVID-19: acute respiratory distress syndrome, thromboembolic diseases such as acute ischemic strokes caused by large vessel occlusion and myocardial infarction, encephalitis, acute kidney injury, and vasculitis (Kawasaki-like syndrome in children and renal vasculitis in adult). Understanding the pathogenesis of cytokine storm will help unravel not only risk factors for the condition but also therapeutic strategies to modulate the immune response and deliver improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients at high risk for severe disease. In this article, we present an overview of the cytokine storm and its implications in COVID-19 settings and identify potential pathways or biomarkers that could be targeted for therapy. Leveraging expert opinion, emerging evidence, and a case-based approach, this position paper provides critical insights on cytokine storm from both a prognostic and therapeutic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhaskar
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory & NSW Brain Clot Bank, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akansha Sinha
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- The University of New South Wales, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maciej Banach
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Gora, Poland
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Shikha Mittoo
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Rheumatology, University Health Network and The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Weissert
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joseph S. Kass
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neurology, Ben Taub General Hospital and Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Santhosh Rajagopal
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- World Health Organisation, Country Office for India, NPSP, Madurai, India
| | - Anupama R. Pai
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Heart Center, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Activation of OX40 and CD27 Costimulatory Signalling in Sheep through Recombinant Ovine Ligands. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020333. [PMID: 32580486 PMCID: PMC7350415 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily OX40L and CD70 and their receptors are costimulating signalling axes critical for adequate T cell activation in humans and mice but characterisation of these molecules in other species including ruminants is lacking. Here we cloned and expressed the predicted ovine orthologues of the receptors OX40 and CD27, as well as soluble recombinant forms of their potential ovine ligands, OaOX40L and OaCD70. Using biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses, we show that both signalling axes are functional in sheep. We show that oligomeric recombinant ligand constructs are able to induce signalling through their receptors on transfected cells. Recombinant defective human adenoviruses were constructed to express the soluble forms of OaOX40L and OaCD70. Both proteins were detected in the supernatant of adenovirus-infected cells and shown to activate NF-κB signalling pathway through their cognate receptor. These adenovirus-secreted OaOX40L and OaCD70 forms could also activate ovine T cell proliferation and enhance IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Altogether, this study provides the first characterisation of the ovine costimulatory OX40L-OX40 and CD70-CD27 signalling axes, and indicates that their activation in vivo may be useful to enhance vaccination-induced immune responses in sheep and other ruminants.
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