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Karlsson O, Michno W, Ransome Y, Hanrieder J. MALDI imaging delineates hippocampal glycosphingolipid changes associated with neurotoxin induced proteopathy following neonatal BMAA exposure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:740-746. [PMID: 27956354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The environmental toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been proposed to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously shown that neonatal exposure to BMAA results in dose-dependent cognitive impairments, proteomic alterations and progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of adult rats. A high BMAA dose (460mg/kg) also induced intracellular fibril formation, increased protein ubiquitination and enrichment of proteins important for lipid transport and metabolism. The aim of this study was therefore to elucidate the role of neuronal lipids in BMAA-induced neurodegeneration. By using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS), we characterized the spatial lipid profile in the hippocampus of six month-old rats that were treated neonatally (postnatal days 9-10) with 460mg/kg BMAA. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed long-term changes in distinct ganglioside species (GM, GD, GT) in the dentate gyrus. These changes could be a consequence of direct effects on ganglioside biosynthesis through the b-series (GM3-GD3-GD2-GD1b-GT1b) and may be linked to astrogliosis. Complementary immunohistochemistry experiments towards GFAP and S100β further verified the role of increased astrocyte activity in BMAA-induced brain damage. This highlights the potential of imaging MS for probing chemical changes associated with neuropathological mechanisms in situ. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MALDI Imaging, edited by Dr. Corinna Henkel and Prof. Peter Hoffmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Toxicology and Drug Safety, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wojciech Michno
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yusuf Ransome
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK.
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Couto D, Melo T, Maciel E, Campos A, Alves E, Guedes S, Domingues MRM, Domingues P. New Insights on Non-Enzymatic Oxidation of Ganglioside GM1 Using Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1965-1978. [PMID: 27576485 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are acidic glycosphingolipids that are present in cell membranes and lipid raft domains, being particularly abundant in central nervous systems. They participate in modulating cell membrane properties, cell-cell recognition, cell regulation, and signaling. Disturbance in ganglioside metabolism has been correlated with the development of diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, and in inflammation. Both conditions are associated with an increased production of reactive oxidation species (ROS) that can induce changes in the structure of biomolecules, including lipids, leading to the loss or modification of their function. Oxidized phospholipids are usually involved in chronic diseases and inflammation. However, knowledge regarding oxidation of gangliosides is scarce. In order to evaluate the effect of ROS in gangliosides, an in vitro biomimetic model system was used to study the susceptibility of GM1 (Neu5Acα2-3(Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4)Galβ1-4Glcβ1Cer) to undergo oxidative modifications. Oxidation of GM1 under Fenton reaction conditions was monitored using high resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Upon oxidation, GM1 underwent oxidative cleavages in the carbohydrate chain, leading to the formation of other gangliosides GM2 (GalNAcβ1-4Gal(Neu5Acα2-3)1-4Glcβ1Cer), GM3 (Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1Cer), asialo-GM1 (Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1Cer), asialo-GM2 (GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1Cer), of the small glycolipids lactosylceramide (LacCer), glucosylceramide (GlcCer), and of ceramide (Cer). In addition, oxygenated GM1 and GM2 (as keto and hydroxy derivatives), glycans, oxidized glycans, and oxidized ceramides were also identified. Nonenzymatic oxidation of GM1 under oxidative stress contributes to the generation of other gangliosides that may participate in the imbalance of gangliosides metabolism in vivo, through uncontrolled enzymatic pathways and, consequently, play some role in neurodegenerative processes. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Couto
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Campos
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guedes
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Vadakkan KI. Neurodegenerative disorders share common features of "loss of function" states of a proposed mechanism of nervous system functions. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:412-430. [PMID: 27424323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are highly heterogeneous for the locations affected and the nature of the aggregated proteins. Nearly 80% of the neurodegenerative disorders occur sporadically, indicating that certain factors must combine to initiate the degenerative changes. The contiguous extension of degenerative changes from cell to cell, the association with viral fusion proteins, loss of dendritic spines (postsynaptic terminals), and the eventual degeneration of cells indicate the presence of a unique mechanism for inter-cellular spread of pathology. It is not known whether the "loss of function" states of the still unknown normal nervous system operations can lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Here, the possible loss of function states of a proposed normal nervous system function are examined. A reversible inter-postsynaptic functional LINK (IPL) mechanism, consisting of transient inter-postsynaptic membrane (IPM) hydration exclusion and partial to complete IPM hemifusions, was proposed as a critical step necessary for the binding process and the induction of internal sensations of higher brain functions. When various findings from different neurodegenerative disorders are systematically organized and examined, disease features match the effects of loss of function states of different IPLs. Changes in membrane composition, enlargement of dendritic spines by dopamine and viral fusion proteins are capable of altering the IPLs to form IPM fusion. The latter can lead to the observed lateral spread of pathology, inter-neuronal cytoplasmic content mixing and abnormal protein aggregation. Since both the normal mechanism of reversible IPM hydration exclusion and the pathological process of transient IPM fusion can evade detection, testing their occurrence may provide preventive and therapeutic opportunities for these disorders.
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Noel A, Ingrand S, Barrier L. Anti-amyloidogenic effects of glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibitors occur independently of ganglioside alterations. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 75:63-70. [PMID: 27373967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has suggested that ganglioside abnormalities may be linked to the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that pharmacological inhibition of ganglioside synthesis may reduce amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production. In this study, we assessed the usefulness of two well-established glycosphingolipid (GSL) synthesis inhibitors, the synthetic ceramide analog D-PDMP (1-phenyl 2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol) and the iminosugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ or miglustat), as anti-amyloidogenic drugs in a human cellular model of AD. We found that both GSL inhibitors were able to markedly inhibit Aβ production, although affecting differently the APP cleavage. Surprisingly, the L-enantiomer of PDMP, which promotes ganglioside accumulation, acted similarly to D-PDMP to inhibit Aβ production. Concurrently, both D- and L-PDMP strongly and equally reduced the levels of long-chain ceramides. Altogether, our data suggested that the anti-amyloidogenic effects of PDMP agents are independent of the altered cellular ganglioside composition, but may result, at least in part, from their ability to reduce ceramide levels. Moreover, our current study established for the first time that NB-DNJ, a drug already used as a therapeutic for Gaucher disease (a lysosomal storage disorder), was also able to reduce Aβ production in our cellular model. Therefore, our study provides novel information regarding the possibilities to target amyloidogenic processing of APP through modulation of sphingolipid metabolism and emphasizes the potential of the iminosugar NB-DNJ as a disease modifying therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Noel
- Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Université de Poitiers, Groupe de Recherche sur le Vieillissement Cérébral GRéViC EA3808, Poitiers, France
| | - Sabrina Ingrand
- Université de Poitiers, UFR Médecine&Pharmacie, Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Barrier
- Université de Poitiers, UFR Médecine&Pharmacie, Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France.
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Dinkins MB, Dasgupta S, Wang G, Zhu G, He Q, Kong JN, Bieberich E. The 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Exhibits an Age-Dependent Increase in Anti-Ceramide IgG and Exogenous Administration of Ceramide Further Increases Anti-Ceramide Titers and Amyloid Plaque Burden. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:55-61. [PMID: 25720409 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence that 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model mice develop an age-dependent increase in antibodies against ceramide, suggesting involvement of autoimmunity against ceramide in Alzheimer's disease pathology. To test this, we increased serum anti-ceramide IgG (2-fold) by ceramide administration and analyzed amyloid plaque formation in 5XFAD mice. There were no differences in soluble or total amyloid-β levels. However, females receiving ceramide had increased plaque burden (number, area, and size) compared to controls. Ceramide-treated mice showed an increase of serum exosomes (up to 3-fold using Alix as marker), suggesting that systemic anti-ceramide IgG and exosome levels are correlated with enhanced plaque formation.
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106
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The lipidome associated with the γ-secretase complex is required for its integrity and activity. Biochem J 2016; 473:321-34. [PMID: 26811537 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multi-subunit membrane protease complex that catalyses the final intramembrane cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) during the neuronal production of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which are implicated as the causative agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we report the reconstitution of a highly purified, active γ-secretase complex into proteoliposomes without exogenous lipids and provide the first direct evidence for the existence of a microenvironment of 53 molecular species from 11 major lipid classes specifically associated with the γ-secretase complex, including phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Importantly, we demonstrate that the pharmacological modulation of certain phospholipids abolishes both the integrity and the enzymatic activity of the intramembrane protease. Together, our findings highlight the importance of a specific lipid microenvironment for the structure and function of γ-secretase.
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107
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Sajja VSSS, Hlavac N, VandeVord PJ. Role of Glia in Memory Deficits Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Biomarkers of Glia Dysfunction. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:7. [PMID: 26973475 PMCID: PMC4770450 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, glial cells have been recognized as a structural component of the brain. However, it has become clear that glial cells are intimately involved in the complexities of neural networks and memory formations. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes have dynamic responsibilities which substantially impact neuronal function and activities. Moreover, the importance of glia following brain injury has come to the forefront in discussions to improve axonal regeneration and functional recovery. The numerous activities of glia following injury can either promote recovery or underlie the pathobiology of memory deficits. This review outlines the pathological states of glial cells which evolve from their positive supporting roles to those which disrupt synaptic function and neuroplasticity following injury. Evidence suggests that glial cells interact extensively with neurons both chemically and physically, reinforcing their role as pivotal for higher brain functions such as learning and memory. Collectively, this mini review surveys investigations of how glial dysfunction following brain injury can alter mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and how this may be related to an increased risk for persistent memory deficits. We also include recent findings, that demonstrate new molecular avenues for clinical biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S S S Sajja
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Nora Hlavac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pamela J VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech University Blacksburg, VA, USA
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108
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Mizuno S, Ogishima S, Kitatani K, Kikuchi M, Tanaka H, Yaegashi N, Nakaya J. Network Analysis of a Comprehensive Knowledge Repository Reveals a Dual Role for Ceramide in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148431. [PMID: 26849355 PMCID: PMC4752297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of senile dementia. Many inflammatory factors such as amyloid-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines are known to contribute to the inflammatory response in the AD brain. Sphingolipids are widely known to have roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, where the precise roles for sphingolipids in inflammation-associated pathogenesis of AD are not well understood. Here we performed a network analysis to clarify the importance of sphingolipids and to model relationships among inflammatory factors and sphingolipids in AD. In this study, we have updated sphingolipid signaling and metabolic cascades in a map of AD signaling networks that we named “AlzPathway,” a comprehensive knowledge repository of signaling pathways in AD. Our network analysis of the updated AlzPathway indicates that the pathways related to ceramide are one of the primary pathways and that ceramide is one of the important players in the pathogenesis of AD. The results of our analysis suggest the following two prospects about inflammation in AD: (1) ceramide could play important roles in both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways of AD, and (2) several factors such as Sphingomyelinase and Siglec-11 may be associated with ceramide related inflammation and anti-inflammation pathways in AD. In this study, network analysis of comprehensive knowledge repository reveals a dual role for ceramide in AD. This result provides a clue to clarify sphingolipids related inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Informatics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SM); (SO)
| | - Soichi Ogishima
- Department of Clinical Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SM); (SO)
| | - Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Nakaya
- Department of Clinical Informatics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Protection against Experimental Stroke by Ganglioside GM1 Is Associated with the Inhibition of Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144219. [PMID: 26751695 PMCID: PMC4709082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM1, which is particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS), is closely associated with the protection against several CNS disorders. However, controversial findings have been reported on the role of GM1 following ischemic stroke. In the present study, using a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, we investigated whether GM1 can protect against ischemic brain injury and whether it targets the autophagy pathway. GM1 was delivered to Sprague-Dawley male rats at 3 doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection soon after reperfusion and then once daily for 2 days. The same volume of saline was given as a control. Tat–Beclin-1, a specific autophagy inducer, was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 24 and 48 hours post-MCAO. Infarction volume, mortality and neurological function were assessed at 72 hours after ischemic insult. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were performed to determine the expression of autophagy-related proteins P62, LC3 and Beclin-1 in the penumbra area. No significant changes in mortality and physiological variables (heart rate, blood glucose levels and arterial blood gases) were observed between the different groups. However, MCAO resulted in enhanced conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II, P62 degradation, high levels of Beclin-1, a large area infarction (26.3±3.6%) and serious neurobehavioral deficits. GM1 (50 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the autophagy activation, neurobehavioral dysfunctions, and infarction volume (from 26.3% to 19.5%) without causing significant adverse side effects. However, this biological function could be abolished by Tat–Beclin-1. In conclusion: GM1 demonstrated safe and robust neuroprotective effects that are associated with the inhibition of autophagy following experimental stroke.
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Seyer A, Boudah S, Broudin S, Junot C, Colsch B. Annotation of the human cerebrospinal fluid lipidome using high resolution mass spectrometry and a dedicated data processing workflow. Metabolomics 2016; 12:91. [PMID: 27110228 PMCID: PMC4824825 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to its proximity with the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be a medium of choice for the discovery of biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric diseases using untargeted analytical approaches. OBJECTIVES This study explored the CSF lipidome in order to generate a robust mass spectral database using an untargeted lipidomic approach. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 45 individuals were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry method (LC-HRMS). A dedicated data processing workflow was implemented using XCMS software and adapted filters to select reliable features. In addition, an automatic annotation using an in silico lipid database and several MS/MS experiments were performed to identify CSF lipid species. RESULTS Using this complete workflow, 771 analytically relevant monoisotopic lipid species corresponding to 550 unique lipids which represent five major lipid families (i.e., free fatty acids, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sterol lipids) were detected and annotated. In addition, MS/MS experiments enabled to improve the annotation of 304 lipid species. Thanks to LC-HRMS, it was possible to discriminate between isobaric and also isomeric lipid species; and interestingly, our study showed that isobaric ions represent about 50 % of the total annotated lipid species in the human CSF. CONCLUSION This work provides an extensive LC/HRMS database of the human CSF lipidome which constitutes a relevant foundation for future studies aimed at finding biomarkers of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samia Boudah
- CEA-Saclay, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, Laboratoire d’étude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christophe Junot
- CEA-Saclay, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, Laboratoire d’étude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Colsch
- CEA-Saclay, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, Laboratoire d’étude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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Assaying Ceramide Synthase Activity In Vitro and in Living Cells Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1376:11-22. [PMID: 26552671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3170-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are one the major lipid families in eukaryotes, incorporating a diverse array of structural and signaling lipids such as sphingomyelin and gangliosides. The core lipid component for all complex sphingolipids is ceramide, a diacyl lipid consisting of a variable length fatty acid linked through an amide bond to a long chain base such as sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. This reaction is catalyzed by a family of six ceramide synthases (CERS1-6), each of which preferentially catalyzes the synthesis of ceramides with different fatty acid chain lengths. Ceramides are themselves potent cellular and physiological signaling molecules heavily implicated in diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, making it important for researchers to have access to sensitive and accurate assays for ceramide synthase activity. This chapter describes methods for assaying ceramide synthase activity in cell or tissue lysates, or in cultured cells (in situ), using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as the readout. LC-MS/MS is a very sensitive and accurate means for assaying ceramide synthase reaction products.
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112
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Nunez K, Kay J, Krotow A, Tong M, Agarwal AR, Cadenas E, de la Monte SM. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Alterations in Frontal White Matter Lipid Profiles Demonstrated by MALDI-Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:151-63. [PMID: 26836183 PMCID: PMC5575809 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analysis has shown that smokers have significantly increased risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neuroimaging studies showed that smoking alters white matter (WM) structural integrity. OBJECTIVE Herein, we characterize the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) exposures and withdrawal on WM myelin lipid composition using matrix assisted laser desorption and ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). METHODS Young adult male A/J mice were exposed to air (8 weeks; A8), CS (4 or 8 weeks; CS4, CS8), or CS8 followed by 2 weeks recovery (CS8 + R). Frontal lobe WM was examined for indices of lipid and protein oxidation and lipid profile alterations by MALDI-IMS. Lipid ions were identified by MS/MS with the LIPID MAPS prediction tools database. Inter-group comparisons were made using principal component analysis and R-generated heatmap. RESULTS CS increased lipid and protein adducts such that higher levels were present in CS8 compared with CS4 samples. CS8 + R reversed CS8 effects and normalized the levels of oxidative stress. MALDI-IMS demonstrated striking CS-associated alterations in WM lipid profiles characterized by either reductions or increases in phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, or phosphatidylethanolamine) and sphingolipids (sulfatides), and partial reversal of CS's inhibitory effects with recovery. The heatmap hierarchical dendrogram and PCA distinguished CS exposure, duration, and withdrawal effects on WM lipid profiles. CONCLUSION CS-mediated WM degeneration is associated with lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative injury, and alterations in myelin lipid composition, including shifts in phospholipids and sphingolipids needed for membrane integrity, plasticity, and intracellular signaling. Future goals are to delineate WM abnormalities in AD using MALDI-IMS, and couple the findings with MRI-mass spectroscopy to improve in vivo diagnostics and early detection of brain biochemical responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin Nunez
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jared Kay
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alexander Krotow
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Programs at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amit R. Agarwal
- The Department of Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- The Department of Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Divisions of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Perrotta C, Cervia D, De Palma C, Assi E, Pellegrino P, Bassi MT, Clementi E. The emerging role of acid sphingomyelinase in autophagy. Apoptosis 2015; 20:635-44. [PMID: 25666706 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the main intracellular process of cytoplasmic material degradation, is involved in cell survival and death. Autophagy is regulated at various levels and novel modulators of its function are being continuously identified. An intriguing recent observation is that among these modulators is the sphingolipid metabolising enzyme, Acid Sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), already known to play a fundamental role in apoptotic cell death participating in several pathophysiological conditions. In this review we analyse and discuss the relationship between autophagy and A-SMase describing how A-SMase may regulate it and defining, for the first time, the existence of an A-SMase-autophagy axis. The imbalance of this axis plays a role in cancer, nervous system, cardiovascular, and hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
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Ceramides And Stress Signalling Intersect With Autophagic Defects In Neurodegenerative Drosophila blue cheese (bchs) Mutants. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15926. [PMID: 26639035 PMCID: PMC4671070 DOI: 10.1038/srep15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolites are involved in the regulation of autophagy, a degradative recycling process that is required to prevent neuronal degeneration. Drosophila blue cheese mutants neurodegenerate due to perturbations in autophagic flux, and consequent accumulation of ubiquitinated aggregates. Here, we demonstrate that blue cheese mutant brains exhibit an elevation in total ceramide levels; surprisingly, however, degeneration is ameliorated when the pool of available ceramides is further increased, and exacerbated when ceramide levels are decreased by altering sphingolipid catabolism or blocking de novo synthesis. Exogenous ceramide is seen to accumulate in autophagosomes, which are fewer in number and show less efficient clearance in blue cheese mutant neurons. Sphingolipid metabolism is also shifted away from salvage toward de novo pathways, while pro-growth Akt and MAP pathways are down-regulated, and ER stress is increased. All these defects are reversed under genetic rescue conditions that increase ceramide generation from salvage pathways. This constellation of effects suggests a possible mechanism whereby the observed deficit in a potentially ceramide-releasing autophagic pathway impedes survival signaling and exacerbates neuronal death.
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Fluorescent Assays for Ceramide Synthase Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1376:23-33. [PMID: 26552672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3170-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are the central lipid metabolite of the sphingolipid family, and exert a potent influence over cell polarity, differentiation, and survival through their biophysical properties and their specific interactions with cell signaling proteins. Literature on the importance of ceramides in physiology and pathological conditions continues to grow, with ceramides having been identified as central effectors in major human pathologies such as diabetes and neurodegenerative conditions. In mammals, ceramide synthesis from a sphingoid base and a variable length fatty acid is catalyzed by a family of six ceramide synthases (CERS1-6), whose active sites exhibit differential specificity for different length fatty acids. CERS activity has traditionally been measured using radioactive substrates. More recently mass spectrometry has been used. In this chapter, we describe a fluorescent CERS assay, the results of which can be quantified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods for quantification with either TLC or HPLC are described.
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Koal T, Klavins K, Seppi D, Kemmler G, Humpel C. Sphingomyelin SM(d18:1/18:0) is significantly enhanced in cerebrospinal fluid samples dichotomized by pathological amyloid-β42, tau, and phospho-tau-181 levels. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 44:1193-201. [PMID: 25408209 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe and chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the brain. The laboratory diagnosis is limited to the analysis of three biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), total tau, and phospho-tau-181 (P-tau-181). However, there is a need to find more biomarkers in CSF that can improve the sensitivity and specificity. The aim of the present study was to analyze endogenous small metabolites (metabolome) in the CSF, which may provide potentially new insights into biochemical processes involved in AD. One hundred CSF samples were dichotomized by normal (n = 50) and pathological decreased Aβ42 and increased tau and P-tau-181 levels (n = 50; correlating to an AD-like pathology). These CSF samples were analyzed using the AbsoluteIDQ® p180 Kit (BIOCRATES Life Sciences), which included 40 acylcarnitines, 21 amino acids, 19 biogenic amines, 15 sphingolipids, and 90 glycerophospholipids. Our data show that two sphingomyelins (SM (d18:1/18:0) and SM (d18:1/18:1)), 5 glycerophospholipids (PC aa C32:0, PC aa C34:1, PC aa C36:1, PC aa C38:4 and PC aa C38:6), and 1 acylcarnitine (C3-DC-M/C5-OH) were significantly altered in the CSF with pathological "AD-like pathology". Sphingomyelin SM (d18:1/18:0) proved to be a specific (76%) and sensitive (66%) biomarker with a defined cut-off of 546 nM. Correct diagnoses for 21 out of 32 unknown samples could be achieved using this SM (d18:1/18:0) cut-off value. In conclusion, the sphingolipid SM (d18:1/18:0) is significantly increased in CSF of patients displaying pathological levels of Aβ42, tau, and P-tau-181.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of General and Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of General and Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Elevation of 20-carbon long chain bases due to a mutation in serine palmitoyltransferase small subunit b results in neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12962-7. [PMID: 26438849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516733112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids typically have an 18-carbon (C18) sphingoid long chain base (LCB) backbone. Although sphingolipids with LCBs of other chain lengths have been identified, the functional significance of these low-abundance sphingolipids is unknown. The LCB chain length is determined by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) isoenzymes, which are trimeric proteins composed of two large subunits (SPTLC1 and SPTLC2 or SPTLC3) and a small subunit (SPTssa or SPTssb). Here we report the identification of an Sptssb mutation, Stellar (Stl), which increased the SPT affinity toward the C18 fatty acyl-CoA substrate by twofold and significantly elevated 20-carbon (C20) LCB production in the mutant mouse brain and eye, resulting in surprising neurodegenerative effects including aberrant membrane structures, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins on membranes, and axon degeneration. Our work demonstrates that SPT small subunits play a major role in controlling SPT activity and substrate affinity, and in specifying sphingolipid LCB chain length in vivo. Moreover, our studies also suggest that excessive C20 LCBs or C20 LCB-containing sphingolipids impair protein homeostasis and neural functions.
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118
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Walsh KP, Kuhn TB, Bamburg JR. Cellular prion protein: A co-receptor mediating neuronal cofilin-actin rod formation induced by β-amyloid and proinflammatory cytokines. Prion 2015; 8:375-80. [PMID: 25426519 DOI: 10.4161/pri.35504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that proteins exhibiting "prion-like" behavior cause distinct neurodegenerative diseases, including inherited, sporadic and acquired types. The conversion of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) to its infectious protease resistant counterpart (PrP(Res)) is the essential feature of prion diseases. However, PrP(C) also performs important functions in transmembrane signaling, especially in neurodegenerative processes. Beta-amyloid (Aβ) synaptotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in mouse models of Alzheimer disease are mediated by a PrP(C)-dependent pathway. Here we review how this pathway converges with proinflammatory cytokine signaling to activate membrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The NOX signaling pathway may also be integrated with those of other transmembrane receptors clustered in PrP(C)-enriched membrane domains. Such a signal convergence along the PrP(C)-NOX axis could explain the relevance of PrP(C) in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, including neuroinflammatory-mediated alterations in synaptic function following traumatic brain injury. PrP(C) overexpression alone activates NOX and generates a local increase in ROS that initiates cofilin activation and formation of cofilin-saturated actin bundles (rods). Rods sequester cofilin from synaptic regions where it is required for plasticity associated with learning and memory. Rods can also interrupt vesicular transport by occluding the neurite within which they form. Through either or both mechanisms, rods may directly mediate the synaptic dysfunction that accompanies various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keifer P Walsh
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Colorado State University ; Fort Collins , CO USA
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119
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Kwon B, Gamache T, Lee HK, Querfurth HW. Synergistic effects of β-amyloid and ceramide-induced insulin resistance on mitochondrial metabolism in neuronal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1810-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wronowska W, Charzyńska A, Nienałtowski K, Gambin A. Computational modeling of sphingolipid metabolism. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:47. [PMID: 26275400 PMCID: PMC4537549 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background As suggested by the origin of the word, sphingolipids are mysterious molecules with various roles in antagonistic cellular processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, sphingolipids have recently been recognized as important messengers in cellular signaling pathways. Notably, sphingolipid metabolism disorders have been observed in various pathological conditions such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Results The existing formal models of sphingolipid metabolism focus mainly on de novo ceramide synthesis or are limited to biochemical transformations of particular subspecies. Here, we propose the first comprehensive computational model of sphingolipid metabolism in human tissue. Contrary to the previous approaches, we use a model that reflects cell compartmentalization thereby highlighting the differences among individual organelles. Conclusions The model that we present here was validated using recently proposed methods of model analysis, allowing to detect the most sensitive and experimentally non-identifiable parameters and determine the main sources of model variance. Moreover, we demonstrate the usefulness of our model in the study of molecular processes underlying Alzheimer’s disease, which are associated with sphingolipid metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0176-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Wronowska
- Institute of Computer Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Charzyńska
- Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karol Nienałtowski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Gambin
- Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Guadagni V, Novelli E, Piano I, Gargini C, Strettoi E. Pharmacological approaches to retinitis pigmentosa: A laboratory perspective. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:62-81. [PMID: 26113212 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinal photoreceptors are highly specialized and performing neurons. Their cellular architecture is exquisitely designed to host a high concentration of molecules involved in light capture, phototransduction, electric and chemical signaling, membrane and molecular turnover, light and dark adaption, network activities etc. Such high efficiency and molecular complexity require a great metabolic demand, altogether conferring to photoreceptors particular susceptibility to external and internal insults, whose occurrence usually precipitate into degeneration of these cells and blindness. In Retinitis Pigmentosa, an impressive number of mutations in genes expressed in the retina and coding for a large varieties of proteins leads to the progressive death of photoreceptors and blindness. Recent advances in molecular tools have greatly facilitated the identification of the underlying genetics and molecular bases of RP leading to the successful implementation of gene therapy for some types of mutations, with visual restoration in human patients. Yet, genetic heterogeneity of RP makes mutation-independent approaches highly desirable, although many obstacles pave the way to general strategies for treating this complex disease, which remains orphan. The review will focus on treatments for RP based on pharmacological tools, choosing, among the many ongoing studies, approaches which rely on strong experimental evidence or rationale. For perspective treatments, new concepts are foreseen to emerge from basic studies elucidating the pathways connecting the primary mutations to photoreceptor death, possibly revealing common molecular targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Guadagni
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Novelli
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Enrica Strettoi
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Naudí A, Cabré R, Jové M, Ayala V, Gonzalo H, Portero-Otín M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R. Lipidomics of human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 122:133-89. [PMID: 26358893 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipids stimulated and favored the evolution of the brain. Adult human brain contains a large amount of lipids, and the largest diversity of lipid classes and lipid molecular species. Lipidomics is defined as "the full characterization of lipid molecular species and of their biological roles with respect to expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and function, including gene regulation." Therefore, the study of brain lipidomics can help to unravel the diversity and to disclose the specificity of these lipid traits and its alterations in neural (neurons and glial) cells, groups of neural cells, brain, and fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, thus helping to uncover potential biomarkers of human brain aging and Alzheimer disease. This review will discuss the lipid composition of the adult human brain. We first consider a brief approach to lipid definition, classification, and tools for analysis from the new point of view that has emerged with lipidomics, and then turn to the lipid profiles in human brain and how lipids affect brain function. Finally, we focus on the current status of lipidomics findings in human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurolipidomics will increase knowledge about physiological and pathological functions of brain cells and will place the concept of selective neuronal vulnerability in a lipid context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosanna Cabré
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Victoria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hugo Gonzalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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Ceramides in Alzheimer's Disease: Key Mediators of Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress and Aβ Accumulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:346783. [PMID: 26090071 PMCID: PMC4458271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/346783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) and intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau (phospho-tau) protein. Ceramides, the major molecules of sphingolipid metabolism and lipid second messengers, have been associated with AD progression and pathology via Aβ generation. Enhanced levels of ceramides directly increase Aβ through stabilization of β-secretase, the key enzyme in the amyloidogenic processing of Aβ precursor protein (APP). As a positive feedback loop, the generated oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ induces a further increase in ceramide levels by activating sphingomyelinases that catalyze the catabolic breakdown of sphingomyelin to ceramide. Evidence also supports important role of ceramides in neuronal apoptosis. Ceramides may initiate a cascade of biochemical alterations, which ultimately leads to neuronal death by diverse mechanisms, including depolarization and permeabilization of mitochondria, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome c release, Bcl-2 depletion, and caspase-3 activation, mainly by modulating intracellular signalling, particularly along the pathways related to Akt/PKB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of ceramides in oxidative stress-driven neuronal apoptosis and interplay with Aβ in the cascade of events ending in neuronal degeneration.
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Fonteh AN, Ormseth C, Chiang J, Cipolla M, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Sphingolipid metabolism correlates with cerebrospinal fluid Beta amyloid levels in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125597. [PMID: 25938590 PMCID: PMC4418746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important in many brain functions but their role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not completely defined. A major limit is availability of fresh brain tissue with defined AD pathology. The discovery that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains abundant nanoparticles that include synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles offer an accessible sample to study these organelles, while the supernatant fluid allows study of brain interstitial metabolism. Our objective was to characterize sphingolipids in nanoparticles representative of membrane vesicle metabolism, and in supernatant fluid representative of interstitial metabolism from study participants with varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. We recently described the recruitment, diagnosis, and CSF collection from cognitively normal or impaired study participants. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we report that cognitively normal participants had measureable levels of sphingomyelin, ceramide, and dihydroceramide species, but that their distribution differed between nanoparticles and supernatant fluid, and further differed in those with cognitive impairment. In CSF from AD compared with cognitively normal participants: a) total sphingomyelin levels were lower in nanoparticles and supernatant fluid; b) levels of ceramide species were lower in nanoparticles and higher in supernatant fluid; c) three sphingomyelin species were reduced in the nanoparticle fraction. Moreover, three sphingomyelin species in the nanoparticle fraction were lower in mild cognitive impairment compared with cognitively normal participants. The activity of acid, but not neutral sphingomyelinase was significantly reduced in the CSF from AD participants. The reduction in acid sphingomylinase in CSF from AD participants was independent of depression and psychotropic medications. Acid sphingomyelinase activity positively correlated with amyloid β42 concentration in CSF from cognitively normal but not impaired participants. In dementia, altered sphingolipid metabolism, decreased acid sphingomyelinase activity and its lost association with CSF amyloid β42 concentration, underscores the potential of sphingolipids as disease biomarkers, and acid sphingomyelinase as a target for AD diagnosis and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cora Ormseth
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Jiarong Chiang
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Matthew Cipolla
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
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Li N, Liu Y, Li W, Zhou L, Li Q, Wang X, He P. A UPLC/MS-based metabolomics investigation of the protective effect of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 in mice with Alzheimer's disease. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:9-17. [PMID: 26843817 PMCID: PMC4703800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease, for which there is no effective drug therapy at present. Ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) and G-Rg2 have been reported to alleviate memory deterioration. However, the mechanism of their anti-AD effect has not yet been clearly elucidated. Methods Ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem MS (UPLC/MS)-based metabolomics was used to identify metabolites that are differentially expressed in the brains of AD mice with or without ginsenoside treatment. The cognitive function of mice and pathological changes in the brain were also assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results The impaired cognitive function and increased hippocampal Aβ deposition in AD mice were ameliorated by G-Rg1 and G-Rg2. In addition, a total of 11 potential biomarkers that are associated with the metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), hypoxanthine, and sphingolipids were identified in the brains of AD mice and their levels were partly restored after treatment with G-Rg1 and G-Rg2. G-Rg1 and G-Rg2 treatment influenced the levels of hypoxanthine, dihydrosphingosine, hexadecasphinganine, LPC C 16:0, and LPC C 18:0 in AD mice. Additionally, G-Rg1 treatment also influenced the levels of phytosphingosine, LPC C 13:0, LPC C 15:0, LPC C 18:1, and LPC C 18:3 in AD mice. Conclusion These results indicate that the improvements in cognitive function and morphological changes produced by G-Rg1 and G-Rg2 treatment are caused by regulation of related brain metabolic pathways. This will extend our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the effects of G-Rg1 and G-Rg2 on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijing Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Gerontology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Distinctive RNA expression profiles in blood associated with Alzheimer disease after accounting for white matter hyperintensities. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2015; 28:226-33. [PMID: 24731980 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining the RNA transcriptome in Alzheimer Disease (AD) will help understand the disease mechanisms and provide biomarkers. Though the AD blood transcriptome has been studied, effects of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were not considered. This study investigated the AD blood transcriptome and accounted for WMH. METHODS RNA from whole blood was processed on whole-genome microarrays. RESULTS A total of 293 probe sets were differentially expressed in AD versus controls, 5 of which were significant for WMH status. The 288 AD-specific probe sets classified subjects with 87.5% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity. They represented 188 genes of which 29 have been reported in prior AD blood and 89 in AD brain studies. Regulated blood genes included MMP9, MME (Neprilysin), TGFβ1, CA4, OCLN, ATM, TGM3, IGFR2, NOV, RNF213, BMX, LRRN1, CAMK2G, INSR, CTSD, SORCS1, SORL1, and TANC2. CONCLUSIONS RNA expression is altered in AD blood irrespective of WMH status. Some genes are shared with AD brain.
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127
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Li N, Zhou L, Li W, Liu Y, Wang J, He P. Protective effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 on an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: A metabolomics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sabourdy F, Astudillo L, Colacios C, Dubot P, Mrad M, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T. Monogenic neurological disorders of sphingolipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1040-51. [PMID: 25660725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise a wide variety of molecules containing a sphingoid long-chain base that can be N-acylated. These lipids are particularly abundant in the central nervous system, being membrane components of neurons as well as non-neuronal cells. Direct evidence that these brain lipids play critical functions in brain physiology is illustrated by the dramatic consequences of genetic disturbances of their metabolism. Inherited defects of both synthesis and catabolism of sphingolipids are now identified in humans. These monogenic disorders are due to mutations in the genes encoding for the enzymes that catalyze either the formation or degradation of simple sphingolipids such as ceramides, or complex sphingolipids like glycolipids. They cause varying degrees of central nervous system dysfunction, quite similarly to the neurological disorders induced in mice by gene disruption of the corresponding enzymes. Herein, the enzyme deficiencies and metabolic alterations that underlie these diseases are reviewed. Their possible pathophysiological mechanisms and the functions played by sphingolipids one can deduce from these conditions are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Sabourdy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Leonardo Astudillo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Dubot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marguerite Mrad
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2013, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
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Knight EM, Williams HN, Stevens AC, Kim SH, Kottwitz JC, Morant AD, Steele JW, Klein WL, Yanagisawa K, Boyd RE, Lockhart DJ, Sjoberg ER, Ehrlich ME, Wustman BA, Gandy S. Evidence that small molecule enhancement of β-hexosaminidase activity corrects the behavioral phenotype in Dutch APP(E693Q) mice through reduction of ganglioside-bound Aβ. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:109-17. [PMID: 25349165 PMCID: PMC5189927 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain mutant Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (that is, Dutch mutant APP(E693Q)) form complexes with gangliosides (GAβ). These mutant Aβ peptides may also undergo accelerated aggregation and accumulation upon exposure to GM2 and GM3. We hypothesized that increasing β-hexosaminidase (β-hex) activity would lead to a reduction in GM2 levels, which in turn, would cause a reduction in Aβ aggregation and accumulation. The small molecule OT1001 is a β-hex-targeted pharmacological chaperone with good bioavailability, blood-brain barrier penetration, high selectivity for β-hex and low cytotoxicity. Dutch APP(E693Q) transgenic mice accumulate oligomeric Aβ as they age, as well as Aβ oligomer-dose-dependent anxiety and impaired novel object recognition (NOR). Treatment of Dutch APP(E693Q) mice with OT1001 caused a dose-dependent increase in brain β-hex levels up to threefold over those observed at baseline. OT1001 treatment was associated with reduced anxiety, improved learning behavior in the NOR task and dramatically reduced GAβ accumulation in the subiculum and perirhinal cortex, both of which are brain regions required for normal NOR. Pharmacological chaperones that increase β-hex activity may be useful in reducing accumulation of certain mutant species of Aβ and in preventing the associated behavioral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Knight
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - S H Kim
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J C Kottwitz
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Morant
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - W L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology and Cognitive Neurology, and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - K Yanagisawa
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu City, Aichi, Japan
| | - R E Boyd
- Amicus Therapeutics, Cranbury, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - M E Ehrlich
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - S Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
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130
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Mielke MM, Bandaru VVR, Han D, An Y, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L, Haughey NJ. Factors affecting longitudinal trajectories of plasma sphingomyelins: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Aging Cell 2015; 14:112-21. [PMID: 25345489 PMCID: PMC4310757 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin metabolism has been linked to several diseases and to longevity. However, few epidemiological studies have quantified individual plasma sphingomyelin species (identified by acyl-chain length and saturation) or their relationship between demographic factors and disease processes. In this study, we determined plasma concentrations of distinct sphingomyelin species in 992 individuals, aged 55 and older, enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants were followed, with serial measures, up to 6 visits and 38 years (3972 total samples). Quantitative analyses were performed on a high-performance liquid chromatography-coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Linear mixed models were used to assess variation in specific sphingomyelin species and associations with demographics, diseases, medications or lifestyle factors, and plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. We found that most sphingomyelin species increased with age. Women had higher plasma levels of all sphingomyelin species and showed steeper trajectories of age-related increases compared to men. African Americans also showed higher circulating sphingomyelin concentrations compared to Caucasians. Diabetes, smoking, and plasma triglycerides were associated with lower levels of many sphingomyelins and dihydrosphingomyelins. Notably, these associations showed specificity to sphingomyelin acyl-chain length and saturation. These results demonstrate that longitudinal changes in circulating sphingomyelin levels are influenced by age, sex, race, lifestyle factors, and diseases. It will be important to further establish the intra-individual age- and sex-specific changes in each sphingomyelin species in relation to disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Health Science Research and Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Dingfen Han
- Department of Psychiatry Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yang An
- Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
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131
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Sivasubramanian M, Kanagaraj N, Dheen ST, Tay SSW. Sphingosine kinase 2 and sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes mitochondrial function in dopaminergic neurons of mouse model of Parkinson's disease and in MPP+ -treated MN9D cells in vitro. Neuroscience 2015; 290:636-48. [PMID: 25637806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism has been shown to trigger the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders. The present study focuses on the role of one of the two sphingosine kinases, Sphk2 and its metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling in Parkinson's disease (PD). Our study indicated a marked down regulation of Sphk2 expression in the substantia nigra region of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model and in the cellular PD model. Localization studies indicated that Sphk2 was predominantly present in mitochondria, proposing for its potential role in mitochondrial functions. Since mitochondrial dysfunction has been described to be the major pathological event in PD, the present study focused on the role of Sphk2/S1P signaling in promoting mitochondrial functions in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD and in 1-methyl-4 phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-treated MN9D cells. Our study demonstrated that inhibition of Sphk2 decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and its downstream targets nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) which are the key genes regulating mitochondrial function. In addition, there was also a significant reduction in the total cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD 2) with an associated increase in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the absence of Sphk2. Interestingly, it was found that treating the cells with exogenous S1P along with MPP(+) exerted a neuroprotective effect by activation of p-CREB, PGC-1α and NRF-1 in the MN9D cells. Moreover, the level of ATP was unaffected in the MPP(+)-treated cells in the presence of S1P. It was also observed that levels of ROS were significantly decreased in the MPP(+)-treated cells in the presence of exogenous S1P. Our study also demonstrated that S1P exerted its protective effect through the S1P1 receptor. Taken together, these results show that Sphk2/S1P has an important role to play in the survival of the dopaminergic neurons, in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sivasubramanian
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - N Kanagaraj
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - S T Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - S S W Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore.
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132
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Colsch B, Seyer A, Boudah S, Junot C. Lipidomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by mass spectrometry-based methods. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:53-64. [PMID: 25488626 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are natural substances found in all living organisms. Essential to the integrity of cell membranes, they also have many biological functions linked to energy storage and cell signaling, and are involved in a large number of heterogeneous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders, and inherited metabolic diseases. Lipids are challenging to analyze because of their huge structural diversity and numerous species. Up to now, lipid analysis has been achieved by targeted approaches focusing on selected families and relying on extraction protocols and chromatographic methods coupled to various detectors including mass spectrometry. Thanks to the technological improvements achieved in the fields of chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, it is possible to perform global lipidomic analyses enabling the concomitant detection, identification and relative quantification of many lipid species belonging to different families. The aim of this review is to focus on mass spectrometry-based methods to perform lipid and lipidomic analyses and on their application to the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Colsch
- CEA-Centre d'Etude de Saclay, Laboratoire d'étude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France,
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133
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Safarian F, Khallaghi B, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Activation of S1P1 Receptor Regulates PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a Pathway in Response to Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:177-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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134
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Coble DJ, Fleming D, Persia ME, Ashwell CM, Rothschild MF, Schmidt CJ, Lamont SJ. RNA-seq analysis of broiler liver transcriptome reveals novel responses to high ambient temperature. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1084. [PMID: 25494716 PMCID: PMC4299486 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In broilers, high ambient temperature can result in reduced feed consumption, digestive inefficiency, impaired metabolism, and even death. The broiler sector of the U.S. poultry industry incurs approximately $52 million in heat-related losses annually. The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of cyclic high ambient temperature on the transcriptome of a metabolically active organ, the liver. This study provides novel insight into the effects of high ambient temperature on metabolism in broilers, because it is the first reported RNA-seq study to characterize the effect of heat on the transcriptome of a metabolic-related tissue. This information provides a platform for future investigations to further elucidate physiologic responses to high ambient temperature and seek methods to ameliorate the negative impacts of heat. RESULTS Transcriptome sequencing of the livers of 8 broiler males using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology resulted in 138 million, 100-base pair single end reads, yielding a total of 13.8 gigabases of sequence. Forty genes were differentially expressed at a significance level of P-value < 0.05 and a fold-change ≥ 2 in response to a week of cyclic high ambient temperature with 27 down-regulated and 13 up-regulated genes. Two gene networks were created from the function-based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the differentially expressed genes: "Cell Signaling" and "Endocrine System Development and Function". The gene expression differences in the liver transcriptome of the heat-exposed broilers reflected physiological responses to decrease internal temperature, reduce hyperthermia-induced apoptosis, and promote tissue repair. Additionally, the differential gene expression revealed a physiological response to regulate the perturbed cellular calcium levels that can result from high ambient temperature exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to cyclic high ambient temperature results in changes at the metabolic, physiologic, and cellular level that can be characterized through RNA-seq analysis of the liver transcriptome of broilers. The findings highlight specific physiologic mechanisms by which broilers reduce the effects of exposure to high ambient temperature. This information provides a foundation for future investigations into the gene networks involved in the broiler stress response and for development of strategies to ameliorate the negative impacts of heat on animal production and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Coble
- />Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Damarius Fleming
- />Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Michael E Persia
- />Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Chris M Ashwell
- />Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Max F Rothschild
- />Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- />Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- />Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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135
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Abbott SK, Li H, Muñoz SS, Knoch B, Batterham M, Murphy KE, Halliday GM, Garner B. Altered ceramide acyl chain length and ceramide synthase gene expression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:518-26. [PMID: 24822250 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have provided increasing evidence that ceramide homeostasis plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is known that the relative amounts of different ceramide molecular species, as defined by their fatty acyl chain length, regulate ceramide function in lipid membranes and in signaling pathways. In the present study we used a comprehensive sphingolipidomic case-control approach to determine the effects of PD on ceramide composition in postmortem brain tissue from the anterior cingulate cortex (a region with significant PD pathology) and the occipital cortex (spared in PD), also assessing mRNA expression of the major ceramide synthase genes that regulate ceramide acyl chain composition in the same tissue using quantitative PCR. In PD anterior cingulate cortex but not occipital cortex, total ceramide and sphingomyelin levels were reduced from control levels by 53% (P < 0.001) and 42% (P < 0.001), respectively. Of the 13 ceramide and 15 sphingomyelin molecular lipid species identified and quantified, there was a significant shift in the ceramide acyl chain composition toward shorter acyl chain length in the PD anterior cingulate cortex. This PD-associated change in ceramide acyl chain composition was accompanied by an upregulation of ceramide synthase-1 gene expression, which we consider may represent a response to reduced ceramide levels. These data suggest a significant shift in ceramide function in lipid membranes and signaling pathways occurs in regions with PD pathology. Identifying the regulatory mechanisms precipitating this change may provide novel targets for future therapeutics.
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136
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A Three-Step Assay for Ceramide Synthase Activity Using a Fluorescent Substrate and HPLC. Lipids 2014; 50:101-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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137
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Toops KA, Tan LX, Jiang Z, Radu RA, Lakkaraju A. Cholesterol-mediated activation of acid sphingomyelinase disrupts autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:1-14. [PMID: 25378587 PMCID: PMC4279221 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How autophagy is regulated in the postmitotic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is unclear. Visual cycle metabolites and cholesterol that accumulate in the RPE inhibit autophagic flux by activating acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase). Increased ceramide promotes tubulin acetylation, which prevents autophagosome traffic. ASMase inhibition restores RPE autophagy. Autophagy is an essential mechanism for clearing damaged organelles and proteins within the cell. As with neurodegenerative diseases, dysfunctional autophagy could contribute to blinding diseases such as macular degeneration. However, precisely how inefficient autophagy promotes retinal damage is unclear. In this study, we investigate innate mechanisms that modulate autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a key site of insult in macular degeneration. High-speed live imaging of polarized adult primary RPE cells and data from a mouse model of early-onset macular degeneration identify a mechanism by which lipofuscin bisretinoids, visual cycle metabolites that progressively accumulate in the RPE, disrupt autophagy. We demonstrate that bisretinoids trap cholesterol and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, an acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) cofactor, within the RPE. ASMase activation increases cellular ceramide, which promotes tubulin acetylation on stabilized microtubules. Live-imaging data show that autophagosome traffic and autophagic flux are inhibited in RPE with acetylated microtubules. Drugs that remove excess cholesterol or inhibit ASMase reverse this cascade of events and restore autophagosome motility and autophagic flux in the RPE. Because accumulation of lipofuscin bisretinoids and abnormal cholesterol homeostasis are implicated in macular degeneration, our studies suggest that ASMase could be a potential therapeutic target to ensure the efficient autophagy that maintains RPE health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Toops
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, McPherson Eye Research Institute, and
| | - Li Xuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zhichun Jiang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Roxana A Radu
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Aparna Lakkaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, McPherson Eye Research Institute, and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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138
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Mielke MM, Haughey NJ, Bandaru VVR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Andreasson U, Johnson SC, Gleason CE, Blazel HM, Puglielli L, Sager MA, Asthana S, Carlsson CM. Cerebrospinal fluid sphingolipids, β-amyloid, and tau in adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2486-2494. [PMID: 24952994 PMCID: PMC4170854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular studies suggest sphingolipids may cause or accelerate amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau pathology but in vivo human studies are lacking. We determined cerebrospinal fluid levels of sphingolipids (ceramides and sphingomyelins), amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42, AβX-38, AβX-40, and AβX-42) and tau (T-tau and p-tau181) in 91 cognitively normal individuals, aged 36-69 years, with a parental history of Alzheimer's disease. The 18-carbon acyl chain length ceramide species was associated with AβX-38 (r = 0.312, p = 0.003), AβX-40 (r = 0.327, p = 0.002), and T-tau (r = 0.313, p = 0.003) but not with AβX-42 (r = 0.171, p = 0.106) or p-tau (r = 0.086, p = 0.418). All sphingomyelin species correlated (most p < 0.001) with all Aβ species and T-tau; many also correlated with p-tau. Results remained in regression models after controlling for age and APOE genotype. These results suggest in vivo relationships between cerebrospinal fluid ceramides and sphingomyelins and Aβ and tau levels in cognitively normal individuals at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease, indicating these sphingolipids may be associated with early pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veera V R Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Madison VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carey E Gleason
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Madison VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hanna M Blazel
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Madison VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark A Sager
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Madison VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Madison VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
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139
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Are there roles for brain cell senescence in aging and neurodegenerative disorders? Biogerontology 2014; 15:643-60. [PMID: 25305051 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The term cellular senescence was introduced more than five decades ago to describe the state of growth arrest observed in aging cells. Since this initial discovery, the phenotypes associated with cellular senescence have expanded beyond growth arrest to include alterations in cellular metabolism, secreted cytokines, epigenetic regulation and protein expression. Recently, senescence has been shown to play an important role in vivo not only in relation to aging, but also during embryonic development. Thus, cellular senescence serves different purposes and comprises a wide range of distinct phenotypes across multiple cell types. Whether all cell types, including post-mitotic neurons, are capable of entering into a senescent state remains unclear. In this review we examine recent data that suggest that cellular senescence plays a role in brain aging and, notably, may not be limited to glia but also neurons. We suggest that there is a high level of similarity between some of the pathological changes that occur in the brain in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and those phenotypes observed in cellular senescence, leading us to propose that neurons and glia can exhibit hallmarks of senescence previously documented in peripheral tissues.
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140
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Lam SM, Wang Y, Duan X, Wenk MR, Kalaria RN, Chen CP, Lai MKP, Shui G. Brain lipidomes of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2369-81. [PMID: 24684787 PMCID: PMC4099521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance as the leading cause of vascular dementia, the primary pathogenic mechanisms in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) have remained elusive. Because of the lack of approved therapeutic agents for SIVD, there is a pressing need to identify novel therapeutic targets. Comparative lipidomic analyses of SIVD and mixed dementia (i.e., SIVD and Alzheimer's disease, MixD) may also confer new insights pertaining to the possible interaction between neurodegenerative and vascular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of dementia. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to comprehensively analyze the lipidomes of white and gray matter from the temporal cortex of nondemented controls, SIVD, and MixD subjects. Detailed molecular profiles highlighted the pathologic relevance of gray matter sphingolipid fatty acyl chain heterogeneity in dementia. In addition, the levels of sulfatides and lysobisphosphatidic acids were progressively increased in the temporal cortex gray matter from control to SIVD to MixD. White matter phospholipid profiles indicated possible adaptive mechanisms (i.e., increased unsaturation) to chronic ischemia in SIVD and elevated membrane degradation in MixD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuting Wang
- NGS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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141
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Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain among the most common clinical disorders encountered in people infected with HIV despite widespread use of antiretroviral therapy. There is an enormous need for further evaluation and early diagnosis of HAND. The variety of PET agents such as FDG, C-PiB and [C]-R-PK11195 as well as SPECT agents Tc-HMPAO, I-FP-CIT and I-IBZM have been investigated for the diagnosis of HAND, for distinguishing between demented and nondemented HIV patients, for differentiation between HAND and nonHIV related dementia, as well as for assessing the influence of coinfection with the other viral pathogens on the brain functionality. In spite of some interesting results, none of these tracers have been specifically created for HAND and none can be recommended for HAND diagnosis. Specialized tracers need to be developed for better diagnosis and management of HAND. The potential role of therapeutic nuclear medicine as part of the curative strategies for HIV is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South-Africa
| | - Alicia McFarren
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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142
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Lee JK, Jin HK, Park MH, Kim BR, Lee PH, Nakauchi H, Carter JE, He X, Schuchman EH, Bae JS. Acid sphingomyelinase modulates the autophagic process by controlling lysosomal biogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1551-70. [PMID: 25049335 PMCID: PMC4113944 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase activity is increased in brain and plasma of mice and patients with Alzheimer’s disease and its inhibition represents a potential new therapeutic intervention for this disease. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), abnormal sphingolipid metabolism has been reported, although the pathogenic consequences of these changes have not been fully characterized. We show that acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is increased in fibroblasts, brain, and/or plasma from patients with AD and in AD mice, leading to defective autophagic degradation due to lysosomal depletion. Partial genetic inhibition of ASM (ASM+/−) in a mouse model of familial AD (FAD; amyloid precursor protein [APP]/presenilin 1 [PS1]) ameliorated the autophagocytic defect by restoring lysosomal biogenesis, resulting in improved AD clinical and pathological findings, including reduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and improvement of memory impairment. Similar effects were noted after pharmacologic restoration of ASM to the normal range in APP/PS1 mice. Autophagic dysfunction in neurons derived from FAD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was restored by partial ASM inhibition. Overall, these results reveal a novel mechanism of ASM pathogenesis in AD that leads to defective autophagy due to impaired lysosomal biogenesis and suggests that partial ASM inhibition is a potential new therapeutic intervention for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kil Lee
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jin
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Min Hee Park
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Bo-ra Kim
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Janet E Carter
- Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, England, UK
| | - Xingxuan He
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jae-sung Bae
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaStem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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143
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Ali-Rahmani F, Schengrund CL, Connor JR. HFE gene variants, iron, and lipids: a novel connection in Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:165. [PMID: 25071582 PMCID: PMC4086322 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and associated oxidative stress in the brain have been consistently found in several neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple genetic studies have been undertaken to try to identify a cause of neurodegenerative diseases but direct connections have been rare. In the iron field, variants in the HFE gene that give rise to a protein involved in cellular iron regulation, are associated with iron accumulation in multiple organs including the brain. There is also substantial epidemiological, genetic, and molecular evidence of disruption of cholesterol homeostasis in several neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the efforts that have been made to identify factors that can trigger the pathological events associated with neurodegenerative diseases they remain mostly unknown. Because molecular phenotypes such as oxidative stress, synaptic failure, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline, characteristics associated with AD, have been shown to result from disruption of a number of pathways, one can easily argue that the phenotype seen may not arise from a linear sequence of events. Therefore, a multi-targeted approach is needed to understand a complex disorder like AD. This can be achieved only when knowledge about interactions between the different pathways and the potential influence of environmental factors on them becomes available. Toward this end, this review discusses what is known about the roles and interactions of iron and cholesterol in neurodegenerative diseases. It highlights the effects of gene variants of HFE (H63D- and C282Y-HFE) on iron and cholesterol metabolism and how they may contribute to understanding the etiology of complex neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ali-Rahmani
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neural and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Center for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Penn State Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neural and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Center for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Penn State Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA, USA
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144
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Role of HIV in amyloid metabolism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:483-91. [PMID: 24816714 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection has changed from an acute devastating disease to a more chronic illness due to combination anti-retroviral treatment (cART). In the cART era, the life expectancy of HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals has increased. More HIV + individuals are aging with current projections suggesting that 50% of HIV + individuals will be over 50 years old by 2015. With advancing age, HIV + individuals may be at increased risk of developing other potential neurodegenerative disorders [especially Alzheimer's disease (AD)]. Pathology studies have shown that HIV increases intra and possibly extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ42), a hallmark of AD. We review the synthesis and clearance of Aβ42; the effects of HIV on the amyloid pathway; and contrast the impact of AD and HIV on Aβ42 metabolism. Biomarker studies (cerebrospinal fluid AB and amyloid imaging) in HIV + participants have shown mixed results. CSF Aβ42 has been shown to be either normal or diminished in with HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Amyloid imaging using [(11)C] PiB has also not demonstrated increased extracellular amyloid fibrillar deposits in HAND. We further demonstrate that Aβ42 deposition is not increased in older HIV + participants using [(11)C] PiB amyloid imaging. Together, these results suggest that HIV and aging each independently affect Aβ42 deposition with no significant interaction present. Older HIV + individuals are probably not at increased risk for developing AD. However, future longitudinal studies of older HIV + individuals using multiple modalities (including the combination of CSF markers and amyloid imaging) are necessary for investigating the effects of HIV on Aβ42 metabolism.
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145
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Liu L, Chan C. The role of inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:6-15. [PMID: 24561250 PMCID: PMC4029867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical characteristics of memory loss, dementia and cognitive impairment. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism is not fully understood, inflammation has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by the activation of glial cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that inflammasomes, which cleave precursors of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 to generate their active forms, play an important role in the inflammatory response in the CNS and in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, modulating inflammasome complex assembly and activation could be a potential strategy for suppressing inflammation in the CNS. This review aims to provide insight into the role of inflammasomes in the CNS, with respect to the pathogenesis of AD, and may provide possible clues for devising novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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146
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Liu Q, Zhang J. Lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:331-45. [PMID: 24733655 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play crucial roles in cell signaling and various physiological processes, especially in the brain. Impaired lipid metabolism in the brain has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other central nervous system insults. The brain contains thousands of lipid species, but the complex lipid compositional diversity and the function of each of lipid species are currently poorly understood. This review integrates current knowledge about major lipid changes with the molecular mechanisms that underlie AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China,
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147
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Alcaide A, Llebaria A. Aziridine Ring Opening for the Synthesis of Sphingolipid Analogues: Inhibitors of Sphingolipid-Metabolizing Enzymes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2993-3029. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500061w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alcaide
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab), Departament
de Química Biomèdica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab), Departament
de Química Biomèdica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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148
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Mapstone M, Cheema AK, Fiandaca MS, Zhong X, Mhyre TR, MacArthur LH, Hall WJ, Fisher SG, Peterson DR, Haley JM, Nazar MD, Rich SA, Berlau DJ, Peltz CB, Tan MT, Kawas CH, Federoff HJ. Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults. Nat Med 2014; 20:415-8. [PMID: 24608097 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease causes a progressive dementia that currently affects over 35 million individuals worldwide and is expected to affect 115 million by 2050 (ref. 1). There are no cures or disease-modifying therapies, and this may be due to our inability to detect the disease before it has progressed to produce evident memory loss and functional decline. Biomarkers of preclinical disease will be critical to the development of disease-modifying or even preventative therapies. Unfortunately, current biomarkers for early disease, including cerebrospinal fluid tau and amyloid-β levels, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and the recent use of brain amyloid imaging or inflammaging, are limited because they are either invasive, time-consuming or expensive. Blood-based biomarkers may be a more attractive option, but none can currently detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease with the required sensitivity and specificity. Herein, we describe our lipidomic approach to detecting preclinical Alzheimer's disease in a group of cognitively normal older adults. We discovered and validated a set of ten lipids from peripheral blood that predicted phenoconversion to either amnestic mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease within a 2-3 year timeframe with over 90% accuracy. This biomarker panel, reflecting cell membrane integrity, may be sensitive to early neurodegeneration of preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- 1] Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Massimo S Fiandaca
- 1] Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Timothy R Mhyre
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Linda H MacArthur
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William J Hall
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Susan G Fisher
- 1] Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA. [2]
| | - Derick R Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James M Haley
- Department of Medicine, Unity Health System, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael D Nazar
- Department of Family Medicine, Unity Health System, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Rich
- Division of Long Term Care and Senior Services, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Dan J Berlau
- 1] Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA. [2]
| | - Carrie B Peltz
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ming T Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claudia H Kawas
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Howard J Federoff
- 1] Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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149
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Yadav RS, Tiwari NK. Lipid integration in neurodegeneration: an overview of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:168-76. [PMID: 24590317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Various types of lipids and their metabolic products associated with the biological membrane play a crucial role in signal transduction, modulation, and activation of receptors and as precursors of bioactive lipid mediators. Dysfunction in the lipid homeostasis in the brain could be a risk factor for the many types of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These neurodegenerative disorders are marked by extensive neuronal apoptosis, gliosis, and alteration in the differentiation, proliferation, and development of neurons. Sphingomyelin, a constituent of plasma membrane, as well as its primary metabolite ceramide acts as a potential lipid second messenger molecule linked with the modulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species associated with enhanced oxidative stress has been implicated with these molecules and involved in the regulation of a variety of different neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. Studies have shown that alterations in the levels of plasma lipid/cholesterol concentration may result to neurodegenerative diseases. Alteration in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in the brain has also been found to be implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Although several mechanisms involved in neuronal apoptosis have been described, the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between lipid metabolism and the neurological deficits are not clearly understood. In the present review, an attempt has been made to provide detailed information about the association of lipids in neurodegeneration especially in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Singh Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India
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150
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease that leads to an irreversible loss of neurons and cognition. It is the most common cause of dementia and can be considered as a major public health problem. At the histological level, AD is characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Numerous studies involving genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been published in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in AD, and to find new biomarkers. Metabolomics, and in particular lipidomics, have recently offered new possibilities due to the development of robust and sensitive analytical methods, such as LC–MS. This review aims to illustrate how lipidomics can help understand the biological mechanisms inherent to AD and how lipids can be considered as relevant biomarkers of AD at early stages.
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