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Gnatenko DA, Kopantsev EP, Sverdlov ED. The role of the signaling pathway FGF/FGFR in pancreatic cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750817020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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102
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Chudasama P, Renner M, Straub M, Mughal SS, Hutter B, Kosaloglu Z, Schweßinger R, Scheffler M, Alldinger I, Schimmack S, Persigehl T, Kobe C, Jäger D, von Kalle C, Schirmacher P, Beckhaus MK, Wolf S, Heining C, Gröschel S, Wolf J, Brors B, Weichert W, Glimm H, Scholl C, Mechtersheimer G, Specht K, Fröhling S. Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 for Treatment of Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:962-973. [PMID: 27535980 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Altered FGFR1 signaling has emerged as a therapeutic target in epithelial malignancies. In contrast, the role of FGFR1 in soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) has not been established. Prompted by the detection and subsequent therapeutic inhibition of amplified FGFR1 in a patient with metastatic leiomyosarcoma, we investigated the oncogenic properties of FGFR1 and its potential as a drug target in patients with STS.Experimental Design: The frequency of FGFR1 amplification and overexpression, as assessed by FISH, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and mRNA expression profiling, SNP array profiling, and RNA sequencing, was determined in three patient cohorts. The sensitivity of STS cell lines with or without FGFR1 alterations to genetic and pharmacologic FGFR1 inhibition and the signaling pathways engaged by FGFR1 were investigated using viability assays, colony formation assays, and biochemical analysis.Results: Increased FGFR1 copy number was detected in 74 of 190 (38.9%; cohort 1), 13 of 79 (16.5%; cohort 2), and 80 of 254 (31.5%; cohort 3) patients. FGFR1 overexpression occurred in 16 of 79 (20.2%, cohort 2) and 39 of 254 (15.4%; cohort 3) patients. Targeting of FGFR1 by RNA interference and small-molecule inhibitors (PD173074, AZD4547, BGJ398) revealed that the requirement for FGFR1 signaling in STS cells is dictated by FGFR1 expression levels, and identified the MAPK-ERK1/2 axis as critical FGFR1 effector pathway.Conclusions: These data identify FGFR1 as a driver gene in multiple STS subtypes and support FGFR1 inhibition, guided by patient selection according to the FGFR1 expression and monitoring of MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling, as a therapeutic option in this challenging group of diseases. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 962-73. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chudasama
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Straub
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sadaf S Mughal
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hutter
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Kosaloglu
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ron Schweßinger
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Scheffler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Integrated Oncology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Alldinger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Schimmack
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Kobe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (HIPO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wolf
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heining
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gröschel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Integrated Oncology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ and NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunhild Mechtersheimer
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
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103
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Riis S, Newman R, Ipek H, Andersen JI, Kuninger D, Boucher S, Vemuri MC, Pennisi CP, Zachar V, Fink T. Hypoxia enhances the wound-healing potential of adipose-derived stem cells in a novel human primary keratinocyte-based scratch assay. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:587-594. [PMID: 28204820 PMCID: PMC5360363 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have suggested that paracrine factors from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) promote the healing of chronic wounds, and that the exposure of ASCs to hypoxia enhances their wound healing effect. To aid the translation of these findings into clinical use, robust wound models are necessary to explore each aspect of wound healing. The aspect of re-epithelization is often studied in a scratch assay based on transformed keratinocytes. However, there are concerns regarding the validity of this model, since these cell lines differ from normal keratinocytes, both in terms of proliferative capacity and differentiation, and sensitivity to environmental cues. In this study, the main challenge of using primary keratinocytes to examine the effects of ASCs was identified to be their different requirements for calcium in the culture media. We confirmed that a high calcium content led to morphological and cytoskeletal changes in primary keratinocytes, and demonstrated that a low calcium content compromised the growth of ASCs. We found that it is possible to perform the wound healing assay with primary keratinocytes, if the conditioned media from the ASCs is dialyzed to reduce the calcium concentration. Additionally, using this model of re-epithelization, conditioned media from normoxic ASCs was shown to markedly increase the rate of wound closure by primary keratinocytes, and this effect was significantly enhanced with media from the hypoxia-exposed ASCs. These findings, which are in line with the observations from previous in vivo studies, highlight the validity of this modified assay to investigate the wound healing properties of ASCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Riis
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Hilal Ipek
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens I Andersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Cristian P Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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104
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Del Piccolo N, Sarabipour S, Hristova K. A New Method to Study Heterodimerization of Membrane Proteins and Its Application to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1288-1301. [PMID: 27927983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is controlled through their lateral association in the plasma membrane. RTKs are believed to form both homodimers and heterodimers, and the different dimers are believed to play unique roles in cell signaling. However, RTK heterodimers remain poorly characterized, as compared with homodimers, because of limitations in current experimental methods. Here, we develop a FRET-based methodology to assess the thermodynamics of hetero-interactions in the plasma membrane. To demonstrate the utility of the methodology, we use it to study the hetero-interactions between three fibroblast growth factor receptors-FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3-in the absence of ligand. Our results show that all possible FGFR heterodimers form, suggesting that the biological roles of FGFR heterodimers may be as significant as the homodimer roles. We further investigate the effect of two pathogenic point mutations in FGFR3 (A391E and G380R) on heterodimerization. We show that each of these mutations stabilize most of the heterodimers, with the largest effects observed for FGFR3 wild-type/mutant heterodimers. We thus demonstrate that the methodology presented here can yield new knowledge about RTK interactions and can further our understanding of signal transduction across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Del Piccolo
- From the Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- From the Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Kalina Hristova
- From the Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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105
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Pan-cancer analysis of somatic copy-number alterations implicates IRS4 and IGF2 in enhancer hijacking. Nat Genet 2016; 49:65-74. [PMID: 27869826 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive prior research focused on somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) affecting cancer genes, yet the extent to which recurrent SCNAs exert their influence through rearrangement of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) remains unclear. Here we present a framework for inferring cancer-related gene overexpression resulting from CRE reorganization (e.g., enhancer hijacking) by integrating SCNAs, gene expression data and information on topologically associating domains (TADs). Analysis of 7,416 cancer genomes uncovered several pan-cancer candidate genes, including IRS4, SMARCA1 and TERT. We demonstrate that IRS4 overexpression in lung cancer is associated with recurrent deletions in cis, and we present evidence supporting a tumor-promoting role. We additionally pursued cancer-type-specific analyses and uncovered IGF2 as a target for enhancer hijacking in colorectal cancer. Recurrent tandem duplications intersecting with a TAD boundary mediate de novo formation of a 3D contact domain comprising IGF2 and a lineage-specific super-enhancer, resulting in high-level gene activation. Our framework enables systematic inference of CRE rearrangements mediating dysregulation in cancer.
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106
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Carneiro ACDM, Silveira ICD, Rezende AS, Silva BRO, Crema VO. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI-258 inhibits cell motility in oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:484-488. [PMID: 27732737 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma is extremely invasive, and this behavior is regulated by binding of extracellular molecules to the cell membrane receptors. The TKI-258 inhibits phosphorylation of FGFRs VEGFRs and PDGFRs. Our aim was to analyze the effect of TKI-258 treatment in cell movement using SCC-4 cell line from human oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS F-actin was stained with rhodamine phalloidin, and confocal analysis was performed. The migration and invasion (membrane covered with Matrigel™ ) three-dimensional assays were performed, and control and cells treated with TKI-258 that migrated through the membrane were counted after 24 h. RESULTS Control cells presented abundant cytoplasm with F-actin wide distributed and evident cell cortex; however, treated (1, 5 and 10 μM TKI-258) cells showed round morphology, scanty cytoplasm, F-actin disorganized and preserved cell cortex. TKI-258 (1, 5, and 10 μM) treatment inhibits migrating cells (ANOVA, F = 97.749, d.f. = 3, 10; P < 0.0001), and it was concentration dependent. Invading cell treated with 5 μM TKI-258 was significantly lower (t = 6.708, d.f. = 5, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI-258 has an inhibitory effect on cell motility, affecting F-actin, cell migration, and cell invasion, and probably, these processes are regulated by signaling pathways FGFRs and/or PDGFRs and/or VEGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cecília Dias Maciel Carneiro
- Structural Biology Department, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Caixeta da Silveira
- Structural Biology Department, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Arthur Silva Rezende
- Structural Biology Department, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Raphaela Oliveira Silva
- Structural Biology Department, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Oliveira Crema
- Structural Biology Department, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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107
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Aguilar H, Sanchez E, Braña I, Vivancos A, Rodon J. Molecular screening programmes for precision medicine: lessons learned from personalized medicine trials. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1238285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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108
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Computer-aided discovery of new FGFR-1 inhibitors followed by in vitro validation. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1841-1869. [PMID: 27643626 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM FGFR-1 is an oncogenic kinase involved in several cancers. FGFR1-specific inhibitors have shown promising results against several human cancers prompting us to model this interesting target. Toward the end, we implemented elaborate ligand-based and structure-based computational workflows to explore the pharmacophoric requirements for potent FGFR-1 inhibitors. Results & methodology: Structure-based and ligand-based modeling applied on 59 diverse FGFR-1 inhibitors yielded novel pharmacophore and quantitative structure-activity relationship models that were used to scan the National Cancer Institute's structural database for novel leads. Four potent hits were captured, with the most active having IC50 of 426 nM. Identities and purities of active hits were established using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. CONCLUSION Elaborate ligand-based (pharmacophore/quantitaive structure-activity relationship) and structure-based (docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis) modeling provided deep understanding of ligand binding within FGFR-1 as evidenced by the virtually captured new potent leads.
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109
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Abstract
Background The increasing availability of multiple types of genomic profiles measured from the same cancer patients has provided numerous opportunities for investigating genomic mechanisms underlying cancer. In particular, association studies of gene expression traits with respect to multi-layered genomic features are highly useful for uncovering the underlying mechanism. Conventional correlation-based association tests are limited because they are prone to revealing indirect associations. Moreover, integration of multiple types of genomic features raises another challenge. Methods In this study, we propose a new framework for association studies called integrative regression network that identifies genomic associations on multiple high-dimensional genomic profiles by taking into account the associations between as well as within profiles. We employed high-dimensional regression techniques to first identify the associations between different genomic profiles. Based on the resulting regression coefficients, a regression network was constructed within each profile. For example, two methylation features having similar regression coefficients with respect to a number of gene expression traits are likely to be involved in the same biological process and therefore we define an edge between two methylation features in the regression network. To extract more reliable associations, multiple sparse structured regression techniques were applied and the resulting multiple networks were merged as the integrative regression network using a similarity network fusion technique. Results Experiments were carried out using four different sparse structured regression methods on five cancer types from TCGA. The advantages and disadvantages of each regression method were also explored. We find there was large inconsistency in the results from different regression methods, which supports the need to extract the proposed integrative regression network from multiple complimentary regression techniques. Fusing multiple regression networks by using similarity measurements led to the identification of significant gene pairs and a resulting network with better topological properties. Conclusions We developed and validated the integrative regression network scheme on multi-layered genomic profiles from TCGA. Our method facilitates identification of the strong signals as well as weaker signals by fusing information from different regression techniques. It could be extended to integrate results obtained from different cancer types as well. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-016-0192-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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110
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Helsten T, Schwaederle M, Kurzrock R. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in hereditary and neoplastic disease: biologic and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016. [PMID: 26224133 PMCID: PMC4573649 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are transmembrane growth factor receptors with wide tissue distribution. FGF/FGFR signaling is involved in neoplastic behavior and also development, differentiation, growth, and survival. FGFR germline mutations (activating) can cause skeletal disorders, primarily dwarfism (generally mutations in FGFR3), and craniofacial malformation syndromes (usually mutations in FGFR1 and FGFR2); intriguingly, some of these activating FGFR mutations are also seen in human cancers. FGF/FGFR aberrations reported in cancers are mainly thought to be gain-of-function changes, and several cancers have high frequencies of FGFR alterations, including breast, bladder, or squamous cell carcinomas (lung and head and neck). FGF ligand aberrations (predominantly gene amplifications) are also frequently seen in cancers, in contrast to hereditary syndromes. There are several pharmacologic agents that have been or are being developed for inhibition of FGFR/FGF signaling. These include both highly selective inhibitors as well as multi-kinase inhibitors. Of note, only four agents (ponatinib, pazopanib, regorafenib, and recently lenvatinib) are FDA-approved for use in cancer, although the approval was not based on their activity against FGFR. Perturbations in the FGFR/FGF signaling are present in both inherited and malignant diseases. The development of potent inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR may provide new tools against disorders caused by FGF/FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Helsten
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Maria Schwaederle
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA
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111
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Akl MR, Nagpal P, Ayoub NM, Tai B, Prabhu SA, Capac CM, Gliksman M, Goy A, Suh KS. Molecular and clinical significance of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2 /bFGF) in malignancies of solid and hematological cancers for personalized therapies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:44735-44762. [PMID: 27007053 PMCID: PMC5190132 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for normal and cancer biology. Mammalian FGF family members participate in multiple signaling pathways by binding to heparan sulfate and FGF receptors (FGFR) with varying affinities. FGF2 is the prototype member of the FGF family and interacts with its receptor to mediate receptor dimerization, phosphorylation, and activation of signaling pathways, such as Ras-MAPK and PI3K pathways. Excessive mitogenic signaling through the FGF/FGFR axis may induce carcinogenic effects by promoting cancer progression and increasing the angiogenic potential, which can lead to metastatic tumor phenotypes. Dysregulated FGF/FGFR signaling is associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes, enhanced chemotherapy resistance and poor clinical outcomes. In vitro experimental settings have indicated that extracellular FGF2 affects proliferation, drug sensitivity, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Therapeutically targeting FGF2 and FGFR has been extensively assessed in multiple preclinical studies and numerous drugs and treatment options have been tested in clinical trials. Diagnostic assays are used to quantify FGF2, FGFRs, and downstream signaling molecules to better select a target patient population for higher efficacy of cancer therapies. This review focuses on the prognostic significance of FGF2 in cancer with emphasis on therapeutic intervention strategies for solid and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Akl
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Poonam Nagpal
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Betty Tai
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Sathyen A. Prabhu
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine M. Capac
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Gliksman
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- Lymphoma Division, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - K. Stephen Suh
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Vadija R, Mustyala KK, Nambigari N, Dulapalli R, Dumpati RK, Ramatenki V, Vellanki SP, Vuruputuri U. Homology modeling and virtual screening studies of FGF-7 protein-a structure-based approach to design new molecules against tumor angiogenesis. J Chem Biol 2016; 9:69-78. [PMID: 27493695 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-016-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) protein is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which is also known as FGF-7. The FGF-7 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis. In the present work, FGF-7 is treated as a potential therapeutic target to prevent angiogenesis in cancerous tissue. Computational techniques are applied to evaluate and validate the 3D structure of FGF-7 protein. The active site region of the FGF-7 protein is identified based on hydrophobicity calculations using CASTp and Q-site Finder active site prediction tools. The protein-protein docking study of FGF-7 with its natural receptor FGFR2b is carried out to confirm the active site region in FGF-7. The amino acid residues Asp34, Arg67, Glu116, and Thr194 in FGF-7 interact with the receptor protein (FGFR2b). A grid is generated at the active site region of FGF-7 using Glide module of Schrödinger suite. Subsequently, a virtual screening study is carried out at the active site using small molecular structural databases to identify the ligand molecules. The binding interactions of the ligand molecules, with piperazine moiety as a pharmacophore, are observed at Arg67 and Glu149 residues of the FGF-7 protein. The identified ligand molecules against the FGF-7 protein show permissible pharmacokinetic properties (ADME). The ligand molecules with good docking scores and satisfactory pharmacokinetic properties are prioritized and identified as novel ligands for the FGF-7 protein in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Vadija
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mustyala
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Navaneetha Nambigari
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science Saifabad, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500004 India
| | - Ramasree Dulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Rama Krishna Dumpati
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Vishwanath Ramatenki
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Santhi Prada Vellanki
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
| | - Uma Vuruputuri
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007 India
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Li K, Shen B, Cheng X, Ma D, Jing X, Liu X, Yang W, Peng C, Qiu W. Phenotypic and Signaling Consequences of a Novel Aberrantly Spliced Transcript FGF Receptor-3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4205-15. [PMID: 27267910 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) plays important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. FGFR3 is abnormally upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where it correlates positively with clinicopathologic index, HCC differentiation, and advanced nuclear grade. In this study, we describe an aberrantly spliced transcript of FGFR3, termed FGFR3Δ7-9, was identified as a high frequency even in HCC. FGFR3Δ7-9 lacks exons encoding the immunoglobulin-like III domain and promoted the proliferation, migration, and metastasis of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo Coimmunoprecipation and surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated that the binding affinity of the aberrant FGFR3Δ7-9 receptor to FGFs was significantly higher than wild-type FGFR3IIIc Furthermore, FGFR3Δ7-9 could be self-activated by homodimerization and autophosphorylation even in the absence of ligand. Finally, FGFR3Δ7-9 more potently induced phosphorylation of the ERK and AKT kinases, leading to abnormal downstream signaling through the ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. FGFR3Δ7-9 also upregulated the metastasis-associated molecules Snail, MMP-9, and downregulated E-cadherin, which associated directly with FGFR3Δ7-9 Thus, as a ligand-dependent or -independent receptor, FGFR3Δ7-9 exerted multiple potent oncogenic functions in HCC cells, including proliferation, migration, and lung metastatic capacity. Overall, FGFR3 mRNA missplicing in HCC contributes significantly to its malignant character, with implications for therapeutic targeting. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4205-15. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jing
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Yang
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghong Peng
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weihua Qiu
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Hetzl AC, Montico F, Kido LA, Cagnon VHA. Prolactin, EGFR, vimentin and α-actin profiles in elderly rat prostate subjected to steroid hormonal imbalance. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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115
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolylaminoquinazoline derivatives as highly potent pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2594-9. [PMID: 27117427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are important oncology targets due to the dysregulation of this signaling pathway in a wide variety of human cancers. We identified a series of pyrazolylaminoquinazoline derivatives as potent FGFR inhibitors with low nanomolar potency. The representative compound 29 strongly inhibited FGFR1-3 kinase activity and suppressed FGFR signaling transduction in FGFR-addicted cancer cells; FGFRs-driven cell proliferation was also strongly inhibited regardless of mechanistic complexity implicated in FGFR activation, which further confirmed that 29 was a potent pan-FGFR inhibitor. The flexibility of our structure offered the potential to preserve good affinity for mutant FGFR, which is important for developing TKIs with long-term efficacy.
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Upregulated lncRNA-UCA1 contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of miR-216b and activation of FGFR1/ERK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7899-917. [PMID: 25760077 PMCID: PMC4480724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) has been recently shown to be dysregulated, which plays an important role in the progression of several cancers. However, the biological role and clinical significance of UCA1 in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we found that UCA1 was aberrantly upregulated in HCC tissues and associated with TNM stage, metastasis and postoperative survival. UCA1 depletion inhibited the growth and metastasis of HCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, UCA1 could act as an endogenous sponge by directly binding to miR-216b and downregulation miR-216b expression. In addition, UCA1 could reverse the inhibitory effect of miR-216b on the growth and metastasis of HCC cells, which might be involved in the derepression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) expression, a target gene of miR-216b, and the activation of ERK signaling pathway. Taken together, our data highlights the pivotal role of UCA1 in the tumorigenesis of HCC. Moreover, the present study elucidates a novel lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network that is UCA1-miR-216b-FGFR1-ERK signaling pathway in HCC, which may help to lead a better understanding the pathogenesis of HCC and probe the feasibility of lncRNA-directed diagnosis and therapy for this deadly disease.
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Hallinan N, Finn S, Cuffe S, Rafee S, O’Byrne K, Gately K. Targeting the fibroblast growth factor receptor family in cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 46:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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118
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying discrimination between "self" and "non-self", a central immunological principle, require careful consideration in immune oncology therapeutics where eliciting anti-cancer immunity must be weighed against the risk of autoimmunity due to the self origin of tumors. Whole cell vaccines are one promising immunotherapeutic avenue whereby a myriad of tumor antigens are introduced in an immunogenic context with the aim of eliciting tumor rejection. Despite the possibility collateral damage to healthy tissues, cancer immunotherapy can be designed such that off target autoimmunity remains limited in scope and severity or completely non-existent. Here we provide an immunological basis for reconciling the safety of cancer vaccines, focusing on tumor endothelial cell vaccines, by discussing the following topics: (a) Antigenic differences between neoplastic and healthy tissues that can be leveraged in cancer vaccine design; (b) The layers of tolerance that control T cell responses directed against antigens expressed in healthy tissues and tumors; and, (c) The hierarchy of antigenic epitope selection and display in response to whole cell vaccines, and how antigen processing and presentation can afford a degree of selectivity against tumors. We conclude with an example of early clinical data utilizing ValloVax™, an immunogenic placental endothelial cell vaccine that is being advanced to target the tumor endothelium of diverse cancers, and we report on the safety and efficacy of ValloVax™ for inducing immunity against tumor endothelial antigens.
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119
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Kato S, Lippman SM, Flaherty KT, Kurzrock R. The Conundrum of Genetic "Drivers" in Benign Conditions. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw036. [PMID: 27059373 PMCID: PMC5017937 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in deep genomic sequencing have identified a spectrum of cancer-specific passenger and driver aberrations. Clones with driver anomalies are believed to be positively selected during carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence, however, shows that genomic alterations, such as those in BRAF, RAS, EGFR, HER2, FGFR3, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, and NF1/2, all of which are considered hallmark drivers of specific cancers, can also be identified in benign and premalignant conditions, occasionally at frequencies higher than in their malignant counterparts. Targeting these genomic drivers can produce dramatic responses in advanced cancer, but the effects on their benign counterparts are less clear. This benign-malignant phenomenon is well illustrated in studies of BRAF V600E mutations, which are paradoxically more frequent in benign nevi (∼80%) than in dysplastic nevi (∼60%) or melanoma (∼40%-45%). Similarly, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is more commonly overexpressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (∼27%-56%) when compared with invasive breast cancer (∼11%-20%). FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer also decrease with tumor grade (low-grade tumors, ∼61%; high-grade, ∼11%). “Driver” mutations also occur in nonmalignant settings: TP53 mutations in synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis and FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratosis. The latter observations suggest that the oncogenicity of these alterations may be tissue context–dependent. The conversion of benign conditions to premalignant disease may involve other genetic events and/or epigenetic reprogramming. Putative driver mutations can also be germline and associated with increased cancer risk (eg, germline RAS or TP53 alterations), but germline FGFR3 or NF2 abnormalities do not predispose to malignancy. We discuss the enigma of genetic “drivers” in benign and premalignant conditions and the implications for prevention strategies and theories of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Kato
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
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120
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Khandelwal AR, Rong X, Moore-Medlin T, Ekshyyan O, Abreo F, Gu X, Nathan CAO. Photopreventive Effect and Mechanism of AZD4547 and Curcumin C3 Complex on UVB-Induced Epidermal Hyperplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:296-304. [PMID: 26862088 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the skin is the second most common type of skin cancer in the United States due to high exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. In our previous studies, Curcumin C3 complex (C3), a standardized preparation of three curcumonoids, delayed UVB-induced tumor incidence and inhibited multiplicity. Exposure to UVB activates mTOR and FGFR signaling that play a key role in skin tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of C3 complex to afford protection against acute UVB-induced hyperproliferation by targeting the mTOR and FGFR signaling pathways. Pretreatment with C3 complex significantly inhibited UVB-induced FGF-2 induction, FGF-2-induced cell proliferation, progression and colony formation, mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation, and FGFR2 phosphorylation in the promotion-sensitive JB6 cells epithelial cells. Further, FGFR was critical for UVB-induced mTOR activation, suggesting an important role of FGFR2 in UVB-induced mTOR signaling. SKH-1 mice pretreated with C3 (15 mg/kg/b.w.) for 2 weeks followed by a single exposure to UVB (180 mj/cm(2)) significantly attenuated UVB-induced mTORC1, mTORC2, and FGFR2 activation. To further assess the role of FGFR in UVB-induced hyperproliferation, SKH-1 mice were pretreated with AZD4547 (5 mg/kg/b.w.); a selective pan-FGFR kinase inhibitor followed by single exposure to UVB (180 mj/cm(2)). AZD4547 significantly inhibited UVB-induced mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation, epidermal hyperplasia and hyperproliferation. Our studies underscore the importance of FGFR signaling in UVB-induced acute skin changes and the role of FGFR/mTOR signaling in mediating the effects of C3 complex in the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Khandelwal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xiaohua Rong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Tara Moore-Medlin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Oleksandr Ekshyyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Fleurette Abreo
- Department of Pathology, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Cherie-Ann O Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana. Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.
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121
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Chaffee BR, Hoang TV, Leonard MR, Bruney DG, Wagner BD, Dowd JR, Leone G, Ostrowski MC, Robinson ML. FGFR and PTEN signaling interact during lens development to regulate cell survival. Dev Biol 2016; 410:150-163. [PMID: 26764128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lens epithelial cells express many receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that stimulate PI3K-AKT and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways ultimately activate the phosphorylation of key cellular transcription factors and other proteins that control proliferation, survival, metabolism, and differentiation in virtually all cells. Among RTKs in the lens, only stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) elicits a lens epithelial cell to fiber cell differentiation response in mammals. Moreover, although the lens expresses three different Fgfr genes, the isolated removal of Fgfr2 at the lens placode stage inhibits both lens cell survival and fiber cell differentiation. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), commonly known as a tumor suppressor, inhibits ERK and AKT activation and initiates both apoptotic pathways, and cell cycle arrest. Here, we show that the combined deletion of Fgfr2 and Pten rescues the cell death phenotype associated with Fgfr2 loss alone. Additionally, Pten removal increased AKT and ERK activation, above the levels of controls, in the presence or absence of Fgfr2. However, isolated deletion of Pten failed to stimulate ectopic fiber cell differentiation, and the combined deletion of Pten and Fgfr2 failed to restore differentiation-specific Aquaporin0 and DnaseIIβ expression in the lens fiber cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Chaffee
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Melissa R Leonard
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Devin G Bruney
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Brad D Wagner
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Richard Dowd
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Robinson
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
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Gnatenko D, Kopantsev E, Sverdlov E. Role of fibroblast growth factors in pancreatic cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:622-629. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166206622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors belong to a family of growth factors that are involved in various processes in organism and have a wide range of biological functions. Specifically for pancreas, FGFs are important during both organogenesis and carcinogenesis. One of the main characteristic of pancreatic cancer, is it close interaction between cancer and stromal cells via different factors, including FGF. Pathological changes in FGF/FGFR signaling pathway is a complex process. The remodeling effects and stimulation of tumor growth are mostly depend not only on types of receptors, but also from their isoforms. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway is a perspective specific marker for cancer progression, and a potential drug target, which can be used for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Gnatenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.P. Kopantsev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.D. Sverdlov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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123
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Zhou W, Zhu Y, Chen S, Xu R, Wang K. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 promotes MG63 cell proliferation and is associated with increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 in osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:713-9. [PMID: 26648125 PMCID: PMC4686061 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults. However, current understanding of osteosarcomagenesis remains limited. In the present study, the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in human osteosarcoma cell proliferation was investigated, and the possible pathways that contribute to FGFR1‑mediated osteosarcoma cell proliferation were examined using microarray analysis. The expression of FGFR1 in osteosarcoma tissues was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that FGFR1 was markedly increased in osteosarcoma tissues, and that the overexpression of FGFR1 in MG63 cells significantly promoted cell proliferation, as observed using the cell viability assay. In addition, FGFR1‑mediated cell proliferation was closely associated with cell cycle re‑distribution, as determined by microarray analysis. Western blotting identified that the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) was correspondingly increased in response to the overexpression of FGFR1. These results indicated that FGFR1 contributes to cell proliferation in osteosarcoma MG63 cells, and FGFR1 mediated cell proliferation may be attributed to the regulation of the cell cycle regulator, CDK1. These findings provide evidence to support the potential use of molecule target therapy against FGFR1 as a promising strategy in osteosarcoma treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Helsten T, Elkin S, Arthur E, Tomson BN, Carter J, Kurzrock R. The FGFR Landscape in Cancer: Analysis of 4,853 Tumors by Next-Generation Sequencing. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:259-67. [PMID: 26373574 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular profiling may have prognostic and predictive value, and is increasingly used in the clinical setting. There are more than a dozen fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in development. Optimal therapeutic application of FGFR inhibitors requires knowledge of the rates and types of FGFR aberrations in a variety of cancer types. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed frequencies of FGFR aberrations in 4,853 solid tumors that were, on physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory (Foundation Medicine) using next-generation sequencing (182 or 236 genes), and analyzed by N-of-One. RESULTS FGFR aberrations were found in 7.1% of cancers, with the majority being gene amplification (66% of the aberrations), followed by mutations (26%) and rearrangements (8%). FGFR1 (mostly amplification) was affected in 3.5% of 4,853 patients; FGFR2 in 1.5%; FGFR3 in 2.0%; and FGFR4 in 0.5%. Almost every type of malignancy examined showed some patients with FGFR aberrations, but the cancers most commonly affected were urothelial (32% FGFR-aberrant); breast (18%); endometrial (∼13%), squamous lung cancers (∼13%), and ovarian cancer (∼9%). Among 35 unique FGFR mutations seen in this dataset, all but two are found in COSMIC. Seventeen of the 35 are known to be activating, and 11 are transforming. CONCLUSIONS FGFR aberrations are common in a wide variety of cancers, with the majority being gene amplifications or activating mutations. These data suggest that FGFR inhibition could be an important therapeutic option across multiple tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Helsten
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California.
| | | | - Elisa Arthur
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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125
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Jo JC, Choi EK, Shin JS, Moon JH, Hong SW, Lee HR, Kim SM, Jung SA, Lee DH, Jung SH, Lee SH, Kim JE, Kim KP, Hong YS, Suh YA, Jang SJ, Choi EK, Lee JS, Jin DH, Kim TW. Targeting FGFR Pathway in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Expressing pFGFR and pMET for Antitumor Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2613-22. [PMID: 26351320 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been implicated in cancer growth, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and metastasis in a broad variety of human cancers, including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, MET was suggested to be a potential target for the personalized treatment of HCC with an active HGF-MET signaling pathway. However, the mechanisms of resistance to MET inhibitors need to be elucidated to provide effective treatment. Here, we show that HCC cells exhibit different sensitivities to the MET inhibitor PHA665752, depending on the phosphorylation status of FGFR. Treatment of cells expressing both phospho-FGFR and phospho-MET with the inhibitor PHA665752 did not cause growth inhibition and cell death, whereas treatment with AZD4547, a pan-FGFR inhibitor, resulted in decreased colony formation and cleavage of caspase-3. Moreover, silencing of endogenous FGFR1 and FGFR2 by RNAi of HCC cells expressing phospho-FGFR, phospho-FGFR2, and phospho-MET overcame the resistance to PHA665752 treatment. Treatment of primary cancer cells from patients with HCC expressing both phospho-FGFR and phospho-MET with PHA665752 did not induce cell death, whereas AZD4547 treatment induced cell death through the cleavage of caspase-3. In addition, treatment of cells resistant to PHA665752 with AZD4547 abrogated the activation of downstream effectors of cell growth, proliferation, and survival. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the FGFR pathway is critical for HCC survival, and that targeting this pathway with AZD4547 may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with HCC-expressing phospho-FGFR and phospho-MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jo
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sik Shin
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai-Hee Moon
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Hong
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Reum Lee
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Life Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Kim
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-A Jung
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seang Hwan Jung
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Lee
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-pyo Kim
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Suh
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Shin Lee
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Jin
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Innovative Cancer Research, ASAN Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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126
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Regad T. Targeting RTK Signaling Pathways in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1758-84. [PMID: 26404379 PMCID: PMC4586793 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/MAP kinase and the RAS/PI3K/AKT pathways play a key role in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival. The induction of these pathways depends on Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) that are activated upon ligand binding. In cancer, constitutive and aberrant activations of components of those pathways result in increased proliferation, survival and metastasis. For instance, mutations affecting RTKs, Ras, B-Raf, PI3K and AKT are common in perpetuating the malignancy of several types of cancers and from different tissue origins. Therefore, these signaling pathways became prime targets for cancer therapy. This review aims to provide an overview about the most frequently encountered mutations, the pathogenesis that results from such mutations and the known therapeutic strategies developed to counteract their aberrant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Regad
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK.
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127
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Xie H, Xing C, Wei B, Xu X, Wu L, Wu J, Chen L, Cao G, Chen H, Meng X, Yin S, Zhou L, Zheng S. Polymorphisms of FGFR1 in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8881-6. [PMID: 26069105 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in China. It is important to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying the development and progression of HBV-related HCC and to identify new biomarkers for clinical treatment. The important role of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) has been widely recognized in many types of cancers, but the association between FGFR polymorphisms and HCC carcinogenesis has been rarely reported. In this study, 199 patients with HBV-associated cirrhosis, 203 with HBV-associated HCC, and 184 healthy controls with no liver diseases were enrolled as participants. Using SNaPshot assays, five SNPs (rs13317, rs7825208, rs1047057, rs1047111, and rs1966265) of growth factor receptor genes were genotyped. Our results showed that the G/A and G/G genotypes at rs7825208 of FGFR1 were negatively correlated with HBV-related HCC (odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.93, P = 0.027). However, after Bonferroni correction, these significant differences no longer existed (P > 0.05). Our results indicated that these five polymorphisms of fibroblast growth factor receptor genes do not play any independent roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of HBV-related HCC in Han Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyang Xing
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bajin Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Cao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Meng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyong Yin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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128
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Sohl CD, Ryan MR, Luo B, Frey KM, Anderson KS. Illuminating the molecular mechanisms of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance for the FGFR1 gatekeeper mutation: the Achilles' heel of targeted therapy. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1319-29. [PMID: 25686244 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) 1-4 are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that can serve as drivers of tumorigenesis. In particular, FGFR1 gene amplification has been implicated in squamous cell lung and breast cancers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting FGFR1, including AZD4547 and E3810 (Lucitanib), are currently in early phase clinical trials. Unfortunately, drug resistance limits the long-term success of TKIs, with mutations at the "gatekeeper" residue leading to tumor progression. Here we show the first structural and kinetic characterization of the FGFR1 gatekeeper mutation, V561M FGFR1. The V561M mutation confers a 38-fold increase in autophosphorylation achieved at least in part by a network of interacting residues forming a hydrophobic spine to stabilize the active conformation. Moreover, kinetic assays established that the V561M mutation confers significant resistance to E3810, while retaining affinity for AZD4547. Structural analyses of these TKIs with wild type (WT) and gatekeeper mutant forms of FGFR1 offer clues to developing inhibitors that maintain potency against gatekeeper mutations. We show that AZD4547 affinity is preserved by V561M FGFR1 due to a flexible linker that allows multiple inhibitor binding modes. This is the first example of a TKI binding in distinct conformations to WT and gatekeeper mutant forms of FGFR, highlighting adaptable regions in both the inhibitor and binding pocket crucial for drug design. Exploiting inhibitor flexibility to overcome drug resistance has been a successful strategy for combatting diseases such as AIDS and may be an important approach for designing inhibitors effective against kinase gatekeeper mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christal D. Sohl
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Molly R. Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - BeiBei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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129
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Gallo LH, Nelson KN, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in cancer defined by novel translocations and mutations. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:425-49. [PMID: 26003532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) within the family of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) are critical for normal development but also play an enormous role in oncogenesis. Mutations and/or abnormal expression often lead to constitutive dimerization and kinase activation of FGFRs, and represent the primary mechanism for aberrant signaling. Sequencing of human tumors has revealed a plethora of somatic mutations in FGFRs that are frequently identical to germline mutations in developmental syndromes, and has also identified novel FGFR fusion proteins arising from chromosomal rearrangements that contribute to malignancy. This review details approximately 200 specific point mutations in FGFRs and 40 different fusion proteins created by translocations involving FGFRs that have been identified in human cancer. This review discusses the effects of these genetic alterations on downstream signaling cascades, and the challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment with antagonists of FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro H Gallo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - Katelyn N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
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130
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Gong SG. Isoforms of Receptors of Fibroblast Growth Factors. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1887-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Ging Gong
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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131
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Discovery and synthesis of N2,N4-substitued-cycloalkyl[d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine analogs: The first examples of small-molecular FGFR-1 activator. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Abolhassani A, Riazi GH, Azizi E, Amanpour S, Muhammadnejad S, Haddadi M, Zekri A, Shirkoohi R. FGF10: Type III Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. J Cancer 2014; 5:537-47. [PMID: 25057305 PMCID: PMC4107230 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Fibroblastic growth factor-10 (FGF-10) has an important role in type I epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the embryonic period of life (gastrulation). Since EMT has a critical role during cancer cells invasion and metastasis (type III) this study sought to investigate the possible role of FGF-10 in type III EMT by monitoring breast cancer cell lines' behavior by FGF-10 regulation. Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with different levels of FGF10 expression were treated with FGF-10 recombinant protein and FGF-10 siRNA, respectively. Results: The cell viability, migration, colony formation and wound healing have a direct relationship with FGF-10 expression, while FGF-10 expression decreased apoptosis. All mesenchymal factors (such as vimentin, N cadherin, snail, slug, TGF-β) increased due to FGF-10 expression with contrary expression of epithelial markers (such as E-cadherin). Moreover, GSK3β phosphorylation (inactivation) increased with FGF-10 expression. Conclusion: The important role of FGF-10 in type III EMT on cancer cells and initiation of metastasis via various kinds of signaling pathways has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abolhassani
- 1. Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ; 2. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Riazi
- 1. Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Azizi
- 2. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanpour
- 3. Group of experimental research in cancer, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- 3. Group of experimental research in cancer, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Haddadi
- 3. Group of experimental research in cancer, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zekri
- 4. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- 1. Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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133
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Foth M, Ahmad I, van Rhijn BWG, van der Kwast T, Bergman AM, King L, Ridgway R, Leung HY, Fraser S, Sansom OJ, Iwata T. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 activation plays a causative role in urothelial cancer pathogenesis in cooperation with Pten loss in mice. J Pathol 2014; 233:148-58. [PMID: 24519156 PMCID: PMC4612374 DOI: 10.1002/path.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although somatic mutations and overexpression of the tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are strongly associated with bladder cancer, evidence for their functional involvement in the pathogenesis remains elusive. Previously we showed that activation of Fgfr3 alone is not sufficient to initiate urothelial tumourigenesis in mice. Here we hypothesize that cooperating mutations are required for Fgfr3-dependent tumourigenesis in the urothelium and analyse a mouse model in which an inhibitor of Pi3k-Akt signalling, Pten, is deleted in concert with Fgfr3 activation (UroIICreFgfr3(+/) (K644E) Pten(flox) (/flox)). Two main phenotypical characteristics were observed in the urothelium: increased urothelial thickness and abnormal cellular histopathology, including vacuolization, condensed cellular appearance, enlargement of cells and nuclei, and loss of polarity. These changes were not observed when either mutation was present individually. Expression patterns of known urothelial proteins indicated the abnormal cellular differentiation. Furthermore, quantitative analysis showed that Fgfr3 and Pten mutations cooperatively caused cellular enlargement, while Pten contributed to increased cell proliferation. Finally, FGFR3 overexpression was analysed along the level of phosphorylated mTOR in 66 T1 urothelial tumours in tissue microarray, which supported the occurrence of functional association of these two signalling pathways in urothelial pathogenesis. Taken together, this study provides evidence supporting a functional role of FGFR3 in the process of pathogenesis in urothelial neoplasms. Given the wide availability of inhibitors specific to FGF signalling pathways, our model may open the avenue for FGFR3-targeted translation in urothelial disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Size
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Phenotype
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/deficiency
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/enzymology
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/enzymology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urothelium/enzymology
- Urothelium/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bas W. G. van Rhijn
- Division of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andre M. Bergman
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Louise King
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sioban Fraser
- Department of Pathology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoko Iwata
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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134
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Anderson JC, Duarte CW, Welaya K, Rohrbach TD, Bredel M, Yang ES, Choradia NV, Thottassery JV, Yancey Gillespie G, Bonner JA, Willey CD. Kinomic exploration of temozolomide and radiation resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme xenolines. Radiother Oncol 2014; 111:468-74. [PMID: 24813092 PMCID: PMC4119546 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and deadly primary brain malignancy, particularly due to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (RT) resistance. To better understand resistance mechanisms, we examined global kinase activity (kinomic profiling) in both treatment sensitive and resistant human GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDX or "xenolines"). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen orthotopically-implanted xenolines were examined including 8 with known RT sensitivity/resistance, while 5 TMZ resistant xenolines were generated through serial TMZ treatment in vivo. Tumors were harvested, prepared as total protein lysates, and kinomically analyzed on a PamStation®12 high-throughput microarray platform with subsequent upstream kinase prediction and network modeling. RESULTS Kinomic profiles indicated elevated tyrosine kinase activity associated with the radiation resistance phenotype, including FAK and FGFR1. Furthermore, network modeling showed VEGFR1/2 and c-Raf hubs could be involved. Analysis of acquired TMZ resistance revealed more kinomic variability among TMZ resistant tumors. Two of the five tumors displayed significantly altered kinase activity in the TMZ resistant xenolines and network modeling indicated PKC, JAK1, PI3K, CDK2, and VEGFR as potential mediators of this resistance. CONCLUSION GBM xenolines provide a phenotypic model for GBM drug response and resistance that when paired with kinomic profiling identified targetable pathways to inherent (radiation) or acquired (TMZ) resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karim Welaya
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Eddy S Yang
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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135
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Lee JY, Kim SY, Mo EY, Kim ES, Han JH, Maeng LS, Lee AH, Eun JW, Nam SW, Moon SD. Upregulation of FGFR1 expression is associated with parathyroid carcinogenesis in HPT-JT syndrome due to an HRPT2 splicing mutation. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:641-50. [PMID: 24889687 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the HRPT2 gene, which are responsible for hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome, have been implicated in the development of a high proportion of parathyroid carcinomas. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in expression of the most important genes connected with parathyroid carcinoma between HPT-JT syndrome due to an HRPT2 splicing mutation, normal parathyroid tissue and sporadic parathyroid adenoma. Total RNAs were extracted from parathyroid carcinoma in HPT-JT syndrome harbouring HRPT2 splicing mutation or sporadic parathyroid adenoma and normal parathyroid gland, and subjected to Illumina DASL-based gene expression assay. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis was used to compare gene expression in HPT-JT syndrome, sporadic parathyroid adenoma and normal parathyroid glands. We identified differentially regulated genes in HPT-JT syndrome and sporadic parathyroid adenoma relative to normal parathyroid glands using a combination of Welch's t-test and fold-change analysis. Quantitative PCR, RT-PCR and IHC were used for validation. Sixteen genes differentially regulated in the parathyroid carcinoma were associated with signal pathways, MAPK, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, prostate cancer and apoptosis. FGFR1 expression was confirmed to be significantly upregulated by validation experiments. Our gene expression profiling experiments suggest that upregulated FGFR1 expression appears to be associated with parathyroid carcinoma in HPT-JT syndrome due to an HRPT2 splicing mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Mo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Ho Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-So Maeng
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Hee Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, Microdissection Genomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, Microdissection Genomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
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136
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Pu D, Hou M. [Advanced research of fibroblast growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 16:609-14. [PMID: 24229629 PMCID: PMC6000615 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2013.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is severely threatening human health. In recent years, the treatment for lung adenocarcinoma has made a great progress, targeted therapy has been widely applied in clinic, and benefits amount of patients. However, in squamous cell lung cancer, the incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutant and ALK fusion gene are low,and targeted therapy like Tarceva and crizotinib, can hardly work. Since the fibroblast growth factors (fibroblast growth factor, FGF) pathway is considered to be related to tumor cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, more and more researches proved the amplification of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) in squamous cell lung cancer. Experiments in vivo and in vitro found that blocking FGF pathway could reduce the proliferation of tumor cells and inhibit metastasis. The FGF pathway might be a new target for treatment of squamous cell lung cancer. This article reviews the effect of FGFR in tumorigenesis,as well as the prospect as a therapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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137
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Knelson EH, Gaviglio AL, Tewari AK, Armstrong MB, Mythreye K, Blobe GC. Type III TGF-β receptor promotes FGF2-mediated neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4786-98. [PMID: 24216509 DOI: 10.1172/jci69657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors and their receptors coordinate neuronal differentiation during development, yet their roles in the pediatric tumor neuroblastoma remain unclear. Comparison of mRNA from benign neuroblastic tumors and neuroblastomas revealed that expression of the type III TGF-β receptor (TGFBR3) decreases with advancing stage of neuroblastoma and this loss correlates with a poorer prognosis. Patients with MYCN oncogene amplification and low TGFBR3 expression were more likely to have an adverse outcome. In vitro, TβRIII expression was epigenetically suppressed by MYCN-mediated recruitment of histone deacetylases to regions of the TGFBR3 promoter. TβRIII bound FGF2 and exogenous FGFR1, which promoted neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. TβRIII and FGF2 cooperated to induce expression of the transcription factor inhibitor of DNA binding 1 via Erk MAPK. TβRIII-mediated neuronal differentiation suppressed cell proliferation in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. These studies characterize a coreceptor function for TβRIII in FGF2-mediated neuronal differentiation, while identifying potential therapeutic targets and clinical biomarkers for neuroblastoma.
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138
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Lee HJ, Seo AN, Park SY, Kim JY, Park JY, Yu JH, Ahn JH, Gong G. Low Prognostic Implication of Fibroblast Growth Factor Family Activation in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Subsets. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:1561-8. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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139
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Lee PS, Secord AA. Targeting molecular pathways in endometrial cancer: a focus on the FGFR pathway. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:507-12. [PMID: 24332498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the majority of cases, endometrial cancer is localized and highly curable through surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. However, for patients with advanced or metastatic disease, prognosis is poor. Systemic treatments such as cytotoxic chemotherapy or hormonal therapy can cause significant toxicities including chemotherapy-related gastrointestinal, neurologic, and immunosuppressive toxicities and hormone-related hypertension, increased blood sugar, thrombosis, and pulmonary emboli. In addition, these therapies rarely lead to sustained disease control. Novel therapies with greater efficacy and reduced toxicity are needed. Recent progress in the identification of genetic abnormalities in cell signaling proteins has spurred the development of targeted agents for the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer. The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway is one of several signaling pathways that have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of endometrial cancer. The activity of novel FGFR-targeted agents in preclinical endometrial cancer models and clinical trials will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Lee
- Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) 3079, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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140
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 amplification in non-small cell lung cancer by quantitative real-time PCR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79820. [PMID: 24255716 PMCID: PMC3821849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene has been described in tumors of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Prior reports showed conflicting rates of amplification frequency and clinical relevance. Materials and Methods We developed a reliable real-time quantitative PCR assay to assess the frequency of FGFR1 amplification and assessed the optimal cutoff level of amplification for clinical application. Results In a training cohort of 203 NSCLCs, we established that a 3.5-fold amplification optimally divided patients into groups with different survival rates with a clear threshold level. Those with FGFR1 amplification levels above 3.5-fold had an inferior survival. These data were confirmed in a validation cohort of 142 NSCLC. After adjusting for age, sex, performance status, stage, and histology, patients with FGFR1 amplification levels above 3.5 fold had a hazard ratio of 2.91 (95% CI- 1.14, 7.41; pvalue-0.025) for death in the validation cohort. The rates of FGFR1 amplification using the cutoff level of 3.5 were 5.1% in squamous cell and 4.1% in adenocarcinomas. There was a non-significant trend towards higher amplifications rates in heavy smokers (> 15 pack-years of cigarette consumption) as compared to light smokers. Discussion Our data suggest that a 3.5-fold amplification of FGFR1 is of clinical importance in NSCLC. Our cutpoint analysis showed a clear threshold effect for the impact of FGFR1 amplification on patients’ survival, which can be used as an initial guide for patient selection in trials assessing efficacy of novel FGFR inhibitors.
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141
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Liang G, Chen G, Wei X, Zhao Y, Li X. Small molecule inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptors in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:467-75. [PMID: 23830577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) signal through FGF receptors (FGFRs), which are a sub-family of the superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases, to regulate human development and metabolism. Uncontrolled FGF signaling is responsible for diverse array of developmental disorders, most notably skeletal syndromes due to FGFR gain-of-function mutations. Studies in the last few years have provided significant evidence for the importance of FGF signaling in the pathogenesis of diverse cancers, including endometrial and bladder cancers. FGFs are both potent mitogenic and angiogenic factors and can contribute to carcinogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Gene knockout and pharmacological inhibition of FGFRs in in vivo and in vitro models validate FGFRs as a target for cancer treatment. Considerable efforts are being expended to develop specific, small-molecule inhibitors for treating FGFR-driven cancers. Recent reviews on the FGF/FGFR system have focused primarily on signaling, pathophysiology, and functions in cancer. In this article, we review the key roles of FGFR in cancer, provide an update on the status of clinical trials with small-molecule FGFR inhibitors, and discuss how the current structural data on FGFR kinases guide the design and characterization of new FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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di Martino E, Taylor CF, Roulson JA, Knowles MA. An integrated genomic, transcriptional and protein investigation of FGFRL1 as a putative 4p16.3 deletion target in bladder cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:860-71. [PMID: 23775577 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome arm 4p is a common event in bladder and other malignancies. At least three distinct regions of deletion have been identified, but the deletion targets have so far remained elusive. In this study, we have identified a novel region of deletion mapping to 4p16.3 spanning 0-2.1 Mb, in 15% of bladder tumors and 24% of bladder cancer cell lines. FGFRL1, which maps within this region, was investigated as putative deletion target. The retained FGFRL1 allele was not mutated in cell lines and tumors with LOH, although in patients heterozygous for the rs4647930 functional polymorphism, the common allele was preferentially lost in tumor tissue. Epigenetic silencing of the retained allele was also excluded as levels of FGFRL1 mRNA and protein were similar in cell lines and tumors with and without 4p16.3 loss. However, while FGFRL1 protein was moderately expressed in all layers of the normal bladder epithelium, the majority of tumors showed areas of downregulation. Overall, average FGFRL1 protein expression was significantly lower in bladder tumors compared to normal tissue, but downregulation was independent from 4p16.3 LOH status, FGFR3 mutation, and tumor grade and stage. In conclusion, although we found no evidence supporting a "two-hit" inactivation of FGFRL1 in bladder carcinogenesis, the effect of heterozygous deletion coupled with functional polymorphisms, and the role of post-transcriptional downregulation deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Bono F, De Smet F, Herbert C, De Bock K, Georgiadou M, Fons P, Tjwa M, Alcouffe C, Ny A, Bianciotto M, Jonckx B, Murakami M, Lanahan AA, Michielsen C, Sibrac D, Dol-Gleizes F, Mazzone M, Zacchigna S, Herault JP, Fischer C, Rigon P, Ruiz de Almodovar C, Claes F, Blanc I, Poesen K, Zhang J, Segura I, Gueguen G, Bordes MF, Lambrechts D, Broussy R, van de Wouwer M, Michaux C, Shimada T, Jean I, Blacher S, Noel A, Motte P, Rom E, Rakic JM, Katsuma S, Schaeffer P, Yayon A, Van Schepdael A, Schwalbe H, Gervasio FL, Carmeliet G, Rozensky J, Dewerchin M, Simons M, Christopoulos A, Herbert JM, Carmeliet P. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth by a small-molecule multi-FGF receptor blocker with allosteric properties. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:477-88. [PMID: 23597562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are targets for anticancer drug development. To date, only RTK inhibitors that block orthosteric binding of ligands and substrates have been developed. Here, we report the pharmacologic characterization of the chemical SSR128129E (SSR), which inhibits fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling by binding to the extracellular FGFR domain without affecting orthosteric FGF binding. SSR exhibits allosteric properties, including probe dependence, signaling bias, and ceiling effects. Inhibition by SSR is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Oral delivery of SSR inhibits arthritis and tumors that are relatively refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibodies. Thus, orally-active extracellularly acting small-molecule modulators of RTKs with allosteric properties can be developed and may offer opportunities to improve anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bono
- Early to Candidate Department and Lead Generation and Candidate Realization Department, Sanofi, 31036 Toulouse, France
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Hetzl AC, Montico F, Lorencini RM, Kido L, Cândido E, Billis A, Ferreira U, Cagnon VH. Fibroblast growth factor, estrogen, and prolactin receptor features in different grades of prostatic adenocarcinoma in elderly men. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:321-30. [PMID: 23362007 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to characterize and associate the receptor reactivities of fibroblastic growth factor (FGF)-2, FGF-7, FGF-8, epidermal growth factor (EGF), α-actin and vimentin in relation to the androgen receptor (AR), α and β estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), and prolactin receptor in the prostate of elderly men showing low- and high-grade adenocarcinoma. Thirty prostatic samples were taken from 60- to 90-year-old patients without prostatic lesions and with low-grade cancer and high-grade cancer, from the University Hospital, School of Medicine, the State University of Campinas. The results showed that increased FGF-2, FGF-7, and FGF-8 receptor reactivities and decreased AR reactivity were verified in both high- and low-grade cancer. However, the FGF-8 receptor showed greater involvement at the beginning of the malignancy alterations. Increased EGF receptor (EGFR) reactivity and diminished α-actin immunohistochemistry were identified in both cancer groups. Also, increased ERα, PR, and vimentin receptors were verified in both cancer groups. To conclude, the ERα involvement in the reactive stroma activation led to a microenvironment, which was favorable to cancer progression, due to maximizing stromal imbalance. The prolactin could be related to cancer progression due to its interaction with ERα action, indicating that this hormone could be a relevant target to prevent the estrogenic effects in the prostatic lesions. Both FGF receptor (FGFR)-2 and FGFR-8 play a fundamental role in the early stages of prostate cancer, suggesting that these molecules could be a promising therapeutic target. The differential localization of the fibroblastic factors between the prostatic epithelium and stroma of elderly men, who presented prostate cancer, could indicate a favorable distinction for tumoral progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cia Hetzl
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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