101
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Dumard CH, Barroso SPC, Santos ACV, Alves NS, Couceiro JNSS, Gomes AMO, Santos PS, Silva JL, Oliveira AC. Stability of different influenza subtypes: How can high hydrostatic pressure be a useful tool for vaccine development? Biophys Chem 2017; 231:116-124. [PMID: 28410940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A viruses can cross naturally into mammals and cause severe diseases, as observed for H5N1. The high lethality of human infections causes major concerns about the real risk of a possible pandemic of severe diseases to which human susceptibility may be high and universal. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a valuable tool for studies regarding the folding of proteins and the assembly of macromolecular structures such as viruses; furthermore, HHP has already been demonstrated to promote viral inactivation. METHODS Here, we investigated the structural stability of avian and human influenza viruses using spectroscopic and light-scattering techniques. We found that both particles have similar structural stabilities and that HHP promotes structural changes. RESULTS HHP induced slight structural changes to both human and avian influenza viruses, and these changes were largely reversible when the pressure returned to its initial level. The spectroscopic data showed that H3N2 was more pressure-sensitive than H3N8. Structural changes did not predict changes in protein function, as H3N2 fusion activity was not affected, while H3N8 fusion activity drastically decreased. The fusion activity of H1N1 was also strongly affected by HHP. In all cases, HHP caused inactivation of the different influenza viruses. CONCLUSIONS HHP may be a useful tool for vaccine development, as it induces minor and reversible structural changes that may be associated with partial preservation of viral biological activities and may potentiate their immunogenic response while abolishing their infectivity. We also confirmed that, although pressure does not promote drastic changes in viral particle structure, it can distinctly affect viral fusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique Dumard
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Shana P C Barroso
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara V Santos
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Alves
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - José Nelson S S Couceiro
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Andre M O Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Santos
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Jerson L Silva
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil.
| | - Andréa C Oliveira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil.
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102
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Visualization of Alternative Functional Configurations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Facilitates Rapid Selection of Complementing Vaccines in Emergency Situations. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040766. [PMID: 28375167 PMCID: PMC5412350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful immunization against avian influenza virus (AIV) requires eliciting an adequate polyclonal response to AIV hemagglutinin (HA) subunit 1 (HA1) epitopes. Outbreaks of highly-pathogenic (HP) AIV subtype H5N1 can occur in vaccinated flocks in many endemic areas. Protection against emerging AIV is partly hindered by the limitations of vaccine production and transport, the use of leaky vaccines, and the use of multiple, and often antigenically-diverse, vaccines. It was hypothesized that the majority of alternative functional configurations (AFC) within the AIV HA1 can be represented by the pool of vaccine seed viruses currently in production because only a finite number of AFC are possible within each substructure of the molecule. Therefore, combinations of commercial vaccines containing complementing structural units (CSU) to each HA1 substructure can elicit responses to the totality of a given emerging AIV HA1 substructure isoforms. Analysis of homology-based 3D models of vaccine seed and emerging viruses facilitated the definition of HA1 AFC isoforms. CSU-based plots were used to predict which commercial vaccine combinations could have been used to cover nine selected AFC isoforms on recent Egyptian HP AIV H5N1 outbreak viruses. It is projected that expansion of the vaccine HA1 3D model database will improve international emergency responses to AIV.
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103
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Straus MR, Whittaker GR. A peptide-based approach to evaluate the adaptability of influenza A virus to humans based on its hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174827. [PMID: 28358853 PMCID: PMC5373629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein by host proteases is a crucial step in the infection process of influenza A viruses (IAV). However, IAV exists in eighteen different HA subtypes in nature and their cleavage sites vary considerably. There is uncertainty regarding which specific proteases activate a given HA in the human respiratory tract. Understanding the relationship between different HA subtypes and human-specific proteases will be valuable in assessing the pandemic potential of circulating viruses. Here we utilized fluorogenic peptides mimicking the HA cleavage motif of representative IAV strains causing disease in humans or of zoonotic/pandemic potential and tested them with a range of proteases known to be present in the human respiratory tract. Our results show that peptides from the H1, H2 and H3 subtypes are cleaved efficiently by a wide range of proteases including trypsin, matriptase, human airway tryptase (HAT), kallikrein-related peptidases 5 (KLK5) and 12 (KLK12) and plasmin. Regarding IAVs currently of concern for human adaptation, cleavage site peptides from H10 viruses showed very limited cleavage by respiratory tract proteases. Peptide mimics from H6 viruses showed broader cleavage by respiratory tract proteases, while H5, H7 and H9 subtypes showed variable cleavage; particularly matriptase appeared to be a key protease capable of activating IAVs. We also tested HA substrate specificity of Factor Xa, a protease required for HA cleavage in chicken embryos and relevant for influenza virus production in eggs. Overall our data provide novel tool allowing the assessment of human adaptation of IAV HA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R. Straus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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104
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Variability in H9N2 haemagglutinin receptor-binding preference and the pH of fusion. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e11. [PMID: 28325922 PMCID: PMC5378918 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are primarily a disease of poultry; however, they occasionally infect humans and are considered a potential pandemic threat. Little work has been performed to assess the intrinsic biochemical properties related to zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate H9N2 haemagglutinins (HAs) using two well-known correlates for human adaption: receptor-binding avidity and pH of fusion. Receptor binding was characterized using bio-layer interferometry to measure virus binding to human and avian-like receptor analogues and the pH of fusion was assayed by syncytium formation in virus-infected cells at different pHs. We characterized contemporary H9N2 viruses of the zoonotic G1 lineage, as well as representative viruses of the zoonotic BJ94 lineage. We found that most contemporary H9N2 viruses show a preference for sulphated avian-like receptor analogues. However, the 'Eastern' G1 H9N2 viruses displayed a consistent preference in binding to a human-like receptor analogue. We demonstrate that the presence of leucine at position 226 of the HA receptor-binding site correlated poorly with the ability to bind a human-like sialic acid receptor. H9N2 HAs also display variability in their pH of fusion, ranging between pH 5.4 and 5.85 which is similar to that of the first wave of human H1N1pdm09 viruses but lower than the pH of fusion seen in zoonotic H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. Our results suggest possible molecular mechanisms that may underlie the relatively high prevalence of human zoonotic infection by particular H9N2 virus lineages.
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105
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A New Strategy to Reduce Influenza Escape: Detecting Therapeutic Targets Constituted of Invariance Groups. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030038. [PMID: 28257108 PMCID: PMC5371793 DOI: 10.3390/v9030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the different flu species is a real public health problem worldwide. To combat this scourge, we established a method to detect drug targets, reducing the possibility of escape. Besides being able to attach a drug candidate, these targets should have the main characteristic of being part of an essential viral function. The invariance groups that are sets of residues bearing an essential function can be detected genetically. They consist of invariant and synthetic lethal residues (interdependent residues not varying or slightly varying when together). We analyzed an alignment of more than 10,000 hemagglutinin sequences of influenza to detect six invariance groups, close in space, and on the protein surface. In parallel we identified five potential pockets on the surface of hemagglutinin. By combining these results, three potential binding sites were determined that are composed of invariance groups located respectively in the vestigial esterase domain, in the bottom of the stem and in the fusion area. The latter target is constituted of residues involved in the spring-loaded mechanism, an essential step in the fusion process. We propose a model describing how this potential target could block the reorganization of the hemagglutinin HA2 secondary structure and prevent viral entry into the host cell.
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106
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Russier M, Yang G, Marinova-Petkova A, Vogel P, Kaplan BS, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. H1N1 influenza viruses varying widely in hemagglutinin stability transmit efficiently from swine to swine and to ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006276. [PMID: 28282440 PMCID: PMC5362248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic-capable influenza virus requires a hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein that is immunologically unseen by most people and is capable of supporting replication and transmission in humans. HA stabilization has been linked to 2009 pH1N1 pandemic potential in humans and H5N1 airborne transmissibility in the ferret model. Swine have served as an intermediate host for zoonotic influenza viruses, yet the evolutionary pressure exerted by this host on HA stability was unknown. For over 70 contemporary swine H1 and H3 isolates, we measured HA activation pH to range from pH 5.1 to 5.9 for H1 viruses and pH 5.3 to 5.8 for H3 viruses. Thus, contemporary swine isolates vary widely in HA stability, having values favored by both avian (pH >5.5) and human and ferret (pH ≤5.5) species. Using an early 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus backbone, we generated three viruses differing by one HA residue that only altered HA stability: WT (pH 5.5), HA1-Y17H (pH 6.0), and HA2-R106K (pH 5.3). All three replicated in pigs and transmitted from pig-to-pig and pig-to-ferret. WT and R106 viruses maintained HA genotype and phenotype after transmission. Y17H (pH 6.0) acquired HA mutations that stabilized the HA protein to pH 5.8 after transmission to pigs and 5.5 after transmission to ferrets. Overall, we found swine support a broad range of HA activation pH for contact transmission and many recent swine H1N1 and H3N2 isolates have stabilized (human-like) HA proteins. This constitutes a heightened pandemic risk and underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance and control efforts for swine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Russier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Atanaska Marinova-Petkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Bryan S. Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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107
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Joseph U, Su YCF, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD. The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:74-84. [PMID: 27426214 PMCID: PMC5155642 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza-related events; the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and H5N6 zoonotic infections, the ongoing H7N9 infections in China and the continued zoonosis of H5N1 viruses in parts of Asia and the Middle East. The risk of a new influenza pandemic increases with the repeated interspecies transmission events that facilitate reassortment between animal influenza strains; thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors involved that promote or become a barrier to cross-species transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAVs). Here, we provide an overview of the ecology and evolutionary adaptations of IAVs, with a focus on a review of the molecular factors that enable interspecies transmission of the various virus gene segments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Asia/epidemiology
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Ducks/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geese/virology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/physiology
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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108
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Bourret V, Lyall J, Frost SDW, Teillaud A, Smith CA, Leclaire S, Fu J, Gandon S, Guérin JL, Tiley LS. Adaptation of avian influenza virus to a swine host. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex007. [PMID: 28458917 PMCID: PMC5399929 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic RNA viruses into new hosts can have dramatic consequences for both livestock and public health. Here we characterize the viral genetic changes that were observed in a previous study which experimentally adapted a field isolate of duck influenza virus to swine respiratory cells. Both pre-existing and de novo mutations were selected during this adaptation. We compare the in vitro growth dynamics of the adapted virus with those of the original strain as well as all possible reassortants using reverse genetics. This full factorial design showed that viral gene segments are involved in complex epistatic interactions on virus fitness, including negative and sign epistasis. We also identify two point mutations at positions 67 and 113 of the HA2 subunit of the hemagglutinin protein conferring a fast growth phenotype on the naïve avian virus in swine cells. These HA2 mutations enhance the pH dependent, HA-mediated membrane fusion. A global H1 maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis, combined with comprehensive ancestry reconstruction and tests for directional selection, confirmed the field relevance of the mutation at position 113 of HA2. Most notably, this mutation was associated with the establishment of the H1 'avian-like' swine influenza lineage, regarded as the most likely to cause the next influenza pandemic in humans. This multidisciplinary approach to study the genetics of viral adaptation provides unique insights on the underlying processes leading to influenza emergence in a new host species, and identifies specific targets for future surveillance and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bourret
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Jon Lyall
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon D W Frost
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angélique Teillaud
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine A Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Leclaire
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - JinQi Fu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence S Tiley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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109
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Parsons LM, An Y, de Vries RP, de Haan CAM, Cipollo JF. Glycosylation Characterization of an Influenza H5N7 Hemagglutinin Series with Engineered Glycosylation Patterns: Implications for Structure-Function Relationships. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:398-412. [PMID: 28060516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation patterns of four recombinant H5 hemagglutinins (HAs) derived from A/Mallard/Denmark/64650/03 (H5N7) have been characterized. The proteins were expressed in (i) HEK293T cells to produce complex glycoforms, (ii) HEK293T cells treated with Vibrio cholera neuraminidase to provide asialo-complex glycoforms, (iii) HEK293S GnTI(-) cells with predominantly the canonical Man5GlcNAc2 glycoform, and (iv) Drosophila S2 insect cells producing primarily paucimannose glycoforms. Previously, these HAs were used to investigate the effect of different glycosylation states on the immune responses in chicken and mouse systems. Evidence was found that high-mannose glycans diminished antibody response via DC-SIGN interactions. We performed two semiquantitative analyses including MALDI-TOF MS permethylation analysis of released glycans and LC-MSE analysis of glycosylation site microheterogeneity. Glycosylation site occupancy was also determined by LC-MSE. Our major findings include (1) decreasing complexity of glycosylation from the stem to the globular head, (2) absence of glycosylation at N10 and N193, (3) complex glycans at N165 in HEK293T cell HA but high mannose glycans at this site in HEK293S and S2 cells, and (4) differences between the three-dimensional structures of H3 and H5 HAs that may explain glycan type preferences at selected sites. Biological implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Parsons
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yanming An
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John F Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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110
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Superficial vimentin mediates DENV-2 infection of vascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38372. [PMID: 27910934 PMCID: PMC5133558 DOI: 10.1038/srep38372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to vascular endothelial cells (VECs) is a critical hallmark of hemorrhagic diseases caused by dengue virus (DENV). However, the precise molecular event involved in DENV binding and infection of VECs has yet to be clarified. In this study, vimentin (55 kDa) was identified to be involved in DENV-2 adsorption into VECs. This protein is located on the surface of VECs and interacts with DENV-2 envelope protein domain III (EDIII). The expression level of the superficial vimentin on VECs was not affected by viral infection or siRNA interference, indicating that the protein exists in a particular mode. Furthermore, the rod domain of the vimentin protein mainly functions in DENV-2 adsorption into VECs. Molecular docking results predicted several residues in vimentin rod and DENV EDIII; these residues may be responsible for cell–virus interactions. We propose that the superficial vimentin could be a novel molecule involved in DENV binding and infection of VECs. DENV EDIII directly interacts with the rod domain of vimentin on the VEC surface and thus mediates the infection.
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111
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Lipsitch M, Barclay W, Raman R, Russell CJ, Belser JA, Cobey S, Kasson PM, Lloyd-Smith JO, Maurer-Stroh S, Riley S, Beauchemin CA, Bedford T, Friedrich TC, Handel A, Herfst S, Murcia PR, Roche B, Wilke CO, Russell CA. Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27834632 PMCID: PMC5156527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of an influenza A virus pandemic stems from continual virus spillovers from reservoir species, a tiny fraction of which spark sustained transmission in humans. To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. We describe such efforts, identify progress and ongoing challenges, and discuss three specific traits of influenza viruses (hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity, hemagglutinin pH of activation, and polymerase complex efficiency) that contribute to pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, United States
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre For Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claus O Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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112
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Reconstituted B cell receptor signaling reveals carbohydrate-dependent mode of activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36298. [PMID: 27796362 PMCID: PMC5087089 DOI: 10.1038/srep36298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of immune cells (but not B cells) with lectins is widely known. We used the structurally defined interaction between influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and its cell surface receptor sialic acid (SA) to identify a B cell receptor (BCR) activation modality that proceeded through non-cognate interactions with antigen. Using a new approach to reconstitute antigen-receptor interactions in a human reporter B cell line, we found that sequence-defined BCRs from the human germline repertoire could be triggered by both complementarity to influenza HA and a separate mode of signaling that relied on multivalent ligation of BCR sialyl-oligosaccharide. The latter suggested a new mechanism for priming naïve B cell responses and manifested as the induction of SA-dependent pan-activation by peripheral blood B cells. BCR crosslinking in the absence of complementarity is a superantigen effect induced by some microbial products to subvert production of antigen-specific immune responses. B cell superantigen activity through affinity for BCR carbohydrate is discussed.
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113
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Schelker M, Mair CM, Jolmes F, Welke RW, Klipp E, Herrmann A, Flöttmann M, Sieben C. Viral RNA Degradation and Diffusion Act as a Bottleneck for the Influenza A Virus Infection Efficiency. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005075. [PMID: 27780209 PMCID: PMC5079570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytic uptake, influenza viruses transit early endosomal compartments and eventually reach late endosomes. There, the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) triggers fusion between endosomal and viral membrane, a critical step that leads to release of the viral segmented genome destined to reach the cell nucleus. Endosomal maturation is a complex process involving acidification of the endosomal lumen as well as endosome motility along microtubules. While the pH drop is clearly critical for the conformational change and membrane fusion activity of HA, the effect of intracellular transport dynamics on the progress of infection remains largely unclear. In this study, we developed a comprehensive mathematical model accounting for the first steps of influenza virus infection. We calibrated our model with experimental data and challenged its predictions using recombinant viruses with altered pH sensitivity of HA. We identified the time point of virus-endosome fusion and thereby the diffusion distance of the released viral genome to the nucleus as a critical bottleneck for efficient virus infection. Further, we concluded and supported experimentally that the viral RNA is subjected to cytosolic degradation strongly limiting the probability of a successful genome import into the nucleus. Influenza A virus carries its segmented genome inside a lipid envelope. Since genome replication occurs inside the nucleus, the main goal of virus infection is to deliver all genome segments through the cytoplasm into the nucleus. After endocytic uptake, influenza viruses transit early endosomal compartments and eventually reach late endosomes. Within a complex maturation process, the endosomal lumen acidifies while the vesicles are transported trough the cytosol. If and how these early processes affect virus infection remained mostly speculative. To reach a better understanding and to quantify the physical interplay between membrane fusion, genome diffusion and infection, we developed a mathematical model that comprises all initial steps of virus infection until genome delivery. We calibrated our model using experimental data and challenged its predictions using recombinant viruses to introduce perturbations. Our results provide a theoretical framework to understand the importance of the endosomal virus passage before membrane fusion and genome release. We further unraveled RNA degradation as a previously unknown limiting factor for virus infection. Our work will help to make predictions and evaluate newly occurring virus strains, regarding their infection efficiency in a given host cell, by simply considering their pH sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schelker
- Theoretical Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Jolmes
- Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretical Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Flöttmann
- Theoretical Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (MF); (CS)
| | - Christian Sieben
- Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (MF); (CS)
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114
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Voltersvik P, Aqrawi LA, Dudman S, Hungnes O, Bostad L, Brokstad KA, Cox RJ. Pulmonary changes in Norwegian fatal cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 (2009) infection: a morphologic and molecular genetic study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:525-531. [PMID: 27413002 PMCID: PMC5059952 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the pandemic outbreak of the 2009 swine influenza (A(H1N1)pdm09), 32 fatal cases occurred in Norway and 19 of these were included in this study. Objectives We characterised pulmonary changes in these fatal Norwegian cases. Patients and Methods Upon hospitalisation, detailed clinical information and specimens from the upper and lower respiratory pathways were collected. At post‐mortem, lung tissue was collected, formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded. Immunohistochemical and light microscopic examination was performed to visualise the local expression of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and pyrosequencing of the non‐fixed specimens allowed the identification of mutations in the influenza virus surface glycoprotein (haemagglutinin gene) particularly at position 222. Results and Conclusions The overall course of illness lasted from 2 to 40 days (median 9 days). Diffused alveolar damage (DAD) was evident in 11 cases, 4 of which had no apparent underlying illness. Obesity was prominent in 12 cases, where three individuals were classified as otherwise healthy. The HA D222G mutation was detected in six cases, 3 of which had no underlying illness. Immunohistochemistry showed the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to be prominent at the site of inflammation both in close proximity to and inside alveolar structures in the lung tissue. In addition to a possible role for the HA D222G mutation, our findings indicate that host factors and underlying conditions in the infected individuals are fundamental for disease outcome in many cases. This study increases our understanding of determinants for the clinical outcome of pandemic influenza, which could guide future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Voltersvik
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lara A Aqrawi
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Susanne Dudman
- WHO National Influenza Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Hungnes
- WHO National Influenza Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Leif Bostad
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl A Brokstad
- The Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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115
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Size distribution analysis of influenza virus particles using size exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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116
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Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) strains that often causes increased morbidity and spreads extremely rapidly in the immunologically naive human population, with huge clinical and economic impact. Accordingly, particular efforts are made to advance our knowledge on the disease biology and pathology and recent studies have brought new insights into IAV adaptation mechanisms to the human host, as well as into the key players in disease pathogenesis on the host side. Current antiviral strategies are only efficient at the early stages of the disease and are challenged by the genomic instability of the virus, highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies targeting the pulmonary host response to improve viral clearance, reduce the risk of bacterial coinfection, and prevent or attenuate acute lung injury. This review article summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular basis of influenza infection and disease progression, the key players in pathogenesis driving severe disease and progression to lung failure, as well as available and envisioned prevention and treatment strategies against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carole Schmoldt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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117
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Anik Ü, Tepeli Y, Diouani MF. Fabrication of Electrochemical Model Influenza A Virus Biosensor Based on the Measurements of Neuroaminidase Enzyme Activity. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6151-3. [PMID: 27281347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroaminidase (NA) enzyme is a kind of glycoprotein that is found on the influenza A virus. During infection, NA is important for the release of influenza virions from the host cell surface together with viral aggregates. It may also be involved in targeting the virus to respiratory epithelial cells. In this study, a model electrochemical influenza A viral biosensor in which receptor-binding properties have been based on NA was developed for the first time. The biosensor's working principle is based on monitoring the interactions between fetuin A and NA enzyme. The assay was monitored step by step by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülkü Anik
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University , Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey 48000
| | - Yudum Tepeli
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University , Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey 48000
| | - Mohamed F Diouani
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis Elmanar , LR11 IPT03, PB74, 13 Place Pasteur, Le Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage , Tunisia
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118
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Arevalo MT, Wong TM, Ross TM. Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27286040 DOI: 10.3791/54041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) and subviral particles (SVPs) are an alternative approach to viral vaccine design that offers the advantages of increased biosafety and stability over use of live pathogens. Non-infectious and self-assembling, VLPs are used to present structural proteins as immunogens, bypassing the need for live pathogens or recombinant viral vectors for antigen delivery. In this article, we demonstrate the different stages of VLP design and development for future applications in preclinical animal testing. The procedure includes the following stages: selection of antigen, expression of antigen in cell line of choice, purification of VLPs/SVPs, and quantification for antigen dosing. We demonstrate use of both mammalian and insect cell lines for expression of our antigens and demonstrate how methodologies differ in yield. The methodology presented may apply to a variety of pathogens and can be achieved by substituting the antigens with immunogenic structural proteins of the user's microorganism of interest. VLPs and SVPs assist with antigen characterization and selection of the best vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Arevalo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
| | - Terianne M Wong
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia;
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119
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Civetta A, Ostapchuk DCM, Nwali B. Genome Hotspots for Nucleotide Substitutions and the Evolution of Influenza A (H1N1) Human Strains. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:986-93. [PMID: 26988249 PMCID: PMC4860693 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years a number of studies have brought attention to the role of positive selection during the evolution of antigenic escape by influenza strains. Particularly, the identification of positively selected sites within antigenic domains of viral surface proteins has been used to suggest that the evolution of viral–host receptor binding specificity is driven by selection. Here we show that, following the 1918 outbreak, the antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin (HA) viral surface protein and the stalk region of neuraminidase became substitution hotspots. The hotspots show similar patterns of nucleotide substitution bias at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites. Such bias imposes directionality in amino acid replacements that can influence signals of selection at antigenic sites. Our results suggest that the high accumulation of substitutions within the antigenic sites of HA can explain not only cases of antigenic escape by antigenic drift but also lead to occasional episodes of viral extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Civetta
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Basil Nwali
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2G3, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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120
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Wörmann X, Lesch M, Welke RW, Okonechnikov K, Abdurishid M, Sieben C, Geissner A, Brinkmann V, Kastner M, Karner A, Zhu R, Hinterdorfer P, Anish C, Seeberger PH, Herrmann A, Meyer TF, Karlas A. Genetic characterization of an adapted pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus that reveals improved replication rates in human lung epithelial cells. Virology 2016; 492:118-29. [PMID: 26914510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2009 influenza pandemic originated from a swine-origin H1N1 virus, which, although less pathogenic than anticipated, may acquire additional virulence-associated mutations in the future. To estimate the potential risk, we sequentially passaged the isolate A/Hamburg/04/2009 in A549 human lung epithelial cells. After passage 6, we observed a 100-fold increased replication rate. High-throughput sequencing of viral gene segments identified five dominant mutations, whose contribution to the enhanced growth was analyzed by reverse genetics. The increased replication rate was pinpointed to two mutations within the hemagglutinin (HA) gene segment (HA1 D130E, HA2 I91L), near the receptor binding site and the stem domain. The adapted virus also replicated more efficiently in mice in vivo. Enhanced replication rate correlated with increased fusion pH of the HA protein and a decrease in receptor affinity. Our data might be relevant for surveillance of pre-pandemic strains and development of high titer cell culture strains for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Wörmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Lesch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Steinbeis Innovation gGmbH, Center for Systems Biomedicine, Falkensee, Germany
| | - Robert-William Welke
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirshat Abdurishid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sieben
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Geissner
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kastner
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Karner
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH (CBL), Linz, Austria
| | - Rong Zhu
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Steinbeis Innovation gGmbH, Center for Systems Biomedicine, Falkensee, Germany.
| | - Alexander Karlas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Steinbeis Innovation gGmbH, Center for Systems Biomedicine, Falkensee, Germany.
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121
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Minodier L, Charrel RN, Ceccaldi PE, van der Werf S, Blanchon T, Hanslik T, Falchi A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with influenza, clinical significance, and pathophysiology of human influenza viruses in faecal samples: what do we know? Virol J 2015; 12:215. [PMID: 26651485 PMCID: PMC4676820 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides for the first time an assessment of the current understanding about the occurrence and the clinical significance of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in influenza patients, and their correlation with the presence of human influenza viruses in stools of patients with confirmed influenza virus infection. Studies exploring how human influenza viruses spread to the patient’s GI tract after a primary respiratory infection have been summarized. We conducted a systematic search of published peer-reviewed literature up to June 2015 with regard to the above-mentioned aspects, focusing on human influenza viruses (A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B). Forty-four studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of any digestive symptoms ranged from 30.9 % (95 % CI, 9.8 to 57.5; I2 = 97.5 %) for A(H1N1)pdm09 to 2.8 % (95 % CI, 0.6 to 6.5; I2 = 75.4 %) for A(H1N1). The pooled prevalence of influenza viruses in stool was 20.6 % (95 % CI, 8.9 to 35.5; I2 = 96.8 %), but their correlation with GI symptoms has rarely been explored. The presence of viral RNA in stools because of haematogenous dissemination to organs via infected lymphocytes is likely, but the potential to cause direct intestinal infection and faecal–oral transmission warrants further investigation. This review highlights the gaps in our knowledge, and the high degree of uncertainty about the prevalence and significance of GI symptoms in patients with influenza and their correlation with viral RNA positivity in stool because of the high level of heterogeneity among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Minodier
- EA 7310, laboratory of virology, University of Corsica-Inserm, 20250, Corte, France.
| | - Remi N Charrel
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", & IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité EPVO, Institut Pasteur, Paris-UMR CNRS 3569-Université Paris Diderot, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, Institut Pasteur-UMR CNRS 3569-Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Coordinating Center of the National Reference Center for influenza viruses, National Influenza Center (Northern-France), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Paris, France. .,INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Paris, France. .,Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR de Médecine Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, 9 boulevard d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France. .,Service de médecine interne, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92100, Boulogne Billancourt, France.
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- EA 7310, laboratory of virology, University of Corsica-Inserm, 20250, Corte, France.
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122
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Short KR, Richard M, Verhagen JH, van Riel D, Schrauwen EJA, van den Brand JMA, Mänz B, Bodewes R, Herfst S. One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus. One Health 2015; 1:1-13. [PMID: 26309905 PMCID: PMC4542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Influenza A viruses are unique in many ways. Firstly, they are unique in the diversity of host species that they infect. This includes waterfowl (the original reservoir), terrestrial and aquatic poultry, swine, humans, horses, dog, cats, whales, seals and several other mammalian species. Secondly, they are unique in their capacity to evolve and adapt, following crossing the species barrier, in order to replicate and spread to other individuals within the new species. Finally, they are unique in the frequency of inter-species transmission events that occur. Indeed, the consequences of novel influenza virus strain in an immunologically naïve population can be devastating. The problems that influenza A viruses present for human and animal health are numerous. For example, influenza A viruses in humans represent a major economic and disease burden, whilst the poultry industry has suffered colossal damage due to repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of influenza A viruses by shedding light on interspecies virus transmission and summarising the current knowledge regarding how influenza viruses can adapt to a new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands ; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin Mänz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
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123
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H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses Differ from Avian Precursors by a Higher pH Optimum of Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2015; 90:1569-77. [PMID: 26608319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The H1N1 Eurasian avian-like swine (EAsw) influenza viruses originated from an avian H1N1 virus. To characterize potential changes in the membrane fusion activity of the hemagglutinin (HA) during avian-to-swine adaptation of the virus, we studied EAsw viruses isolated in the first years of their circulation in pigs and closely related contemporary H1N1 viruses of wild aquatic birds. Compared to the avian viruses, the swine viruses were less sensitive to neutralization by lysosomotropic agent NH4Cl in MDCK cells, had a higher pH optimum of hemolytic activity, and were less stable at acidic pH. Eight amino acid substitutions in the HA were found to separate the EAsw viruses from their putative avian precursor; four substitutions-T492S, N722D, R752K, and S1132F-were located in the structural regions of the HA2 subunit known to play a role in acid-induced conformational transition of the HA. We also studied low-pH-induced syncytium formation by cell-expressed HA proteins and found that the HAs of the 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 pandemic viruses required a lower pH for fusion induction than did the HA of a representative EAsw virus. Our data show that transmission of an avian H1N1 virus to pigs was accompanied by changes in conformational stability and fusion promotion activity of the HA. We conclude that distinctive host-determined fusion characteristics of the HA may represent a barrier for avian-to-swine and swine-to-human transmission of influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Continuing cases of human infections with zoonotic influenza viruses highlight the necessity to understand which viral properties contribute to interspecies transmission. Efficient binding of the HA to cellular receptors in a new host species is known to be essential for the transmission. Less is known about required adaptive changes in the membrane fusion activity of the HA. Here we show that adaptation of an avian influenza virus to pigs in Europe in 1980s was accompanied by mutations in the HA, which decreased its conformational stability and increased pH optimum of membrane fusion activity. This finding represents the first formal evidence of alteration of the HA fusion activity/stability during interspecies transmission of influenza viruses under natural settings.
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124
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Wong TM, Ross TM. Use of computational and recombinant technologies for developing novel influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:41-51. [PMID: 26595182 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccine design has changed considerably with advancements in bioinformatics and computational biology. Improved surveillance efforts provide up-to-date information about influenza sequence diversity and assist with monitoring the spread of epidemics and vaccine efficacy rates. The advent of next-generation sequencing, epitope scanning and high-throughput analysis all help decipher influenza-associated protein interactions as well as predict immune responsiveness based on host genetic diversity. Computational approaches are utilized in nearly all aspects of vaccine design, from modeling, compatibility predictions, and optimization of antigens in various platforms. This overview discusses how computational techniques strengthen vaccine efforts against highly diverse influenza species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terianne M Wong
- a Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- a Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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125
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Wiley CA, Bhardwaj N, Ross TM, Bissel SJ. Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:634-50. [PMID: 26276027 PMCID: PMC4538697 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
History is replete with emergent pandemic infections that have decimated the human population. Given the shear mass of humans that now crowd the earth, there is every reason to suspect history will repeat itself. We describe three RNA viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (CNS) cells, they rapidly co-opt host RNA processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to RNA viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on RNA processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Present address:
Sanofi Pasteur1755 Steeles Avenue WestTorontoOntarioCanadaM2R 3T4
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccine DevelopmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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126
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Wedde M, Biere B, Wolff T, Schweiger B. Evolution of the hemagglutinin expressed by human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating between 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 in Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:762-75. [PMID: 26416089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the evolution of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Germany between 2008-2009 and 2013-2014. The phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of both subtypes revealed similar evolution of the HA variants that were also seen worldwide with minor exceptions. The analysis showed seven distinct HA clades for A(H1N1)pdm09 and six HA clades for A(H3N2) viruses. Herald strains of both subtypes appeared sporadically since 2008-2009. Regarding A(H1N1)pdm09, herald strains of HA clade 3 and 4 were detected late in the 2009-2010 season. With respect to A(H3N2), we found herald strains of HA clade 3, 4 and 7 between 2009 and 2012. Those herald strains were predominantly seen for minor and not for major HA clades. Generally, amino acid substitutions were most frequently found in the globular domain, including substitutions near the antigenic sites or the receptor binding site. Differences between both influenza A subtypes were seen with respect to the position of the indicated substitutions in the HA. For A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, we found more substitutions in the stem region than in the antigenic sites. In contrast, in A(H3N2) viruses most changes were identified in the major antigenic sites and five changes of potential glycosylation sites were identified in the head of the HA monomer. Interestingly, we found in seasons with less influenza activity a relatively high increase of substitutions in the head of the HA in both subtypes. This might be explained by the fact that mutations under negative selection are subsequently compensated by secondary mutations to restore important functions e.g. receptor binding properties. A better knowledge of basic evolution strategies of influenza viruses will contribute to the refinement of predictive mathematical models for identifying novel antigenic drift variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Wedde
- Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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127
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Super short membrane-active lipopeptides inhibiting the entry of influenza A virus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2344-50. [PMID: 26092189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are significant pathogens that result in millions of human infections and impose a substantial health and economic burdens worldwide. Due to the limited anti-influenza A therapeutics available and the emergence of drug resistant viral strains, it is imperative to develop potent anti-IAV agents with different mode of action. In this study, by applying a pseudovirus based screening approach, two super short membrane-active lipopeptides of C12-KKWK and C12-OOWO were identified as effective anti-IAV agents with IC50 value of 7.30±1.57 and 8.48±0.74 mg/L against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 strain, and 6.14±1.45 and 7.22±0.67 mg/L against A/Aichi/2/68 strain, respectively. The mechanism study indicated that the anti-IAV activity of these peptides would result from the inhibition of virus entry by interacting with HA2 subunit of hemagglutinin (HA). Thus, these peptides may have potentials as lead peptides for the development of new anti-IAV therapeutics to block the entry of virus into host cells.
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128
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Herrmann A, Sieben C. Single-virus force spectroscopy unravels molecular details of virus infection. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:620-32. [PMID: 25923471 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection is a multistep process that has significant effects on the structure and function of both the virus and the host cell. The first steps of virus replication include cell binding, entry and release of the viral genome. Single-virus force spectroscopy (SVFS) has become a promising tool to understand the molecular details of those steps. SVFS data complemented by biochemical and biophysical, including theoretical modeling approaches provide valuable insights into molecular events that accompany virus infection. Properties of virus-cell interaction as well as structural alterations of the virus essential for infection can be investigated on a quantitative level. Here we review applications of SVFS to virus binding, structure and mechanics. We demonstrate that SVFS offers unexpected new insights not accessible by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Biophysik, Invalidenstr. 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
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129
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Garcia NK, Guttman M, Ebner JL, Lee KK. Dynamic changes during acid-induced activation of influenza hemagglutinin. Structure 2015; 23:665-76. [PMID: 25773144 PMCID: PMC4499473 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) mediates virus attachment to host cells and fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes during entry. While high-resolution structures are available for the pre-fusion HA ectodomain and the post-fusion HA2 subunit, the sequence of conformational changes during HA activation has eluded structural characterization. Here, we apply hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry to examine changes in structural dynamics of the HA ectodomain at various stages of activation, and compare the soluble ectodomain with intact HA on virions. At pH conditions approaching activation (pH 6.0-5.5) HA exhibits increased dynamics at the fusion peptide and neighboring regions, while the interface between receptor binding subunits (HA1) becomes stabilized. In contrast to many activation models, these data suggest that HA responds to endosomal acidification by releasing the fusion peptide prior to HA1 uncaging and the spring-loaded refolding of HA2. This staged process may facilitate efficient HA-mediated fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jamie L Ebner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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130
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Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) stem region mutations that stabilize or destabilize the structure of multiple HA subtypes. J Virol 2015; 89:4504-16. [PMID: 25653452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00057-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses enter host cells through endosomes, where acidification induces irreversible conformational changes of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) that drive the membrane fusion process. The prefusion conformation of the HA is metastable, and the pH of fusion can vary significantly among HA strains and subtypes. Furthermore, an accumulating body of evidence implicates HA stability properties as partial determinants of influenza host range, transmission phenotype, and pathogenic potential. Although previous studies have identified HA mutations that can affect HA stability, these have been limited to a small selection of HA strains and subtypes. Here we report a mutational analysis of HA stability utilizing a panel of expressed HAs representing a broad range of HA subtypes and strains, including avian representatives across the phylogenetic spectrum and several human strains. We focused on two highly conserved residues in the HA stem region: HA2 position 58, located at the membrane distal tip of the short helix of the hairpin loop structure, and HA2 position 112, located in the long helix in proximity to the fusion peptide. We demonstrate that a K58I mutation confers an acid-stable phenotype for nearly all HAs examined, whereas a D112G mutation consistently leads to elevated fusion pH. The results enhance our understanding of HA stability across multiple subtypes and provide an additional tool for risk assessment for circulating strains that may have other hallmarks of human adaptation. Furthermore, the K58I mutants, in particular, may be of interest for potential use in the development of vaccines with improved stability profiles. IMPORTANCE The influenza A hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) mediates the receptor binding and membrane fusion functions that are essential for virus entry into host cells. While receptor binding has long been recognized for its role in host species specificity and transmission, membrane fusion and associated properties of HA stability have only recently been appreciated as potential determinants. We show here that mutations can be introduced at highly conserved positions to stabilize or destabilize the HA structure of multiple HA subtypes, expanding our knowledge base for this important phenotype. The practical implications of these findings extend to the field of vaccine design, since the HA mutations characterized here could potentially be utilized across a broad spectrum of influenza virus subtypes to improve the stability of vaccine strains or components.
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131
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A histidine residue of the influenza virus hemagglutinin controls the pH dependence of the conformational change mediating membrane fusion. J Virol 2014; 88:13189-200. [PMID: 25187542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01704-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The conformational change of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein mediating the fusion between the virus envelope and the endosomal membrane was hypothesized to be induced by protonation of specific histidine residues since their pKas match the pHs of late endosomes (pK(a) of ∼ 6.0). However, such critical key histidine residues remain to be identified. We investigated the highly conserved His184 at the HA1-HA1 interface and His110 at the HA1-HA2 interface of highly pathogenic H5N1 HA as potential pH sensors. By replacing both histidines with different amino acids and analyzing the effect of these mutations on conformational change and fusion, we found that His184, but not His110, plays an essential role in the pH dependence of the conformational change of HA. Computational modeling of the protonated His184 revealed that His184 is central in a conserved interaction network possibly regulating the pH dependence of conformational change via its pKa. As the propensity of histidine to get protonated largely depends on its local environment, mutation of residues in the vicinity of histidine may affect its pK(a). The HA of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses carries a Glu-to-Arg mutation at position 216 close to His184. By mutation of residue 216 in the highly pathogenic as well as the low pathogenic H5 HA, we observed a significant influence on the pH dependence of conformational change and fusion. These results are in support of a pK(a)-modulating effect of neighboring residues. IMPORTANCE The main pathogenic determinant of influenza viruses, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, triggers a key step of the infection process: the fusion of the virus envelope with the endosomal membrane releasing the viral genome. Whereas essential aspects of the fusion-inducing mechanism of HA at low pH are well understood, the molecular trigger of the pH-dependent conformational change inducing fusion has been unclear. We provide evidence that His184 regulates the pH dependence of the HA conformational change via its pK(a). Mutations of neighboring residues which may affect the pK(a) of His184 could play an important role in virus adaptation to a specific host. We suggest that mutation of neighboring residue 216, which is present in all highly pathogenic phenotypes of H5N1 influenza virus strains, contributed to the adaptation of these viruses to the human host via its effect on the pKa of His184.
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132
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Yoo E. Conformation and Linkage Studies of Specific Oligosaccharides Related to H1N1, H5N1, and Human Flu for Developing the Second Tamiflu. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:93-9. [PMID: 24753813 PMCID: PMC3975476 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between viral HA (hemagglutinin) and oligosaccharide of the host plays an important role in the infection and transmission of avian and human flu viruses. Until now, this interaction has been classified by sialyl(α2-3) or sialyl(α2-6) linkage specificity of oligosaccharide moieties for avian or human virus, respectively. In the case of H5N1 and newly mutated flu viruses, classification based on the linkage type does not correlate with human infection and human-to-human transmission of these viruses. It is newly suggested that flu infection and transmission to humans require high affinity binding to the extended conformation with long length sialyl(α2-6)galactose containing oligosaccharides. On the other hand, the avian flu virus requires folded conformation with sialyl(α2-3) or short length sialyl(α2-6) containing trisaccharides. This suggests a potential future direction for the development of new species-specific antiviral drugs to prevent and treat pandemic flu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Yoo
- College of Health Science, Honam University, Gwangju 506-714, Republic of Korea
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133
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Le TH, Nguyen NTB. Evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 HA clades and vaccine implementation in Vietnam. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:117-27. [PMID: 25003084 PMCID: PMC4083063 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza A virus is divided into 18 different HA (H1 to H18) and 11 NA types (N1 to N11), opening the possibility for reassortment between the HA and NA genes to generate new HxNy subtypes (where x could be any HA and y is any NA, possibly). In recent four years, since 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of H5N1 subtype (HPAI A/H5N1) have become highly enzootic and dynamically evolved to form multiple H5 HA clades, particularly in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Cambodia, and Bangladesh. So far, after more than 10 years emerged in Vietnam (since late 2003), HPAI A/H5N1 is still posing a potential risk of causing outbreaks in poultry, with high frequency of annual endemics. Intragenic variation (referred to as antigenic drift) in HA (e.g., H5) has given rise to form numerous clades, typically marking the major timelines of the evolutionary status and vaccine application in each period. The dominance of genetically and antigenically diversified clade 2.3.2.1 (of subgroups a, b, c), clade 1.1 (1.1.1/1.1.2) and re-emergence of clade 7.1/7.2 at present, has urged Vietnam to the need for dynamically applied antigenicity-matching vaccines, i.e., the plan of importing Re-6 vaccine for use in 2014, in parallel use of Re-1/Re-5 since 2006. In this review, we summarize evolutionary features of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses and clade formation during recent 10 years (2004-2014). Dynamic of vaccine implementation in Vienam is also remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Hoa Le
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nga Thi Bich Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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