101
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Wang S, Ma F, Feng Y, Liu T, He S. Role of exosomal miR‑21 in the tumor microenvironment and osteosarcoma tumorigenesis and progression (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1055-1063. [PMID: 32319566 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor affecting both adolescents and children. Early detection is critical for the effective treatment of the disease. Derived from cancer cells, miR‑21 contained within exosomes in the tumor microenvironment may act on both cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), including immune cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. In human serum and plasm, the level of exosomal miR‑21 between osteosarcoma patients and healthy controls differs, supporting the role of miR‑21 as a biomarker for osteosarcoma. The involvement of a number of miR‑21 target genes in tumor progression suggests that miR‑21 may significantly affect the plasticity of cancer cells, leading to tumor progression, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune escape in osteosarcoma. Understanding the biogenesis and functions of exosomal miR‑21 is of great value for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, including osteosarcoma. The present review discusses the role of miR‑21 in the tumor microenvironment, and in the development and progression of osteosarcoma, with an aim to summarize the functions of this miRNA in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Feng
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Shasha He
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
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102
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Shimizu A, Sawada K, Kimura T. Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040814. [PMID: 32230983 PMCID: PMC7226729 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in several biological and pathological molecules and can carry many bioactive materials to target cells. They work as important mediators of cell-cell communication and play essential roles in many diseases, especially in cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages involving widespread peritoneal dissemination, resulting in poor prognosis. Emerging evidence has shown that exosomes play vital roles throughout the progression of ovarian cancer. Moreover, the development of engineered exosome-based therapeutic applications— including drug delivery systems, biomolecular targets and immune therapy—has increased drastically. Herein, we review the functional features of exosomes in ovarian cancer progression and the therapeutic application potential of exosomes as novel cancer treatments.
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103
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Bhere D, Arghiani N, Lechtich ER, Yao Y, Alsaab S, Bei F, Matin MM, Shah K. Simultaneous downregulation of miR-21 and upregulation of miR-7 has anti-tumor efficacy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1779. [PMID: 32019988 PMCID: PMC7000780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been implicated in cancer. Numerous strategies have been explored to modulate miR but sub-optimal delivery and inability to concurrently target multiple pathways involved in tumor progression have limited their efficacy. In this study, we explored the potential co-modulation of upregulated miR-21 and downregulated miR-7 to enhance therapeutic outcomes in heterogenic tumor types. We first engineered lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors that preferentially express anti-sense miR against miR-21(miRzip-21) and show that modulating miR-21 via miRzip extensively targets tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro in a broad spectrum of cancer types and has therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Next, we show a significantly increased expression of caspase-mediated apoptosis by simultaneously downregulating miR-21 and upregulating miR-7 in different tumor cells. In vivo co-treatment with AAV-miRzip-21 and AAV-miR-7 in mice bearing malignant brain tumors resulted in significantly decreased tumor burden with a corresponding increase in survival. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of simultaneously upregulating miR-7 and downregulating miR-21 and establishes a roadmap towards clinical translation of modulating miRs for various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bhere
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nahid Arghiani
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esther Revai Lechtich
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yizheng Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Alsaab
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Joint Center of Excellence in Biomedicine, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fengfeng Bei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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104
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Jafarinia M, Alsahebfosoul F, Salehi H, Eskandari N, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Cell-Free Therapy. Immunol Invest 2020; 49:758-780. [PMID: 32009478 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1712416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have widely been considered as therapeutic tools in basic researches and clinical trials. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that MSCs perform their therapeutic roles in paracrine manner especially through trophic factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Compared to cells, EVs have several advantages to be used as therapeutic agents, such as they lack self-replicating capabilities, dangers of ectopic differentiation, and tumor formation, genetic instability, and cellular rejection by the immune system. Since the MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) appear to exert similar therapeutic effects of their parent cells, such as ability to arrive themselves to the site of injury and immunomodulatory properties, MSC-EVs have been widely studied in many animal models, including kidney, liver, cardiovascular, immunological, and neurological diseases. Regarding this, MSC-EVs look to be a novel and interesting approach to be studied in clinical trials of different inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the properties and applications of MSC-EVs in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Jafarinia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Alsahebfosoul
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
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105
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Jurj A, Zanoaga O, Braicu C, Lazar V, Tomuleasa C, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. A Comprehensive Picture of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Contents. Molecular Transfer to Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020298. [PMID: 32012717 PMCID: PMC7072213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical processes such as growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells are sustained via bidirectional cell-to-cell communication in tissue complex environments. Such communication involves the secretion of soluble factors by stromal cells and/or cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Both stromal and cancer cells have been shown to export bilayer nanoparticles: encapsulated regulatory molecules that contribute to cell-to-cell communication. These nanoparticles are known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) being classified into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs carry a vast repertoire of molecules such as oncoproteins and oncopeptides, DNA fragments from parental to target cells, RNA species (mRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNA), and lipids, initiating phenotypic changes in TME. According to their specific cargo, EVs have crucial roles in several early and late processes associated with tumor development and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs are being investigated for their implication in early cancer detection, monitoring cancer progression and chemotherapeutic response, and more relevant, the development of novel targeted therapeutics. In this study, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical properties and physiological functions of EVs, their implications in TME, and highlight the applicability of EVs for the development of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Worldwide Innovative Network for Personalized Cancer Therapy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Hematology, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- 11th Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynaecological Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
- MEDFUTURE—Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (I.B.-N.)
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106
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Chicón-Bosch M, Tirado OM. Exosomes in Bone Sarcomas: Key Players in Metastasis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010241. [PMID: 31963599 PMCID: PMC7016778 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are rare cancers which often present with metastatic disease and are still associated with poor survival rates. Studies in the last decade have identified that exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle released by cells, play an important role in tumour progression and dissemination. Through the transfer of their cargo (RNAs, proteins, and lipids) across cells, they are involved in cellular cross-talk and can induce changes in cellular behaviour. Exosomes have been shown to be important in metastasis organotropism, induction of angiogenesis and vascular permeability, the education of cells towards a pro-metastatic phenotype or the interaction between stromal and tumour cells. Due to the importance exosomes have in disease progression and the high incidence of metastasis in bone sarcomas, recent studies have evaluated the implications of these extracellular vesicles in bone sarcomas. In this review, we discuss the studies that evaluate the role of exosomes in osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and preliminary data on chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Chicón-Bosch
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.-B.); (O.M.T.); Tel.: +34-9326-0742 (M.C.-B.); +34-932-603-823 (O.M.T.)
| | - Oscar M. Tirado
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.-B.); (O.M.T.); Tel.: +34-9326-0742 (M.C.-B.); +34-932-603-823 (O.M.T.)
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107
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Hur YH, Cerione RA, Antonyak MA. Extracellular vesicles and their roles in stem cell biology. Stem Cells 2020; 38:469-476. [PMID: 31828924 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells use a variety of mechanisms to help maintain their pluripotency and promote self-renewal, as well as, at the appropriate time, to differentiate into specialized cells. One such mechanism that is attracting significant attention from the stem cell, development, and regenerative medicine research communities involves a form of intercellular communication, specifically, the ability of cells to form and release nontraditional membrane-enclosed structures, referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). There are two major classes of EVs, microvesicles (MVs), which are generated through the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, and exosomes, which are formed as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the endo-lysosomal pathway that fuse with the cell surface to release their contents. Although they differ in how they are formed, both MVs and exosomes have been shown to contain a diverse array of bioactive cargo, such as proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA, which can be transferred to other cells and promote phenotypic changes. Here, we will describe what is currently known regarding EVs and the roles they play in stem cell biology and different aspects of early development. We will also highlight how the EVs produced by stem cells are being aggressively pursued for clinical applications, including their potential use as therapeutic delivery systems and for their regenerative capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ha Hur
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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108
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Ullah M, Ng NN, Concepcion W, Thakor AS. Emerging role of stem cell-derived extracellular microRNAs in age-associated human diseases and in different therapies of longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100979. [PMID: 31704472 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organismal aging involves the progressive decline in organ function and increased susceptibility to age-associated diseases. This has been associated with the aging of stem cell populations within the body that decreases the capacity of stem cells to self-renew, differentiate, and regenerate damaged tissues and organs. This review aims to explore how aging is associated with the dysregulation of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SCEVs) and their corresponding miRNA cargo (SCEV-miRNAs), which are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation of target genes. Recent evidence has suggested that in aging stem cells, SCEV-miRNAs may play a vital role regulating various processes that contribute to aging: cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, telomere length, and circadian rhythm. Hence, further clarifying the age-dependent molecular mechanisms through which SCEV-miRNAs exert their downstream effects may inform a greater understanding of the biology of aging, elucidate their role in stem cell function, and identify important targets for future regenerative therapies. Additionally, current studies evaluating therapeutic role of SCEVs and SCEV-miRNAs in treating several age-associated diseases are also discussed.
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109
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Zhang K, Dong C, Chen M, Yang T, Wang X, Gao Y, Wang L, Wen Y, Chen G, Wang X, Yu X, Zhang Y, Wang P, Shang M, Han K, Zhou Y. Extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of miR-101 inhibits lung metastasis in osteosarcoma. Theranostics 2020; 10:411-425. [PMID: 31903129 PMCID: PMC6929625 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel mediators of cell-to-cell communication that are capable of the stable transfer of therapeutic microRNAs (miRNAs), and thus, EVs hold immense promise as a miRNA delivery system for cancer therapy. Additionally, as miRNA-containing EVs are secreted into circulation, miRNAs contained within plasma EVs may represent ideal biomarkers for diseases. The objective of this study was to characterize a potential tumor suppressor miRNA, miR-101, and explore the potential of miR-101 delivery via EVs for in vivo therapy of metastatic osteosarcoma as well as the potential value of plasma EV-packaged miR-101 (EV-miR-101) level for predicting osteosarcoma metastasis. Methods: The relationship of miR-101 expression and osteosarcoma progression was investigated in osteosarcoma specimens by in situ hybridization (ISH), and the potential inhibitory effect of miR-101 was further investigated using in vivo models. Using prediction software analysis, the mechanism of action of miR-101 in osteosarcoma was explored using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and dual-luciferase assay. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs) were transduced with lentiviral particles to obtain miR-101-enriched EVs. A Transwell assay and lung metastasis models of osteosarcoma were used to observe the effect of miR-101-enriched EVs on osteosarcoma invasiveness and metastasis. Detection of plasma EV-miR-101 levels was carried out in osteosarcoma patients and healthy controls by qRT-PCR. Results: miR-101 expression was markedly lower in metastatic osteosarcoma specimens compared to non-metastatic specimens. Significantly fewer metastatic lung nodules were formed by Saos-2 cells overexpressing miR-101 and SOSP-9607 cells overexpressing miR-101 injected into mice. With increased miR-101 expression, B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) mRNA and protein expression levels were reduced, and miR-101 was found to exert its effects by directly targeting BCL6. AD-MSCs were successfully engineered to secrete miR-101-enriched EVs. Once taken up by osteosarcoma cells, these EVs showed suppressive effects on cell invasion and migration in vitro, and systemic administration of these EVs effectively suppressed metastasis in vivo with no significant side effects. Finally, the EV-miR-101 level was lower in osteosarcoma patients than in healthy controls and even lower in osteosarcoma patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis. Conclusion: Our data support the function of miR-101 as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma via downregulation of BCL6. AD-MSC derived miR-101-enriched EVs represent a potential innovative therapy for metastatic osteosarcoma. EV-miR-101 also represents a promising circulating biomarker of osteosarcoma metastasis.
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110
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Jeyaram A, Lamichhane TN, Wang S, Zou L, Dahal E, Kronstadt SM, Levy D, Parajuli B, Knudsen DR, Chao W, Jay SM. Enhanced Loading of Functional miRNA Cargo via pH Gradient Modification of Extracellular Vesicles. Mol Ther 2019; 28:975-985. [PMID: 31911034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their identification as physiological nucleic acid carriers in humans and other organisms, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been explored as therapeutic delivery vehicles for DNA, RNA, and other cargo. However, efficient loading and functional delivery of nucleic acids remain a challenge, largely because of potential sources of degradation and aggregation. Here, we report that protonation of EVs to generate a pH gradient across EV membranes can be utilized to enhance vesicle loading of nucleic acid cargo, specifically microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The loading process did not impair cellular uptake of EVs, nor did it promote any significant EV-induced toxicity response in mice. Cargo functionality was verified by loading HEK293T EVs with either pro- or anti-inflammatory miRNAs and observing the effective regulation of corresponding cellular cytokine levels. Critically, this loading increase is comparable with what can be accomplished by methods such as sonication and electroporation, and is achievable without the introduction of energy associated with these methods that can potentially damage labile nucleic acid cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Jeyaram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tek N Lamichhane
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lin Zou
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eshan Dahal
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Babita Parajuli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daphne R Knudsen
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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111
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Susa F, Limongi T, Dumontel B, Vighetto V, Cauda V. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as a Reliable Tool in Cancer Nanomedicine. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1979. [PMID: 31835327 PMCID: PMC6966613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast diagnosis and more efficient therapies for cancer surely represent one of the huge tasks for the worldwide researchers' and clinicians' community. In the last two decades, our understanding of the biology and molecular pathology of cancer mechanisms, coupled with the continuous development of the material science and technological compounds, have successfully improved nanomedicine applications in oncology. This review argues on nanomedicine application of engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) in oncology. All the most innovative processes of EVs engineering are discussed together with the related degree of applicability for each one of them in cancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.S.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (V.V.)
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112
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Viera GM, Salomao KB, de Sousa GR, Baroni M, Delsin LEA, Pezuk JA, Brassesco MS. miRNA signatures in childhood sarcomas and their clinical implications. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 21:1583-1623. [PMID: 30949930 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progresses in multimodal treatments have significantly improved the outcomes for childhood cancer. Nonetheless, for about one-third of patients with Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, or osteosarcoma steady remission has remained intangible. Thus, new biomarkers to improve early diagnosis and the development of precision-targeted medicine remain imperative. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in the basic understanding of miRNAs function and in interpreting the contribution of their dysregulation to cancer development and progression. On this basis, this review focuses on what has been learned about the pivotal roles of miRNAs in the regulation of key genes implicated in childhood sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Viera
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - K B Salomao
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - G R de Sousa
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - M Baroni
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - L E A Delsin
- Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil
| | - J A Pezuk
- Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, UNIAN/SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - M S Brassesco
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil.
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113
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Long non-coding RNA PVT1 encapsulated in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promotes osteosarcoma growth and metastasis by stabilizing ERG and sponging miR-183-5p. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9581-9596. [PMID: 31699956 PMCID: PMC6874467 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) promote osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration, while the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Since the long non-coding RNA PVT1 has been reported to be upregulated in osteosarcoma cells and contributes to its growth and metastasis, we aim to investigate whether BMSC-derived exosomes promote osteosarcoma growth and metastasis via transporting PVT1 into osteosarcoma cells. The PVT1 expression in BMSC-derived exosomes was markedly higher than that in osteosarcoma cell-derived exosomes. The co-culturing of BMSC-derived exosomes and osteosarcoma cells (Saos-2, MG-63, and MNNG/HOS cell lines) significantly raised PVT1 expression of osteosarcoma cells. The direct binding between PVT1 and the oncogenic protein ERG was confirmed using RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays, and the transported PVT1 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration via inhibiting degradation and ubiquitination of ERG. PVT1 also increased ERG expression through sponging miR-183-5p. In summary, our findings indicated that BMSC-derived exosomes encapsulate PVTl and transport it into osteosarcoma cells, and the transported PVT1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting ubiquitination and promoting expression of ERG in osteosarcoma cells. These data provide a novel insight into the mechanism of BMSC-derived exosomes in affecting osteosarcoma progression.
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114
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Villa F, Quarto R, Tasso R. Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110557. [PMID: 31661862 PMCID: PMC6920944 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, carrying functionally active biological molecules. In addition to their physiological role in cellular communication, the interest of the scientific community has recently turned to the use of EVs as vehicles for delivering therapeutic molecules. Several attempts are being made to ameliorate drug encapsulation and targeting, but these efforts are thwarted if the starting material does not meet stringent quality criteria. Here, we take a step back to the sources and isolation procedures that could guarantee significant improvements in the purification of EVs to be used as drug carriers, highlighting the advantages and shortcomings of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Villa
- U.O. Cellular Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Quarto
- U.O. Cellular Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tasso
- U.O. Cellular Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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115
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Rahmatizadeh F, Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S, Khodadadi K, Lale Ataei M, Ebrahimie E, Soleimani Rad J, Pashaiasl M. Bidirectional and Opposite Effects of Naïve Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Tumor Growth and Progression. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:539-558. [PMID: 31857958 PMCID: PMC6912184 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has long been considered as a heterogeneous population of uncontrolled proliferation of
different transformed cell types. The recent findings concerning tumorigeneses have highlighted
the fact that tumors can progress through tight relationships among tumor cells, cellular, and
non-cellular components which are present within tumor tissues. In recent years, studies have
shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are essential components of non-tumor cells within
the tumor tissues that can strongly affect tumor development. Several forms of MSCs have been
identified within tumor stroma. Naïve (innate) mesenchymal stem cells (N-MSCs) derived from
different sources are mostly recruited into the tumor stroma. N-MSCs exert dual and divergent
effects on tumor growth through different conditions and factors such as toll-like receptor
priming (TLR-priming), which is the primary underlying causes of opposite effects. Moreover,
MSCs also have the contrary effects by various molecular mechanisms relying on direct cellto-
cell connections and indirect communications through the autocrine, paracrine routes, and
tumor microenvironment (TME).
Overall, cell-based therapies will hold great promise to provide novel anticancer treatments.
However, the application of intact MSCs in cancer treatment can theoretically cause adverse
clinical outcomes. It is essential that to extensively analysis the effective factors and conditions
in which underlying mechanisms are adopted by MSCs when encounter with cancer.
The aim is to review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the dual effects of
MSCs followed by the importance of polarization of MSCs through priming of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Rahmatizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Khodadad Khodadadi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryam Lale Ataei
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Pashaiasl
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.,Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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116
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Mohammadi S, Yousefi F, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Mahjoubin Tehran M, Shafiee A, Moradizarmehri S, Hajighadimi S, Savardashtaki A, Mirzaei H. Exosomes and cancer: From oncogenic roles to therapeutic applications. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:724-748. [PMID: 31618516 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes belong to extracellular vehicles that were produced and secreted from most eukaryotic cells and are involved in cell-to-cell communications. They are an effective delivery system for biological compounds such as mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, lipids, saccharides, and other physiological compounds to target cells. In this way, they could influence on cellular pathways and mediate their physiological behaviors including cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and so on. Many research studies focused on their role in cancers and also on potentially therapeutic and biomarker applications. In the current study, we reviewed the exosomes' effects on cancer progression based on their cargoes including miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, DNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Moreover, their therapeutic roles in cancer were considered. In this regard, we have given a brief overview of challenges and obstacles in using exosomes as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sanaz Moradizarmehri
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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117
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Seyfizadeh N, Seyfizadeh N, Borzouisileh S, Elahimanesh F, Hosseini V, Nouri M. Exosome-mediated therapeutic delivery: A new horizon for human neurodegenerative disorders’ treatment (with a focus on siRNA delivery improvement). Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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118
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Jin Y, Long D, Li J, Yu R, Song Y, Fang J, Yang X, Zhou S, Huang S, Zhao Z. Extracellular vesicles in bone and tooth: A state-of-art paradigm in skeletal regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14838-14851. [PMID: 30847902 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone and tooth, fundamental parts of the craniofacial skeleton, are anatomically and developmentally interconnected structures. Notably, pathological processes in these tissues underwent together and progressed in multilevels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-released small organelles and transfer proteins and genetic information into cells and tissues. Although EVs have been identified in bone and tooth, particularly EVs have been identified in the bone formation and resorption, the concrete roles of EVs in bone and tooth development and diseases remain elusive. As such, we review the recent progress of EVs in bone and tooth to highlight the novel findings of EVs in cellular communication, tissue homeostasis, and interventions. This will enhance our comprehension on the skeletal biology and shed new light on the modulation of skeletal disorders and the potential of genetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Long
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ruichao Yu
- Department of Pulmonary, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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119
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Khawar MB, Abbasi MH, Siddique Z, Arif A, Sheikh N. An Update on Novel Therapeutic Warfronts of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Cancer Treatment: Where We Are Standing Right Now and Where to Go in the Future. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9702562. [PMID: 31428232 PMCID: PMC6683766 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9702562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-bounded vesicles that are believed to be produced and secreted by presumably all cell types under physiological and pathological conditions, including tumors. EVs are very important vehicles in intercellular communications for both shorter and longer distances and are able to deliver a wide range of cargos including proteins, lipids, and various species of nucleic acids effectively. EVs have been emerging as a novel biotherapeutic platform to efficiently deliver therapeutic cargos to treat a broad range of diseases including cancer. This vast potential of drug delivery lies in their abilities to carry a variety of cargos and their ease in crossing the biological membranes. Similarly, their presence in a variety of body fluids makes them a potential biomarker for early diagnosis, prognostication, and surveillance of cancer. Here, we discuss the relatively least and understudied aspects of EV biology and tried to highlight the obstacles and limitations in their clinical applications and also described most of the new warfronts to beat cancer at multiple stages. However, much more challenges still remain to evaluate EV-based therapeutics, and we are very much hopeful that the current work prompts further discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Zerwa Siddique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amin Arif
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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120
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Milman N, Ginini L, Gil Z. Exosomes and their role in tumorigenesis and anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 45:1-12. [PMID: 31369918 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles ranging in size from 40 to 100 nm, which are secreted by both cancer cells and multiple stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Following their secretion, exosomes partake in endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling. Internalization of exosomes by tumor cells influences several cellular pathways which alter cancer cell physiology. Tumor-derived exosomes secreted by cancer or stromal cells can also confer anticancer drug-resistant traits upon cancer cells. These exosomes promote chemoresistance by transferring their cargo which includes nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites to cancer cells or act as a decoy for immunotherapeutic targets. Depletion of exosomes can reverse some of the detrimental effects on tumor metabolism and restore drug sensitivity to chemotherapeutic treatment. Herein we discuss various approaches that have been developed to deplete exosomes for therapeutic purposes. The natural composition, low immunogenicity and cytotoxicity of exosomes, along with their ability to specifically target tumor cells, render them an appealing platform for drug delivery. The ability of exosomes to mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling in target cells, along with their natural structure and low immunogenicity render them an attractive vehicle for the delivery of anticancer drugs to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Milman
- The Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Clinical Research Institute at Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lana Ginini
- The Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Clinical Research Institute at Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ziv Gil
- The Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Clinical Research Institute at Rambam Healthcare Campus, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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121
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Timaner M, Tsai KK, Shaked Y. The multifaceted role of mesenchymal stem cells in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:225-237. [PMID: 31212021 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells derived from the mesoderm that give rise to several mesenchymal lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and myocytes. Their potent ability to home to tumors coupled with their differentiation potential and immunosuppressive function positions MSCs as key regulators of tumor fate. Here we review the existing knowledge on the involvement of MSCs in multiple tumor-promoting processes, including angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, immunosuppression and therapy resistance. We also discuss the clinical potential of MSC-based therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Timaner
- Technion-Integerated Cancer Center, Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kelvin K Tsai
- Laboratory of Advanced Molecular Therapeutics, and Division of Gastroenterology, Wan Fang Hospital, and Graduate Institutes of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Technion-Integerated Cancer Center, Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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122
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Emerging Function and Clinical Values of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:791-804. [PMID: 31163321 PMCID: PMC6545365 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of membrane-bound extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Exosomes enclose a variety of molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and non-coding RNAs. In the past decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted great attention in cancer research, as they play an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer. Increasing evidence indicates that tumor cells communicate with not only other tumor cells but also cells present in the tumor microenvironment via secretion and transfer of exosomal miRNAs. More importantly, exosomal miRNAs are found to serve as signaling molecules to regulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, sensitivity to chemotherapy, and immune evasion. Deregulated expression of exosomal miRNAs is an early event in carcinogenesis and may reflect the malignant characteristics of cancer. Owing to the wide existence and high stability of exosomal miRNAs in body fluids, they may represent a novel class of non-invasive biomarkers for cancer. In this review, we highlight the recent advances on the functional role of exosomal miRNAs in cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential clinical utility of exosome-shuttled miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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123
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Masaoutis C, Korkolopoulou P, Theocharis S. Exosomes in sarcomas: Tiny messengers with broad implications in diagnosis, surveillance, prognosis and treatment. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:172-177. [PMID: 30779943 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted extracellular vesicles, which contain an array of biomolecules, such as proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, and lipids, take part in intercellular communication and mediate tumor-host interactions. They are increasingly considered as a source of biomarkers for liquid biopsies as well as potential drug vectors. Sarcomas are rare malignant mesenchymal tumours and due to their relative rarity exosomes have not been investigated in as extensively as in epithelial malignancies. Nonetheless, valuable information has been gathered over the last years on the roles of exosomes in sarcomas. In the present review we summarize all relevant data obtained so far from cell lines, animal models and patients with emphasis on their potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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124
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Vakhshiteh F, Atyabi F, Ostad SN. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: a two-edged sword in cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2847-2859. [PMID: 31114198 PMCID: PMC6488158 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells present in various adult tissues. Several studies suggest that MSCs secrete exosomes that perform as mediators in the tumor niche and play several roles in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In contrast, there are other studies supporting the tumor-suppressing effects of MSC-derived exosomes. Therefore, the exact association of MSC exosomes and tumor cells remains open to debate. This review aimed to demonstrate the present knowledge of MSC-derived exosomes in cancer research and to illustrate current approaches to make use of modified exosomes as a platform in therapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Vakhshiteh
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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125
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040307. [PMID: 30987213 PMCID: PMC6523673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to recipient cells, thus mediating a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. They are also thought to be involved in cellular waste disposal. Exosomes play significant roles in various biological functions, including the transfer of biomolecules such as RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids and the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes in various diseases. Because of these properties, they are considered to be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and may contribute to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies. The biocompatible nature of exosomes could enhance the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics. Due to their potential use in clinical applications, exosomes have attracted much research attention on their roles in health and disease. To explore the use of exosomes in the biomedical arena, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the history, biogenesis, release, isolation, characterization, and biological functions of exosomes, as well as the factors influencing their biogenesis and their technical and biological challenges. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future perspectives of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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126
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Steinbichler TB, Dudás J, Skvortsov S, Ganswindt U, Riechelmann H, Skvortsova II. Therapy resistance mediated by exosomes. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:58. [PMID: 30925921 PMCID: PMC6441190 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance can arise within tumor cells because of genetic or phenotypic changes (intrinsic resistance), or it can be the result of an interaction with the tumor microenvironment (extrinsic resistance). Exosomes are membranous vesicles 40 to 100 nm in diameter constitutively released by almost all cell types, and mediate cell-to-cell communication by transferring mRNAs, miRNAs, DNAs and proteins causing extrinsic therapy resistance. They transfer therapy resistance by anti-apoptotic signalling, increased DNA-repair or delivering ABC transporters to drug sensitive cells. As functional mediators of tumor-stroma interaction and of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, exosomes also promote environment-mediated therapy resistance. Exosomes may be used in anticancer therapy exploiting their delivery function. They may effectively transfer anticancer drugs or RNAs in the context of gene therapy reducing immune stimulatory effects of these drugs and hydrophilic qualities facilitating crossing of cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - József Dudás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sergej Skvortsov
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ute Ganswindt
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.
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127
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Kohama I, Kosaka N, Chikuda H, Ochiya T. An Insight into the Roles of MicroRNAs and Exosomes in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030428. [PMID: 30917542 PMCID: PMC6468388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare solid tumors, but at least one-third of patients with sarcoma die from tumor-related disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression in all cells and plays a key role in the progression of cancers. Recently, it was identified that miRNAs are transferred between cells by enclosure in extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. The exosome is a 100 nm-sized membraned vesicle that is secreted by many kinds of cells and contains miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. Cancer uses exosomes to influence not only the tumor microenvironment but also the distant organ to create a premetastatic niche. The progression of sarcoma is also regulated by miRNAs and exosomes. These miRNAs and exosomes can be targeted as biomarkers and treatments. In this review, we summarize the studies of miRNA and exosomes in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaku Kohama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
- Department of Translational Research for Extracellular Vesicles, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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128
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Jaiswal R, Sedger LM. Intercellular Vesicular Transfer by Exosomes, Microparticles and Oncosomes - Implications for Cancer Biology and Treatments. Front Oncol 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 30895170 PMCID: PMC6414436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a normal feature of most physiological interactions between cells in healthy organisms. While cells communicate directly through intimate physiology contact, other mechanisms of communication exist, such as through the influence of soluble mediators such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. There is, however, yet another mechanism of intercellular communication that permits the exchange of information between cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are microscopic (50 nm−10 μM) phospholipid bilayer enclosed entities produced by virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs are abundant in the intracellular space and are present at a cells' normal microenvironment. Irrespective of the EV “donor” cell type, or the mechanism of EV biogenesis and production, or the size and EV composition, cancer cells have the potential to utilize EVs in a manner that enhances their survival. For example, cancer cell EV overproduction confers benefits to tumor growth, and tumor metastasis, compared with neighboring healthy cells. Herein, we summarize the current status of knowledge on different populations of EVs. We review the situations that regulate EV release, and the factors that instruct differential packaging or sorting of EV content. We then highlight the functions of cancer-cell derived EVs as they impact on cancer outcomes, promoting tumor progression, metastases, and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the creation of a pre-metastatic niche. The review finishes by focusing on the beneficial (and challenging) features of tumor-derived EVs that can be adapted and utilized for cancer treatments, including those already being investigated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jaiswal
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa M Sedger
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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129
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Parizadeh SM, Jafarzadeh‐Esfehani R, Ghandehari M, Parizadeh MR, Ferns GA, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Stem cell therapy: A novel approach for myocardial infarction. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16904-16912. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Jafarzadeh‐Esfehani
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandehari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Parizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School Division of Medical Education Brighton UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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130
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Tang WH. Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:19. [PMID: 30815248 PMCID: PMC6377728 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1073] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released into surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They were shown to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials, and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells far from their release, reprogramming the recipient cells upon their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, specific makeup of their cargo, cell-targeting specificity are of immense biological interest considering extremely high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic nanocarriers. In present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research. Furthermore, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is now in its infancy, in-depth understanding of subcellular components and mechanisms involved in exosome formation and specific cell-targeting will bring light on their physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- 1Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- 2Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Haiying Liu
- 2Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- 1Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
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131
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Sadik N, Cruz L, Gurtner A, Rodosthenous RS, Dusoswa SA, Ziegler O, Van Solinge TS, Wei Z, Salvador-Garicano AM, Gyorgy B, Broekman M, Balaj L. Extracellular RNAs: A New Awareness of Old Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1740:1-15. [PMID: 29388131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7652-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) has recently expanded as a highly important area of study in biomarker discovery and cancer therapeutics. exRNA consists of diverse RNA subpopulations that are normally protected from degradation by incorporation into membranous vesicles or by lipid/protein association. They are found circulating in biofluids, and have proven highly promising for minimally invasive diagnostic and prognostic purposes, particularly in oncology. Recent work has made progress in our understanding of exRNAs-from their biogenesis, compartmentalization, and vesicle packaging to their various applications as biomarkers and therapeutics, as well as the new challenges that arise in isolation and purification for accurate and reproducible analysis. Here we review the most recent advancements in exRNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Sadik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lilian Cruz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rodosthenis S Rodosthenous
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie A Dusoswa
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivia Ziegler
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Sebastiaan Van Solinge
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bence Gyorgy
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marike Broekman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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132
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by many cells, including cancer cells. Extensive research has been carried out to validate potential applications of exosomes and to evaluate their efficiency in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. The current knowledge on the origin, biogenesis and composition of exosomes is described. This review then focuses on the use of exosomes in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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133
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Spugnini EP, Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3968. [PMID: 30544664 PMCID: PMC6321583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic diffusion is thought to be a multi-step phenomenon involving the release of cells from the primary tumor and their diffusion through the body. Currently, several hypotheses have been put forward in order to explain the origin of cancer metastasis, including epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, mutagenesis of stem cells, and a facilitating role of macrophages, involving, for example, transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. In this paradigm, tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, play a pivotal role in cell communications, delivering a plethora of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. For their natural role in shuttling molecules, EVs have been newly considered a part of the metastatic cascade. They have a prominent role in preparing the so-called "tumor niches" in target organs. However, recent evidence has pointed out an even more interesting role of tumor EVs, consisting in their ability to induce malignant transformation in resident mesenchymal stem cells. All in all, in this review, we discuss the multiple involvements of EVs in the metastatic cascade, and how we can exploit and manipulate EVs in order to reduce the metastatic spread of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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134
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Yoo KW, Li N, Makani V, Singh RN, Atala A, Lu B. Large-Scale Preparation of Extracellular Vesicles Enriched with Specific microRNA. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:637-644. [PMID: 30306827 PMCID: PMC6916128 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This article describes a method for producing microRNA (miRNA)-enriched extracellular vesicles in large quantities. It enables in vivo delivery of specific miRNA for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Whan Yoo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vishruti Makani
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ravi N. Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Atala
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Baisong Lu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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135
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Shojaei S, Hashemi SM, Ghanbarian H, Salehi M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S. Effect of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on tumor microenvironment: Tumor progression versus tumor suppression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3394-3409. [PMID: 30362503 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the potential to differentiate into different cell types. Owing to their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties, they are widely used in regenerative medicine, but they have a dual effect on cancer progression and exert both growth-stimulatory or -inhibitory effects on different cancer types. It has been proposed that these controversial effects of MSC in tumor microenvironment (TME) are mediated by their polarization to proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, they can polarize the immune system cells that in turn influence tumor progression. One of the mechanisms involved in the TME communications is extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSCs, as one of cell populations in TME, produce a large amount of EVs that can influence tumor development. Similar to MSC, MSC-EVs can exert both anti- or protumorigenic effects. In the current study, we will investigate the current knowledge related to MSC role in cancer progression with a focus on the MSC-EV content in limiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We suppose MSC-EVs can be used as safe vehicles for delivering antitumor agents to TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Shojaei
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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136
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Sun Z, Shi K, Yang S, Liu J, Zhou Q, Wang G, Song J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Yuan W. Effect of exosomal miRNA on cancer biology and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:147. [PMID: 30309355 PMCID: PMC6182840 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are widely present in various body fluids. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in exosomes, the biogenesis, release, and uptake of which may involve the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT complex) and relevant proteins. After release, exosomes are taken up by neighboring or distant cells, and the miRNAs contained within modulate such processes as interfering with tumor immunity and the microenvironment, possibly facilitating tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance. Therefore, exosomal miRNAs have a significant function in regulating cancer progression. Here, we briefly review recent findings regarding tumor-derived exosomes, including RNA sorting and delivering mechanism. We then describe the intercommunication occurring between different cells via exosomal miRNAs in tumor microenvironmnt, with impacts on tumor proliferation, vascularization, metastasis and other biological characteristics. Finally, we highlight the potential role of these molecules as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis and tumor resistance to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guixian Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Junmin Song
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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137
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Zhou J, Tan X, Tan Y, Li Q, Ma J, Wang G. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes in Cancer Progression, Metastasis and Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review. J Cancer 2018; 9:3129-3137. [PMID: 30210636 PMCID: PMC6134817 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of cancer treatments, it has become a popular research focus that mesenchymal stem (or stromal) cells (MSCs) have the functional mechanisms that influence cancer progression. One of the underestimated mechanisms is secretion of highly specialized double-membrane structures called exosomes. Mesenchymal stem cells generate several exosomes that may act as paracrine mediators by exchanging genetic information. MSC-derived exosomes are microvesicles ranging from approximately 60-200 nm in size and detected in various body fluids. It has been demonstrated that MSC-derived exosomes are involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that as natural nanocarriers, MSC-exosomes are responsible for multidrug resistance mechanisms, reverse effect of radiation injury, and immune regulation, which can be used in clinical applications for cancer therapy. The present review aims to briefly describe the properties and biological functions of MSC-exosomes in cancer progression and its possible clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Xiaohong Tan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan,453003, China
| | - Yiheng Tan
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Qiuyu Li
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Gangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
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138
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Chulpanova DS, Kitaeva KV, James V, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Therapeutic Prospects of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1534. [PMID: 30018618 PMCID: PMC6037714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells within the tumor microenvironment, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune system cells. The EVs carry the cargo of parental cells formed of proteins and nucleic acids, which can convey cell-to-cell communication influencing the maintenance and spread of the malignant neoplasm, for example, promoting angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and immune escape. However, EVs can also suppress tumor progression, either by the direct influence of the protein and nucleic acid cargo of the EVs or via antigen presentation to immune cells as tumor-derived EVs carry on their surface some of the same antigens as the donor cells. Moreover, dendritic cell-derived EVs carry major histocompatibility complex class I and class II/peptide complexes and are able to prime other immune system cell types and activate an antitumor immune response. Given the relative longevity of vesicles within the circulation and their ability to cross blood–brain barriers, modification of these unique organelles offers the potential to create new biological-tools for cancer therapy. This review examines how modification of the EV cargo has the potential to target specific tumor mechanisms responsible for tumor formation and progression to develop new therapeutic strategies and to increase the efficacy of antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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139
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Nooshabadi VT, Mardpour S, Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Allahverdi A, Izadpanah M, Daneshimehr F, Ai J, Banafshe HR, Ebrahimi-Barough S. The extracellular vesicles-derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: A new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8048-8073. [PMID: 29377241 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that due to their ability to homing to damaged tissues and differentiate into specialized cells, are remarkable cells in the field of regenerative medicine. It's suggested that the predominant mechanism of MSCs in tissue repair might be related to their paracrine activity. The utilization of MSCs for tissue repair is initially based on the differentiation ability of these cells; however now it has been revealed that only a small fraction of the transplanted MSCs actually fuse and survive in host tissues. Indeed, MSCs supply the microenvironment with the secretion of soluble trophic factors, survival signals and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosome. Also, the paracrine activity of EVs could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. Recent findings suggest that EVs released by MSCs may also be critical in the physiological function of these cells. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as a hopeful opportunity to advance novel cell-free therapy strategies that might prevail over the obstacles and risks associated with the use of native or engineered stem cells. EVs are very stable; they can pass the biological barriers without rejection and can shuttle bioactive molecules from one cell to another, causing the exchange of genetic information and reprogramming of the recipient cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles may provide therapeutic cargo for a wide range of diseases and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Yousefi-Ahmadipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Allahverdi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Izadpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R Banafshe
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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140
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Bellavia D, Raimondi L, Costa V, De Luca A, Carina V, Maglio M, Fini M, Alessandro R, Giavaresi G. Engineered exosomes: A new promise for the management of musculoskeletal diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1893-1901. [PMID: 29885361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nanovesicles actively secreted by potentially all cell types, including tumour cells, with the primary role of extracellular systemic communication mediators, both at autocrine and paracrine levels, at short and long distances. Recently, different studies have used exosomes as a delivery system for a plethora of different molecules, such as drugs, microRNAs and proteins. This has been made possible thanks to the simplicity in exosomes engineering, their great stability and versatility for applications in oncology as well as in regenerative medicine. SCOPE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide information on the state-of-the-art and possible applications of engineered exosomes, both for cargo and specific cell-targeting, in different pathologies related to the musculoskeletal system. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The use of exosomes as therapeutic agents is rapidly evolving, different studies explore drug delivery with exosomes using different molecules, showing an enormous potential in various research fields such as oncology and regenerative medicine. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE However, despite the significant progress made by the different studies carried out, currently, the use of exosomes is not a therapeutic reality for the considerable difficulties to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellavia
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L Raimondi
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Costa
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Maglio
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Fini
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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141
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Li SP, Lin ZX, Jiang XY, Yu XY. Exosomal cargo-loading and synthetic exosome-mimics as potential therapeutic tools. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:542-551. [PMID: 29417947 PMCID: PMC5888690 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for intercellular communication through the delivery of cargo, including protein, lipids, nucleic acids or other cellular components, to neighboring or distant cells. Exosomal cargo may vary in response to different physiological or pathological conditions. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) family has been widely accepted as a key mechanism in biogenesis and cargo sorting. On the other hand, accumulating evidence show that ESCRT-independent pathways exist. Due to the critical role of exosomes in intercellular communications in delivering cargo to recipient cells, exosomes have been investigated as a vector for the delivery of endogenous or exogenous cargo for therapeutic purposes. But the number of exosomes produced by cells is limited, which hampers their application. Synthetic exosome-mimics have been fabricated and investigated as a therapeutic tool for drug delivery. This review focuses on ESCRT-independent regulation of cargo loading into exosomes, including lipid raft and ceramide-mediated mechanisms, and reported exosomes or exosome-mimics with therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhong-xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xue-yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xi-yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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142
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Abstract
Large bone defects remain a tremendous clinical challenge. There is growing evidence in support of treatment strategies that direct defect repair through an endochondral route, involving a cartilage intermediate. While culture-expanded stem/progenitor cells are being evaluated for this purpose, these cells would compete with endogenous repair cells for limited oxygen and nutrients within ischaemic defects. Alternatively, it may be possible to employ extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by culture-expanded cells for overcoming key bottlenecks to endochondral repair, such as defect vascularization, chondrogenesis, and osseous remodelling. While mesenchymal stromal/stem cells are a promising source of therapeutic EVs, other donor cells should also be considered. The efficacy of an EV-based therapeutic will likely depend on the design of companion scaffolds for controlled delivery to specific target cells. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from studies of EVs could one day inform the long-term development of synthetic, engineered nanovesicles. In the meantime, EVs harnessed from in vitro cell culture have near-term promise for use in bone regenerative medicine. This narrative review presents a rationale for using EVs to improve the repair of large bone defects, highlights promising cell sources and likely therapeutic targets for directing repair through an endochondral pathway, and discusses current barriers to clinical translation. Cite this article: E. Ferreira, R. M. Porter. Harnessing extracellular vesicles to direct endochondral repair of large bone defects. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:263-273. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2018-0006.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreira
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - R. M. Porter
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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143
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Abstract
Historically, small molecules, including steroid hormones and cytokines, have been attributed a role in paracrine and endocrine signaling, and now include a new player: biological nanoparticles, or 'exosomes'. Generated intracellularly, and defined simply as nanoparticulate packages of signaling moieties, exosomes have emerged as vehicles for highly specialized local and distant intercellular communication. Exosomes are increasingly being recognized as contributing factors in many diseases, and their potential as biomarkers and in therapeutics is rapidly emerging. This review highlights recent advances in the exploitation of exosomes in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We discuss various facets of nanoparticles, namely the isolation and manipulation of exosomes, the construction of synthetic exosome-like particles in vivo, and their potential use in the treatment of various diseases.
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144
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Ji K, Zhang P, Zhang J, Fan R, Liu Y, Yang S, Hu S, Liu X, Dong C. MicroRNA 143-5p regulates alpaca melanocyte migration, proliferation and melanogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:166-171. [PMID: 29230879 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be closely involved in the control of melanogenesis and hair colour in mammals. Previous data also indicate that miR-143 regulates cell growth in melanoma. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-143-5p in alpaca melanocytes. We found that miR-143-5p was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of alpaca melanocytes as demonstrated by an in situ hybridization assay. Prediction analysis revealed that miR-143-5p could regulate TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) expression, which we confirmed by luciferase reporter assay, indicating that miR-143-5p controls TAK1 expression by directly targeting its 3' untranslated region (UTR). miR-143-5p overexpression decreased TAK1 expression, which led to increased melanocyte migration and proliferation, and downregulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which regulates melanin production. These results support a functional role for miR-143-5p in regulating alpaca melanocyte migration, proliferation and melanogenesis through direct targeting of TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Ji
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Pengqian Zhang
- The Department of Ecology Research, Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Ruiwen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Shuaipeng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xuexian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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145
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Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Opportunities and Challenges in Cell-Free Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6305295. [PMID: 29410682 PMCID: PMC5749272 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6305295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have been at the forefront of regenerative medicine for many years. Exosomes, which are nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication and the transportation of genetic material transportation that can be released by mesenchymal stem cells, have been recently reported to play a role in cell-free therapy of many diseases, including myocardial infarction, drug addiction, and status epilepticus. They are also thought to help ameliorate inflammation-induced preterm brain injury, liver injury, and various types of cancer. This review highlights recent advances in the exploration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in therapeutic applications. The natural contents, drug delivery potency, modification methods, and drug loading methods of exosomes are also discussed.
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146
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Yang S, Li X. Recent advances in extracellular vesicles enriched with non-coding RNAs related to cancers. Genes Dis 2017; 5:36-42. [PMID: 30258933 PMCID: PMC6146229 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As membrane-bound structures that could be shedded by a parental cell, and fuse with others after shedding, and then release its contents, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered as an indispensable part of intercellular communication system. The EV contents might be all kinds of bioactive molecules including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a large and complex group of RNAs with various subtypes that function to regulate biological events but classically do not code for proteins. In this review we covered the recently published works that validated the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating EV-associated ncRNAs' biogenesis, signaling, and particularly the systemic bio-effects related mostly to any stage of cancer progression, and the clinical potential of ncRNA-carrying EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and drug-delivery system that is being engineered for better loading and targeting capacity. Our views on the future direction of basic research and applications of EVs containing ncRNAs have also been shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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147
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Shiozawa K, Shuting J, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T, Kondo T. Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated microRNA-761 enhances pazopanib resistance in synovial sarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1322-1327. [PMID: 29191657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug resistance in tumor cells leads to relapse and distant metastasis. Secreted microRNAs (miRNAs) enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs) can act as intercellular messengers. The objective of our study was to elucidate the role of secreted miRNAs to better understand the regulatory network underlying pazopanib-resistance in synovial sarcoma cells. We performed a comprehensive analysis of secreted miRNA abundance in pazopanib treated/untreated synovial sarcoma cells from four different cell lines (SYO-1, HS-SYII, 1273/99, and YaFuSS) using microarray technology, and discovered miR-761 in EVs as a potential biomarker of pazopanib-resistance in synovial sarcoma. Furthermore, we showed that miR-761 putatively targeted three proteins, thyroid hormone receptor interactor 6 (TRIP6), lamin A/C (LMNA), and NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3). Knockdown of any of these proteins was shown in previous studies to confer increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Our findings provide new insight into the potential role of miR-761, an EV-secreted miRNA from synovial sarcoma cells, making it a potential candidate for use in sarcoma therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Shiozawa
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Ji Shuting
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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148
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You B, Shan Y, Bao L, Chen J, Yang L, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Shi S, You Y. The biology and function of extracellular vesicles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2017; 52:38-46. [PMID: 29138808 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed vesicles, which play an important role in intercellular communication. Increasing number of studies have shown that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles might be involved in the transfer of oncogenic cargo (proteins, lipids, messenger RNA, microRNA, non-coding RNAs and DNA) through which cancer cells could shape the tumor microenvironment and influence tumor progression. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived extracellular vesicles have also reported to facilitate tumor proliferation, metastasis and immune escape. Moreover, nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived extracellular vesicles might serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets. The present review provides information on the biological and clinical significance of extracellular vesicles in tumors, especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Lili Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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149
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A comprehensive overview of exosomes in ovarian cancer: emerging biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:73. [PMID: 29100532 PMCID: PMC5670635 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoparticles(40-100 nm) secreted by most cells in the body, which can be isolated from several types of extracellular fluids. It has been shown that exosomes play a key role in intercellular communication and in transportation of genetic information. Emerging evidence shows that exosomes are mediators of metastasis in tumour cells, stromal cells and the extracellular matrix component through the shuttling of cargo, such as proteins, lipids, RNAs, double-stranded DNAs, non-transcribed RNAs, and microRNAs. This phenomenon has been indicated in both tumourigenesis and drug resistance. In this review, we introduce new methods of exosome extraction, focusing on the emerging role of exosomes in ovarian cancer, and discuss their potential clinical applications.
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150
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Small RNAs in Circulating Exosomes of Cancer Patients: A Minireview. High Throughput 2017; 6:ht6040013. [PMID: 29485611 PMCID: PMC5748592 DOI: 10.3390/ht6040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from many cell types play important roles in intercellular communication, both as paracrine and endocrine factors, as they can circulate in biological fluids, including plasma. Amid EVs, exosomes are actively secreted vesicles that contain proteins, lipids, soluble factors, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and other classes of small RNAs (sRNA). miRNAs are prominent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and epigenetic silencers of transcription. We concisely review the roles of miRNAs in cell-fate determination and development and their regulatory activity on almost all the processes and pathways controlling tumor formation and progression. Next, we consider the evidence linking exosomes to tumor progression, particularly to the setting-up of permissive pre-metastatic niches. The study of exosomes in patients with different survival and therapy response can inform on the possible correlations between exosomal cargo and disease features. Moreover, the exploration of circulating exosomes as possible sources of non-invasive biomarkers could give new implements for anti-cancer therapy and metastasis prevention. Since the characterization of sRNAs in exosomes of cancer patients sparks opportunities to better understand their roles in cancer, we briefly present current experimental and computational protocols for sRNAs analysis in circulating exosomes by RNA-seq.
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