101
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Dahiya S, Joseph J. High rate biomethanation technology for solid waste management and rapid biogas production: An emphasis on reactor design parameters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 188:73-78. [PMID: 25701130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A high rate biomethanation digester was designed and fabricated to study its real field treatment efficiency and simultaneous biogas generation. The major design parameters like self mixing, delinking hydraulic retention time and solid retention time etc. were considered for efficient performance. It was operated with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5kg/m(3)d(-1) with composite food waste for about one year. The maximum treatment efficiency achieved with respect to total solid (TS) reduction and volatile solids (VS) reduction was 94.5% and 89.7%, respectively. Annual mean biogas of about 0.16m(3)/kgVSd(-1) was observed with methane content varying from 56% to 60% (v/v). The high competence of high rate digester is attributed to its specific design features and intermittent mixing of the digester contents and also due to the hydrodynamic principles involved in its operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Dahiya
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Johny Joseph
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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102
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Moheimani NR, Parlevliet D, McHenry MP, Bahri PA, de Boer K. Past, Present and Future of Microalgae Cultivation Developments. BIOFUEL AND BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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103
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Ultrasound-Enhanced Biogas Production from Different Substrates. PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS AND CHEMICALS WITH ULTRASOUND 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9624-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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104
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Hosseinnezhad S, Fini EH, Sharma BK, Basti M, Kunwar B. Physiochemical characterization of synthetic bio-oils produced from bio-mass: a sustainable source for construction bio-adhesives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper conducts a comparative physiochemical characterization of four bio-oils while evaluating their applicability for use in construction adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellie H. Fini
- Department of Civil Engineering
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center
- Prairie Research Institute
- University of Illinois
- Champaign
- USA
| | - Mufeed Basti
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Bidhya Kunwar
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center
- Prairie Research Institute
- University of Illinois
- Champaign
- USA
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105
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Christel W, Bruun S, Magid J, Jensen LS. Phosphorus availability from the solid fraction of pig slurry is altered by composting or thermal treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 169:543-551. [PMID: 25089896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The alteration of easily available phosphorus (P) from the separated solid fraction of pig slurry by composting and thermal processing (pyrolysis or combustion at 300-1000 °C) was investigated by water and acidic extractions and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique. Temporal changes in P availability were monitored by repeated DGT application in three amended temperate soils over 16 weeks. P availability was found to decrease in the order: drying>composting>pyrolysis>combustion with increasing degree of processing. Water extractions suggested that no P would be available after pyrolysis above 700 °C or combustion above 400 °C, respectively, but during soil incubation, even char and ash, processed at 800 °C, increased P availability. Low-temperature pyrolysis vs. combustion was found to favor P availability as did application to acidic vs. neutral soil. Composting and thermal treatment produced a slow-release P fertilizer, with P availability being governed by abiotic and biotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Christel
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sander Bruun
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Magid
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Lars Stoumann Jensen
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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106
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Mapping of Biomass Fluxes: A Method for Optimizing Biogas-Refinery of Livestock Effluents. SUSTAINABILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/su6095920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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107
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Mei L, Chen Y, Ma J. Gas sensing of SnO2 nanocrystals revisited: developing ultra-sensitive sensors for detecting the H2S leakage of biogas. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6028. [PMID: 25112163 PMCID: PMC4129425 DOI: 10.1038/srep06028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a typical mode of energy from waste, biogas technology is of great interest to researchers. To detect the trace H2S released from biogas, we herein demonstrate a high-performance sensor based on highly H2S-sensitive SnO2 nanocrystals, which have been selectively prepared by solvothermal methods using benzimidazole as a mineralization agent. The sensitivity of as-obtained SnO2 sensor towards 5 ppm H2S can reach up to 357. Such a technique based on SnO2 nanocrystals opens up a promising avenue for future practical applications in real-time monitoring a trace of H2S from the leakage of biogas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuejiao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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108
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Szogi AA, Vanotti MB. Water quality and nitrogen mass loss from anaerobic lagoon columns receiving pretreated influent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1219-1226. [PMID: 25603070 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.08.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Control methods are needed to abate NH losses from swine anaerobic lagoons to reduce the contribution of confined swine operations to air pollution. In a 15-mo meso-scale column study, we evaluated the effect of manure pretreatment on water quality, reduction of N losses, and sludge accumulation in swine lagoons using (i) enhanced solid-liquid separation with polymer (SS) and (ii) solid-liquid separation plus biological N treatment using nitrification-denitrification (SS + NDN). A conventional anaerobic lagoon was included as a control. Concentrations of total Kjeldahl N (TKN), total ammoniacal N (TAN), and NO-N were monitored during the course of the study, and the volumes of column liquid and sludge were used to estimate N mass flows. At the end of the study, TKN and TAN concentrations in the liquid of SS columns were 35 and 37% lower than the control, respectively, and TKN and TAN concentrations in SS + NDN were 97 and 99% lower than the control. The N mass flow analysis revealed that SS reduced total N inflow by 30% and SS + NDN by 82% compared with the control. The SS was ineffective at reducing NH losses compared with the control. Instead, SS + NDN effectively reduced total NH losses by 50%, most of which occurred during the first 6 mo of the study. Although both pretreatments can stop the mass accumulation of total N in sludge, SS + NDN had the advantage of improving water quality and abating NH emissions from treated lagoons. As an additional environmental benefit, SS + NDN effluents could be used for crop irrigation without the risk of NH losses during land application.
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109
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Algae oil: a sustainable renewable fuel of future. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:272814. [PMID: 24883211 PMCID: PMC4026879 DOI: 10.1155/2014/272814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A nonrenewable fuel like petroleum has been used from centuries and its usage has kept on increasing day by day. This also contributes to increased production of greenhouse gases contributing towards global issues like global warming. In order to meet environmental and economic sustainability, renewable, carbon neutral transport fuels are necessary. To meet these demands microalgae are the key source for production of biodiesel. These microalgae do produce oil from sunlight like plants but in a much more efficient manner. Biodiesel provides more environmental benefits, and being a renewable resource it has gained lot of attraction. However, the main obstacle to commercialization of biodiesel is its cost and feasibility. Biodiesel is usually used by blending with petro diesel, but it can also be used in pure form. Biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, as it is available throughout the year and can run any engine. It will satisfy the needs of the future generation to come. It will meet the demands of the future generation to come.
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110
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Rogers JN, Rosenberg JN, Guzman BJ, Oh VH, Mimbela LE, Ghassemi A, Betenbaugh MJ, Oyler GA, Donohue MD. A critical analysis of paddlewheel-driven raceway ponds for algal biofuel production at commercial scales. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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111
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Di Gregorio F, Santoro D, Arena U. The effect of ash composition on gasification of poultry wastes in a fluidized bed reactor. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2014; 32:323-330. [PMID: 24638275 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x14525821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ash composition on the fluidized bed gasification behaviour of poultry wastes was investigated by operating a pre-pilot scale reactor with two batches of manure obtained from an industrial chicken farm. The experimental runs were carried out by keeping the fluidized bed velocity fixed (at 0.4m s(-1)) and by varying the equivalence ratio between 0.27 and 0.40, so obtaining bed temperature values between 700 and 800 °C. The performance of the gasification process was assessed by means of mass balances as well as material and feedstock energy analyses, and reported in terms of cold gas efficiency (CGE), specific energy production, low heating value of obtained syngas and yield of undesired by-products. The experimental results indicate the crucial role of ash amount and composition of the two poultry wastes. In particular, higher ash content (25.1% instead of 17.2%) and higher fractions of calcium, phosphorous and potassium (with an increase of 24, 30 and 28%, respectively) induce a dramatic reduction of all the process performance parameters: CGE reduces from 0.63 to 0.33 and the specific energy from 2.1 to 1.1 kWh kg(fuel)(-1). At the same time, the formation of alkali compounds and their behaviour inside the fluidized bed reactor determine an increase of feedstock energy losses, which is related to occurrence of sintering and bridging between bed particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Di Gregorio
- 1AMRA s.c. a r.l. - Analysis and Monitoring of Environmental Risk, Via Nuova Agnano, Naples, Italy
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112
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Yuan XZ, Shi XS, Yuan CX, Wang YP, Qiu YL, Guo RB, Wang LS. Modeling anaerobic digestion of blue algae: stoichiometric coefficients of amino acids acidogenesis and thermodynamics analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 49:113-123. [PMID: 24326020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to facilitate the application of Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1), an approach for a detailed calculation of stoichiometric coefficients for amino acids acidogenesis during the anaerobic digestion of blue algae is presented. The simulation results obtained support the approach by good predictions of the dynamic behavior of cumulative methane production, pH values as well as the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate and inorganic nitrogen. The sensitivity analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation showed that the stoichiometric coefficients for amino acids acidogenesis had high sensitivities to the outputs of the model. The model further indicated that the Gibbs free energies from the uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), valerate and butyrate were positive through the digestion, while the free energies for other components were negative. During the digestion, the cumulative heat productions from microbial activities and methane were 77.69 kJ and 185.76 kJ, respectively. This result suggested that proper heat preservation of anaerobic digesters could minimize the external heating needs due to the heat produced from microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Shuang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chun-Xin Yuan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Rong-Bo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China.
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
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113
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Meesuk S, Sato K, Cao JP, Hoshino A, Utsumi K, Takarada T. Catalytic reforming of nitrogen-containing volatiles evolved through pyrolysis of composted pig manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:181-186. [PMID: 24177151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of pig compost was performed in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor to determine the effects of decomposition temperatures and catalysts (i.e., transition-metal and non-transition-metal catalysts) on carbon and nitrogen conversions. The secondary decomposition was investigated at different temperatures from room temperature up to 750°C. Then the effects of various catalysts were investigated at 650°C. Approximately 60% of the carbon and 80% of the nitrogen in the pig compost were converted into volatiles during pyrolysis. Conversion of carbon and nitrogen species in tar into gas, and the evolution undesirable NH3 and HCN without catalyst increased with increasing decomposition temperature. Transition-metal catalysts showed excellent activity for conversion of condensable volatiles into gas and NH3 and HCN into N2. Although non-transition-metal catalysts had moderate activity for the conversion of volatiles into gas and negligible activity for the conversion of NH3 into N2, dolomite can provide liquid fuel with negligible amount of nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimirin Meesuk
- Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan.
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114
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Ruggeri B, Luongo Malave AC, Bernardi M, Fino D. Energy efficacy used to score organic refuse pretreatment processes for hydrogen anaerobic production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:2225-2233. [PMID: 23891078 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrogen through Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been investigated to verify the efficacy of several pretreatment processes. Three types of waste with different carbon structures have been tested to obtain an extensive representation of the behavior of the materials present in Organic Waste (OW). The following types of waste were selected: Sweet Product Residue (SPR), i.e., confectionary residue removed from the market after the expiration date, Organic Waste Market (OWM) refuse from a local fruit and vegetable market, and Coffee Seed Skin (CSS) waste from a coffee production plant. Several pretreatment processes have been applied, including physical, chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic processes and a combination of these processes. Two methods have been used for the SPR to remove the packaging, manual (SPR) and mechanical (SPRex). A pilot plant that is able to extrude the refuse to 200atm was utilized. Two parameters have been used to score the different pretreatment processes: efficiency (ξ), which takes into account the amount of energy produced in the form of hydrogen compared with the available energy embedded in the refuse, and efficacy (η), which compares the efficiency obtained using the pretreated refuse with that obtained using the untreated refuse. The best result obtained for the SPR was the basic pretreatment, with η=6.4, whereas the thermal basic pretreatment gave the highest value, η=17.0 for SPRex. The best result for the OWM was obtained through a combination of basic/thermal pretreatments with η=9.9; lastly, the CSS residue with ultrasonic pretreatment produced the highest quantity of hydrogen, η=5.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Ruggeri
- DISAT, Dept. of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C. so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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115
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Direct biodiesel production from wet microalgae biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa through in situ transesterification. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:930686. [PMID: 24195081 PMCID: PMC3806232 DOI: 10.1155/2013/930686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A one-step process was applied to directly converting wet oil-bearing microalgae biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa containing about 90% of water into biodiesel. In order to investigate the effects of water content on biodiesel production, distilled water was added to dried microalgae biomass to form wet biomass used to produce biodiesel. The results showed that at lower temperature of 90°C, water had a negative effect on biodiesel production. The biodiesel yield decreased from 91.4% to 10.3% as water content increased from 0% to 90%. Higher temperature could compensate the negative effect. When temperature reached 150°C, there was no negative effect, and biodiesel yield was over 100%. Based on the above research, wet microalgae biomass was directly applied to biodiesel production, and the optimal conditions were investigated. Under the optimal conditions of 100 mg dry weight equivalent wet microalgae biomass, 4 mL methanol, 8 mL n-hexane, 0.5 M H2SO4, 120°C, and 180 min reaction time, the biodiesel yield reached as high as 92.5% and the FAME content was 93.2%. The results suggested that biodiesel could be effectively produced directly from wet microalgae biomass and this effort may offer the benefits of energy requirements for biodiesel production.
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116
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Gerardo ML, Zacharof MP, Lovitt RW. Strategies for the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested dairy farm sludge using cross-flow microfiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4833-4842. [PMID: 23871254 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the recovery of nutrients and metals from anaerobically digested manure sludge using a pilot scale microfiltration membrane system. Soluble nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and metals are valuable commodities which exist in high concentration in anaerobically digested manure sludge. The typical disposal of sludge on farmland can cause serious harm to the ecosystem due to eutrophication. The recovery of these materials in clarified solutions represents an added value product and a less contaminated sludge that is environmentally less hazardous. The objective of this study was to investigate the recovery of nutrients and metals using a pilot scale cross-flow membrane filtration system. A ceramic membrane of 0.22 m(2) and 0.2 μm pore size was used to perform solid-liquid separations and soluble materials were recovered in particle and bacteria free solutions. Strategies such as batch diafiltration (DF) and acid pre-treatment were investigated and the fractions collected compared against the initial permeate containing 686.2 mg NH3-N L(-1) and 41.51 mg PO4-P L(-1). Clarified fractions obtained through DF with no acid pre-treatment yielded N:P ratios of around 30 and relatively low levels of P (364.24 mg NH3-N L(-1) and 25.60 mg PO4-P L(-1)) and metals. Acid pre-treatment of the sludge resulted in a two-fold increase of P extracted (271.11 mg NH3-N L(-1) and 71.60 mg PO4-P L(-1)), altering N:P ratios to 8. Depending on the metal species, a 2-9 fold increase in concentration was also observed. Thus it has been demonstrated that different treatment strategies influence the removal and recovery of nutrients and metals from sludge. The best treatment conditions therefore depend on the targeted materials to be recovered. By careful manipulation of the treatment processes the production of specific nutrient compositions in terms of N:P ratios is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Gerardo
- Centre for Complex Fluid Processing (CCFP), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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117
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Effects of Environmental Factors and Nutrient Availability on the Biochemical Composition of Algae for Biofuels Production: A Review. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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118
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Rao AG, Gandu B, Sandhya K, Kranti K, Ahuja S, Swamy YV. Decentralized application of anaerobic digesters in small poultry farms: performance analysis of high rate self mixed anaerobic digester and conventional fixed dome anaerobic digester. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 144:121-127. [PMID: 23867531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomethanation of poultry litter was studied in conventional fixed dome anaerobic digester (CFDAD) and high rate self mixed anaerobic digester (SMAD) for possible decentralized application in poultry farms generating litter in the range of 500 kg/day. The performance of CFDAD and SMAD was compared. The study revealed that optimized hydraulic residence time (HRT), volatile solids (VS) loading rate, VS reduction, methane yield was 24 days, 4.0 kg VS/m(3)/day, 64%, 0.15 m(3)/(kg VS fed) and 40 days, 2.15 kg/m(3)/day, 42%, 0.083 m(3)/(kg VS fed) for SMAD and CFDAD, respectively. Better results with SMAD could be attributed to specific design features and intermittent mixing of the digester contents due to self-mixing mechanism. Preliminary cost estimates revealed that installation of SMAD would be remunerative for the farmer in terms of biogas and bio-manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gangagni Rao
- Bioengineering and Environmental Centre (BEEC), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.
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119
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Meng J, Wang L, Liu X, Wu J, Brookes PC, Xu J. Physicochemical properties of biochar produced from aerobically composted swine manure and its potential use as an environmental amendment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 142:641-646. [PMID: 23774223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biochars derived from the pyrolysis, at 400 and 700°C, respectively, of fresh (T0), 21d (T1) and 84d (T2) aerobically composted swine manure, were characterized and investigated for their potential use as environmental amendments. The biochar yield significantly increased following composting, but decreased with increased temperature. The ash content, surface area (SA), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), mineral nutrients, total heavy metals (except Cd) and available As, Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations of biochar produced at 700°C were higher than in biochar produced at 400°C, whereas the volatile matter, higher heating value (HHV) and elemental composition were decreased. The maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacity was 20.11 mg g(-1) by biochar produced from T2 at 400°C. The pyrolysis of 84d aerobically composted swine manure to produce biochar at 400°C could be used as a soil amendment, or as an adsorbent for the removal heavy metal ions from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- College of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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120
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Yield and Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products Obtained from Schizochytrium limacinum under Different Temperature Regimes. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6073339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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121
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Abdelaziz AEM, Leite GB, Hallenbeck PC. Addressing the challenges for sustainable production of algal biofuels: II. Harvesting and conversion to biofuels. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:1807-36. [PMID: 24350436 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.831487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure the sustainability of algal biofuel production, a number of issues need to be addressed. Previously, we reviewed some of the questions in this area involving algal species and the important challenges of nutrient supply and how these might be met. Here, we take up issues involving harvesting and the conversion ofbiomass to biofuels. Advances in both these areas are required if these third-generation fuels are to have a sufficiently high net energy ratio and a sustainable footprint. A variety of harvesting technologies are under investigation and recent studies in this area are presented and discussed. A number of different energy uses are available for algal biomass, each with their own advantages as well as challenges in terms of efficiencies and yields. Recent advances in these areas are presented and some of the especially promising conversion processes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E M Abdelaziz
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada PQ H3C 3J7
| | - Gustavo B Leite
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada PQ H3C 3J7
| | - Patrick C Hallenbeck
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada PQ H3C 3J7
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122
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Marchetti R, Castelli F. Biochar from Swine solids and digestate influence nutrient dynamics and carbon dioxide release in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:893-901. [PMID: 23673957 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of livestock manure solids are expected to become available in the near future due to the development of technologies for the separation of the solid fraction of animal effluents. The charring of manure solids for biochar (BC) production represents an opportunity for recycling organic matter (OM) of high nutrient value. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the suitability of BC from swine solids (SS) to improve soil fertility through nutrient supply and decomposition of the OM incorporated into soil and to verify a possible interaction effect on soil nutrient dynamics between digestate application and soil amendment with BC. We monitored at laboratory scale the soil mineral nitrogen (N) and Olsen phosphorus (P) content, and the cumulative carbon dioxide (CO-C) release in treatments with or without a supply of digestate obtained from a biogas plant. The experiment was performed in laboratory microcosms during a 3-mo incubation period. Compared treatments were soil amendments with SS, BC from SS, wood chip, BC from wood chip, and soil with no amendment, each of them with and without incorporation of digestate (10 treatments in total). Soil N levels were unaffected by BC amendments and only increased temporarily when digestate was applied to soil amended with SS or BC from SS. For the same N content, the BC from SS supplied much more P than the nontreated OM. The amount of cumulative CO-C released from soil with BC with or without digestate did not differ from that in the unamended control soil and was lower than that in the soils with noncharred amendments. Soil amendment with BC from SS does not modify soil N availability, whereas it increases the content of P available for crops and reduces the release of CO-C from digestate applied to soil for agricultural purposes.
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123
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Wang J, Xiao B, Liu S, Hu Z, He P, Guo D, Hu M, Qi F, Luo S. Catalytic steam gasification of pig compost for hydrogen-rich gas production in a fixed bed reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:127-133. [PMID: 23422306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic steam gasification of pig compost (PC) for hydrogen-rich gas production was experimentally investigated in a fixed bed reactor using the developed NiO on modified dolomite (NiO/MD) catalyst. A series of experiments have been performed to explore the effects of catalyst, catalytic temperature, steam to PC ratio and PC particle size on the gas quality and yield. The results indicate that the NiO/MD catalyst could significantly eliminate the tar in the gas production and increase the hydrogen yield, and the catalyst lives a long lifetime in the PC steam gasification. Moreover, the higher catalytic temperature and smaller PC particle size can contribute to more hydrogen production and gas yield. Meanwhile, the optimal ratio of steam to PC (S/P) is found to be 1.24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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124
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Giard D, Choiniere D, Cordeau S, Barrington S. Biogas generation from in-storage psychrophilic anaerobic digestion. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:1007-1015. [PMID: 23837352 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.733416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In-storage psychrophilic anaerobic digestion (ISPAD) is a technology allowing livestock producers to operate an anaerobic digester with minimum technological know-how and for the cost of a conventional storage cover. Nevertheless, the system is exposed to ambient temperatures and biogas production is expected to vary with climatic conditions. The objective of the project was therefore to measure ISPAD biogas production during the winter and fall seasons for a region east of Montreal, Canada. A calibrated biogas monitoring system was used to monitor biogas methane and carbon dioxide concentrations inside a two-year-old field installation with a 1000 m3 storage capacity. Despite a leaking pumping hatch, winter 2010 (January to March) methane concentrations varied directly with solar radiation and maximum exterior temperature, rather than with manure temperature at 2.4 and 1.2 m depths which remained relatively constant between 1 and 5 degrees C. During a six-month-period from November 2009 to April 2010, inclusively, the field ISPAD degraded 34% of the manure volatile solids corresponding to an average methane production of 40 m3/d. The ISPAD biogas production could be further increased by improving its air tightness and intrusion and by regularly pumping out the biogas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Giard
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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125
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Maclellan J, Chen R, Kraemer R, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Liao W. Anaerobic treatment of lignocellulosic material to co-produce methane and digested fiber for ethanol biorefining. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:418-23. [PMID: 23313688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Five different ratios of corn stover to swine manure were investigated to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion and the quality of anaerobically digested fiber (AD fiber) as a feedstock for bioethanol production. The stover-to-manure ratio of 40:60 generated 364L biogas and 797g AD fiber per kg of dry raw feedstock daily. The AD fibers after digestion were pretreated and hydrolyzed to release sugars for ethanol fermentation. The stover-to-manure ratio of 40:60 was able to produce 152g methane and 50g ethanol per kg of dry raw feedstock. The net energy generated from the ratio 40:60 was 5.5MJkg(-1) dry raw feed, which was an 18% increase on net energy output compared to the other ratios and proved to be most beneficial for a biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Maclellan
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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126
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Jeffryes C, Rosenberger J, Rorrer GL. Fed-batch cultivation and bioprocess modeling of Cyclotella sp. for enhanced fatty acid production by controlled silicon limitation. ALGAL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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127
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Kebreab E, Moraes L, Strathe A, Fadel J. Technological innovations in animal production related to environmental sustainability. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to FAO, meat production will double by 2050 to meet the demand of growing and more affluent population. The soaring demand presents an environmental challenge for intensive animal production. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), particularly methane (CH4) increases as animal numbers increase, however, mitigation strategies such as dietary manipulation (e.g., lipid supplementation), ionophores, defaunation and biotechnologies can be used to reduce emissions per animal. Emissions from manure storage can also be reduced using biological and thermochemical conversion technologies with added benefit of producing bio-energy while treating livestock wastes. At the animal level, reduction of overfeeding protein and balancing the amounts of protein degraded in rumen and those allowed to bypass the rumen will reduce N excretion. Synchronizing energy and protein supply to animals also offers better utilization of nutrients with concomitant decrease in urine N, which contains high levels of urea that can be converted into ammonia when mixed with feces. Phosphorus in manure represents a significant renewable resource and there are several technologies that remove and recover P from manure including chemical precipitation, biological P removal and crystallization. The development of technologies for GHG and nutrient reduction offers the opportunity for environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Moraes
- University of California, United States of America
| | | | - James Fadel
- University of California, United States of America
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128
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129
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Tsai WT, Liu SC, Chen HR, Chang YM, Tsai YL. Textural and chemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use as a soil amendment. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:198-203. [PMID: 22743180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biochars have received increasing attention in recent years because of their properties pertaining to soil fertility and contaminant immobilization as well as serving as carbon sinks. In this work, a series of biochars were produced from dried swine manure waste by slow pyrolysis at different temperatures (i.e., 673-1073 K). The characterization of the resulting biochars was examined for its relevance to its potential use as soil amendment. It was found that the pore properties, ash contents and pH values of all swine-manure-derived biochars basically increased as temperature increased, while the yield and nitrogen/oxygen contents decreased with increasing temperature as a result of pyrolytic volatilization during pyrolysis. From the organic and inorganic elements analyses, the manure-derived biochar was rich in soil nutrients such as N, P, Ca, Mg, and K. Furthermore, the pore, surface and chemical properties were also consistent with the observations of the SEM-EDS, XRD and FTIR. This result suggested that the mesoporous manure-derived biochar could be used as an excellent medium to soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
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130
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An Analysis of Waste Management Policies on Utilizing Biosludge as Material Resources in Taiwan. SUSTAINABILITY 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/su4081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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131
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An Analysis of the Use of Biosludge as an Energy Source and Its Environmental Benefits in Taiwan. ENERGIES 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/en5083064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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132
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Ribeiro LA, Pereira da Silva P. Technoeconomic Assessment on Innovative Biofuel Technologies: The Case of Microalgae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/173753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Innovative technologies and sources of energy must be developed to replace fossil fuels and contribute to the reductions of emissions of greenhouse gases associated with their use. In this perspective, algal biofuels are generating substantial awareness in many countries. As of today, it has been shown that it is scientifically and technically possible to derive the desired energy products from algae in the laboratory. The question lies, however, in whether it is a technology that merits the support and development to overcome existing scalability challenges and make it economically feasible. In this context, the overall purpose of this study is to provide an integrated assessment of the potential of microalgae as a source to produce biofuels, while confronting it with competing emerging biofuel technologies. It is intended to provide a comprehensive state of technology summary for producing fuels from algal feedstocks and to draw some insights upon the feasibility and technoeconomic challenges associated with scaling up of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro André Ribeiro
- School of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra and INESCC, R. Antero de Quental, 199 3000-033 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira da Silva
- School of Economics, University of Coimbra and INESCC, Avenue Dias da Silva, 165 Room 207, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal
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133
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134
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Gangagni Rao A, Gandu B, Swamy YV. Mass transfer dynamics of ammonia in high rate biomethanation of poultry litter leachate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 109:234-238. [PMID: 22293137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study possibility of coupling biofilter to arrest ammonia (NH(3)) emission to the atmosphere from the integrated UASB and stripper (UASB+ST) system treating poultry litter leachate was studied. UASB+ST with biofilter (UASB+ST+BF) exhibited removal efficiency (RE) of NH(3) in the range of 98-99% (below 28 ppmV (parts per million by volume)) with low cost agricultural residue as a bedding material. Mass transfer dynamics of TAN in the system revealed that TAN loss to atmosphere was below 1% in UASB+ST+BF where as it was in the range of 70-90% in UASB+ST. Cost estimates revealed that financial implications due to the addition of biofilter were below 10% of total capital cost. TAN retained in the bedding material of biofilter could also be utilized as soil conditioner upon saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gangagni Rao
- Bioengineering and Environmental Centre, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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135
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Cantrell KB, Hunt PG, Uchimiya M, Novak JM, Ro KS. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:419-28. [PMID: 22237173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
While pyrolysis of livestock manures generates nutrient-rich biochars with potential agronomic uses, studies are needed to clarify biochar properties across manure varieties under similar controlled conditions. This paper reports selected physicochemical results for five manure-based biochars pyrolyzed at 350 and 700°C: swine separated-solids; paved-feedlot manure; dairy manure; poultry litter; and turkey litter. Elemental and FTIR analyses of these alkaline biochars demonstrated variations and similarities in physicochemical characteristics. The FTIR spectra were similar for (1) turkey and poultry and (2) feedlot and dairy, but were distinct for swine biochars. Dairy biochars contained the greatest volatile matter, C, and energy content and lowest ash, N, and S contents. Swine biochars had the greatest P, N, and S contents alongside the lowest pH and EC values. Poultry litter biochars exhibited the greatest EC values. With the greatest ash contents, turkey litter biochars had the greatest biochar mass recoveries, whereas feedlot biochars demonstrated the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri B Cantrell
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plains Soil, Water & Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA.
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136
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Cantrell KB, Martin JH. Stochastic state-space temperature regulation of biochar production. Part II: Application to manure processing via pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:490-495. [PMID: 21987175 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND State-of-the-art control systems that can guarantee the pyrolytic exposure temperature are needed in the production of designer biochars. These designer biochars will have tailored characteristics that can offer improvement of specific soil properties such as water-holding capacity and cation exchange capacity. RESULTS A novel stochastic state-space temperature regulator was developed for the batch production of biochar that accurately matched the pyrolytic exposure temperature to a defined temperature input schedule. This system was evaluated by processing triplicate swine manure biochars at two temperatures, 350 and 700 °C. The results revealed a low coefficient of variation (CV) in their composition and near-similar ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance structure as well as thermal degradation patterns. When pyrolysing at 350 °C, the stochastic state-space regulator generated a biochar with lower CV in ultimate (i.e. CHNS) compositional analysis than the original feedstock. CONCLUSION This state-space controller had the ability to pyrolyse a feedstock and generate a consistent biochar with similar structural properties and consistent compositional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri B Cantrell
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plains Soil, Water & Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501-1241, USA.
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137
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Kaparaju P, Rintala J, Oikari A. Agricultural potential of anaerobically digested industrial orange waste with and without aerobic post-treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:85-94. [PMID: 22519091 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.551839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential of anaerobically digested orange waste with (AAD) and without (AD) aerobic post-treatment for use in agriculture was evaluated through chemical analyses, short-term phytotoxicity and long-term plant assays. Chemical analyses showed that AD contained ammonia and organic acids, and aerobic post-treatment did not significantly remove these phytotoxins. The N:P2O5:K2O ratio in AD was 1:0.26:0.96 and aerobic post-treatment did not change the composition in AAD except for K2O (1:0.26:1.24). Heavy metal contents in AD and AAD were more or less the same and were below the upper limit recommended for non-sewage sludge application on agricultural soils. Short-term phytotoxicity tests showed that seed germination and root elongation of Chinese cabbage and ryegrass were severely inhibited at digestate concentrations of 60-100%. Germination index values were well below the score of 50% required to indicate the phytotoxic-free nature of compost. Long-term plant assays showed that AD and AAD, when supplemented with a base fertilizer, resulted in higher plant growth, and fresh weight and dry matter production than AD without base fertilizer. The results thus indicate that aerobic post-treatment did not have any significant beneficial effect on reducing phytotoxicity, and AD could be used as such on agricultural soils, especially with high P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Kaparaju
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, University of Jyväskylä, FI 40014, Finland
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138
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Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion Technologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/542426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural biomass as an energy resource has several environmental and economical advantages and has potential to substantially contribute to present days’ fuel demands. Currently, thermochemical processes for agricultural biomass to energy transformation seem promising and feasible. The relative advantage of thermochemical conversion over others is due to higher productivity and compatibility with existing infrastructure facilities. However, the majority of these processes are still under development phase and trying to secure a market share due to various challenges, right from suitable infrastructure, raw material, technical limitations, government policies, and social acceptance. The knowledge at hand suggests that biomass can become a sustainable and major contributor to the current energy demands, if research and development are encouraged in the field of thermochemical conversion for various agricultural biomass types. This paper intends to explore the physical and chemical characteristics of biofuel substitutes of fossil fuels, potential biomass sources, and process parameters for thermochemical conversion.
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139
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Bell MJ, Wall E, Russell G, Simm G, Stott AW. The effect of improving cow productivity, fertility, and longevity on the global warming potential of dairy systems. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3662-78. [PMID: 21700056 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the environmental impact of a range of dairy production systems in terms of their global warming potential (GWP, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents, CO(2)-eq.) and associated land use, and explored the efficacy of reducing said impact. Models were developed using the unique data generated from a long-term genetic line × feeding system experiment. Holstein-Friesian cows were selected to represent the UK average for milk fat plus protein production (control line) or were selected for increased milk fat plus protein production (select line). In addition, cows received a low forage diet (50% forage) with no grazing or were on a high forage (75% forage) diet with summer grazing. A Markov chain approach was used to describe the herd structure and help estimate the GWP per year and land required per cow for the 4 alternative systems and the herd average using a partial life cycle assessment. The CO(2)-eq. emissions were expressed per kilogram of energy-corrected milk (ECM) and per hectare of land use, as well as land required per kilogram of ECM. The effects of a phenotypic and genetic standard deviation unit improvement on herd feed utilization efficiency, ECM yield, calving interval length, and incidence of involuntary culling were assessed. The low forage (nongrazing) feeding system with select cows produced the lowest CO(2)-eq. emissions of 1.1 kg/kg of ECM and land use of 0.65 m(2)/kg of ECM but the highest CO(2)-eq. emissions of 16.1t/ha of the production systems studied. Within the herd, an improvement of 1 standard deviation in feed utilization efficiency was the only trait of those studied that would significantly reduce the reliance of the farming system on bought-in synthetic fertilizer and concentrate feed, as well as reduce the average CO(2)-eq. emissions and land use of the herd (both by about 6.5%, of which about 4% would be achievable through selective breeding). Within production systems, reductions in CO(2)-eq. emissions per kilogram of ECM and CO(2)-eq. emissions per hectare were also achievable by an improvement in feed utilization. This study allowed development of models that harness the biological trait variation in the animal to improve the environmental impact of the farming system. Genetic selection for efficient feed use for milk production according to feeding system can bring about reductions in system nutrient requirements, CO(2)-eq. emissions, and land use per unit product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bell
- Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
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140
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Otero M, Sánchez ME, Gómez X. Co-firing of coal and manure biomass: a TG-MS approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:8304-8309. [PMID: 21737261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Manure is a rich organic waste which, apart from its traditional use as a fertilizer, could be used as a bioenergy feedstock. In this sense, its utilization as a sole fuel or its co-combustion together with coal would be a choice for the management of this sort of biowaste. However, little is known about the behavior of this biowaste when submitted to high-temperature energy-conversion processes. Thus, the separate combustion of swine manure and coal and their co-combustion (10% dried weight of manure) were studied by simultaneous TG/MS dynamic runs. TG-MS analysis was successfully used as an easy rapid tool to assess the combustion of manure, alone or together with coal. Furthermore, non-isothermal kinetic analysis showed that the Arrhenius activation energy corresponding to the combustion of the blend (125.8-138.9 kJ/mol) was only slightly higher than that of manure (106.4-114.4 kJ/mol) or coal (107.0-119.6 kJ/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Otero
- CESAM, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, University of Aveiro - Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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141
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Zaks DPM, Winchester N, Kucharik CJ, Barford CC, Paltsev S, Reilly JM. Contribution of anaerobic digesters to emissions mitigation and electricity generation under U.S. climate policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6735-42. [PMID: 21761880 PMCID: PMC3155279 DOI: 10.1021/es104227y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Livestock husbandry in the U.S. significantly contributes to many environmental problems, including the release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas (GHG). Anaerobic digesters (ADs) break down organic wastes using bacteria that produce methane, which can be collected and combusted to generate electricity. ADs also reduce odors and pathogens that are common with manure storage and the digested manure can be used as a fertilizer. There are relatively few ADs in the U.S., mainly due to their high capital costs. We use the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to test the effects of a representative U.S. climate stabilization policy on the adoption of ADs which sell electricity and generate methane mitigation credits. Under such policy, ADs become competitive at producing electricity in 2025, when they receive methane reduction credits and electricity from fossil fuels becomes more expensive. We find that ADs have the potential to generate 5.5% of U.S. electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P M Zaks
- Center for Sustainability and Global Environment, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.
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142
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Garcia SL, Jangid K, Whitman WB, Das KC. Transition of microbial communities during the adaption to anaerobic digestion of carrot waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7249-7256. [PMID: 21620691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study a microbial community suitable for anaerobic digestion of carrot pomace was developed from inocula obtained from natural environmental sources. The changes along the process were monitored using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. As the community adapted from a diverse natural community to a community with a definite function, diversity decreased drastically. Major bacterial groups remaining after enrichment were Bacilli (31-45.3%), Porphyromonadaceae (12.1-24.8%) and Spirochaetes (12.5-18.5%). The archaeal population was even less diverse and mainly represented by a single OTU that was 99.7% similar to Methanosarcina mazei. One enrichment which failed to produce large amounts of methane had shifts in the bacterial populations and loss of methanogenic archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarahi L Garcia
- University of Georgia, Biorefining and Carbon Cycling Program, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Athens, GA 30602-4435, USA
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143
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Zhang SY, Wang J, Cao JP, Takarada T. H2 production from fowl manure by low temperature catalytic gasification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7561-7566. [PMID: 21658940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, H(2) rich gas produced from fowl manure (hen compost-HC) by low temperature catalytic gasification (LTCG) technology is addressed. The pyrolysis behaviors of the samples before and after weak acid pretreatment were investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the catalytic influence of HC char and HC ash on the decomposition of the nascent volatiles was determined. A catalytic role of the minerals contained in HC on its pyrolysis behavior was confirmed due to the high content of Ca. LTCG process promotes the complete decomposition of the manure volatiles and significantly increases H(2) yield and the total gas yield. An obvious catalytic effect of HC char and HC ash on the decomposition of the nascent volatiles is attributed to CaO contained in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Yu Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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144
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145
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Sun K, Ro K, Guo M, Novak J, Mashayekhi H, Xing B. Sorption of bisphenol A, 17α-ethinyl estradiol and phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5757-63. [PMID: 21463938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and hydrothermal biochars were characterized, and adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and phenanthrene (Phen) was determined to investigate the sorption characteristic difference between the two types of biochars. Thermal biochars were composed mostly of aromatic moieties, with low H/C and O/C ratios as compared to hydrothermal ones having diverse functional groups. Single-point organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficients (logK(OC)) of EE2 and BPA of hydrothermal biochars were higher than thermal biochars, while Phen logK(OC) values were comparable among them. X-ray diffraction and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance results suggested that hydrothermal biochars consisted of more amorphous aliphatic-C, possibly being responsible for their high sorption capacity of Phen. This study demonstrated that hydrothermal biochars could adsorb a wider spectrum of both polar and nonpolar organic contaminants than thermally produced biochars, suggesting that hydrothermal biochar derived from poultry and animal waste is a potential sorbent for agricultural and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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146
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Gwyther CL, Williams AP, Golyshin PN, Edwards-Jones G, Jones DL. The environmental and biosecurity characteristics of livestock carcass disposal methods: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:767-78. [PMID: 21216585 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Livestock mortalities represent a major waste stream within agriculture. Many different methods are used throughout the world to dispose of these mortalities; however within the European Union (EU) disposal options are limited by stringent legislation. The legal disposal options currently available to EU farmers (primarily rendering and incineration) are frequently negatively perceived on both practical and economic grounds. In this review, we assess the potential environment impacts and biosecurity risks associated with each of the main options used for disposal of livestock mortalities in the world and critically evaluate the justification for current EU regulations. Overall, we conclude that while current legislation intends to minimise the potential for on-farm pollution and the spread of infectious diseases (e.g. transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, bacterial pathogens), alternative technologies (e.g. bioreduction, anaerobic digestion) may provide a more cost-effective, practical and biosecure mechanism for carcass disposal as well as having a lower environmental footprint. Further social, environmental and economic research is therefore warranted to assess the holistic benefits of alternative approaches for carcass disposal in Europe, with an aim to provide policy-makers with robust knowledge to make informed decisions on future legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri L Gwyther
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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147
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Yang Y, Xu J, Vail D, Weathers P. Ettlia oleoabundans growth and oil production on agricultural anaerobic waste effluents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5076-5082. [PMID: 21354787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of growth and oil production by Ettlia oleoabundans fed with anaerobic digester effluents of three agriculture wastes from the Arkansas Delta, catfish processing waste, soybean field waste, and rice hulls, was studied. Compared to standard BBM medium, all three effluents were deficient in phosphate and nitrate, but rich in ammonia and urea. Best growth was on 2% (v/v) soy effluent, but scant oil was produced on any of the effluents. When the three effluents were mixed, growth did not substantially increase, but oil content increased up to sixfold, depending on age of the effluent. Similar to growth in BBM, the main fatty acids produced were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic. These results show that anaerobically digested agricultural wastes can potentially support both growth and high oil productivity in E. oleoabundans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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148
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Baughman AC, Sharfstein ST, Martin LL. A flexible state-space approach for the modeling of metabolic networks I: Development of mathematical methods. Metab Eng 2011; 13:125-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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149
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Bchir FS, Gannoun H, El Herry S, Hamdi M. Optimization of Spongiochloris sp. biomass production in the abattoir digestate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3869-3876. [PMID: 21177100 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the abattoir digestate was used as a culture medium for Spongiochloris sp. growth with added mineral components under optimized conditions in batch culture. Firstly, an Hadamard matrix was used to investigate the impact of certain influencing factors on the Spongiochloris sp. growth. Then, a fractional factorial design 2(7-4) was successfully employed to optimize the concentration of different added components to abattoir digestate for increased Spongiochloris sp. biomass production. The major influencing factors were NaHCO(3) and FeSO(4) at a level of 2000 mg/L and 5mg/L, respectively. A high biomass production of 5.29 × 10(6) cell/mL and an important content of chlorophyll a of 65.32 mg/L were obtained after 42 days of culture of Spongiochloris sp. on the defined abattoir medium at static conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Saïdane Bchir
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, B. P 676, 1080 Tunis, and University of 7th November at Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
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150
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Rao AG, Prakash SS, Joseph J, Reddy AR, Sarma PN. Multi stage high rate biomethanation of poultry litter with self mixed anaerobic digester. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:729-735. [PMID: 20850298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A multi stage high rate biomethanation process with novel self mixed anaerobic digester (SMAD) was developed in the present study to reduce the hydraulic residence time (HRT), increase the volatile solids (VS) loading rate, improve the VS destruction efficiency and enhance the methane yield. Specific design features of SMAD were useful in mixing the digester contents without consuming power and de-alienated the problem of scum formation. In the first phase, poultry litter having 10% total solids (TS) was subjected to high rate biomethanation in multi stage configuration (SMAD-I and II in series with UASB reactor). It was observed that gross VS reduction of 58%, gross methane yield of 0.16 m3 kg(-1) (VS reduced) and VS loading rate of 3.5 kg VS m(-3) day(-1) at HRT of 13 days was obtained. In the second phase SMAD-II was bypassed from the process scheme keeping the other parameters same as in the first phase. The results obtained were not as encouraging as in the first phase. The study showed that multi stage configuration with SMAD design improved the anaerobic digestion process efficiency of poultry litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gangagni Rao
- Bioengineering and Environmental Centre, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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