101
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Abstract
Since the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease tumour suppressor gene VHL was identified in 1993 as the genetic basis for a rare disorder, it has proved to be of wide medical and scientific interest. VHL tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) plays a key part in cellular oxygen sensing by targeting hypoxia-inducible factors for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Early inactivation of VHL is commonly seen in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and insights gained from the functional analysis of pVHL have provided the foundation for the routine treatment of advanced-stage ccRCC with novel targeted therapies. However, recent sequencing studies have identified additional driver genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. As our understanding of the importance of VHL matures, it is timely to review progress from its initial description to current knowledge of VHL biology, as well as future prospects for novel medical treatments for VHL disease and ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gossage
- 1] Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 193, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [3] Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Tim Eisen
- 1] Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 193, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- 1] Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Box 238, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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102
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Zou M, Hu C, You Q, Zhang A, Wang X, Guo Q. Oroxylin A induces autophagy in human malignant glioma cells via the mTOR-STAT3-Notch signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1363-75. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zou
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Chen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Xuerong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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103
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Canaani D. Application of the concept synthetic lethality toward anticancer therapy: A promise fulfilled? Cancer Lett 2014; 352:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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104
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Patel M, Gomez NC, McFadden AW, Moats-Staats BM, Wu S, Rojas A, Sapp T, Simon JM, Smith SV, Kaiser-Rogers K, Davis IJ. PTEN deficiency mediates a reciprocal response to IGFI and mTOR inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1610-20. [PMID: 24994750 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent evidence implicates the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway in development of Ewing sarcoma, a highly malignant bone and soft-tissue tumor that primarily affects children and young adults. Despite promising results from preclinical studies of therapies that target this pathway, early-phase clinical trials have shown that a significant fraction of patients do not benefit, suggesting that cellular factors determine tumor sensitivity. Using FAIRE-seq, a chromosomal deletion of the PTEN locus in a Ewing sarcoma cell line was identified. In primary tumors, PTEN deficiency was observed in a large subset of cases, although not mediated by large chromosomal deletions. PTEN loss resulted in hyperactivation of the AKT signaling pathway. PTEN rescue led to decreased proliferation, inhibition of colony formation, and increased apoptosis. Strikingly, PTEN loss decreased sensitivity to IGF1R inhibitors but increased responsiveness to temsirolimus, a potent mTOR inhibitor, as marked by induction of autophagy. These results suggest that PTEN is lost in a significant fraction of primary tumors, and this deficiency may have therapeutic consequences by concurrently attenuating responsiveness to IGF1R inhibition while increasing activity of mTOR inhibitors. The identification of PTEN status in the tumors of patients with recurrent disease could help guide the selection of therapies. IMPLICATIONS PTEN status in Ewing sarcoma affects cellular responses to IGFI and mTOR-directed therapy, thus justifying its consideration as a biomarker in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Patel
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas C Gomez
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew W McFadden
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Billie M Moats-Staats
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sam Wu
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andres Rojas
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Travis Sapp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott V Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Kaiser-Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian J Davis
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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105
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Gudas LJ, Fu L, Minton DR, Mongan NP, Nanus DM. The role of HIF1α in renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:825-36. [PMID: 24916472 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The transcription factor HIF1α is implicated in the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Although HIF1α was initially believed to be essential for ccRCC development, recent studies hypothesize an oncogenic role for HIF2α in ccRCC, but a tumor suppressor role for HIF1α, leading to uncertainty as to the precise roles of the different HIF transcription factors in this disease. Using evidence available from studies with human ccRCC cell lines, mouse xenografts, murine models of ccRCC, and human ccRCC specimens, we evaluate the roles of HIF1α and HIF2α in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. We present a convergence of clinical and mechanistic data supporting an important role for HIF1α in promoting tumorigenesis in a clinically important and large subset of ccRCC. This indicates that current understanding of the exact roles of HIF1α and HIF2α is incomplete and that further research is required to determine the diverse roles of HIF1α and HIF2α in ccRCC. KEY MESSAGES The TRACK mouse ccRCC model with constitutively active HIF1α but not HIF2α expressed in proximal tubules develops RCC. HIF1α protein is expressed in the majority of human ccRCC specimens. Elevated HIF1α in ccRCC correlates with a worse prognosis. Many publications do not support a tumor suppressor role for HIF1α in ccRCC. HIF1α, but not HIF2α, is expressed in some types of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC) of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA,
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106
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Wang Y, Abu-Asab MS, Shen D, Zhuang Z, Chew EY, Chan CC. Upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors and autophagy in von Hippel-Lindau-associated retinal hemangioblastoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1319-27. [PMID: 24859386 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe pathological and molecular changes of three patients with clinically severe von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-associated retinal hemangioblastoma (RH) with rapid progression. METHODS Medical records, ocular histopathology, and transmission electron microscopy from three cases of VHL-associated RHs at the National Eye Institute were retrospectively reviewed. One eye of each patient was enucleated. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and HIF2α expressions were identified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS All three cases had rapidly growing RHs that were resistant to multiple conventional therapies and two (patients 1 and 2) were also resistant to multiple intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments. Macroscopically, all the enucleated eyes had multiple RHs, serous retinal detachment, severe retinal disorganization and focal hemorrhages. Histopathology showed typical RHs composed of vacuolated foamy VHL cells and capillary networks. Retinal gliosis and hemorrhages were also presented. Additionally, T lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrated in the tumors of two patients resistant to anti-VEGF therapy. Immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR found upregulation of HIF1α in the retinal lesions of all eyes. Importantly, upregulation of HIF2α was exclusively detected in the two cases with inflammatory infiltration and resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Ultrastructural images showed autophagy, lipid droplets, glycogen aggregations, and cytoplasmic degeneration in many VHL cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on the histopathological and molecular pathological findings, autophagy, inflammation, and/or upregulation of HIF2α could potentially contribute to the aggressive course of RHs, resulting in the resistance to multiple anti-VEGF and radiation therapies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 10/10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA,
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107
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The PPARγ agonist Troglitazone induces autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:188-93. [PMID: 24853624 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, with relatively high morbidity. However, there are few studies on drug development for bladder cancer. Troglitazone (TZ) is a synthetic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and it can induce apoptosis and autophagy in a variety of cancer cells. Several studies have indicated that TZ affects both cell growth and differentiation progress and has an inhibitory effect on urinary cancer cells. However, this drug's effect on bladder cancer cells remains largely unknown. Here, we report that TZ induced autophagy and enhanced apoptosis in T24 cells. Autophagic blockage resulted in the attenuation of TZ-dependent apoptosis. Necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, was found to reduce light chain 3 (LC3)-II accumulation and partially rescue the loss of cell viability induced by TZ. It was demonstrated that TZ activated autophagy concurrent with the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. AMPK inhibition led to a reduction in LC3-II levels, which were responsive to TZ treatment. Overall, TZ induced multiple types of programmed cell death in bladder cancer cells, and while the autophagy induced by the agonist contributed to the apoptotic process, crosstalk or switching between the different types of cell death likely occurred.
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108
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Ghaemmaghami S, Russo M, Renslo AR. Successes and challenges in phenotype-based lead discovery for prion diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6919-29. [PMID: 24762293 PMCID: PMC4148153 DOI: 10.1021/jm5001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
(CJD) is a rare but invariably
fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by misfolding of an endogenous
protein into an alternative pathogenic conformation. The details of
protein misfolding and aggregation are not well understood nor are
the mechanism(s) by which the aggregated protein confers cellular
toxicity. While there is as yet no clear consensus about how best
to intervene therapeutically in CJD, prion infections can be propagated
in cell culture and in experimental animals, affording both in vitro
and in vivo models of disease. Here we review recent lead discovery
efforts for CJD, with a focus on our own efforts to optimize 2-aminothiazole
analogues for anti-prion potency in cells and for brain exposure in
mice. The compounds that emerged from this effort were found to be
efficacious in multiple animal models of prion disease even as they
revealed new challenges for the field, including the emergence of
resistant prion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester , 326 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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109
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Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is characterized by mutation of the VHL gene and loss of a segment of chromosome 3. A new study using multi-region exome sequencing has identified substantial intratumoral heterogeneity within large primary CCRCCs, which has profound implications for understanding tumor evolution and for developing effective therapies.
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110
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Gerlinger M, Horswell S, Larkin J, Rowan AJ, Salm MP, Varela I, Fisher R, McGranahan N, Matthews N, Santos CR, Martinez P, Phillimore B, Begum S, Rabinowitz A, Spencer-Dene B, Gulati S, Bates PA, Stamp G, Pickering L, Gore M, Nicol DL, Hazell S, Futreal PA, Stewart A, Swanton C. Genomic architecture and evolution of clear cell renal cell carcinomas defined by multiregion sequencing. Nat Genet 2014; 46:225-233. [PMID: 24487277 PMCID: PMC4636053 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCCs) can display intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). We applied multiregion exome sequencing (M-seq) to resolve the genetic architecture and evolutionary histories of ten ccRCCs. Ultra-deep sequencing identified ITH in all cases. We found that 73-75% of identified ccRCC driver aberrations were subclonal, confounding estimates of driver mutation prevalence. ITH increased with the number of biopsies analyzed, without evidence of saturation in most tumors. Chromosome 3p loss and VHL aberrations were the only ubiquitous events. The proportion of C>T transitions at CpG sites increased during tumor progression. M-seq permits the temporal resolution of ccRCC evolution and refines mutational signatures occurring during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerlinger
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Rowan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Max P Salm
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (CSIC-UC-Sodercan), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Rosalie Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Claudio R Santos
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Pierre Martinez
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Phillimore
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Sharmin Begum
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Adam Rabinowitz
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Sakshi Gulati
- Biomolecular Modelling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Biomolecular Modelling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Lisa Pickering
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martin Gore
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - David L Nicol
- Department of Urology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steven Hazell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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111
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Autophagy is emerging as an important pathway in many biological processes and diseases. This review summarizes the current progress on the role of autophagy in renal physiology and pathology. RECENT ADVANCES Studies from renal cells in culture, human kidney tissues, and experimental animal models implicate that autophagy regulates many critical aspects of normal and disease conditions in the kidney, such as diabetic nephropathy and other glomerular diseases, tubular injuries, kidney development and aging, cancer, and genetic diseases associated with the kidney. CRITICAL ISSUES The importance of autophagy in the kidney has just started to be elucidated. How the process of autophagy is altered in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and how this alteration is beneficial or detrimental to kidney functions still need to be fully understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigations that uncover the precise mechanism and regulation of autophagy in various kidney diseases may lead to new strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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112
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Autophagy and Cell Death to Target Cancer Cells: Exploiting Synthetic Lethality as Cancer Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 772:167-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5915-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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113
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Hypoxia-Directed Drug Strategies to Target the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 772:111-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5915-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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114
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Identifying novel targets in renal cell carcinoma: design and synthesis of affinity chromatography reagents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:711-20. [PMID: 24387866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two novel scaffolds, 4-pyridylanilinothiazoles (PAT) and 3-pyridylphenylsulfonyl benzamides (PPB), previously identified as selective cytotoxins for von Hippel-Lindau-deficient Renal Carcinoma cells, were used as templates to prepare affinity chromatography reagents to aid the identification of the molecular targets of these two classes. Structure-activity data and computational models were used to predict possible points of attachment for linker chains. In the PAT class, Click coupling of long chain azides with 2- and 3-pyridylanilinothiazoleacetylenes gave triazole-linked pyridylanilinothiazoles which did not retain the VHL-dependent selectivity of parent analogues. For the PPB class, Sonagashira coupling of 4-iodo-(3-pyridylphenylsulfonyl)benzamide with a propargyl hexaethylene glycol carbamate gave an acetylene which was reduced to the corresponding alkyl 3-pyridylphenylsulfonylbenzamide. This reagent retained the VHL-dependent selectivity of the parent analogues and was successfully utilized as an affinity reagent.
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115
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Li L, Shen C, Nakamura E, Ando K, Signoretti S, Beroukhim R, Cowley GS, Lizotte P, Liberzon E, Bair S, Root DE, Tamayo P, Tsherniak A, Cheng SC, Tabak B, Jacobsen A, Hakimi AA, Schultz N, Ciriello G, Sander C, Hsieh JJ, Kaelin WG. SQSTM1 is a pathogenic target of 5q copy number gains in kidney cancer. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:738-50. [PMID: 24332042 PMCID: PMC3910168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer and is often linked to loss of chromosome 3p, which harbors the VHL tumor suppressor gene, loss of chromosome 14q, which includes HIF1A, and gain of chromosome 5q. The relevant target(s) on chromosome 5q is not known. Here, we show that 5q amplification leads to overexpression of the SQSTM1 oncogene in ccRCC lines and tumors. Overexpression of SQSTM1 in ccRCC lines promoted resistance to redox stress and increased soft agar growth, while downregulation of SQSTM1 decreased resistance to redox stress, impaired cellular fitness, and decreased tumor formation. Therefore, the selection pressure to amplify 5q in ccRCC is driven, at least partly, by SQSTM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chuan Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eijiro Nakamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Glenn S Cowley
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Lizotte
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ella Liberzon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Steven Bair
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aviad Tsherniak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Su-Chun Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Tabak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anders Jacobsen
- Department of Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Department of Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA; Department of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 16605, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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116
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Deng Q, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang L, Xiang X, Wang Z, Chong T. Lower mRNA and Protein Expression Levels of LC3 and Beclin1, Markers of Autophagy, were Correlated with Progression of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43:1261-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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117
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Williams RT, Yu AL, Diccianni MB, Theodorakis EA, Batova A. Renal cancer-selective Englerin A induces multiple mechanisms of cell death and autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:57. [PMID: 23958461 PMCID: PMC3765946 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common malignancy of the kidney, is refractory to standard therapy and has an incidence that continues to rise. Screening of plant extracts in search of new agents to treat RCC resulted in the discovery of englerin A (EA), a natural product exhibiting potent selective cytotoxicity against renal cancer cells. Despite the establishment of synthetic routes to the synthesis of EA, very little is known about its mechanism of action. The results of the current study demonstrate for the first time that EA induces apoptosis in A498 renal cancer cells in addition to necrosis. The induction of apoptosis by EA required at least 24 h and was caspase independent. In addition, EA induced increased levels of autophagic vesicles in A498 cells which could be inhibited by nonessential amino acids (NEAA), known inhibitors of autophagy. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by NEAA did not diminish cell death suggesting that autophagy is not a cell death mechanism and likely represents a cell survival mechanism which ultimately fails. Apart from cell death, our results demonstrated that cells treated with EA accumulated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle indicating a block in G2/M transition. Moreover, our results determined that EA inhibited the activation of both AKT and ERK, kinases which are activated in cancer and implicated in unrestricted cell proliferation and induction of autophagy. The phosphorylation status of the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, appeared unaffected by EA. The high renal cancer selectivity of EA combined with its ability to induce multiple mechanisms of cell death while inhibiting pathways driving cell proliferation, suggest that EA is a highly unique agent with great potential as a therapeutic lead for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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118
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Cheng Y, Ren X, Hait WN, Yang JM. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in disease: biology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1162-97. [PMID: 23943849 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a process of self-digestion of the cytoplasm and organelles through which cellular components are recycled for reuse or energy production, is an evolutionarily conserved response to metabolic stress found in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. It is noteworthy that autophagy is also associated with various pathophysiologic conditions in which this cellular process plays either a cytoprotective or cytopathic role in response to a variety of stresses such as metabolic, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and therapeutic stress. It is now generally believed that modulating the activity of autophagy through targeting specific regulatory molecules in the autophagy machinery may impact disease processes, thus autophagy may represent a new pharmacologic target for drug development and therapeutic intervention of various human disorders. Induction or inhibition of autophagy using small molecule compounds has shown promise in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Depending on context, induction or suppression of autophagy may exert therapeutic effects via promoting either cell survival or death, two major events targeted by therapies for various disorders. A better understanding of the biology of autophagy and the pharmacology of autophagy modulators has the potential for facilitating the development of autophagy-based therapeutic interventions for several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and Milton S Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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119
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Rubinstein AD, Kimchi A. Life in the balance - a mechanistic view of the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:5259-68. [PMID: 23377657 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress triggers a fascinating decision-making process in cells; they can either attempt to survive until the stress is resolved through the activation of cytoprotective pathways, such as autophagy, or can commit suicide by apoptosis in order to prevent further damage to surrounding healthy cells. Although autophagy and apoptosis constitute distinct cellular processes with often opposing outcomes, their signalling pathways are extensively interconnected through various mechanisms of crosstalk. The physiological relevance of the autophagy-apoptosis crosstalk is not well understood, but it is presumed to facilitate a controlled and well-balanced cellular response to a given stress signal. In this Commentary, we explore the various mechanisms by which autophagy and apoptosis regulate each other, and define general paradigms of crosstalk on the basis of mechanistic features. One paradigm relates to physical and functional interactions between pairs of specific apoptotic and autophagic proteins. In a second mechanistic paradigm, the apoptosis or autophagy processes (as opposed to individual proteins) regulate each other through induced caspase and autolysosomal activity, respectively. In a third paradigm unique to autophagy, caspases are recruited and activated on autophagosomal membranes. These mechanistic paradigms are discernible experimentally, and can therefore be used as a practical guide for the interpretation of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf D Rubinstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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120
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Wong VKW, Li T, Law BYK, Ma EDL, Yip NC, Michelangeli F, Law CKM, Zhang MM, Lam KYC, Chan PL, Liu L. Saikosaponin-d, a novel SERCA inhibitor, induces autophagic cell death in apoptosis-defective cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e720. [PMID: 23846222 PMCID: PMC3730398 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular process that controls cells in a normal homeostatic state by recycling nutrients to maintain cellular energy levels for cell survival via the turnover of proteins and damaged organelles. However, persistent activation of autophagy can lead to excessive depletion of cellular organelles and essential proteins, leading to caspase-independent autophagic cell death. As such, inducing cell death through this autophagic mechanism could be an alternative approach to the treatment of cancers. Recently, we have identified a novel autophagic inducer, saikosaponin-d (Ssd), from a medicinal plant that induces autophagy in various types of cancer cells through the formation of autophagosomes as measured by GFP-LC3 puncta formation. By computational virtual docking analysis, biochemical assays and advanced live-cell imaging techniques, Ssd was shown to increase cytosolic calcium level via direct inhibition of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase pump, leading to autophagy induction through the activation of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. In addition, Ssd treatment causes the disruption of calcium homeostasis, which induces endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as the unfolded protein responses pathway. Ssd also proved to be a potent cytotoxic agent in apoptosis-defective or apoptosis-resistant mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, which either lack caspases 3, 7 or 8 or had the Bax-Bak double knockout. These results provide a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of Ssd, as a novel autophagic inducer, which has the potential of being developed into an anti-cancer agent for targeting apoptosis-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V KW Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - T Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - B YK Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - E DL Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - N C Yip
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - F Michelangeli
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - C KM Law
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - M M Zhang
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - K YC Lam
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - P L Chan
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - L Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly controlled self-degradation process utilised by cells to sustain cellular homeostasis and to support cell survival in response to metabolic stress and starvation. Thus, autophagy plays a critical role in promoting cell integrity and maintaining proper function of cellular processes. Defects in autophagy, however, can have drastic implications in human health and diseases, including cancer. Described as a double-edged sword in the context of cancer, autophagy can act as both suppressor and facilitator of tumorigenesis. As such, defining the precise role of autophagy in a multistep event like cancer progression can be complex. Recent findings have implicated a role for components of the autophagy pathway in oncogene-mediated cell transformation, tumour growth, and survival. Notably, aggressive cancers driven by Ras oncoproteins rely on autophagy to sustain a reprogrammed mitochondrial metabolic signature and evade cell death. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of oncogene-induced autophagy in cancer progression and discuss how modulators of autophagic responses can bring about therapeutic benefit and eradication of a subset of cancers that are addicted to this ancient recycling machinery.
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122
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Ren SX, Shen J, Cheng ASL, Lu L, Chan RLY, Li ZJ, Wang XJ, Wong CCM, Zhang L, Ng SSM, Chan FL, Chan FKL, Yu J, Sung JJY, Wu WKK, Cho CH. FK-16 derived from the anticancer peptide LL-37 induces caspase-independent apoptosis and autophagic cell death in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63641. [PMID: 23700428 PMCID: PMC3659029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune peptides, including cathelicidins, have been reported to possess anticancer properties. We previously reported that LL-37, the only cathelicidin in humans, suppresses the development of colon cancer. In this study, the potential anticancer effect of FK-16, a fragment of LL-37 corresponding to residues 17 to 32, on cultured colon cancer cells was evaluated. FK-16 induced a unique pattern of cell death, marked by concurrent activation of caspase-independent apoptosis and autophagy. The former was mediated by the nuclear translocation of AIF and EndoG whereas the latter was characterized by enhanced expression of LC3-I/II, Atg5 and Atg7 and increased formation of LC3-positive autophagosomes. Knockdown of Atg5 or Atg7 attenuated the cytotoxicity of FK-16, indicating FK-16-induced autophagy was pro-death in nature. Mechanistically, FK-16 activated nuclear p53 to upregulate Bax and downregulate Bcl-2. Knockdown of p53, genetic ablation of Bax, or overexpression of Bcl-2 reversed FK-16-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Importantly, abolition of AIF/EndoG-dependent apoptosis enhanced FK-16-induced autophagy while abolition of autophagy augmented FK-16-induced AIF-/EndoG-dependent apoptosis. Collectively, FK-16 induces caspase-independent apoptosis and autophagy through the common p53-Bcl-2/Bax cascade in colon cancer cells. Our study also uncovered previously unknown reciprocal regulation between these two cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun X. Ren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Shen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred S. L. Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lan Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby L. Y. Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi J. Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao J. Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clover C. M. Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon S. M. Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franky L. Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K. L. Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K. K. Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chi H. Cho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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123
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Yang C, Shogren KL, Goyal R, Bravo D, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. RNA-dependent protein kinase is essential for 2-methoxyestradiol-induced autophagy in osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59406. [PMID: 23527187 PMCID: PMC3602192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. Surgical resection and adjunctive chemotherapy are the only widely available options of treatment for this disease. Anti-tumor compound 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) triggers cell death through the induction of apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells, but not in normal osteoblasts. In this report, we have investigated whether autophagy plays a role in 2-ME actions on osteosarcoma cells. Transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that 2-ME treatment leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes in human osteosarcoma cells. 2-ME induces the conversion of the microtubule-associated protein LC3-I to LC3-II, a biochemical marker of autophagy that is correlated with the formation of autophagosomes. Conversion to LC3-II is accompanied by protein degradation in 2-ME-treated cells. 2-ME does not induce autophagosome formation in normal primary human osteoblasts. In addition, 2-ME-dependent autophagosome formation in osteosarcoma cells requires ATG7 expression. Furthermore, 2-ME does not induce accumulation of autophagosomes in osteosarcoma cells that express dominant negative mutant RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and are resistant to anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects of 2-ME. Taken together, our study shows that 2-ME treatment induces PKR-dependent autophagy in osteosarcoma cells, and that autophagy could play an important role in 2-ME-mediated anti-tumor actions and in the control of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kristen L. Shogren
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ribu Goyal
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dalibel Bravo
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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124
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Zinc oxide nanoparticle induced autophagic cell death and mitochondrial damage via reactive oxygen species generation. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1187-95. [PMID: 23458966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-np) are used in an increasing number of industrial products such as paint, coating and cosmetics, and in other biological applications. There have been many suggestions of a ZnO-np toxicity paradigm but the underlying molecular mechanisms about the toxicity of ZnO-np remain unclear. This study was done to determine the potential toxicity of ZnO-np and to assess the toxicity mechanism in normal skin cells. Synthesized ZnO-np generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), as determined by electron spin resonance. After uptake into cells, ZnO-np induced ROS in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. To demonstrate ZnO-np toxicity mechanism related to ROS, we detected abnormal autophagic vacuoles accumulation and mitochondria dysfunction after ZnO-np treatment. Furthermore mitochondria membrane potential and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) production are decreased for culture with ZnO-np. We conclude that ZnO-np leads to cell death through autophagic vacuole accumulation and mitochondria damage in normal skin cells via ROS induction. Accordingly, ZnO-np may cause toxicity and the results highlight and need for careful regulation of ZnO-np production and use.
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125
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Finger EC, Cheng CF, Williams TR, Rankin EB, Bedogni B, Tachiki L, Spong S, Giaccia AJ, Powell MB. CTGF is a therapeutic target for metastatic melanoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:1093-100. [PMID: 23435419 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remains a devastating disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than five percent. Despite recent advances in targeted therapies for melanoma, only a small percentage of melanoma patients experience durable remissions. Therefore, it is critical to identify new therapies for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Here, we define connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) as a therapeutic target for metastatic melanoma. Clinically, CTGF expression correlates with tumor progression and is strongly induced by hypoxia through HIF-1 and HIF-2-dependent mechanisms. Genetic inhibition of CTGF in human melanoma cells is sufficient to significantly reduce orthotopic tumor growth, as well as metastatic tumor growth in the lung of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Mechanistically, inhibition of CTGF decreased invasion and migration associated with reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Most importantly, the anti-CTGF antibody, FG-3019, had a profound inhibitory effect on the progression of established metastatic melanoma. These results offer the first preclinical validation of anti-CTGF therapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma and underscore the importance of tumor hypoxia in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Finger
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C-F Cheng
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T R Williams
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E B Rankin
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B Bedogni
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - L Tachiki
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Spong
- FibroGen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M B Powell
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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126
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Jain MV, Paczulla AM, Klonisch T, Dimgba FN, Rao SB, Roberg K, Schweizer F, Lengerke C, Davoodpour P, Palicharla VR, Maddika S, Łos M. Interconnections between apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic pathways: implications for cancer therapy development. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:12-29. [PMID: 23301705 PMCID: PMC3823134 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of knowledge on apoptosis regulation in the 1990s was followed by the development of several experimental anticancer- and anti-ischaemia (stroke or myocardial infarction) drugs. Activation of apoptotic pathways or the removal of cellular apoptotic inhibitors has been suggested to aid cancer therapy and the inhibition of apoptosis was thought to limit ischaemia-induced damage. However, initial clinical studies on apoptosis-modulating drugs led to unexpected results in different clinical conditions and this may have been due to co-effects on non-apoptotic interconnected cell death mechanisms and the ‘yin-yang’ role of autophagy in survival versus cell death. In this review, we extend the analysis of cell death beyond apoptosis. Upon introduction of molecular pathways governing autophagy and necrosis (also called necroptosis or programmed necrosis), we focus on the interconnected character of cell death signals and on the shared cell death processes involving mitochondria (e.g. mitophagy and mitoptosis) and molecular signals playing prominent roles in multiple pathways (e.g. Bcl2-family members and p53). We also briefly highlight stress-induced cell senescence that plays a role not only in organismal ageing but also offers the development of novel anticancer strategies. Finally, we briefly illustrate the interconnected character of cell death forms in clinical settings while discussing irradiation-induced mitotic catastrophe. The signalling pathways are discussed in their relation to cancer biology and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur V Jain
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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127
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Abstract
Although DNA damaging chemotherapy and radiation therapy remain the main stay of current treatments for cancer patient, these therapies usually have toxic side effect and narrow therapeutic window. One of the challenges in cancer drug discovery is how to identify drugs that selectively kill cancer cells while leaving the normal cell intact. Recently, synthetic lethality has been applied to cancer drug discovery in various settings, and has become a promising approach for identifying novel agents for the treatment of cancer. A prototypical example is the synthetic lethal interaction between PARP inhibition and BRCA deficiency. PARP inhibitors represent the most advanced clinical agents targeting specifically DNA repair mechanisms in cancer therapy. In this chapter, I will review the molecular mechanism for this synthetic lethality and the clinical applications for PARP inhibitors. I will also discuss the formats of synthetic lethal screens, current progress on the utilization of these screens, and some of the advantages and challenges of synthetic lethal screens in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Liu
- Cancer Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA
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128
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Chaabane W, User SD, El-Gazzah M, Jaksik R, Sajjadi E, Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Los MJ. Autophagy, apoptosis, mitoptosis and necrosis: interdependence between those pathways and effects on cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 61:43-58. [PMID: 23229678 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental ingredient of life. Thus, not surprisingly more than one form of cell death exists. Several excellent reviews on various forms of cell death have already been published but manuscripts describing interconnection and interdependence between such processes are uncommon. Here, what follows is a brief introduction on all three classical forms of cell death, followed by a more detailed insight into the role of p53, the master regulator of apoptosis, and other forms of cell death. While discussing p53 and also the role of caspases in cell death forms, we offer insight into the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis, or necrosis, where autophagy may initially serve pro-survival functions. The review moves further to present some details about less researched forms of programmed cell death, namely necroptosis, necrosis and mitoptosis. These "mixed" forms of cell death allow us to highlight the interconnected nature of cell death forms, particularly apoptosis and necrosis. The interdependence between apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis, and their significance for cancer development and treatment are also analyzed in further parts of the review. In the concluding parts, the afore-mentioned issues will be put in perspective for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chaabane
- Division of Cell Biology, Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Cell Biology Building, Linköping, Sweden
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129
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Rodriguez OC, Choudhury S, Kolukula V, Vietsch EE, Catania J, Preet A, Reynoso K, Bargonetti J, Wellstein A, Albanese C, Avantaggiati ML. Dietary downregulation of mutant p53 levels via glucose restriction: mechanisms and implications for tumor therapy. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4436-46. [PMID: 23151455 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human tumors express mutant forms of p53 at high levels, promoting gain of oncogenic functions and correlating with disease progression, resistance to therapy and unfavorable prognosis. p53 mutant accumulation in tumors is attributed to the ability to evade degradation by the proteasome, the only currently recognized machinery for p53 disruption. We report here that glucose restriction (GR) induces p53 mutant deacetylation, routing it for degradation via autophagy. Depletion of p53 leads, in turn, to robust autophagic activation and to cell death, while expression of degradation-defective mutant p53 blocks autophagy and enables survival to GR. Furthermore, we found that a carbohydrate-free dietetic regimen that lowers the fasting glucose levels blunts p53 mutant expression and oncogenic activity relative to a normal diet in several animal model systems. These findings indicate that the stability of mutant forms of p53 is influenced by the levels of glucose and by dietetic habits. They also unravel the existence of an inhibitory loop between autophagy and mutant p53 that can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Catalina Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
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130
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Hart LS, Cunningham JT, Datta T, Dey S, Tameire F, Lehman SL, Qiu B, Zhang H, Cerniglia G, Bi M, Li Y, Gao Y, Liu H, Li C, Maity A, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Perl AE, Koong A, Fuchs SY, Diehl JA, Mills IG, Ruggero D, Koumenis C. ER stress-mediated autophagy promotes Myc-dependent transformation and tumor growth. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4621-34. [PMID: 23143306 DOI: 10.1172/jci62973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-Myc paradoxically activates both proliferation and apoptosis. In the pathogenic state, c-Myc-induced apoptosis is bypassed via a critical, yet poorly understood escape mechanism that promotes cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER initiates a cellular stress program termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) to support cell survival. Analysis of spontaneous mouse and human lymphomas demonstrated significantly higher levels of UPR activation compared with normal tissues. Using multiple genetic models, we demonstrated that c-Myc and N-Myc activated the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 arm of the UPR, leading to increased cell survival via the induction of cytoprotective autophagy. Inhibition of PERK significantly reduced Myc-induced autophagy, colony formation, and tumor formation. Moreover, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy resulted in increased Myc-dependent apoptosis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated an important link between Myc-dependent increases in protein synthesis and UPR activation. Specifically, by employing a mouse minute (L24+/-) mutant, which resulted in wild-type levels of protein synthesis and attenuation of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis, we showed that Myc-induced UPR activation was reversed. Our findings establish a role for UPR as an enhancer of c-Myc-induced transformation and suggest that UPR inhibition may be particularly effective against malignancies characterized by c-Myc overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori S Hart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5156, USA
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131
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HBx induces HepG-2 cells autophagy through PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 372:161-8. [PMID: 23001846 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is the dominant global cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially hepatitis B virus-X (HBx) plays a major role in this process. HBx protein promotes cell cycle progression, inactivates negative growth regulators, and binds to and inhibits the expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene and other tumor suppressor genes and senescence-related factors. However, the relationship between HBx and autophagy during the HCC development is poorly known. Previous studies found that autophagy functions as a survival mechanism in liver cancer cells. We suggest that autophagy plays a possible role in the pathogenesis of HBx-induced HCC. The present study showed that HBx transfection brought about an increase in the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, Beclin 1, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2a were up-regulated after HBx transfection. HBx-induced increase in the autophagic level was increased by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and was blocked by treatment with the PI3K-Akt inhibitor LY294002. The same results can also be found in HepG2.2.15 cells. These results suggest that HBx activates the autophagic lysosome pathway in HepG-2 cells through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway.
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132
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Bischoff P, Josset E, Dumont FJ. Novel pharmacological modulators of autophagy and therapeutic prospects. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1053-79. [PMID: 22860892 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.715148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is an intracellular process of self-digestion involving the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules. It occurs at low basal levels to perform housekeeping functions and is dramatically augmented upon nutrient depletion or exposure to other stresses, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance and providing cytoprotective responses to adverse conditions. Mounting evidence that autophagy malfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases has stimulated efforts to identify pharmacological agents that modulate autophagy in potentially beneficial ways. Here, we review the progresses accomplished toward this goal in recent years, as reflected by the patent literature. AREAS COVERED Patent applications published from 2008 to mid-2012 that pertain to the pharmacological modulation of autophagy are reviewed and their potential therapeutic utilities are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Of 40 patents related to autophagy, 21 claim novel enhancers or inhibitors of autophagy. One of the most promising applications of these compounds concerns cancer therapy, a few of them being already considered for clinical evaluation. Further work is, however, needed to identify compounds that target unique molecular effectors/regulators of autophagy to selectively modulate its various stages in different tissues and to design therapeutic interventions applicable to a broad variety of dysfunctional autophagy-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bischoff
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
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133
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Swampillai A, Salomoni P, Short S. The Role of Autophagy in Clinical Practice. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2012; 24:387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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134
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Bray K, Mathew R, Lau A, Kamphorst JJ, Fan J, Chen J, Chen HY, Ghavami A, Stein M, DiPaola RS, Zhang D, Rabinowitz JD, White E. Autophagy suppresses RIP kinase-dependent necrosis enabling survival to mTOR inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41831. [PMID: 22848625 PMCID: PMC3406086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibitors are used clinically to treat renal cancer but are not curative. Here we show that autophagy is a resistance mechanism of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines to mTOR inhibitors. RCC cell lines have high basal autophagy that is required for survival to mTOR inhibition. In RCC4 cells, inhibition of mTOR with CCI-779 stimulates autophagy and eliminates RIP kinases (RIPKs) and this is blocked by autophagy inhibition, which induces RIPK- and ROS-dependent necroptosis in vitro and suppresses xenograft growth. Autophagy of mitochondria is required for cell survival since mTOR inhibition turns off Nrf2 antioxidant defense. Thus, coordinate mTOR and autophagy inhibition leads to an imbalance between ROS production and defense, causing necroptosis that may enhance cancer treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bray
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robin Mathew
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Lau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jurre J. Kamphorst
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jim Chen
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Anahita Ghavami
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mark Stein
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robert S. DiPaola
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Donna Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eileen White
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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135
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Cardaci S, Rizza S, Filomeni G, Bernardini R, Bertocchi F, Mattei M, Paci M, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Glutamine deprivation enhances antitumor activity of 3-bromopyruvate through the stabilization of monocarboxylate transporter-1. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4526-36. [PMID: 22773663 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drug efficacy might be leveraged by strategies to target certain biochemical adaptations of tumors. Here we show how depriving cancer cells of glutamine can enhance the anticancer properties of 3-bromopyruvate, a halogenated analog of pyruvic acid. Glutamine deprival potentiated 3-bromopyruvate chemotherapy by increasing the stability of the monocarboxylate transporter-1, an effect that sensitized cells to metabolic oxidative stress and autophagic cell death. We further elucidated mechanisms through which resistance to chemopotentiation by glutamine deprival could be circumvented. Overall, our findings offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for how to employ 3-bromopyruvate or other monocarboxylic-based drugs to sensitize tumors to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cardaci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
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136
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Jonasch E, Futreal A, Davis I, Bailey S, Kim WY, Brugarolas J, Giaccia A, Kurban G, Pause A, Frydman J, Zurita A, Rini BI, Sharma P, Atkins M, Walker C, Rathmell WK. State of the science: an update on renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:859-80. [PMID: 22638109 PMCID: PMC3399969 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) are emerging as a complex set of diseases that are having a major socioeconomic impact and showing a continued rise in incidence throughout the world. As the field of urologic oncology faces these trends, several major genomic and mechanistic discoveries are altering our core understanding of this multitude of cancers, including several new rare subtypes of renal cancers. In this review, these new findings are examined and placed in the context of the well-established association of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and resultant aberrant hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling. The impact of novel ccRCC-associated genetic lesions on chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation is explored. The effects of VHL mutation on primary ciliary function, extracellular matrix homeostasis, and tumor metabolism are discussed. Studies of VHL proteostasis, with the goal of harnessing the proteostatic machinery to refunctionalize mutant VHL, are reviewed. Translational efforts using molecular tools to elucidate discriminating features of ccRCC tumors and develop improved prognostic and predictive algorithms are presented, and new therapeutics arising from the earliest molecular discoveries in ccRCC are summarized. By creating an integrated review of the key genomic and molecular biological disease characteristics of ccRCC and placing these data in the context of the evolving therapeutic landscape, we intend to facilitate interaction among basic, translational, and clinical researchers involved in the treatment of this devastating disease, and accelerate progress toward its ultimate eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Davis
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sean Bailey
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William Y. Kim
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian I. Rini
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Pam Sharma
- University of Texas-Houston Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Cheryl Walker
- University of Texas-Houston Medical Center, Houston, TX
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137
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Huber TB, Edelstein CL, Hartleben B, Inoki K, Jiang M, Koya D, Kume S, Lieberthal W, Pallet N, Quiroga A, Ravichandran K, Susztak K, Yoshida S, Dong Z. Emerging role of autophagy in kidney function, diseases and aging. Autophagy 2012; 8:1009-31. [PMID: 22692002 PMCID: PMC3429540 DOI: 10.4161/auto.19821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that degrades cellular long-lived proteins and organelles. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy plays a critical role in kidney maintenance, diseases and aging. Ischemic, toxic, immunological, and oxidative insults can cause an induction of autophagy in renal epithelial cells modifying the course of various kidney diseases. This review summarizes recent insights on the role of autophagy in kidney physiology and diseases alluding to possible novel intervention strategies for treating specific kidney disorders by modifying autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias B Huber
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany.
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138
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EDL-291, a novel isoquinoline, presents antiglioblastoma effects in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:494-504. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328351ee4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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139
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Killian M. Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. AIDS Res Ther 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22606989 PMCID: PMC3514335 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the major mechanism for degrading long-lived intracellular proteins and organelles, is essential for eukaryotic cell homeostasis. Autophagy also defends the cell against invasion by microorganisms and has important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Increasingly evident is that HIV-1 replication is dependent on select components of autophagy. Fittingly, HIV-1 proteins are able to modulate autophagy to maximize virus production. At the same time, HIV-1 proteins appear to disrupt autophagy in uninfected cells, thereby contributing to CD4+ cell death and HIV-1 pathogenesis. These observations allow for new approaches for the treatment and possibly the prevention of HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on the relationship between autophagy and HIV-1 infection. Discussed is how autophagy plays dual roles in HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 disease progression.
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140
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Anbalagan S, Pires IM, Blick C, Hill MA, Ferguson DJP, Chan DA, Hammond EM. Radiosensitization of renal cell carcinoma in vitro through the induction of autophagy. Radiother Oncol 2012; 103:388-93. [PMID: 22551566 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For patients diagnosed with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there are few therapeutic options. Radiation therapy is predominantly used to treat metastasis and has not proven effective in the adjuvant setting for renal cancer. Furthermore, RCC is resistant to standard cytotoxic chemotherapies. Targeted anti-angiogenics are the standard of care for RCC but are not curative. Newer agents, such as mTOR inhibitors and others that induce autophagy, have shown great promise for treating RCC. Here, we investigate the potential use of the small molecule STF-62247 to modulate radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using RCC cell lines, we evaluate sensitivity to radiation in addition to agents that induce autophagic cell death by clonogenic survival assays. Furthermore, these were also tested under physiological oxygen levels. RESULTS STF-62247 specifically induces autophagic cell death in cells that have lost VHL, an essential mutation in the development of RCC. Treatment with STF-62247 did not alter cell cycle progression but when combined with radiation increased cell killing under oxic and hypoxic/physiological conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the possibility of combining targeted therapeutics such as STF-62247 or temsirolimus with radiation to reduce the reliance on partial or full nephrectomy and improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Anbalagan
- The Cancer Research UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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141
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Abstract
Autophagy (also known as macroautophagy) captures intracellular components in autophagosomes and delivers them to lysosomes, where they are degraded and recycled. Autophagy can have two functions in cancer. It can be tumour suppressive through the elimination of oncogenic protein substrates, toxic unfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Alternatively, it can be tumour promoting in established cancers through autophagy-mediated intracellular recycling that provides substrates for metabolism and that maintains the functional pool of mitochondria. Therefore, defining the context-specific role for autophagy in cancer and the mechanisms involved will be important to guide autophagy-based therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen White
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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142
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143
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Mikhaylova O, Stratton Y, Hall D, Kellner E, Ehmer B, Drew AF, Gallo CA, Plas DR, Biesiada J, Meller J, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF. VHL-regulated MiR-204 suppresses tumor growth through inhibition of LC3B-mediated autophagy in renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:532-46. [PMID: 22516261 PMCID: PMC3331999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene (VHL) is lost in most clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). Here, using human ccRCC specimens, VHL-deficient cells, and xenograft models, we show that miR-204 is a VHL-regulated tumor suppressor acting by inhibiting macroautophagy, with MAP1LC3B (LC3B) as a direct and functional target. Of note, higher tumor grade of human ccRCC was correlated with a concomitant decrease in miR-204 and increase in LC3B levels, indicating that LC3B-mediated macroautophagy is necessary for RCC progression. VHL, in addition to inducing endogenous miR-204, triggered the expression of LC3C, an HIF-regulated LC3B paralog, that suppressed tumor growth. These data reveal a function of VHL as a tumor-suppressing regulator of autophagic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mikhaylova
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Yiwen Stratton
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Daniel Hall
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Emily Kellner
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Birgit Ehmer
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Angela F. Drew
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Catherine A. Gallo
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - David R. Plas
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
| | - Jacek Biesiada
- Division of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jarek Meller
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056
- Division of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Maria F. Czyzyk-Krzeska
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0505
- VA Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, OH 45220
- Corresponding author: Maria F. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, Tel: (513) 558-1957, Fax: (513) 558-5422,
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144
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Abstract
von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by inherited mutations that inactivate the VHL tumour suppressor gene. The VHL locus encodes pVHL, whose best studied function is to bind to and down-regulate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of oxygen-dependent transcription factors. Early efforts have established the fundamental role of HIF in VHL-defective tumorigenesis and in particular renal cell carcinoma. However, recent findings have revealed an alternate side to the story, the HIF-independenttumour suppressor functions of pVHL. These include pVHL's ability to regulate apoptosis and senescence as well as its role in the maintenance of primary cilium and orchestrating the deposition of the extracellular matrix. To what extent these HIF-dependent and HIF-independent functions cooperate in VHL-defective tumorigenesis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Li
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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145
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Hu C, Zou MJ, Zhao L, Lu N, Sun YJ, Gou SH, Xi T, Guo QL. E Platinum, a newly synthesized platinum compound, induces autophagy via inhibiting phosphorylation of mTOR in gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:78-86. [PMID: 22322152 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A tightly regulated catabolic process named autophagy involves the degradation of intracellular components via lysosomes. Here we investigate the antitumor effect of E Platinum, a newly synthesized derivative of oxaliplatin, in vivo and in vitro. E Platinum exhibits growth inhibition of various tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner, but the mechanism underlying it is unclear. Based on theory introducing autophagy, we preliminarily investigate whether autophagy could contribute to the antitumor activity of E Platinum. Our results showed that autophagy induced by 12.5 μM E Platinum in gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells was significantly characterized by the FITC-fluorescent microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP-LC3), lysosomal-rich/acidic compartments visualized with Lysotracker red (LTR-red) and an accumulation of numerous large autophagic vesicles within the cytoplasm, but not in the control cells. Meanwhile treatment of cells with 12.5 μM E Platinum resulted in conversion of water soluble LC3 (LC3-I) to lipidated and autophagosome-associated form (LC3-II) as well as increasing expression of autophagy protein Beclin 1. Activation of predominant lysosomal aspartic protease, LAMP-1 and cathepsin D, was demonstrated. Moreover, RNA interference targeting Beclin 1, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine significantly suppressed the above process as well as the BGC-823 cells growth inhibition triggered by 12.5 μM E Platinum. Studies of mechanism revealed that E Platinum suppressed activation of mTOR and p70S6K by decreasing phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, JNK and p38 involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. We supported new evidences for E Platinum as a promising antitumor agent, involving with autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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146
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147
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Qi Q, Shen Q, Lü L. Polyfluoroalkylation of 2-Aminothiazoles: Unexpected sp3 CCl Substitution under Mild Conditions. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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148
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Chan DA, Sutphin PD, Nguyen P, Turcotte S, Lai EW, Banh A, Reynolds GE, Chi JT, Wu J, Solow-Cordero DE, Bonnet M, Flanagan JU, Bouley DM, Graves EE, Denny WA, Hay MP, Giaccia AJ. Targeting GLUT1 and the Warburg effect in renal cell carcinoma by chemical synthetic lethality. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:94ra70. [PMID: 21813754 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying new targeted therapies that kill tumor cells while sparing normal tissue is a major challenge of cancer research. Using a high-throughput chemical synthetic lethal screen, we sought to identify compounds that exploit the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, which occurs in about 80% of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). RCCs, like many other cancers, are dependent on aerobic glycolysis for ATP production, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. The dependence of RCCs on glycolysis is in part a result of induction of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). Here, we report the identification of a class of compounds, the 3-series, exemplified by STF-31, which selectively kills RCCs by specifically targeting glucose uptake through GLUT1 and exploiting the unique dependence of these cells on GLUT1 for survival. Treatment with these agents inhibits the growth of RCCs by binding GLUT1 directly and impeding glucose uptake in vivo without toxicity to normal tissue. Activity of STF-31 in these experimental renal tumors can be monitored by [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by micro-positron emission tomography imaging, and therefore, these agents may be readily tested clinically in human tumors. Our results show that the Warburg effect confers distinct characteristics on tumor cells that can be selectively targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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149
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Shen S, Kepp O, Michaud M, Martins I, Minoux H, Métivier D, Maiuri MC, Kroemer RT, Kroemer G. Association and dissociation of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis by systematic chemical study. Oncogene 2011; 30:4544-56. [PMID: 21577201 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the question of whether established or experimental anticancer chemotherapeutics can exert their cytotoxic effects by autophagy, we performed a high-content screen on a set of cytotoxic agents. We simultaneously determined parameters of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis on cells exposed to -1400 compounds. Many agents induced a 'pure' autophagic, apoptotic or necrotic phenotype, whereas less than 100 simultaneously induced autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis. A systematic analysis of the autophagic flux induced by the most potent 80 inducers of GFP-LC3 puncta among the NCI panel agents showed that 59 among them truly induced autophagy. The remaining 21 compounds were potent inducers of apoptosis or necrosis, yet failed to stimulate an autophagic flux, which were characterized as microtubule inhibitors. Knockdown of ATG7 was efficient in preventing GFP-LC3 puncta, yet failed to attenuate cell death by the agents that induce GFP-LC3 puncta. Thus there is not a single compound that would induce cell death by autophagy in our screening, underscoring the idea that cell death is rarely, if ever, executed by autophagy in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shen
- INSERM, U848, Villejuif, France
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150
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Idikio HA. Galectin-3 and Beclin1/Atg6 genes in human cancers: using cDNA tissue panel, qRT-PCR, and logistic regression model to identify cancer cell biomarkers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26150. [PMID: 22039439 PMCID: PMC3198435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer biomarkers are sought to support cancer diagnosis, predict cancer patient response to treatment and survival. Identifying reliable biomarkers for predicting cancer treatment response needs understanding of all aspects of cancer cell death and survival. Galectin-3 and Beclin1 are involved in two coordinated pathways of programmed cell death, apoptosis and autophagy and are linked to necroptosis/necrosis. The aim of the study was to quantify galectin-3 and Beclin1 mRNA in human cancer tissue cDNA panels and determine their utility as biomarkers of cancer cell survival. Methods and Results A panel of 96 cDNAs from eight (8) different normal and cancer tissue types were used for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using ABI7900HT. Miner2.0, a web-based 4- and 3- parameter logistic regression software was used to derive individual well polymerase chain reaction efficiencies (E) and cycle threshold (Ct) values. Miner software derived formula was used to calculate mRNA levels and then fold changes. The ratios of cancer to normal tissue levels of galectin-3 and Beclin1 were calculated (using the mean for each tissue type). Relative mRNA expressions for galectin-3 were higher than for Beclin1 in all tissue (normal and cancer) types. In cancer tissues, breast, kidney, thyroid and prostate had the highest galectin-3 mRNA levels compared to normal tissues. High levels of Beclin1 mRNA levels were in liver and prostate cancers when compared to normal tissues. Breast, kidney and thyroid cancers had high galectin-3 levels and low Beclin1 levels. Conclusion Galectin-3 expression patterns in normal and cancer tissues support its reported roles in human cancer. Beclin1 expression pattern supports its roles in cancer cell survival and in treatment response. qRT-PCR analysis method used may enable high throughput studies to generate molecular biomarker sets for diagnosis and predicting cancer treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halliday A Idikio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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