101
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Levchenko A, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, Fedorenko OY, Kornetova EG, Nurgaliev T, Mazo GE, Semke AV, Kibitov AO, Bokhan NA, Gainetdinov RR, Ivanova SA. A genome-wide association study identifies a gene network associated with paranoid schizophrenia and antipsychotics-induced tardive dyskinesia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110134. [PMID: 33065217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a cohort of 505 patients with paranoid schizophrenia (SCZ), of which 95 had tardive dyskinesia (TD), and 503 healthy controls. Using data generated by the PsychENCODE Consortium (PEC) and other bioinformatic databases, we revealed a gene network, implicated in neurodevelopment and brain function, associated with both these disorders. Almost all these genes are in gene or isoform co-expression PEC network modules important for the functioning of the brain; the activity of these networks is also altered in SCZ, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorders. The associated PEC network modules are enriched for gene ontology terms relevant to the brain development and function (CNS development, neuron development, axon ensheathment, synapse, synaptic vesicle cycle, and signaling receptor activity) and to the immune system (inflammatory response). Results of the present study suggest that orofacial and limbtruncal types of TD seem to share the molecular network with SCZ. Paranoid SCZ and abnormal involuntary movements that indicate the orofacial type of TD are associated with the same genomic loci on chromosomes 3p22.2, 8q21.13, and 13q14.2. The limbtruncal type of TD is associated with a locus on chromosome 3p13 where the best functional candidate is FOXP1, a high-confidence SCZ gene. The results of this study shed light on common pathogenic mechanisms for SCZ and TD, and indicate that the pathogenesis of the orofacial and limbtruncal types of TD might be driven by interacting genes implicated in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Levchenko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Galina E Mazo
- Department of Endocrine Psychiatry, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander O Kibitov
- Department of Endocrine Psychiatry, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Serbsky National Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Addictions, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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102
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Zhang ZH, Song GL. Roles of Selenoproteins in Brain Function and the Potential Mechanism of Selenium in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646518. [PMID: 33762907 PMCID: PMC7982578 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) and its compounds have been reported to have great potential in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the functional mechanism of Se in these processes, limiting its further clinical application. Se exerts its biological functions mainly through selenoproteins, which play vital roles in maintaining optimal brain function. Therefore, selenoproteins, especially brain function-associated selenoproteins, may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we analyze the expression and distribution of 25 selenoproteins in the brain and summarize the relationships between selenoproteins and brain function by reviewing recent literature and information contained in relevant databases to identify selenoproteins (GPX4, SELENOP, SELENOK, SELENOT, GPX1, SELENOM, SELENOS, and SELENOW) that are highly expressed specifically in AD-related brain regions and closely associated with brain function. Finally, the potential functions of these selenoproteins in AD are discussed, for example, the function of GPX4 in ferroptosis and the effects of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein SELENOK on Ca2+ homeostasis and receptor-mediated synaptic functions. This review discusses selenoproteins that are closely associated with brain function and the relevant pathways of their involvement in AD pathology to provide new directions for research on the mechanism of Se in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo-Li Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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103
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Wang Y, Zhao M, Sun L. The Potential Role of Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:907-925. [PMID: 33646161 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia, accounting for approximately 60%-80%of all cases. Although much effort has been made over the years, the precise mechanism of AD has not been completely elucidated. Recently, great attention has shifted to the roles of iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. We also note that these pathological events are the vital regulators of a novel regulatory cell death, termed ferroptosis-an iron-dependent, oxidative, non-apoptotic cell death. Ferroptosis differs from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy with respect to morphology, biochemistry, and genetics. Mounting evidence suggests that ferroptosis may be involved in neurological disorders, including AD. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis; discuss the potential interaction between AD and ferroptosis in terms of iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 axis; and describe some associated studies that have explored the implication of ferroptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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104
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Zeng X, An H, Yu F, Wang K, Zheng L, Zhou W, Bao Y, Yang J, Shen N, Huang D. Benefits of Iron Chelators in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1239-1251. [PMID: 33646533 PMCID: PMC8053182 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a novel discovered regulated cell death pattern, ferroptosis has been associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and has attracted widespread attention. Nevertheless, the relationship between ferroptosis and PD pathogenesis is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of iron overload on dopaminergic (DA) neurons and its correlation with ferroptosis. Here we use nerve growth factor (NGF) induced PC12 cells which are derived from pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal to establish a classical PD in vitro model. We found significantly decreased cell viability in NGF-PC12 cell under ammonium ferric citrate (FAC) administration. Moreover, excessive intracellular iron ions induced the increase of (reactive oxygen species) ROS release as well as the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12-NGF cells. In addition, we also found that overloaded iron can activate cell apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways, which led to cell death. Furthermore, MPP-induced PD cells were characterized by mitochondrial shrinkage, decreased expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), and increased divalent metal transporter (DMT1) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression level. In contrast, Lip-1 and DFO increased the expression level of GPX4 and FTH1 compared to MPP-induced PD cell. In conclusion, we indicated that overloaded intracellular iron contributes to neurons death via apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways, while DFO, an iron chelator, can inhibit ferroptosis in order to protect the neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hedi An
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lanlan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yiwen Bao
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Dongya Huang
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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105
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Ficiarà E, Boschi S, Ansari S, D'Agata F, Abollino O, Caroppo P, Di Fede G, Indaco A, Rainero I, Guiot C. Machine Learning Profiling of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Based on Current Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers and Iron Content in Biofluids. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:607858. [PMID: 33692679 PMCID: PMC7937894 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.607858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by a complex etiology that makes therapeutic strategies still not effective. A true understanding of key pathological mechanisms and new biomarkers are needed, to identify alternative disease-modifying therapies counteracting the disease progression. Iron is an essential element for brain metabolism and its imbalance is implicated in neurodegeneration, due to its potential neurotoxic effect. However, the role of iron in different stages of dementia is not clearly established. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of iron both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum to improve early diagnosis and the related therapeutic possibility. In addition to standard clinical method to detect iron in serum, a precise quantification of total iron in CSF was performed using graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in patients affected by AD, mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, and non-demented neurological controls. The application of machine learning techniques, such as clustering analysis and multiclassification algorithms, showed a new potential stratification of patients exploiting iron-related data. The results support the involvement of iron dysregulation and its potential interaction with biomarkers (Tau protein and Amyloid-beta) in the pathophysiology and progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Boschi
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department NEUROFARBA, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Shoeb Ansari
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico D'Agata
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Caroppo
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Fede
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Indaco
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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106
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Fragoso-Morales LG, Correa-Basurto J, Rosales-Hernández MC. Implication of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase and Its Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease Murine Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020218. [PMID: 33540840 PMCID: PMC7912941 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main human dementias around the world which is constantly increasing every year due to several factors (age, genetics, environment, etc.) and there are no prevention or treatment options to cure it. AD is characterized by memory loss associated with oxidative stress (OS) in brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, etc.). OS can be produced by amyloid beta (Aβ) protein aggregation and its interaction with metals, mitochondrial damage and alterations between antioxidants and oxidant enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. NADPH oxidase produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and it is overexpressed in AD, producing large amounts of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide which damage brain cells and the vasculature. In addition, it has been reported that NADPH oxidase causes an imbalance of pH which could also influence in the amyloid beta (Aβ) production. Therefore, NADPH oxidase had been proposed as a therapeutic target in AD. However, there are no drugs for AD treatment such as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor despite great efforts made to stabilize the ROS production using antioxidant molecules. So, in this work, we will focus our attention on NADPH oxidase (NOX2 and NOX4) in AD as well as in AD models and later discuss the use of NADPH oxidase inhibitor compounds in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Guadalupe Fragoso-Morales
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(55)-572-960-00 (ext. 62767 & 62809)
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107
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Ayton S, Portbury S, Kalinowski P, Agarwal P, Diouf I, Schneider JA, Morris MC, Bush AI. Regional brain iron associated with deterioration in Alzheimer's disease: A large cohort study and theoretical significance. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1244-1256. [PMID: 33491917 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is a proposal for an update of the iron hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), based on large-scale emerging evidence. BACKGROUND Iron featured historically early in AD research efforts for its involvement in the amyloid and tau proteinopathies, APP processing, genetics, and one clinical trial, yet iron neurochemistry remains peripheral in mainstream AD research. Much of the effort investigating iron in AD has focused on the potential for iron to provoke the onset of disease, by promoting proteinopathy though increased protein expression, phosphorylation, and aggregation. NEW/UPDATED HYPOTHESIS We provide new evidence from a large post mortem cohort that brain iron levels within the normal range were associated with accelerated ante mortem disease progression in cases with underlying proteinopathic neuropathology. These results corroborate recent findings that argue for an additional downstream role for iron as an effector of neurodegeneration, acting independently of tau or amyloid pathologies. We hypothesize that the level of tissue iron is a trait that dictates the probability of neurodegeneration in AD by ferroptosis, a regulated cell death pathway that is initiated by signals such as glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation. MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE HYPOTHESIS While clinical biomarkers of ferroptosis are still in discovery, the demonstration of additional ferroptotic correlates (genetic or biomarker derived) of disease progression is required to test this hypothesis. The genes implicated in familial AD are not known to influence ferroptosis, although recent reports on APP mutations and apolipoprotein E allele (APOE) have shown impact on cellular iron retention. Familial AD mutations will need to be tested for their impact on ferroptotic vulnerability. Ultimately, this hypothesis will be substantiated, or otherwise, by a clinical trial of an anti-ferroptotic/iron compound in AD patients. LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES Iron has historically been linked to the amyloid and tau proteinopathies of AD. Tau, APP, and apoE have been implicated in physiological iron homeostasis in the brain. Iron is biochemically the origin of most chemical radicals generated in biochemistry and thus closely associated with the oxidative stress theory of AD. Iron accumulation is also a well-established consequence of aging and inflammation, which are major theories of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart Portbury
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pawel Kalinowski
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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108
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Kletetschka G, Bazala R, Takáč M, Svecova E. Magnetic domains oscillation in the brain with neurodegenerative disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:714. [PMID: 33436793 PMCID: PMC7804002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geomagnetic fields interfere with the accumulation of iron in the human brain. Magnetic sensing of the human brain provides compelling evidence of new electric mechanisms in human brains and may interfere with the evolution of neurodegenerative diseases. We revealed that the human brain may have a unique susceptibility to conduct electric currents as feedback of magnetic dipole fluctuation in superparamagnetic grains. These grains accumulate and grow with brain aging. The electric feedback creates an electronic noise background that depends on geomagnetic field intensity and may compromise functional stability of the human brain, while induced currents are spontaneously generated near superparamagnetic grains. Grain growth due to an increase of iron mobility resulted in magnetic remanence enhancement during the final years of the studied brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Kletetschka
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 903 N Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Bazala
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Charles University and General Teaching Hospital, Studničkova 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Takáč
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svecova
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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109
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Viktorinova A, Durfinova M. Mini-Review: Is iron-mediated cell death (ferroptosis) an identical factor contributing to the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases? Neurosci Lett 2021; 745:135627. [PMID: 33440237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The review article briefly discusses a hypothesis based on the potential participation of iron dyshomeostasis and iron-mediated cell death (ferroptosis) in the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases. Iron dyshomeostasis (especially cellular iron overload) is considered to be a critical condition of neurodegeneration. The etiopathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, Multiple sclerosis, and others, is different. However, there are several identical cellular processes, such as iron dyshomeostasis (an excessive iron deposition), iron-induced oxidative stress, the accumulation of lipid-generated reactive oxygen species, and ferroptosis that accompany these diseases. Based on the existing theoretical and experimental evidence, the article provides current insight into iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis as a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In addition, special attention is addressed to the possible relationship between cellular iron overload and key pathological features of selected neurodegenerative diseases, such as β-amyloid and tau proteins, α-synuclein, and demyelination. The mechanism by which ferroptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases is not fully elucidated. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to clarify the hypothesis on the potential role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Viktorinova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Durfinova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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110
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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111
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Tsatsanis A, McCorkindale AN, Wong BX, Patrick E, Ryan TM, Evans RW, Bush AI, Sutherland GT, Sivaprasadarao A, Guennewig B, Duce JA. The acute phase protein lactoferrin is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease and predictor of Aβ burden through induction of APP amyloidogenic processing. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5516-5531. [PMID: 34400772 PMCID: PMC8758478 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) forms the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) component of pathognomonic extracellular plaques of AD. Additional early cortical changes in AD include neuroinflammation and elevated iron levels. Activation of the innate immune system in the brain is a neuroprotective response to infection; however, persistent neuroinflammation is linked to AD neuropathology by uncertain mechanisms. Non-parametric machine learning analysis on transcriptomic data from a large neuropathologically characterised patient cohort revealed the acute phase protein lactoferrin (Lf) as the key predictor of amyloid pathology. In vitro studies showed that an interaction between APP and the iron-bound form of Lf secreted from activated microglia diverted neuronal APP endocytosis from the canonical clathrin-dependent pathway to one requiring ADP ribosylation factor 6 trafficking. By rerouting APP recycling to the Rab11-positive compartment for amyloidogenic processing, Lf dramatically increased neuronal Aβ production. Lf emerges as a novel pharmacological target for AD that not only modulates APP processing but provides a link between Aβ production, neuroinflammation and iron dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsatsanis
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Andrew N. McCorkindale
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Bruce X. Wong
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Tim M. Ryan
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Robert W. Evans
- grid.7728.a0000 0001 0724 6933School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Asipu Sivaprasadarao
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK
| | - Boris Guennewig
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - James A. Duce
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK ,grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire UK ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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112
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Gleason A, Bush AI. Iron and Ferroptosis as Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:252-264. [PMID: 33111259 PMCID: PMC8116360 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, has a devastating personal, familial, and societal impact. In spite of profound investment and effort, numerous clinical trials targeting amyloid-β, which is thought to have a causative role in the disease, have not yielded any clinically meaningful success to date. Iron is an essential cofactor in many physiological processes in the brain. An extensive body of work links iron dyshomeostasis with multiple aspects of the pathophysiology of AD. In particular, regional iron load appears to be a risk factor for more rapid cognitive decline. Existing iron-chelating agents have been in use for decades for other indications, and there are preliminary data that some of these could be effective in AD. Many novel iron-chelating compounds are under development, some with in vivo data showing potential Alzheimer's disease-modifying properties. This heretofore underexplored therapeutic class has considerable promise and could yield much-needed agents that slow neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gleason
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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113
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Rishi G, Subramaniam VN. Biology of the iron efflux transporter, ferroportin. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 123:1-16. [PMID: 33485480 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron, the most common metal in the earth, is also an essential component for almost all living organisms. While these organisms require iron for many biological processes, too much or too little iron itself poses many issues; this is most easily recognized in human beings. The control of body iron levels is thus an important metabolic process which is regulated essentially by controlling the expression, activity and levels of the iron transporter ferroportin. Ferroportin is the only known iron exporter. The function and activity of ferroportin is influenced by its interaction with the iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin, which itself is regulated by many factors. Here we review the current state of understanding of the mechanisms that regulate ferroportin and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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114
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Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI. The essential elements of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100105. [PMID: 33219130 PMCID: PMC7948403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) directed against the prominent amyloid plaque neuropathology are yet to be proved effective despite many phase 3 clinical trials. There are several other neurochemical abnormalities that occur in the AD brain that warrant renewed emphasis as potential therapeutic targets for this disease. Among those are the elementomic signatures of iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. Here, we review these essential elements of AD for their broad potential to contribute to Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, and we also highlight more recent attempts to translate these findings into therapeutics. A reinspection of large bodies of discovery in the AD field, such as this, may inspire new thinking about pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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115
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Bao W, Zhou X, Zhou L, Wang F, Yin X, Lu Y, Zhu L, Liu D. Targeting miR-124/Ferroportin signaling ameliorated neuronal cell death through inhibiting apoptosis and ferroptosis in aged intracerebral hemorrhage murine model. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13235. [PMID: 33068460 PMCID: PMC7681046 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and brain iron accumulation increases with age. Excess iron accumulation in brain tissues post‐ICH induces oxidative stress and neuronal damage. However, the mechanisms underlying iron deregulation in ICH, especially in the aged ICH model have not been well elucidated. Ferroportin1 (Fpn) is the only identified nonheme iron exporter in mammals to date. In our study, we reported that Fpn was significantly upregulated in perihematomal brain tissues of both aged ICH patients and mouse model. Fpn deficiency induced by injecting an adeno‐associated virus (AAV) overexpressing cre recombinase into aged Fpn‐floxed mice significantly worsened the symptoms post‐ICH, including hematoma volume, cell apoptosis, iron accumulation, and neurologic dysfunction. Meanwhile, aged mice pretreated with a virus overexpressing Fpn showed significant improvement of these symptoms. Additionally, based on prediction of website tools, expression level of potential miRNAs in ICH tissues and results of luciferase reporter assays, miR‐124 was identified to regulate Fpn expression post‐ICH. Higher serum miR‐124 levels were correlated with poor neurologic scores of aged ICH patients. Administration of miR‐124 antagomir enhanced Fpn expression and attenuated iron accumulation in aged mice model. Both apoptosis and ferroptosis, but not necroptosis, were regulated by miR‐124/Fpn signaling manipulation. Our study demonstrated the critical role of miR‐124/Fpn signaling in iron metabolism and neuronal death post‐ICH in aged murine model. Thus, Fpn upregulation or miR‐124 inhibition might be promising therapeutic approachs for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Dai Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The Institute of Brain Research Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xiao‐Ting Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The Institute of Brain Research Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lan‐Ting Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The Institute of Brain Research Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Nutrition School of Public Health Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University Jiujiang China
- Center for Clinical Precision Medicine Jiujiang University Jiujiang China
| | - Youming Lu
- The Institute of Brain Research Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ling‐Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The Institute of Brain Research Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Dan Liu
- The Institute of Brain Research Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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116
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Paul D, Chipurupalli S, Justin A, Raja K, Mohankumar SK. Caenorhabditis elegans as a possible model to screen anti-Alzheimer's therapeutics. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 106:106932. [PMID: 33091537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as one of the significant health burdens, as the prevalence is raising worldwide and gradually reaching to epidemic proportions. Consequently, a number of scientific investigations have been initiated to derive therapeutics to combat AD with a concurrent advancement in pharmacological methods and experimental models. Whilst, the available experimental pharmacological approaches both in vivo and in vitro led to the development of AD therapeutics, the precise manner by which experimental models mimic either one or more biomarkers of human pathology of AD is gaining scientific attentions. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been regarded as an emerging model for various reasons, including its high similarities with the biomarkers of human AD. Our review supports the versatile nature of C. elegans and collates that it is a well-suited model to elucidate various molecular mechanisms by which AD therapeutics elicit their pharmacological effects. It is apparent that C. elegans is capable of establishing the pathological processes that links the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria dysfunctions in AD, exploring novel molecular cascades of AD pathogenesis and underpinning causal and consequential changes in the associated proteins and genes. In summary, C. elegans is a unique and feasible model for the screening of anti-Alzheimer's therapeutics and has the potential for further scientific exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepraj Paul
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalpana Raja
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute of Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh K Mohankumar
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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117
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Kent SA, Spires-Jones TL, Durrant CS. The physiological roles of tau and Aβ: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathology and therapeutics. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:417-447. [PMID: 32728795 PMCID: PMC7498448 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tau and amyloid beta (Aβ) are the prime suspects for driving pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, as such, have become the focus of therapeutic development. Recent research, however, shows that these proteins have been highly conserved throughout evolution and may have crucial, physiological roles. Such functions may be lost during AD progression or be unintentionally disrupted by tau- or Aβ-targeting therapies. Tau has been revealed to be more than a simple stabiliser of microtubules, reported to play a role in a range of biological processes including myelination, glucose metabolism, axonal transport, microtubule dynamics, iron homeostasis, neurogenesis, motor function, learning and memory, neuronal excitability, and DNA protection. Aβ is similarly multifunctional, and is proposed to regulate learning and memory, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, repair leaks in the blood-brain barrier, promote recovery from injury, and act as an antimicrobial peptide and tumour suppressor. This review will discuss potential physiological roles of tau and Aβ, highlighting how changes to these functions may contribute to pathology, as well as the implications for therapeutic development. We propose that a balanced consideration of both the physiological and pathological roles of tau and Aβ will be essential for the design of safe and effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Kent
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Claire S. Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
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118
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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119
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Begum Y, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Bungau SG, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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120
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Xie Z, Wu H, Zhao J. Multifunctional roles of zinc in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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121
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Amyloidogenic processing of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid precursor protein induces cellular iron retention. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1958-1966. [PMID: 32444869 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytic cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP mutations that influence this processing either induce familial AD or mitigate the risk of AD. Yet Aβ formation itself may not be pathogenic. APP promotes neuronal iron efflux by stabilizing the cell-surface presentation of ferroportin, the only iron export channel of cells. Mislocalization of APP can promote iron retention, thus we hypothesized that changes in endocytotic trafficking associated with altered APP processing could contribute to the neuronal iron elevation and oxidative burden that feature in AD pathology. Here, we demonstrate, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, that endocytotic amyloidogenic processing of APP impairs iron export by destabilizing ferroportin on the cell surface. Conversely, preferential non-amyloidogenic processing of APP at the cell surface promotes ferroportin stabilization to decrease intraneuronal iron. A new Aβ-independent hypothesis emerges where the amyloidogenic processing of APP, combined with age-dependent iron elevation in the tissue, increases pro-oxidant iron burden in AD.
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122
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Lowe AJ, Sjödin S, Rodrigues FB, Byrne LM, Blennow K, Tortelli R, Zetterberg H, Wild EJ. Cerebrospinal fluid endo-lysosomal proteins as potential biomarkers for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233820. [PMID: 32804976 PMCID: PMC7430717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent an accessible means of exploring the pathobiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in vivo. The endo-lysosomal/autophagy system is dysfunctional in HD, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis and representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Several endo-lysosomal proteins have shown promise as biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, they have yet to be fully explored in HD. We performed parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis (PRM-MS) of multiple endo-lysosomal proteins in the CSF of 60 HD mutation carriers and 20 healthy controls. Using generalised linear models controlling for age and CAG, none of the 18 proteins measured displayed significant differences in concentration between HD patients and controls. This was affirmed by principal component analysis, in which no significant difference across disease stage was found in any of the three components representing lysosomal hydrolases, binding/transfer proteins and innate immune system/peripheral proteins. However, several proteins were associated with measures of disease severity and cognition: most notably amyloid precursor protein, which displayed strong correlations with composite Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, UHDRS Total Functional Capacity, UHDRS Total Motor Score, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Stroop Word Reading. We conclude that although endo-lysosomal proteins are unlikely to have value as disease state CSF biomarkers for Huntington's disease, several proteins demonstrate associations with clinical severity, thus warranting further, targeted exploration and validation in larger, longitudinal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lowe
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Filipe B. Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Byrne
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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123
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Iron-responsive-like elements and neurodegenerative ferroptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:395-413. [PMID: 32817306 PMCID: PMC7433652 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of common-acting iron-responsive 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) motifs can fold into RNA stem loops that appear significant to the biology of cognitive declines of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit perturbations of iron homeostasis in defined brain subregions over characteristic time intervals of progression. While misfolding of Aβ from the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP), alpha-synuclein, prion protein (PrP) each cause neuropathic protein inclusions in the brain subregions, iron-responsive-like element (IRE-like) RNA stem–loops reside in their transcripts. APP and αsyn have a role in iron transport while gene duplications elevate the expression of their products to cause rare familial cases of AD and PDD. Of note, IRE-like sequences are responsive to excesses of brain iron in a potential feedback loop to accelerate neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive declines as well as amyloidosis. This pathogenic feedback is consistent with the translational control of the iron storage protein ferritin. We discuss how the IRE-like RNA motifs in the 5′UTRs of APP, alpha-synuclein and PrP mRNAs represent uniquely folded drug targets for therapies to prevent perturbed iron homeostasis that accelerates AD, PD, PD dementia (PDD) and Lewy body dementia, thus preventing cognitive deficits. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein translation is an option to block manganese toxicity associated with early childhood cognitive problems and manganism while Pb toxicity is epigenetically associated with attention deficit and later-stage AD. Pathologies of heavy metal toxicity centered on an embargo of iron export may be treated with activators of APP and ferritin and inhibitors of alpha-synuclein translation.
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Kazdal F, Bahadori F, Celik B, Ertas A, Topcu G. Inhibition of Amyloid β Aggregation Using Optimized Nano-Encapsulated Formulations of Plant Extracts with High Metal Chelator Activities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:681-701. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191210125851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The role of Fe+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 in facilitating aggregation of Amyloid β (Aβ)
and consequently, the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established.
Objective:
Development of non-toxic metal chelators is an emerging era in the treatment of AD, in
which complete success has not been fully achieved. The purpose of this study was to determine plant
extracts with high metal chelator and to encapsulate them in nano-micellar systems with the ability to
pass through the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).
Method:
Extracts of 36 different Anatolian plants were prepared, total phenolic and flavonoid contents
were determined, and the extracts with high content were examined for their Fe+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2
chelating activities. Apolipoprotein E4 (Apo E) decorated nano-formulations of active extracts were
prepared using Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) (final product ApoEPLGA) to provide BBB penetrating
property.
Results:
Verbascum flavidum aqueous extract was found as the most active sample, incubation of
which, with Aβ before and after metal-induced aggregation, resulted in successful inhibition of aggregate
formation, while re-solubilization of pre-formed aggregates was not effectively achieved. The
same results were obtained using ApoEPLGA.
Conclusion:
An optimized metal chelator nano-formulation with BBB penetrating ability was prepared
and presented for further in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kazdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Bahadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulselam Ertas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Gulacti Topcu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Fatih- Istanbul, Turkey
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125
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Gong L, Gu Y, Dong Q, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhao Y, Liu X. A Direct Correlation between Red Blood Cell Indices and Cognitive Impairment After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (aSAH). Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 16:142-147. [PMID: 30977449 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666190412142718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment can occur after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) though it commonly tends to be neglected. Red blood cell (RBC) indices are associated with long-term functional outcomes, while it is unclear whether RBC indices could be a potential predictor of cognitive decline after aSAH. We aimed to investigate the association between RBC indices and post-aSAH cognitive impairment at 1 year. METHODS Patients with aSAH received neuropsychological test by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and underwent serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples test. To determine the association between RBC indices and cognitive impairment after acute aSAH, we adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 126 patients included in this study, 33% (42/126) of them were diagnosed with cognitive impairment (MoCA<26). After adjustment for potential confounders, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (OR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.19-1.55) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (OR: 1.61, 95%CI: 1.25-2.08), reflecting systemic iron status, are more likely to be associated with cognitive impairment after aSAH. CONCLUSION In this aSAH population, our data shows the positive association between MCH and MCV and cognitive impairment at 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qiong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 301# Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
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126
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Che J, Yang J, Zhao B, Zhang G, Wang L, Peng S, Shang P. The Effect of Abnormal Iron Metabolism on Osteoporosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:353-365. [PMID: 31473898 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron is one of the important trace elements in life activities. Abnormal iron metabolism increases the incidence of many skeletal diseases, especially for osteoporosis. Iron metabolism plays a key role in the bone homeostasis. Disturbance of iron metabolism not only promotes osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts but also inhibits proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, which eventually destroys the balance of bone remodeling. The strength and density of bone can be weakened by the disordered iron metabolism, which increases the incidence of osteoporosis. Clinically, compounds or drugs that regulate iron metabolism are used for the treatment of osteoporosis. The goal of this review summarizes the new progress on the effect of iron overload or deficiency on osteoporosis and the mechanism of disordered iron metabolism on osteoporosis. Explaining the relationship of iron metabolism with osteoporosis may provide ideas for clinical treatment and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Che
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiancheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.
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127
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Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Sorting Out the Role of the Sortilin-Related Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:123-140. [PMID: 32587946 PMCID: PMC7306921 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) encodes a large, multi-domain containing, membrane-bound receptor involved in endosomal sorting of proteins between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes and the plasma membrane. It is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. SORL1 is a unique gene in AD, as it appears to show strong associations with the common, late-onset, sporadic form of AD and the rare, early-onset familial form of AD. Here, we review the genetics of SORL1 in AD and discuss potential roles it could play in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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128
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Nguyen MH, Nguyen TN, Do DQ, Nguyen HH, Phung QM, Thirumalaivasan N, Wu SP, Dinh TH. A highly selective fluorescent anthracene-based chemosensor for imaging Zn2+ in living cells and zebrafish. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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129
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Monteiro JHSK. Recent Advances in Luminescence Imaging of Biological Systems Using Lanthanide(III) Luminescent Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E2089. [PMID: 32365719 PMCID: PMC7248892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose diseases and understand cellular processes. Molecular systems, particularly lanthanide(III) complexes, have emerged as an attractive system for application in cellular luminescence imaging due to their long emission lifetimes, high brightness, possibility of controlling the spectroscopic properties at the molecular level, and tailoring of the ligand structure that adds sensing and therapeutic capabilities. This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging and lanthanide spectroscopy and discuss selected examples from the recent literature on lanthanide(III) luminescent complexes in cellular luminescence imaging, published in the period 2016-2020. Finally, the challenges and future directions that are pointing for the development of compounds that are capable of executing multiple functions and the use of light in regions where tissues and cells have low absorption will be discussed.
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130
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Gong L, Gu Y, Yu Q, Wang H, Zhu X, Dong Q, Xu R, Zhao Y, Liu X. Prognostic Factors for Cognitive Recovery Beyond Early Poststroke Cognitive Impairment (PSCI): A Prospective Cohort Study of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2020; 11:278. [PMID: 32411073 PMCID: PMC7198781 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has been increasingly recognized in patients, but some stroke survivors appear to show cognitive improvement beyond the acute stage. The risk factors associated with cognitive recovery after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) onset have not yet been sufficiently investigated in prospective studies. Objective: We aimed to identify the trajectory of post-ICH cognitive impairment and the association of potential prognostic factors with follow-up cognitive recovery beyond early PSCI. Methods: In this stroke center-based cohort study, 141 consecutive dementia-free patients with spontaneous ICH were included and underwent Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) evaluation for cognitive function at baseline (within 2 weeks of ICH onset) and the shortened MoCA (short-MoCA) at a 6-month follow-up. To explore the prognostic factors associated with trajectory of cognition after an ICH onset, we adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors, using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 141 ICH patients, approximately three quarters (106/141) were diagnosed with early PSCI (MoCA score <26) within 2 weeks of ICH onset. The multiple logistic regression indicated independent positive associations between risk of early PSCI and dominant-hemisphere hemorrhage [odd's ratio (OR): 8.845 (3.347–23.371); P < 0.001], mean corpuscular volume (MCV) [OR: 1.079 (1.002–1.162); P = 0.043], admission systolic blood pressure (sBP) [OR: 1.021 (1.005–1.038); P = 0.012]. Furthermore, 36% (33/90) of ICH survivors who had early PSCI exhibited cognitive recovery at the 6-month follow-up. After examining potential predictors through multiple linear regression based on stepwise, there were independent negative associations between cognitive recovery and dominant hemisphere hemorrhage [OR: 6.955 (1.604–30.162); P < 0.01], lobar ICH [OR: 8.363 (1.479–47.290); P = 0.016], years of education ≤ 9 [OR: 5.145 (1.254–21.105); P = 0.023], and MCV [OR: 1.660 (1.171–2.354); P = 0.004]. Baseline cognitive performance in the domains of visuospatial/executive function, attention, orientation, and language showed positive correlations with cognitive improvement (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In this cohort study of dementia-free survivors of ICH, our results show that one in three early PSCI survivors exhibit cognitive recovery, in relation to dominant-hemisphere hematoma, lobar ICH, educational history, and MCV levels. Future clinical trials including ICH survivors with cognitive dysfunction should assess these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyue Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- School of Nursing, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nursing, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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131
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Kosman DJ. Reply to Lahiri et al.: APPealing for a role in cellular iron efflux. J Biol Chem 2020; 294:9366. [PMID: 31201241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rl119.009249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kosman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
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132
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Bagwe-Parab S, Kaur G. Molecular targets and therapeutic interventions for iron induced neurodegeneration. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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133
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Rao SS, Lago L, Gonzalez de Vega R, Bray L, Hare DJ, Clases D, Doble PA, Adlard PA. Characterising the spatial and temporal brain metal profile in a mouse model of tauopathy. Metallomics 2020; 12:301-313. [PMID: 31904058 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A dysregulation in the homeostasis of metals such as copper, iron and zinc is speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis of tauopathies, which includes Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, there is a growing body of evidence to support a role for iron in facilitating the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of the tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) - a primary neuropathological hallmark of tauopathies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the spatial and temporal brain metallomic profile in a mouse model of tauopathy (rTg(tauP301L)4510), so as to provide some insight into the potential interaction between tau pathology and iron. Using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), our results revealed an age-dependent increase in brain iron levels in both WT and rTg(tauP301L)4510 mice. In addition, size exclusion chromatography-ICP-MS (SEC-ICP-MS) revealed significant age-related changes in iron bound to metalloproteins such as ferritin. The outcomes from this study may provide valuable insight into the inter-relationship between iron and tau in ageing and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini S Rao
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Larissa Lago
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Lisa Bray
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David Clases
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip A Doble
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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134
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Zastrow ML, Huang Z, Lippard SJ. HaloTag-Based Hybrid Targetable and Ratiometric Sensors for Intracellular Zinc. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:396-406. [PMID: 31917534 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a new series of small molecule-protein hybrid zinc sensors that combine genetic targetability with the spectroscopic profile of synthetic fluorophores. We functionalized the zinc sensor ZinPyr-1 (ZP1) with a chloroalkane linker (ZP1-12Cl) that reacts specifically with the engineered protein HaloTag. The resulting construct, ZP1-HaloTag, binds zinc ions with a threefold fluorescence enhancement. Through exploitation of the protein synthesis machinery of live cells, the HaloTag protein component was expressed, and the ZP1-HaloTag hybrid was assembled upon bath application of ZP1-12Cl. After fusion of HaloTag with targeting peptides or proteins, the resulting hybrid sensor could be directed to specific subcellular locales, including the nucleus, mitochondrial outer membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, HaloTag was linked with the red fluorescent protein mCherry, permitting formation of a two-fluorophore system that provides not only targetable but also ratiometric sensing of cellular zinc. This system reversibly detects both exogenous and endogenous mobile Zn2+ in response to reactive nitrogen species in live HeLa cells. HaloTag-based hybrid zinc sensors offer new opportunities for visualizing and quantifying biological mobile zinc at discrete subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Zastrow
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stephen J Lippard
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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135
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Lewis FW, Fairooz S, Elson JL, Hubscher-Bruder V, Brandel J, Soundararajan M, Smith D, Dexter DT, Tétard D, Pienaar IS. Novel 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one metal chelators prevent and rescue ubiquitin proteasomal-related neuronal injury in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:813-831. [PMID: 32078022 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) impairment, excessive cellular oxidative stress, and iron dyshomeostasis are key to substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, a link between these features remains unconfirmed. Using the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin we confirm that nigral injury via UPS impairment disrupts iron homeostasis, in turn increasing oxidative stress and promoting protein aggregation. We demonstrate the neuroprotective potential of two novel 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone (1,2-HOPO) iron chelators, compounds C6 and C9, against lactacystin-induced cell death. We demonstrate that this cellular preservation relates to the compounds' iron chelating capabilities and subsequent reduced capacity of iron to form reactive oxygen species (ROS), where we also show that the ligands act as antioxidant agents. Our results also demonstrate the ability of C6 and C9 to reduce intracellular lactacystin-induced α-synuclein burden. Stability constant measurements confirmed a high affinity of C6 and C9 for Fe3+ and display a 3:1 HOPO:Fe3+ complex formation at physiological pH. Reducing iron reactivity could prevent the demise of nigral dopaminergic neurons. We provide evidence that the lactacystin model presents with several neuropathological hallmarks of PD related to iron dyshomeostasis and that the novel chelating compounds C6 and C9 can protect against lactacystin-related neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Lewis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Safiya Fairooz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Joanna L Elson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Véronique Hubscher-Bruder
- Hubert Curien Pluridisciplinary Institute (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jeremy Brandel
- Hubert Curien Pluridisciplinary Institute (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Meera Soundararajan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - David Smith
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - David T Dexter
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - David Tétard
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9PH, UK.
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136
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Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Herbal Small-Molecule Drugs for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041327. [PMID: 32079110 PMCID: PMC7072986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the β-amyloid peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and associates with progressive declines in memory and cognition. Several genes play important roles and regulate enzymes that produce a pathological accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain, such as gamma secretase (γ-secretase). Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with Alzheimer’s disease with different underlying genetic mechanisms may help model different phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease and facilitate personalized drug screening platforms for the identification of small molecules. We also discuss recent developments by γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators in the treatment of AD. In addition, small-molecule drugs isolated from Chinese herbal medicines have been shown effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease. We propose a mechanism of small-molecule drugs in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Combining therapy with different small-molecule drugs may increase the chance of symptomatic treatment. A customized strategy tailored to individuals and in combination with therapy may be a more suitable treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease in the future.
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137
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Dean B, Tsatsanis A, Lam LQ, Scarr E, Duce JA. Changes in cortical protein markers of iron transport with gender, major depressive disorder and suicide. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:119-126. [PMID: 30513246 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1555377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether a breakdown in proteins regulating cortical iron homeostasis could be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.Methods: Levels of select proteins responsible for cortical iron transport were quantitated by Western blotting of Brodmann's (BA) areas 6 and 10 from patients with major depressive disorder (n = 13), bipolar disorder (n = 12) and age/sex matched controls (n = 13).Results: We found the inactive form of ceruloplasmin was lower in BA 6 from males compared to females. Levels of copper containing ceruloplasmin was lower in BA 6 from suicide completers whilst levels of amyloid precursor protein, TAU and transferrin were higher in BA 10 from those individuals. The level of prion protein was lower in BA 6 from subjects with major depressive disorder.Conclusions: Our data suggests that perturbation in cortical iron transport proteins is not prevalent in mood disorders. By contrast, our data suggests changes in iron transport proteins in BA 6 and BA 10 are present after suicide completion. If these changes were present before death, they could have had a role in the genesis of the contemplation and completion of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,The Centre for Mental Health, the Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University, Hawthorne, Australia
| | - Andrew Tsatsanis
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Linh Q Lam
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,The ALBORADO Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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138
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Devos D, Cabantchik ZI, Moreau C, Danel V, Mahoney-Sanchez L, Bouchaoui H, Gouel F, Rolland AS, Duce JA, Devedjian JC. Conservative iron chelation for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:189-203. [PMID: 31912279 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Focal iron accumulation associated with brain iron dyshomeostasis is a pathological hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). The application of iron-sensitive sequences in magnetic resonance imaging has provided a useful tool to identify the underlying NDD pathology. In the three major NDD, degeneration occurs in central nervous system (CNS) regions associated with memory (Alzheimer's disease, AD), automaticity (Parkinson's disease, PD) and motor function (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS), all of which require a high oxygen demand for harnessing neuronal energy. In PD, a progressive degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is associated with the appearance of siderotic foci, largely caused by increased labile iron levels resulting from an imbalance between cell iron import, storage and export. At a molecular level, α-synuclein regulates dopamine and iron transport with PD-associated mutations in this protein causing functional disruption to these processes. Equally, in ALS, an early iron accumulation is present in neurons of the cortico-spinal motor pathway before neuropathology and secondary iron accumulation in microglia. High serum ferritin is an indicator of poor prognosis in ALS and the application of iron-sensitive sequences in magnetic resonance imaging has become a useful tool in identifying pathology. The molecular pathways that cascade down from such dyshomeostasis still remain to be fully elucidated but strong inroads have been made in recent years. Far from being a simple cause or consequence, it has recently been discovered that these alterations can trigger susceptibility to an iron-dependent cell-death pathway with unique lipoperoxidation signatures called ferroptosis. In turn, this has now provided insight into some key modulators of this cell-death pathway that could be therapeutic targets for the NDD. Interestingly, iron accumulation and ferroptosis are highly sensitive to iron chelation. However, whilst chelators that strongly scavenge intracellular iron protect against oxidative neuronal damage in mammalian models and are proven to be effective in treating systemic siderosis, these compounds are not clinically suitable due to the high risk of developing iatrogenic iron depletion and ensuing anaemia. Instead, a moderate iron chelation modality that conserves systemic iron offers a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection. As demonstrated with the prototype chelator deferiprone, iron can be scavenged from labile iron complexes in the brain and transferred (conservatively) either to higher affinity acceptors in cells or extracellular transferrin. Promising preclinical and clinical proof of concept trials has led to several current large randomized clinical trials that aim to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of conservative iron chelation for NDD, notably in a long-term treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Devos
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France.
- Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France.
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, Université Lille INSERM 1171, CHU de Lille, 59037, Lille, France.
| | - Z Ioav Cabantchik
- Della Pergola Chair, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Danel
- Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
| | - Laura Mahoney-Sanchez
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
| | - Hind Bouchaoui
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
| | - Flore Gouel
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
| | - James A Duce
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean-Christophe Devedjian
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Service de Neurologie NS-Park/FCRIN Network LICEND COEN Center Lille, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM, UMRS_1171, Lille, France
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale-1, place de l'Yser, BP 72033, 59375, Dunkerque Cedex, France
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Beydoun MA, Hossain S, Beydoun HA, Shaked D, Weiss J, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Red Cell Distribution Width Is Directly Associated with Poor Cognitive Performance among Nonanemic, Middle-Aged, Urban Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:128-139. [PMID: 31912144 PMCID: PMC6946901 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests that both anemia and elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) are associated with cognitive impairment. However, the interplay between these 2 predictors has been understudied. OBJECTIVES We examined sex- and anemia-specific associations between RDW and cognitive performance among urban adults in the United States. METHODS Data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span Study (Baltimore, MD; participants aged 30-65 y at baseline, ∼59% African-American, 45% men) were used. Participants were selected based on the completion of 11 cognitive tasks at baseline (2004-2009) and follow-up (2009-2013) visits (mean time between visits: 4.64 ± 0.93 y) and availability of exposure and covariate data, yielding a sample of between 1526 and 1646 adults out of the initial 3720 adults recruited at baseline. Multiple linear mixed-effects regression models were conducted with RDW as the main exposure of interest and anemia/sex as the key effect modifiers. RESULTS Overall, high RDWs were linked to poorer baseline performance on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) List A (per 1 unit increase in RDW %, main effect: γ01 = -0.369 ± 0.114; P = 0.001) and to slower rates of decline on the CVLT Delayed Free Recall (per 1 unit increase in RDW %, RDW × time: γ11 = +0.036 ± 0.013; P = 0.007). Among nonanemic participants, RDWs were consistently associated with poorer baseline performance on the Trailmaking Test, Part A (γ01 = +3.11 ± 0.89; P < 0.001) and on the CVLT List A (γ01 = -0.560 ± 0.158; P < 0.001). Moreover, RDWs were associated with poorer baseline performance on the Brief Test of Attention in the total population (γ01 = -0.123 ± 0.039; P = 0.001) and among men (γ01 = -0.221 ± 0.068; P = 0.001). We did not detect an association between hemoglobin (Hb) and baseline cognitive performance or changes over time. CONCLUSIONS Elevated RDW had a consistent cross-sectional association with poor cognitive performance in the domains of verbal memory and attention among the nonanemic group in a sample of middle-aged, urban adults. Anemia and Hb concentrations were not associated with cognition. More longitudinal studies are needed to replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharmin Hossain
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hind A Beydoun
- Department of Research Programs, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Danielle Shaked
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Population Studies Center and Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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140
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Derry PJ, Hegde ML, Jackson GR, Kayed R, Tour JM, Tsai AL, Kent TA. Revisiting the intersection of amyloid, pathologically modified tau and iron in Alzheimer's disease from a ferroptosis perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101716. [PMID: 31604111 PMCID: PMC7850812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) complicates the search for effective treatments. While the key roles of pathologically modified proteins has occupied a central role in hypotheses of the pathophysiology, less attention has been paid to the potential role for transition metals overload, subsequent oxidative stress, and tissue injury. The association of transition metals, the major focus heretofore iron and amyloid, the same can now be said for the likely pathogenic microtubular associated tau (MAPT). This review discusses the interplay between iron, pathologically modified tau and oxidative stress, and connects many related discoveries. Basic principles of the transition to pathological MAPT are discussed. Iron, its homeostatic mechanisms, the recently described phenomenon of ferroptosis and purported, although still controversial roles in AD are reviewed as well as considerations to overcome existing hurdles of iron-targeted therapeutic avenues that have been attempted in AD. We summarize the involvement of multiple pathological pathways at different disease stages of disease progression that supports the potential for a combinatorial treatment strategy targeting multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Derry
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George R Jackson
- Department of Neurology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - James M Tour
- Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, McGovern School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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141
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Sousa L, Oliveira MM, Pessôa MTC, Barbosa LA. Iron overload: Effects on cellular biochemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 504:180-189. [PMID: 31790701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for human life. However, it is a pro-oxidant agent capable of reacting with hydrogen peroxide. An iron overload can cause cellular changes, such as damage to the plasma membrane leading to cell death. Effects of iron overload in cellular biochemical processes include modulating membrane enzymes, such as the Na, K-ATPase, impairing the ionic transport and inducing irreversible damage to cellular homeostasis. To avoid such damage, cells have an antioxidant system that acts in an integrated manner to prevent oxidative stress. In addition, the cells contain proteins responsible for iron transport and storage, preventing its reaction with other substances during absorption. Moreover, iron is associated with cellular events coordinated by iron-responsive proteins (IRPs) that regulate several cellular functions, including a process of cell death called ferroptosis. This review will address the biochemical aspects of iron overload at the cellular level and its effects on important cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilismara Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio C Pessôa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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142
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Yanase K, Uemura N, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Fujihara R, Matsumoto K, Shirakami G, Araki N, Ueno M. Immunoreactivities for hepcidin, ferroportin, and hephaestin in astrocytes and choroid plexus epithelium of human brains. Neuropathology 2019; 40:75-83. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yanase
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Ryuji Fujihara
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Gotaro Shirakami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
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Artyukhova MA, Tyurina YY, Chu CT, Zharikova TM, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Timashev PS. Interrogating Parkinson's disease associated redox targets: Potential application of CRISPR editing. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:279-292. [PMID: 31201850 PMCID: PMC6832799 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. While aberrant redox metabolism strongly associated with iron dysregulation and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria is considered as one of the major contributors to neurodegeneration and death of dopaminergic cells, the specific anomalies in the molecular machinery and pathways leading to the PD development and progression have not been identified. The high efficiency and relative simplicity of a new genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, make its applications attractive for deciphering molecular changes driving PD-related impairments of redox metabolism and lipid peroxidation in relation to mishandling of iron, aggregation and oligomerization of alpha-synuclein and mitochondrial injury as well as in mechanisms of mitophagy and programs of regulated cell death (apoptosis and ferroptosis). These insights into the mechanisms of PD pathology may be used for the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions and innovative approaches to genome editing, including CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Artyukhova
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Y Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - C T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - T M Zharikova
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - H Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - V E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics and Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - P S Timashev
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Federation; Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
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144
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Vickers JC, King AE, McCormack GH, Bindoff AD, Adlard PA. Iron is increased in the brains of ageing mice lacking the neurofilament light gene. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224169. [PMID: 31644557 PMCID: PMC6808381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been strong interest in the role of metals in neurodegeneration, and how ageing may predispose the brain to related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Recent work has also highlighted a potential interaction between different metal species and various components of the cytoskeletal network in the brain, which themselves have a reported role in age-related degenerative disease and other neurological disorders. Neurofilaments are one such class of intermediate filament protein that have a demonstrated capacity to bind and utilise cation species. In this study, we investigated the consequences of altering the neurofilamentous network on metal ion homeostasis by examining neurofilament light (NFL) gene knockout mice, relative to wildtype control animals, at adulthood (5 months of age) and advanced age (22 months). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy demonstrated that the concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) varied across brain regions and peripheral nerve samples. Zn and Fe showed statistically significant interactions between genotype and age, as well as between genotype and region, and Cu demonstrated a genotype and region interaction. The most substantial difference between genotypes was found in Fe in the older animals, where, across many regions examined, there was elevated Fe in the NFL knockout mice. This data indicates a potential relationship between the neurofilamentous cytoskeleton and the processing and/or storage of Fe through ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Graeme H. McCormack
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Aidan D. Bindoff
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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145
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Redox active metals in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1141-1157. [PMID: 31650248 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are redox active metals essential for the regulation of cellular pathways that are fundamental for brain function, including neurotransmitter synthesis and release, neurotransmission, and protein turnover. Cu and Fe are tightly regulated by sophisticated homeostatic systems that tune the levels and localization of these redox active metals. The regulation of Cu and Fe necessitates their coordination to small organic molecules and metal chaperone proteins that restrict their reactions to specific protein centres, where Cu and Fe cycle between reduced (Fe2+, Cu+) and oxidised states (Fe3+, Cu2+). Perturbation of this regulation is evident in the brain affected by neurodegeneration. Here we review the evidence that links Cu and Fe dyshomeostasis to neurodegeneration as well as the promising preclinical and clinical studies reporting pharmacological intervention to remedy Cu and Fe abnormalities in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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146
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Programmed Cell-Death by Ferroptosis: Antioxidants as Mitigators. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194968. [PMID: 31597407 PMCID: PMC6801403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron, the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, is vital in living organisms because of its diverse ligand-binding and electron-transfer properties. This ability of iron in the redox cycle as a ferrous ion enables it to react with H2O2, in the Fenton reaction, to produce a hydroxyl radical (•OH)-one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause deleterious oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic regulated cell death that is dependent on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is characterized by lipid peroxidation. It is triggered when the endogenous antioxidant status of the cell is compromised, leading to lipid ROS accumulation that is toxic and damaging to the membrane structure. Consequently, oxidative stress and the antioxidant levels of the cells are important modulators of lipid peroxidation that induce this novel form of cell death. Remedies capable of averting iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, therefore, are lipophilic antioxidants, including vitamin E, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) and possibly potent bioactive polyphenols. Moreover, most of the enzymes and proteins that cascade or interact in the pathway of ferroptosis such as a subunit of the cystine/glutamate transporter xc- (SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC) iron metabolism genes transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) ferroportin, (Fpn) heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and ferritin are regulated by the antioxidant response element of the transcription factor, Nrf2. These, as well as other radical trapping antioxidants (RTAs), are discussed in the current review.
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147
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Is brain iron trafficking part of the physiology of the amyloid precursor protein? J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1171-1177. [PMID: 31578640 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein is so named, because a proteolytic fragment of it was found associated with a neuropathic disorder now known as Alzheimer's disease. This fragment, Aβ, along with tau makes up the plaques and tangles that are the hallmark of AD. Iron (and other first-row transition metals) is found associated with these proteinaceous deposits. Much research has focused on the relationship of the plaques and iron to the etiology of the disease. This commentary asks another question, one only more recently addressed namely, what is the physiologic function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its secretase-generated soluble species? Overall, the data make clear that APP and its products have neurotrophic functions and some data indicate one of these may be to modulate the trafficking of iron in the brain.
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148
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Lachowicz JI, Jaremko M, Jaremko L, Pichiri G, Coni P, Piludu M. Metal coordination of thymosin β4: Chemistry and possible implications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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149
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Vahed M, Sweeney A, Shirasawa H, Vahed M. The initial stage of structural transformation of Aβ 42 peptides from the human and mole rat in the presence of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+: Related to Alzheimer's disease. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107128. [PMID: 31585353 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of secondary structural conversion of amyloid beta (Aβ) to misfolded aggregations is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Under normal physiological conditions, Aβ peptides can protect neurons from the toxicity of highly concentrated metals. However, they become toxic under certain conditions. Under conditions of excess iron, amyloid precursor proteins (APP) become overexpressed. This subsequently increases Aβ production. Experimental studies suggest that Aβ fibrillation (main-pathway) and amorphous (off-pathway) aggregate formations are two competitive pathways driven by factors such as metal binding, pH and temperature. In this study, we performed molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to examine the initial stage of conformational transformations of human Aβ (hAβ) and rat Aβ (rAβ) peptides in the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Our results demonstrated that Fe2+ and Fe3+ play key roles in Aβs folding and aggregation. Fe3+ had a greater effect than Fe2+on Aβs' folding during intermolecular interactions and subsequently, had a greater effect in decreasing structural diversity. Fe2+ was observed to be more likely than Fe3+ to interact with nitrogen atoms from the residues of imidazole rings of His. rAβ peptides are more energetically favorable than hAβ for intermolecular interactions and amorphous aggregations. We concluded that most hAβ structures were energetically unfavorable. However, hAβs with intermolecular β-sheet formations in the C-terminal were energetically favorable. It is notable that Fe2+ can change the surface charge of hAβ. Furthermore, Fe3+ can promote C-terminal folding by binding to Glu22 and Ala42, and by forming stable β-sheet formations on the C-terminal. Fe3+ can also pause the main-pathway by inducing random aggregations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vahed
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Aaron Sweeney
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Shirasawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Majid Vahed
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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150
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Kisby B, Jarrell JT, Agar ME, Cohen DS, Rosin ER, Cahill CM, Rogers JT, Huang X. Alzheimer's Disease and Its Potential Alternative Therapeutics. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2019; 9. [PMID: 31588368 PMCID: PMC6777730 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects over 5 million individuals in the United States alone. Currently, there are only two kinds of pharmacological interventions available for symptomatic relief of AD; Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEI) and N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists and these drugs do not slow down or stop the progression of the disease. Several molecular targets have been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD, such as the tau (τ) protein, Amyloid-beta (Aβ), the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and more and several responses have also been observed in the advancement of the disease, such as reduced neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and iron overload. In this review, we discuss general features of AD and several small molecules across different experimental AD drug classes that have been studied for their effects in the context of the molecular targets and responses associated with the AD progression. These drugs include: Paroxetine, Desferrioxamine (DFO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Posiphen/-(−)Phenserine, JTR-009, Carvedilol, LY450139, Intravenous immunoglobulin G 10%, Indomethacin and Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Kisby
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Juliet T Jarrell
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Enes Agar
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David S Cohen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Rosin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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