101
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Partch CL. Orchestration of Circadian Timing by Macromolecular Protein Assemblies. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3426-3448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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102
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Miller S, Hirota T. Pharmacological Interventions to Circadian Clocks and Their Molecular Bases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3498-3514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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103
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Carias KV, Zoeteman M, Seewald A, Sanderson MR, Bischof JM, Wevrick R. A MAGEL2-deubiquitinase complex modulates the ubiquitination of circadian rhythm protein CRY1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230874. [PMID: 32315313 PMCID: PMC7173924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MAGEL2 encodes the L2 member of the MAGE (melanoma antigen) protein family. Protein truncating mutations in MAGEL2 cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, and MAGEL2 is one of a small set of genes deleted in Prader-Willi syndrome. Excessive daytime sleepiness, night-time or early morning waking, and narcoleptic symptoms are seen in people with Prader-Willi syndrome and Schaaf-Yang syndrome, while mice carrying a gene-targeted Magel2 deletion have disrupted circadian rhythms. These phenotypes suggest that MAGEL2 is important for the robustness of the circadian rhythm. However, a cellular role for MAGEL2 has yet to be elucidated. MAGEL2 influences the ubiquitination of substrate proteins to target them for further modification or to alter their stability through proteasomal degradation pathways. Here, we characterized relationships among MAGEL2 and proteins that regulate circadian rhythm. The effect of MAGEL2 on the key circadian rhythm protein cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) was assessed using in vivo proximity labelling (BioID), immunofluorescence microscopy and ubiquitination assays. We demonstrate that MAGEL2 modulates the ubiquitination of CRY1. Further studies will clarify the cellular role MAGEL2 normally plays in circadian rhythm, in part through ubiquitination and regulation of stability of the CRY1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Vanessa Carias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mercedes Zoeteman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abigail Seewald
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn M. Bischof
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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104
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Identification of the Repressive Domain of the Negative Circadian Clock Component CHRONO. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072469. [PMID: 32252431 PMCID: PMC7177903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an endogenous, self-sustainable oscillation that participates in regulating organisms’ physiological activities. Key to this oscillation is a negative feedback by the main clock components Periods and Cryptochromes that repress the transcriptional activity of BMAL1/CLOCK (defined in the Abbreviations) complexes. In addition, a novel repressor, CHRONO, has been identified recently, but details of CHRONO’s function during repressing the circadian cycle remain unclear. Here we report that a domain of CHRONO mainly composed of α-helixes is critical to repression through the exploitation of protein–protein interactions according to luciferase reporter assays, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, genome editing, and structural information analysis via circular dichroism spectroscopy. This repression is fulfilled by interactions between CHRONO and a region on the C-terminus of BMAL1 where Cryptochrome and CBP (defined in the Abbreviations) bind. Our resultsindicate that CHRONO and PER differentially function as BMAL1/CLOCK-dependent repressors. Besides, the N-terminus of CHRONO is important for its nuclear localization. We further develop a repression model of how PER, CRY, and CHRONO proteins associate with BMAL1, respectively.
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105
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Ansar M, Paracha SA, Serretti A, Sarwar MT, Khan J, Ranza E, Falconnet E, Iwaszkiewicz J, Shah SF, Qaisar AA, Santoni FA, Zoete V, Megarbane A, Ahmed J, Colombo R, Makrythanasis P, Antonarakis SE. Biallelic variants in FBXL3 cause intellectual disability, delayed motor development and short stature. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:972-979. [PMID: 30481285 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXL3 (F-Box and Leucine Rich Repeat Protein 3) encodes a protein that contains an F-box and several tandem leucine-rich repeats (LRR) domains. FBXL3 is part of the SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex that binds and leads to phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the central clock protein cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) by the proteasome and its absence causes circadian phenotypes in mice and behavioral problems. No FBXL3-related phenotypes have been described in humans. By a combination of exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping, we analyzed two consanguineous families with intellectual disability and identified homozygous loss-of-function (LoF) variants in FBXL3. In the first family, from Pakistan, an FBXL3 frameshift variant [NM_012158.2:c.885delT:p.(Leu295Phefs*25)] was the onlysegregating variant in five affected individuals in two family loops (LOD score: 3.12). In the second family, from Lebanon, we identified a nonsense variant [NM_012158.2:c.445C>T:p.(Arg149*)]. In a third patient from Italy, a likely deleterious non-synonymous variant [NM_012158.2:c.1072T>C:p.(Cys358Arg)] was identified in homozygosity. Protein 3D modeling predicted that the Cys358Arg change influences the binding with CRY2 by destabilizing the structure of the FBXL3, suggesting that this variant is also likely to be LoF. The eight affected individuals from the three families presented with a similar phenotype that included intellectual disability, developmental delay, short stature and mild facial dysmorphism, mainly large nose with a bulbous tip. The phenotypic similarity and the segregation analysis suggest that FBXL3 biallelic, LoF variants link this gene with syndromic autosomal recessive developmental delay/intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sohail Aziz Paracha
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Muhammad T Sarwar
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Falconnet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Batiment Genopode, Unil Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sayyed Fahim Shah
- Department of Medicine, KMU Institute of Medical Sciences, Kohat, Pakistan
| | | | - Federico A Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Batiment Genopode, Unil Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, Lausanne University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Route de la Corniche 9A, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Jawad Ahmed
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Colombo
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Center for the Study of Rare Hereditary Diseases, Niguarda Ca' Granda Metropolitan Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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106
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Wang S, Li F, Lin Y, Wu B. Targeting REV-ERBα for therapeutic purposes: promises and challenges. Theranostics 2020; 10:4168-4182. [PMID: 32226546 PMCID: PMC7086371 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
REV-ERBα (NR1D1) is a circadian clock component that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Due to its role in direct modulation of metabolic genes, REV-ERBα is regarded as an integrator of cell metabolism with circadian clock. Accordingly, REV-ERBα is first proposed as a drug target for treating sleep disorders and metabolic syndromes (e.g., dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and obesity). Recent years of studies uncover a rather broad role of REV-ERBα in pathological conditions including local inflammatory diseases, heart failure and cancers. Moreover, REV-ERBα is involved in regulation of circadian drug metabolism that has implications in chronopharmacology. In the meantime, recent years have witnessed discovery of an array of new REV-ERBα ligands most of which have pharmacological activities in vivo. In this article, we review the regulatory role of REV-ERBα in various types of diseases and discuss the underlying mechanisms. We also describe the newly discovered ligands and the old ones together with their targeting potential. Despite well-established pharmacological effects of REV-ERBα ligands in animals (preclinical studies), no progress has been made regarding their translation to clinical trials. This implies certain challenges associated with drug development of REV-ERBα ligands. In particular, we discuss the potential challenges related to drug safety (or adverse effects) and bioavailability. For new drug development, it is advocated that REV-ERBα should be targeted to treat local diseases and a targeting drug should be locally distributed, avoiding the adverse effects on other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanke Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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107
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Morris AR, Stanton DL, Roman D, Liu AC. Systems Level Understanding of Circadian Integration with Cell Physiology. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3547-3564. [PMID: 32061938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock regulates a wide variety of physiological and behavioral processes. In turn, its disruption is associated with sleep deficiency, metabolic syndrome, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and cancer. At the turn of the century, the circadian clock was determined to be regulated by a transcriptional negative feedback mechanism composed of a dozen core clock genes. More recently, large-scale genomic studies have expanded the clock into a complex network composed of thousands of gene outputs and inputs. A major task of circadian research is to utilize systems biological approaches to uncover the governing principles underlying cellular oscillatory behavior and advance understanding of biological functions at the genomic level with spatiotemporal resolution. This review focuses on the genes and pathways that provide inputs to the circadian clock. Several emerging examples include AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK, nutrient/energy sensor mTOR, NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α, oxidative stress-inducible factor NRF2, and the proinflammatory factor NF-κB. Among others that continue to be revealed, these input pathways reflect the extensive interplay between the clock and cell physiology through the regulation of core clock genes and proteins. While the scope of this crosstalk is well-recognized, precise molecular links are scarce, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Future research must leverage genetic and genomic tools and technologies, network analysis, and computational modeling to characterize additional modifiers and input pathways. This systems-based framework promises to advance understanding of the circadian timekeeping system and may enable the enhancement of circadian functions through related input pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Morris
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Daniel L Stanton
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Destino Roman
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
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108
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Hastings MH, Smyllie NJ, Patton AP. Molecular-genetic Manipulation of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Circadian Clock. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3639-3660. [PMID: 31996314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian (approximately daily) rhythms of physiology and behaviour adapt organisms to the alternating environments of day and night. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the principal circadian timekeeper of mammals. The mammalian cell-autonomous circadian clock is built around a self-sustaining transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop (TTFL) in which the negative regulators Per and Cry suppress their own expression, which is driven by the positive regulators Clock and Bmal1. Importantly, such TTFL-based clocks are present in all major tissues across the organism, and the SCN is their central co-ordinator. First, we analyse SCN timekeeping at the cell-autonomous and the circuit-based levels of organisation. We consider how molecular-genetic manipulations have been used to probe cell-autonomous timing in the SCN, identifying the integral components of the clock. Second, we consider new approaches that enable real-time monitoring of the activity of these clock components and clock-driven cellular outputs. Finally, we review how intersectional genetic manipulations of the cell-autonomous clockwork can be used to determine how SCN cells interact to generate an ensemble circadian signal. Critically, it is these network-level interactions that confer on the SCN its emergent properties of robustness, light-entrained phase and precision- properties that are essential for its role as the central co-ordinator. Remaining gaps in knowledge include an understanding of how the TTFL proteins behave individually and in complexes: whether particular SCN neuronal populations act as pacemakers, and if so, by which signalling mechanisms, and finally the nature of the recently discovered role of astrocytes within the SCN network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Nicola J Smyllie
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Andrew P Patton
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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109
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Li HL, Wang X, Ji XL, Qiao ZW, You CX, Hao YJ. Genome-Wide Identification of Apple Ubiquitin SINA E3 Ligase and Functional Characterization of MdSINA2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1109. [PMID: 32793265 PMCID: PMC7393226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SINA (Seven in absentia) proteins are a small family of ubiquitin ligases that play important roles in regulating plant growth and developmental processes as well as in responses to diverse types of biotic and abiotic stress. However, the characteristics of the apple SINA family have not been previously studied. Here, we identified 11 MdSINAs members in the apple genome based on their conserved, N-terminal RING and C-terminal SINA domains. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of these genes; characterized their chromosomal location, structure, and motifs; and identified two major groups of MdSINA genes. Subsequent qRT-PCR analyses were used to characterize the expression of MdSINA genes in various tissues and organs, and levels of expression were highest in leaves. MdSINAs were significantly induced under ABA and carbon- and nitrate-starvation treatment. Except for MdSINA1 and MdSINA7, the other MdSINA proteins could interact with each other. Moreover, MdSINA2 was found to be localized in the nucleus using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. Western-blot analysis showed that MdSINA2 accumulated extensively under light, decreased under darkness, and became insensitive to light when the RING domain was disrupted. Finally, ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes were confirmed by transgenic calli and the ectopic expression of MdSINA2 in Arabidopsis. In conclusion, our results suggest that MdSINA genes participate in the responses to different types of stress, and that MdSINA2 might act as a negative regulator in the ABA stress response.
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110
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Nakagawa T, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI. Knockout Mouse Models Provide Insight into the Biological Functions of CRL1 Components. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:147-171. [PMID: 31898227 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The CRL1 complex, also known as the SCF complex, is a ubiquitin ligase that in mammals consists of an adaptor protein (SKP1), a scaffold protein (CUL1), a RING finger protein (RBX1, also known as ROC1), and one of about 70 F-box proteins. Given that the F-box proteins determine the substrate specificity of the CRL1 complex, the variety of these proteins allows the generation of a large number of ubiquitin ligases that promote the degradation or regulate the function of many substrate proteins and thereby control numerous key cellular processes. The physiological and pathological functions of these many CRL1 ubiquitin ligases have been studied by the generation and characterization of knockout mouse models that lack specific CRL1 components. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview of these mouse models and discuss the role of each CRL1 component in mouse physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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111
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FUNATO H. Forward genetic approach for behavioral neuroscience using animal models. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:10-31. [PMID: 31932526 PMCID: PMC6974404 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forward genetics is a powerful approach to understand the molecular basis of animal behaviors. Fruit flies were the first animal to which this genetic approach was applied systematically and have provided major discoveries on behaviors including sexual, learning, circadian, and sleep-like behaviors. The development of different classes of model organism such as nematodes, zebrafish, and mice has enabled genetic research to be conducted using more-suitable organisms. The unprecedented success of forward genetic approaches was the identification of the transcription-translation negative feedback loop composed of clock genes as a fundamental and conserved mechanism of circadian rhythm. This approach has now expanded to sleep/wakefulness in mice. A conventional strategy such as dominant and recessive screenings can be modified with advances in DNA sequencing and genome editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa FUNATO
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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112
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Ubiquitylation Dynamics of the Clock Cell Proteome and TIMELESS during a Circadian Cycle. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2273-2282. [PMID: 29791839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks have evolved as time-measuring molecular devices to help organisms adapt their physiology to daily changes in light and temperature. Transcriptional oscillations account for a large fraction of rhythmic protein abundance. However, cycling of various posttranslational modifications, such as ubiquitylation, also contributes to shape the rhythmic protein landscape. In this study, we used an in vivo ubiquitin labeling assay to investigate the circadian ubiquitylated proteome of Drosophila melanogaster. We find that cyclic ubiquitylation affects MEGATOR (MTOR), a chromatin-associated nucleoporin that, in turn, feeds back to regulate the core molecular oscillator. Furthermore, we show that the ubiquitin ligase subunits CULLIN-3 (CUL-3) and SUPERNUMERARY LIMBS (SLMB) cooperate for ubiquitylating the TIMELESS protein. These findings stress the importance of ubiquitylation pathways in the Drosophila circadian clock and reveal a key component of this system.
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113
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Systematic analysis of alterations in the ubiquitin proteolysis system reveals its contribution to driver mutations in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:122-135. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-019-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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114
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Molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 21:67-84. [PMID: 31768006 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To accommodate daily recurring environmental changes, animals show cyclic variations in behaviour and physiology, which include prominent behavioural states such as sleep-wake cycles but also a host of less conspicuous oscillations in neurological, metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular and immune functions. Circadian rhythmicity is created endogenously by genetically encoded molecular clocks, whose components cooperate to generate cyclic changes in their own abundance and activity, with a periodicity of about a day. Throughout the body, such molecular clocks convey temporal control to the function of organs and tissues by regulating pertinent downstream programmes. Synchrony between the different circadian oscillators and resonance with the solar day is largely enabled by a neural pacemaker, which is directly responsive to certain environmental cues and able to transmit internal time-of-day representations to the entire body. In this Review, we discuss aspects of the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals, including the components of these molecular oscillators, the function and mechanisms of action of central and peripheral clocks, their synchronization and their relevance to human health.
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115
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Lee C. CRY arrests Cop1 to regulate circadian rhythms in mammals. Cell Div 2019; 14:12. [PMID: 31700528 PMCID: PMC6825355 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are UVA and blue light photoreceptors present in all major evolutionary lineages ranging from cyanobacteria to plants and animals, including mammals. In plants, blue light activates CRYs to induce photomorphogenesis by inhibiting the CRL4Cop1 E3 ligase complex which regulates the degradation of critical transcription factors involved in plant development and growth. However, in mammals, CRYs do not physically interact with Cop1, and of course mammals are not photomorphogenic, leading to the belief that the CRY-Cop1 axis is not conserved in mammals. This belief was recently overturned by Rizzini et al., who showed that although mammalian CRYs do not inhibit Cop1 activity in a light-dependent manner, they antagonize Cop1 activity by displacing Cop1 from CRL4 E3 ligase complex. Because CRYs oscillate, they act in a circadian manner resulting in daily oscillations in Cop1 substrates and the downstream pathways that they regulate. The conserved antagonism of Cop1 by CRY indicates that the CRY-Cop1 axis has an ancient origin, and was repurposed by evolution to regulate photomorphogenesis in plants and circadian rhythms in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
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116
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Liu Z, Qian M, Tang X, Hu W, Sun S, Li G, Zhang S, Meng F, Cao X, Sun J, Xu C, Tan B, Pang Q, Zhao B, Wang Z, Guan Y, Ruan X, Liu B. SIRT7 couples light-driven body temperature cues to hepatic circadian phase coherence and gluconeogenesis. Nat Metab 2019; 1:1141-1156. [PMID: 32694864 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The central pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes peripheral oscillators to coordinate physiological and behavioural activities throughout the body. How circadian phase coherence between the SCN and the periphery is controlled is not well understood. Here, we identify hepatic SIRT7 as an early responsive element to light that ensures circadian phase coherence in the mouse liver. The SCN-driven body temperature (BT) oscillation induces rhythmic expression of HSP70, which promotes SIRT7 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Acute temperature challenge dampens the BT oscillation and causes an advanced liver circadian phase. Further, hepatic SIRT7 deacetylates CRY1, promotes its FBXL3-mediated degradation and regulates the hepatic clock and glucose homeostasis. Loss of Sirt7 in mice leads to an advanced liver circadian phase and rapid entrainment of the hepatic clock upon daytime-restricted feeding. These data identify a BT-HSP70-SIRT7-CRY1 axis that couples the mouse hepatic clock to the central pacemaker and ensures circadian phase coherence and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minxian Qian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shimin Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuju Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanbiao Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiongzhong Ruan
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Lipid Research and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Carson International Cancer Center, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
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117
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Cox KH, Takahashi JS. Circadian clock genes and the transcriptional architecture of the clock mechanism. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 63:R93-R102. [PMID: 31557726 PMCID: PMC6872945 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock has evolved as an adaptation to the 24-h light/darkness cycle on earth. Maintaining cellular activities in synchrony with the activities of the organism (such as eating and sleeping) helps different tissue and organ systems coordinate and optimize their performance. The full extent of the mechanisms by which cells maintain the clock are still under investigation, but involve a core set of clock genes that regulate large networks of gene transcription both by direct transcriptional activation/repression as well as the recruitment of proteins that modify chromatin states more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H. Cox
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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118
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Cedernaes J, Waldeck N, Bass J. Neurogenetic basis for circadian regulation of metabolism by the hypothalamus. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1136-1158. [PMID: 31481537 PMCID: PMC6719618 DOI: 10.1101/gad.328633.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcription-translation feedback loop that separates anabolic and catabolic processes across the Earth's 24-h light-dark cycle. Central pacemaker neurons that perceive light entrain a distributed clock network and are closely juxtaposed with hypothalamic neurons involved in regulation of sleep/wake and fast/feeding states. Gaps remain in identifying how pacemaker and extrapacemaker neurons communicate with energy-sensing neurons and the distinct role of circuit interactions versus transcriptionally driven cell-autonomous clocks in the timing of organismal bioenergetics. In this review, we discuss the reciprocal relationship through which the central clock drives appetitive behavior and metabolic homeostasis and the pathways through which nutrient state and sleep/wake behavior affect central clock function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Nathan Waldeck
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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119
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Fustin JM, Li M, Gao B, Chen Q, Cheng T, Stewart AG. Rhythm on a chip: circadian entrainment in vitro is the next frontier in body-on-a chip technology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 48:127-136. [PMID: 31600661 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organoids, bioprinted mini-tissues and body-on-a-chip technologies are poised to transform the practice of preclinical pharmacology, with a view to achieving better predictive value. We review the need for further refinement in static and dynamic biomechanical aspects of such microenvironments. Further consideration of the developments required in perfusion systems to enable delivery of an appropriate soluble microenvironment are argued. We place particular emphasis on a major deficiency in these systems, being the absence or aberrant circadian behaviour of cells used in such settings, and consider the technical challenges that are needing to be met in order to achieve rhythm-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Fustin
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Meina Li
- ARC Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bryan Gao
- ARC Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qianyu Chen
- ARC Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tianhong Cheng
- ARC Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- ARC Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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120
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Porcu A, Gonzalez R, McCarthy MJ. Pharmacological Manipulation of the Circadian Clock: A Possible Approach to the Management of Bipolar Disorder. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:981-999. [PMID: 31625128 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder with genetic and neurobiological underpinnings, characterized primarily by recurrent episodes of mania and depression, with notable disruptions in rhythmic behaviors such as sleep, energy, appetite and attention. The chronobiological links to BD are further supported by the effectiveness of various treatment modalities such as bright light, circadian phase advance, and mood-stabilizing drugs such as lithium that have effects on the circadian clock. Over the past 30 years, the neurobiology of the circadian clock has been exquisitely described and there now exists a detailed knowledge of key signaling pathways, neurotransmitters and signaling mechanisms that regulate various dimensions of circadian clock function. With this new wealth of information, it is becoming increasingly plausible that new drugs for BD could be made by targeting molecular elements of the circadian clock. However, circadian rhythms are multidimensional and complex, involving unique, time-dependent factors that are not typically considered in drug development. We review the organization of the circadian clock in the central nervous system and briefly summarize data implicating the circadian clock in BD. We then consider some of the unique aspects of the circadian clock as a drug target in BD, discuss key methodological considerations and evaluate some of the candidate clock pathways and systems that could serve as potential targets for novel mood stabilizers. We expect this work will serve as a roadmap to facilitate the development of compounds acting on the circadian clock for the treatment of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr MC116A, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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121
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The NRON complex controls circadian clock function through regulated PER and CRY nuclear translocation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11883. [PMID: 31417156 PMCID: PMC6695496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational regulation plays a central role in the circadian clock mechanism. However, nucleocytoplasmic translocation of core clock proteins, a key step in circadian timekeeping, is not fully understood. Earlier we found that the NRON scaffolding complex regulates nuclear translocation of NFAT and its signaling. Here, we show that components of the NRON complex also regulate the circadian clock. In peripheral cell clock models, genetic perturbation of the NRON complex affects PER and CRY protein nuclear translocation, dampens amplitude, and alters period length. Further, we show small molecules targeting the NFAT pathway alter nuclear translocation of PER and CRY proteins and impact circadian rhythms in peripheral cells and tissue explants of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Taken together, these studies highlight a key role for the NRON complex in regulating PER/CRY subcellular localization and circadian timekeeping.
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122
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Abstract
In mammals, genetic influences of circadian rhythms occur at many levels. A set of core "clock genes" have been identified that form a feedback loop of gene transcription and translation. The core genetic clockwork generates circadian rhythms in cells throughout the body. Polymorphisms in both core clock genes and interacting genes contribute to individual differences in the expression and properties of circadian rhythms. The circadian clock profoundly influences the patterns of gene expression and cellular functions, providing a mechanistic basis for the impact of the genetic circadian system on normal physiological processes as well as the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Kazuhiro Shimomura
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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123
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Talebizadeh Z, Shah A, DiTacchio L. The potential role of a retrotransposed gene and a long noncoding RNA in regulating an X-linked chromatin gene (KDM5C): Novel epigenetic mechanism in autism. Autism Res 2019; 12:1007-1021. [PMID: 31087518 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the potential role of the circadian system and chromatin remodeling genes in autism. Considering the heterogeneity and gender discrepancy in autism, and the complex nature of the epigenetic landscape, identification of biologically relevant epigenetic factors requires reducing heterogeneity using proper subtyping. For this study, we used X chromosome inactivation (XCI) status in females with autism as an epigenetic marker for subtyping and examined the expression level of members of KDM5, a chromatin remodeling gene family. KDM5 are histone demethylases involved in the circadian molecular machinery. We used human blood samples to characterize alternatively spliced KDM5 isoforms and noticed that KDM5C undergoes a complex splicing process. We also identified a KDM5C isoform (KDM5C-3'UTR-lncRNA) containing a novel 3'UTR originated from a retrotransposed gene (retro-SUV39H2) of an autosomal methyltransferase (SUV39H2). This 3'UTR shows 84% sequence homology with long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and is located 32 kb downstream of KDM5C. The KDM5C-3'UTR-lncRNA isoform was differentially expressed in autistic females with XCI skewness compared with controls. KDM5C plays a crucial role in balancing histone H3K4 methylation states. The identified retro-SUV39H2 originated lncRNA also shows H3K4 marks. By assessing the expression level of alternatively spliced Kdm5 isoforms at different circadian time-points, we showed that some isoforms follow a circadian oscillation pattern in wild type mouse brain.This study provides the first evidence and a suggestive model for the potential role of retrotransposed elements in autism through linking methylases and demethylases, two functionally complementary components of chromatin remodeling, which may collectively contribute to disease etiology through lncRNAs. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1007-1021. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Genes do not function in isolated conditions and their proper expression level also depends on a mechanism called gene regulation. An example of gene regulation is when changes outside DNA sequences influence the function of autism susceptibility genes. Alternative splicing is one type of gene regulation, which produces several versions of a gene (called variants) that may slightly differ from each other and be expressed at different levels in response to environmental changes. The circadian clock is an essential timing mechanism that enables organisms to maintain internal processes in sync with the dynamic environment brought about by the day-night cycle. The goal of this study was to assess if a subset of females with autism with certain genetic marker had a unique pattern of alternative splicing of three circadian genes. We identified a novel variant that is differentially expressed in this subset. Our study provides a novel subject stratification strategy, and a suggestive model of how biologically relevant components of a gene regulatory process may be linked and, possibly, collectively contribute to the etiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Talebizadeh
- Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ayten Shah
- Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
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124
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Tischkau SA. Mechanisms of circadian clock interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:379-395. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A. Tischkau
- Department of PharmacologySouthern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield Illinois
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125
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Streuli CH, Meng QJ. Influence of the extracellular matrix on cell-intrinsic circadian clocks. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs207498. [PMID: 30709969 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous circadian clocks coordinate tissue homeostasis with a 24-hourly rhythm. The molecular circadian clock machinery controls tissue- and cell type-specific sets of rhythmic genes. Disruptions of clock mechanisms are linked to an increased risk of acquiring diseases, especially those associated with aging, metabolic dysfunction and cancer. Despite rapid advances in understanding the cyclic outputs of different tissue clocks, less is known about how the clocks adapt to their local niche within tissues. We have discovered that tissue stiffness regulates circadian clocks, and that this occurs in a cell-type-dependent manner. In this Review, we summarise new work linking the extracellular matrix with differential control of circadian clocks. We discuss how the changes in tissue structure and cellular microenvironment that occur throughout life may impact on the molecular control of circadian cycles. We also consider how altered clocks may have downstream impacts on the acquisition of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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126
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Cha HK, Chung S, Lim HY, Jung JW, Son GH. Small Molecule Modulators of the Circadian Molecular Clock With Implications for Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:496. [PMID: 30718998 PMCID: PMC6348269 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate many biological processes and play fundamental roles in behavior, physiology, and metabolism. Such periodicity is critical for homeostasis because disruption or misalignment of the intrinsic rhythms is associated with the onset and progression of various human diseases and often directly leads to pathological states. Since the first identification of mammalian circadian clock genes, numerous genetic and biochemical studies have revealed the molecular basis of these cell-autonomous and self-sustainable rhythms. Specifically, these rhythms are generated by two interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops of clock proteins. As our understanding of these underlying mechanisms and their functional outputs has expanded, strategies have emerged to pharmacologically control the circadian molecular clock. Small molecules that target the molecular clock may present novel therapeutic strategies to treat chronic circadian rhythm-related diseases. These pharmaceutical approaches may include the development of new drugs to treat circadian clock-related disorders or combinational use with existing therapeutic strategies to improve efficacy via intrinsic clock-dependent mechanisms. Importantly, circadian rhythm disruptions correlate with, and often precede, many symptoms of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as sleep disorders, affective disorders, addiction-related disorders, and neurodegeneration. In this mini-review, we focus on recent discoveries of small molecules that pharmacologically modulate the core components of the circadian clock and their potential as preventive and/or therapeutic strategies for circadian clock-related neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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127
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Burish MJ, Chen Z, Yoo SH. Emerging relevance of circadian rhythms in headaches and neuropathic pain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13161. [PMID: 29969187 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms of physiology are the keys to health and fitness, as dysregulation, by genetic mutations or environmental factors, increases disease risk and aggravates progression. Molecular and physiological studies have shed important light on an intrinsic clock that drives circadian rhythms and serves essential roles in metabolic homoeostasis, organ physiology and brain functions. One exciting new area in circadian research is pain, including headache and neuropathic pain for which new mechanistic insights have recently emerged. For example, cluster headache is an intermittent pain disorder with an exceedingly precise circadian timing, and preliminary evidence is emerging linking several circadian components (eg, Clock and Nr1d1) with the disease. In this review, we first discuss the broad metabolic and physiological relevance of the circadian timing system. We then provide a detailed review of the circadian relevance in pain disease and physiology, including cluster headache, migraine, hypnic headache and neuropathic pain. Finally, we describe potential therapeutic implications, including existing pain medicines and novel clock-modulating compounds. The physiological basis for the circadian rhythms in pain is an exciting new area of research with profound basic and translational impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Burish
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
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128
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129
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Rosensweig C, Green CB. Periodicity, repression, and the molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:139-165. [PMID: 30402960 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Large molecular machines regulate daily cycles of transcriptional activity and help generate rhythmic behavior. In recent years, structural and biochemical analyses have elucidated a number of principles guiding the interactions of proteins that form the basis of circadian timing. In its simplest form, the circadian clock is composed of a transcription/translation feedback loop. However, this description elides a complicated process of activator recruitment, chromatin decompaction, recruitment of coactivators, expression of repressors, formation of a repressive complex, repression of the activators, and ultimately degradation of the repressors and reinitiation of the cycle. Understanding the core principles underlying the clock requires careful examination of molecular and even atomic level details of these processes. Here, we review major structural and biochemical findings in circadian biology and make the argument that shared protein interfaces within the clockwork are critical for both the generation of rhythmicity and timing of the clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark Rosensweig
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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130
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Waveforms of molecular oscillations reveal circadian timekeeping mechanisms. Commun Biol 2018; 1:207. [PMID: 30511021 PMCID: PMC6255756 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks play a pivotal role in orchestrating numerous physiological and developmental events. Waveform shapes of the oscillations of protein abundances can be informative about the underlying biochemical processes of circadian clocks. We derive a mathematical framework where waveforms do reveal hidden biochemical mechanisms of circadian timekeeping. We find that the cost of synthesizing proteins with particular waveforms can be substantially reduced by rhythmic protein half-lives over time, as supported by previous plant and mammalian data, as well as our own seedling experiment. We also find that previously enigmatic, cyclic expression of positive arm components within the mammalian and insect clocks allows both a broad range of peak time differences between protein waveforms and the symmetries of the waveforms about the peak times. Such various peak-time differences may facilitate tissue-specific or developmental stage-specific multicellular processes. Our waveform-guided approach can be extended to various biological oscillators, including cell-cycle and synthetic genetic oscillators. Hang-Hyun Jo et al. derive a mathematical framework for analyzing circadian clock waveforms. Using data from plants and animals, they find that waveforms of clock protein profiles provide important information about the biochemical mechanisms of circadian timekeeping.
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131
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Saran AR, Kalinowska D, Oh S, Janknecht R, DiTacchio L. JMJD5 links CRY1 function and proteasomal degradation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006145. [PMID: 30500822 PMCID: PMC6291157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian oscillator is a molecular feedback circuit whose orchestration involves posttranslational control of the activity and protein levels of its components. Although controlled proteolysis of circadian proteins is critical for oscillator function, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. Here, we report that JmjC domain-containing protein 5 (JMJD5) interacts with CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) in an F-box/leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (FBXL3)-dependent manner and facilitates targeting of CRY1 to the proteasome. Genetic deletion of JMJD5 results in greater CRY1 stability, reduced CRY1 association with the proteasome, and disruption of circadian gene expression. We also report that in the absence of JMJD5, AMP-regulated protein kinase (AMPK)-induced CRY1 degradation is impaired, establishing JMJD5 as a key player in this mechanism. JMJD5 cooperates with CRY1 to repress circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK)-brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1), thus linking CRY1 destabilization to repressive function. Finally, we find that ablation of JMJD5 impacts FBXL3- and CRY1-related functions beyond the oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand R. Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Diana Kalinowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Luciano DiTacchio
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Kutaragi Y, Tokuoka A, Tomiyama Y, Nose M, Watanabe T, Bando T, Moriyama Y, Tomioka K. A novel photic entrainment mechanism for the circadian clock in an insect: involvement of c-fos and cryptochromes. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 30250749 PMCID: PMC6145112 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrainment to the environmental light cycle is an essential property of the circadian clock. Although the compound eye is known to be the major photoreceptor necessary for entrainment in many insects, the molecular mechanisms of photic entrainment remain to be explored. RESULTS We found that cryptochromes (crys) and c-fos mediate photic entrainment of the circadian clock in a hemimetabolous insect, the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We examined the effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the cry genes, Gb'cry1 and Gb'cry2, on photic entrainment, and light-induced resetting of the circadian locomotor rhythm. Gb'cry2 RNAi accelerated entrainment for delay shifts, while Gb'cry1/ Gb'cry2 double RNAi resulted in significant lengthening of transient cycles in both advance and delay shifts, and even in entrainment failure in some crickets. Double RNAi also strongly suppressed light induced resetting. The Gb'cry-mediated phase shift or resetting of the rhythm was preceded by light-induced Gb'c-fosB expression. We also found that Gb'c-fosB, Gb'cry2 and Gb'period (Gb'per) were likely co-expressed in some optic lobe neurons. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we propose a novel model for photic entrainment of the insect circadian clock, which relies on the light information perceived by the compound eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kutaragi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Atsushi Tokuoka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Motoki Nose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0811 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Moriyama
- Department of Natural Sciences, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima 577, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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133
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Cao R. mTOR Signaling, Translational Control, and the Circadian Clock. Front Genet 2018; 9:367. [PMID: 30250482 PMCID: PMC6139299 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cellular processes are regulated by the approximately 24 h rhythms that are endogenously driven by the circadian clock. mRNA translation, as the most energy consuming step in gene expression, is temporally controlled by circadian rhythms. Recent research has uncovered key mechanisms of translational control that are orchestrated by circadian rhythmicity and in turn feed back to the clock machinery to maintain robustness and accuracy of circadian timekeeping. Here I review recent progress in our understanding of translation control mechanisms in the circadian clock, focusing on a role for the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in modulating entrainment, synchronization and autonomous oscillation of circadian clocks. I also discuss the relevance of circadian mTOR functions in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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134
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Zhang T, Jiang X, Xu M, Wang H, Sang X, Qin M, Bao P, Wang R, Zhang C, Lu H, Li Y, Ren J, Chang HC, Yan J, Sun Q, Xu J. Sleep and circadian abnormalities precede cognitive deficits in R521C FUS knockin rats. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:159-170. [PMID: 30273830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in fused in sarcoma (Fus) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and occasionally frontotemporal dementia. Here we report the establishment and characterization of a novel knockin (KI) rat model expressing a Fus point mutation (R521C) via CRISPR/Cas9. The mutant animals developed adult-onset learning and memory behavioral deficits, with reduced spine density in hippocampal neurons. Remarkably, sleep-wake cycle and circadian abnormalities preceded the onset of cognitive deficit. RNA-seq study further demonstrated altered expression of some key sleep and circadian regulators, such as orexin/hypocretin receptor type 2 and casein kinase 1 epsilon, in the mutant rats. Therefore, we have established a rodent model expressing physiological level of a pathogenic mutant FUS, and we found cognitive impairment as a main behavioral deficit at mid age. Furthermore, we have revealed a new role of FUS in sleep and circadian regulation and demonstrated that functional change in FUS could cause sleep-wake and circadian disturbance as early symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Sang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Puhua Bao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhuo Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hung-Chun Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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135
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Wang J, Qiu Z, Wu Y. Ubiquitin Regulation: The Histone Modifying Enzyme's Story. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090118. [PMID: 30150556 PMCID: PMC6162602 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications influence many fundamental cellular events by regulating chromatin structure and gene transcriptional activity. These modifications are highly dynamic and tightly controlled, with many enzymes devoted to the addition and removal of these modifications. Interestingly, these modifying enzymes are themselves fine-tuned and precisely regulated at the level of protein turnover by ubiquitin-proteasomal processing. Here, we focus on recent progress centered on the mechanisms regulating ubiquitination of histone modifying enzymes, including ubiquitin proteasomal degradation and the reverse process of deubiquitination. We will also discuss the potential pathophysiological significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Zhaoping Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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136
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Toledo M, Batista-Gonzalez A, Merheb E, Aoun ML, Tarabra E, Feng D, Sarparanta J, Merlo P, Botrè F, Schwartz GJ, Pessin JE, Singh R. Autophagy Regulates the Liver Clock and Glucose Metabolism by Degrading CRY1. Cell Metab 2018; 28:268-281.e4. [PMID: 29937374 PMCID: PMC6082686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates behavioral and circadian cues with availability and utilization of nutrients. Proteasomal degradation of clock repressors, such as cryptochrome (CRY)1, maintains periodicity. Whether macroautophagy, a quality control pathway, degrades circadian proteins remains unknown. Here we show that circadian proteins BMAL1, CLOCK, REV-ERBα, and CRY1 are lysosomal targets, and that macroautophagy affects the circadian clock by selectively degrading CRY1. Autophagic degradation of CRY1, an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, occurs in a diurnal window when rodents rely on gluconeogenesis, suggesting that CRY1 degradation is time-imprinted to maintenance of blood glucose. High-fat feeding accelerates autophagic CRY1 degradation and contributes to obesity-associated hyperglycemia. CRY1 contains several light chain 3 (LC3)-interacting region (LIR) motifs, which facilitate the interaction of cargo proteins with the autophagosome marker LC3. Using mutational analyses, we identified two distinct LIRs on CRY1 that exert circadian glycemic control by regulating CRY1 degradation, revealing LIRs as potential targets for controlling hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Toledo
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Batista-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Emilio Merheb
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marie Louise Aoun
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Elena Tarabra
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Daorong Feng
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jaakko Sarparanta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paola Merlo
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, RM 00197, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, RM 00197, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, RM 00161, Italy
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rajat Singh
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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137
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Ode KL, Ueda HR. Design Principles of Phosphorylation-Dependent Timekeeping in Eukaryotic Circadian Clocks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028357. [PMID: 29038116 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock in cyanobacteria employs a posttranslational oscillator composed of a sequential phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle of KaiC protein, in which the dynamics of protein structural changes driven by temperature-compensated KaiC's ATPase activity are critical for determining the period. On the other hand, circadian clocks in eukaryotes employ transcriptional feedback loops as a core mechanism. In this system, the dynamics of protein accumulation and degradation affect the circadian period. However, recent studies of eukaryotic circadian clocks reveal that the mechanism controlling the circadian period can be independent of the regulation of protein abundance. Instead, the circadian substrate is often phosphorylated at multiple sites at flexible protein regions to induce structural changes. The phosphorylation is catalyzed by kinases that induce sequential multisite phosphorylation such as casein kinase 1 (CK1) with temperature-compensated activity. We propose that the design principles of phosphorylation-dependent circadian-period determination in eukaryotes may share characteristics with the posttranslational oscillator in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji L Ode
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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138
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Sultan A. Identification and development of clock-modulating small molecules – an emerging approach to fine-tune the disrupted circadian clocks. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1498197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armiya Sultan
- Chronobiology and Animal Behavior Laboratory, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
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139
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Chen S, Yang J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liu Q, Duan C, Mieres CA, Zhou G, Xu G. Ubiquitin ligase
TRAF
2 attenuates the transcriptional activity of the core clock protein
BMAL
1 and affects the maximal
Per1
mRNA
level of the circadian clock in cells. FEBS J 2018; 285:2987-3001. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Lu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Crystal A. Mieres
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | - Guanghai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Taishan Medical University Tai'an Shandong China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
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140
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Molusky MM, Hsieh J, Lee SX, Ramakrishnan R, Tascau L, Haeusler RA, Accili D, Tall AR. Metformin and AMP Kinase Activation Increase Expression of the Sterol Transporters ABCG5/8 (ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter G5/G8) With Potential Antiatherogenic Consequences. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1493-1503. [PMID: 29853564 PMCID: PMC6039406 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular benefit of the anti-diabetic drug metformin are poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested metformin may upregulate macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. The final steps of reverse cholesterol transport are mediated by the sterol transporters, ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette transporter G5) and ABCG8 (ATP-binding cassette transporter G8), which facilitate hepato-biliary transport of cholesterol. This study was undertaken to assess the possibility that metformin induces Abcg5 and Abcg8 expression in liver and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS Metformin-treated mouse or human primary hepatocytes showed increased expression of Abcg5/8 and the bile salt export pump, Bsep. Administration of metformin to Western-type diet-fed mice showed significant upregulation of Abcg5/8 and Bsep. This resulted in increased initial clearance of 3H-cholesteryl ester HDL (high-density lipoprotein) from plasma. However, fecal 3H-cholesterol output was only marginally increased, possibly reflecting increased hepatic Ldlr (low-density lipoprotein receptor) expression, which would increase nonradiolabeled cholesterol uptake. Abcg5/8 undergo strong circadian variation. Available chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq data suggested multiple binding sites for Period 2, a transcriptional repressor, within the Abcg5/8 locus. Addition of AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) agonists decreased Period 2 occupancy, suggesting derepression of Abcg5/8. Inhibition of ATP citrate lyase, which generates acetyl-CoA from citrate, also decreased Period 2 occupancy, with concomitant upregulation of Abcg5/8. This suggests a mechanistic link between feeding-induced acetyl-CoA production and decreased cholesterol excretion via Period 2, resulting in inhibition of Abcg5/8 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide partial support for the concept that metformin may provide cardiovascular benefit via increased reverse cholesterol transport but also indicate increased Ldlr expression as a potential additional mechanism. AMPK activation or ATP citrate lyase inhibition may mediate antiatherogenic effects through increased ABCG5/8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Molusky
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.M.M, J.H., L.T., A.R.T.)
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.M.M, J.H., L.T., A.R.T.)
| | - Samuel X Lee
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.X.L., R.A.H.)
| | | | - Liana Tascau
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.M.M, J.H., L.T., A.R.T.)
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.X.L., R.A.H.).,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.)
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center (D.A.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Alan R Tall
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.M.M, J.H., L.T., A.R.T.)
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141
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Ramanathan C, Kathale ND, Liu D, Lee C, Freeman DA, Hogenesch JB, Cao R, Liu AC. mTOR signaling regulates central and peripheral circadian clock function. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007369. [PMID: 29750810 PMCID: PMC5965903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates physiology and metabolism. mTOR (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a major intracellular sensor that integrates nutrient and energy status to regulate protein synthesis, metabolism, and cell growth. Previous studies have identified a key role for mTOR in regulating photic entrainment and synchrony of the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Given that mTOR activities exhibit robust circadian oscillations in a variety of tissues and cells including the SCN, here we continued to investigate the role of mTOR in orchestrating autonomous clock functions in central and peripheral circadian oscillators. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches we show that mTOR regulates intrinsic clock properties including period and amplitude. In peripheral clock models of hepatocytes and adipocytes, mTOR inhibition lengthens period and dampens amplitude, whereas mTOR activation shortens period and augments amplitude. Constitutive activation of mTOR in Tsc2-/-fibroblasts elevates levels of core clock proteins, including CRY1, BMAL1 and CLOCK. Serum stimulation induces CRY1 upregulation in fibroblasts in an mTOR-dependent but Bmal1- and Period-independent manner. Consistent with results from cellular clock models, mTOR perturbation also regulates period and amplitude in the ex vivo SCN and liver clocks. Further, mTOR heterozygous mice show lengthened circadian period of locomotor activity in both constant darkness and constant light. Together, these results support a significant role for mTOR in circadian timekeeping and in linking metabolic states to circadian clock functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Ramanathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nimish D. Kathale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - David A. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John B. Hogenesch
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RC); (ACL)
| | - Andrew C. Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RC); (ACL)
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142
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Honma S. The mammalian circadian system: a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure for generating circadian rhythm. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:207-219. [PMID: 29460036 PMCID: PMC10717972 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The circadian nature of physiology and behavior is regulated by a circadian clock that generates intrinsic rhythms with a periodicity of approximately 24 h. The mammalian circadian system is composed of a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulating the peripheral clocks found throughout the body. In the past two decades, key clock genes have been discovered in mammals and shown to be interlocked in transcriptional and translational feedback loops. At the cellular level, each cell is governed by its own independent clock; and yet, these cellular circadian clocks in the SCN form regional oscillators that are further coupled to one another to generate a single rhythm for the tissue. The oscillatory coupling within and between the regional oscillators appears to be critical for the extraordinary stability and the wide range of adaptability of the circadian clock, the mechanism of which is now being elucidated with newly advanced molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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143
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Gaucher J, Montellier E, Sassone-Corsi P. Molecular Cogs: Interplay between Circadian Clock and Cell Cycle. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:368-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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144
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Kinoshita C, Aoyama K, Nakaki T. Neuroprotection afforded by circadian regulation of intracellular glutathione levels: A key role for miRNAs. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:17-33. [PMID: 29198727 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-h oscillations of physiological and behavioral processes that allow us to adapt to daily environmental cycles. Like many other biological functions, cellular redox status and antioxidative defense systems display circadian rhythmicity. In the central nervous system (CNS), glutathione (GSH) is a critical antioxidant because the CNS is extremely vulnerable to oxidative stress; oxidative stress, in turn, causes several fatal diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. It has long been known that GSH level shows circadian rhythm, although the mechanism underlying GSH rhythm production has not been well-studied. Several lines of recent evidence indicate that the expression of antioxidant genes involved in GSH homeostasis as well as circadian clock genes are regulated by post-transcriptional regulator microRNA (miRNA), indicating that miRNA plays a key role in generating GSH rhythm. Interestingly, several reports have shown that alterations of miRNA expression as well as circadian rhythm have been known to link with various diseases related to oxidative stress. A growing body of evidence implicates a strong correlation between antioxidative defense, circadian rhythm and miRNA function, therefore, their dysfunctions could cause numerous diseases. It is hoped that continued elucidation of the antioxidative defense systems controlled by novel miRNA regulation under circadian control will advance the development of therapeutics for the diseases caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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145
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Zhang Y, Duan C, Yang J, Chen S, Liu Q, Zhou L, Huang Z, Xu Y, Xu G. Deubiquitinating enzyme USP9X regulates cellular clock function by modulating the ubiquitination and degradation of a core circadian protein BMAL1. Biochem J 2018; 475:1507-1522. [PMID: 29626158 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms on the earth maintain a roughly 24 h circadian rhythm, which is regulated by circadian clock genes and their protein products. Post-translational modifications of core clock proteins could affect the circadian behavior. Although ubiquitination of core clock proteins was studied extensively, the reverse process, deubiquitination, has only begun to unfold and the role of this regulation on circadian function is not completely understood. Here, we use affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis to identify probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X (USP9X) as an interacting protein of the core clock protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL or BMAL1). Through biochemical experiments, we discover that USP9X reduces BMAL1 ubiquitination, enhances its stability, and increases its protein level, leading to the elevated transcriptional activity. Bioluminescence measurement reveals that USP9X knockdown decreases the amplitude of the cellular circadian rhythm but the period and phase are not affected. Our experiments find a new regulator for circadian clock at the post-translational level and demonstrate a different regulatory function for the circadian clock through the deubiquitination and the up-regulation of the core clock protein BMAL1 in the positive limb of the transcription-translation feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Suping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhengyun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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146
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147
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Rosensweig C, Reynolds KA, Gao P, Laothamatas I, Shan Y, Ranganathan R, Takahashi JS, Green CB. An evolutionary hotspot defines functional differences between CRYPTOCHROMES. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1138. [PMID: 29556064 PMCID: PMC5859286 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian clocks are driven by a transcription/translation feedback loop composed of positive regulators (CLOCK/BMAL1) and repressors (CRYPTOCHROME 1/2 (CRY1/2) and PER1/2). To understand the structural principles of regulation, we used evolutionary sequence analysis to identify co-evolving residues within the CRY/PHL protein family. Here we report the identification of an ancestral secondary cofactor-binding pocket as an interface in repressive CRYs, mediating regulation through direct interaction with CLOCK and BMAL1. Mutations weakening binding between CLOCK/BMAL1 and CRY1 lead to acceleration of the clock, suggesting that subtle sequence divergences at this site can modulate clock function. Divergence between CRY1 and CRY2 at this site results in distinct periodic output. Weaker interactions between CRY2 and CLOCK/BMAL1 at this pocket are strengthened by co-expression of PER2, suggesting that PER expression limits the length of the repressive phase in CRY2-driven rhythms. Overall, this work provides a model for the mechanism and evolutionary variation of clock regulatory mechanisms. The molecular mechanisms that define the periodicity or rate of the circadian clock are not well understood. Here the authors use a multidisciplinary approach and identify a mechanism for period regulation that depends on the affinity of the core clock proteins for one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark Rosensweig
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Pancoe 2230, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kimberly A Reynolds
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Isara Laothamatas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yongli Shan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Rama Ranganathan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,The Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,The Center for the Physics of Evolving Systems, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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148
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Wang W, Fan Y, Niu X, Miao M, Kud J, Zhou B, Zeng L, Liu Y, Xiao F. Functional analysis of the seven in absentia ubiquitin ligase family in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:689-703. [PMID: 29320607 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven in absentia (SINA) protein is one subgroup of ubiquitin ligases possessing an N-terminal cysteine-rich really interesting new gene (RING) domain, two zinc-finger motifs, and a C-terminal domain responsible for substrate-binding and dimerization. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the SINA gene family has six members, and we characterize in this study all tomato SINA (SlSINA) genes and the gene products. Our results show that SlSINA genes are differentially regulated in leaf, bud, stem, flower, and root. All SlSINA proteins possess RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, exhibiting similar specificity towards the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. SlSINA1/3/4/5/6 are localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas SlSINA2 is exclusively localized in the nucleus. Moreover, all SlSINAs can interact with each other for homo- or hetero-dimerization. The functionality of SlSINA proteins has been investigated. SlSINA4 plays a positive role in defense signalling, as manifested by elicitation of E3-dependent hypersensitive response-like cell death; the other SlSINAs are negative regulator and capable to suppress hypersensitive response cell death. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing SlSINA2 exhibit pale-green leaf phenotype, suggesting SlSINA2 regulates chlorophyll level in plant cells, whereas transgenic tomato plants overexpressing SlSINA5 have altered floral structure with exserted stigma, implicating SlSINA5 plays a role in flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Youhong Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Xiangli Niu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Min Miao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Joanna Kud
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Bangjun Zhou
- Plant Science Innovation Center and Plant Pathology Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Lirong Zeng
- Plant Science Innovation Center and Plant Pathology Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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149
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Matsu-Ura T, Moore SR, Hong CI. WNT Takes Two to Tango: Molecular Links between the Circadian Clock and the Cell Cycle in Adult Stem Cells. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 33:5-14. [PMID: 29277155 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417745913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Like two dancers, the circadian clock and cell cycle are biological oscillators engaged in bidirectional communication, resulting in circadian clock-gated cell division cycles in species ranging from cyanobacteria to mammals. The identified mechanisms for this phenomenon have expanded beyond intracellular molecular coupling components to include intercellular connections. However, detailed molecular mechanisms, dynamics, and physiological functions of the circadian clock and cell cycle as coupled oscillators remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of this connection in light of recent findings that have uncovered intercellular coupling between the circadian clock in Paneth cells and the cell cycle in intestinal stem cells via WNT signaling. This extends the impact of circadian rhythms regulating the timing of cell divisions beyond the intracellular domain of homogenous cell populations into dynamic, multicellular systems. In-depth understanding of the molecular links and dynamics of these two oscillators will identify potential targets and temporal regimens for effective chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsu-Ura
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, UVA Child Health Research Center, Virginia
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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150
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D'Alessandro M, Beesley S, Kim JK, Jones Z, Chen R, Wi J, Kyle K, Vera D, Pagano M, Nowakowski R, Lee C. Stability of Wake-Sleep Cycles Requires Robust Degradation of the PERIOD Protein. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3454-3467.e8. [PMID: 29103939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Robustness in biology is the stability of phenotype under diverse genetic and/or environmental perturbations. The circadian clock has remarkable stability of period and phase that-unlike other biological oscillators-is maintained over a wide range of conditions. Here, we show that the high fidelity of the circadian system stems from robust degradation of the clock protein PERIOD. We show that PERIOD degradation is regulated by a balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination, and that disruption of this balance can destabilize the clock. In mice with a loss-of-function mutation of the E3 ligase gene β-Trcp2, the balance of PERIOD degradation is perturbed and the clock becomes dramatically unstable, presenting a unique behavioral phenotype unlike other circadian mutant animal models. We believe that our data provide a molecular explanation for how circadian phases, such as wake-sleep onset times, can become unstable in humans, and we present a unique mouse model to study human circadian disorders with unstable circadian rhythm phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D'Alessandro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stephen Beesley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Zachary Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Rongmin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Julie Wi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Kathleen Kyle
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Daniel Vera
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 599, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Nowakowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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