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Summa KC, Jiang P, González-Rodríguez P, Huang X, Lin X, Vitaterna MH, Dan Y, Surmeier DJ, Turek FW. Disrupted sleep-wake regulation in the MCI-Park mouse model of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:54. [PMID: 38467673 PMCID: PMC10928107 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Disrupted sleep has a profound adverse impact on lives of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and their caregivers. Sleep disturbances are exceedingly common in PD, with substantial heterogeneity in type, timing, and severity. Among the most common sleep-related symptoms reported by PD patients are insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep fragmentation, characterized by interruptions and decreased continuity of sleep. Alterations in brain wave activity, as measured on the electroencephalogram (EEG), also occur in PD, with changes in the pattern and relative contributions of different frequency bands of the EEG spectrum to overall EEG activity in different vigilance states consistently observed. The mechanisms underlying these PD-associated sleep-wake abnormalities are poorly understood, and they are ineffectively treated by conventional PD therapies. To help fill this gap in knowledge, a new progressive model of PD - the MCI-Park mouse - was studied. Near the transition to the parkinsonian state, these mice exhibited significantly altered sleep-wake regulation, including increased wakefulness, decreased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, increased sleep fragmentation, reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and altered EEG activity patterns. These sleep-wake abnormalities resemble those identified in PD patients. Thus, this model may help elucidate the circuit mechanisms underlying sleep disruption in PD and identify targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Summa
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - P Jiang
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Discovery, Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P González-Rodríguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
| | - X Huang
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - X Lin
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - M H Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Y Dan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - D J Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - F W Turek
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Afshinnekoo E, Scott RT, MacKay MJ, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Barker R, Gilroy S, Hassane D, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Crucian BE, Ponomarev SA, Orlov OI, Shiba D, Muratani M, Yamamoto M, Richards SE, Vaishampayan PA, Meydan C, Foox J, Myrrhe J, Istasse E, Singh N, Venkateswaran K, Keune JA, Ray HE, Basner M, Miller J, Vitaterna MH, Taylor DM, Wallace D, Rubins K, Bailey SM, Grabham P, Costes SV, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration. Cell 2021; 184:6002. [PMID: 34822785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thompson RS, Gaffney M, Hopkins S, Kelley T, Gonzalez A, Bowers SJ, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW, Foxx CL, Lowry CA, Vargas F, Dorrestein PC, Wright KP, Knight R, Fleshner M. Ruminiclostridium 5, Parabacteroides distasonis, and bile acid profile are modulated by prebiotic diet and associate with facilitated sleep/clock realignment after chronic disruption of rhythms. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:150-166. [PMID: 34242738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic disruption of rhythms (CDR) impacts sleep and can result in circadian misalignment of physiological systems which, in turn, is associated with increased disease risk. Exposure to repeated or severe stressors also disturbs sleep and diurnal rhythms. Prebiotic nutrients produce favorable changes in gut microbial ecology, the gut metabolome, and reduce several negative impacts of acute severe stressor exposure, including disturbed sleep, core body temperature rhythmicity, and gut microbial dysbiosis. In light of previous compelling evidence that prebiotic diet broadly reduces negative impacts of acute, severe stressors, we hypothesize that prebiotic diet will also effectively mitigate the negative impacts of chronic disruption of circadian rhythms on physiology and sleep/wake behavior. Male, Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets enriched in prebiotic substrates or calorically matched control chow. After 5 weeks on diet, rats were exposed to CDR (12 h light/dark reversal, weekly for 8 weeks) or remained on undisturbed normal light/dark cycles (NLD). Sleep EEG, core body temperature, and locomotor activity were recorded via biotelemetry in freely moving rats. Fecal samples were collected on experimental days -33, 0 (day of onset of CDR), and 42. Taxonomic identification and relative abundances of gut microbes were measured in fecal samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. Fecal primary, bacterially modified secondary, and conjugated bile acids were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Prebiotic diet produced rapid and stable increases in the relative abundances of Parabacteroides distasonis and Ruminiclostridium 5. Shotgun metagenomics analyses confirmed reliable increases in relative abundances of Parabacteroides distasonis and Clostridium leptum, a member of the Ruminiclostridium genus. Prebiotic diet also modified fecal bile acid profiles; and based on correlational and step-wise regression analyses, Parabacteroides distasonis and Ruminiclostridium 5 were positively associated with each other and negatively associated with secondary and conjugated bile acids. Prebiotic diet, but not CDR, impacted beta diversity. Measures of alpha diversity evenness were decreased by CDR and prebiotic diet prevented that effect. Rats exposed to CDR while eating prebiotic, compared to control diet, more quickly realigned NREM sleep and core body temperature (ClockLab) diurnal rhythms to the altered light/dark cycle. Finally, both cholic acid and Ruminiclostridium 5 prior to CDR were associated with time to realign CBT rhythms to the new light/dark cycle after CDR; whereas both Ruminiclostridium 5 and taurocholic acid prior to CDR were associated with NREM sleep recovery after CDR. These results support our hypothesis and suggest that ingestion of prebiotic substrates is an effective strategy to increase the relative abundance of health promoting microbes, alter the fecal bile acid profile, and facilitate the recovery and realignment of sleep and diurnal rhythms after circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Thompson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Michelle Gaffney
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelby Hopkins
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tel Kelley
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Bowers
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Fred W Turek
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Christine L Foxx
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Afshinnekoo E, Scott RT, MacKay MJ, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Barker R, Gilroy S, Hassane D, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Crucian BE, Ponomarev SA, Orlov OI, Shiba D, Muratani M, Yamamoto M, Richards SE, Vaishampayan PA, Meydan C, Foox J, Myrrhe J, Istasse E, Singh N, Venkateswaran K, Keune JA, Ray HE, Basner M, Miller J, Vitaterna MH, Taylor DM, Wallace D, Rubins K, Bailey SM, Grabham P, Costes SV, Mason CE, Beheshti A. Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration. Cell 2021; 183:1162-1184. [PMID: 33242416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research on astronaut health and model organisms have revealed six features of spaceflight biology that guide our current understanding of fundamental molecular changes that occur during space travel. The features include oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysregulation, epigenetic changes (including gene regulation), telomere length alterations, and microbiome shifts. Here we review the known hazards of human spaceflight, how spaceflight affects living systems through these six fundamental features, and the associated health risks of space exploration. We also discuss the essential issues related to the health and safety of astronauts involved in future missions, especially planned long-duration and Martian missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ryan T Scott
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Matthew J MacKay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Eloise Pariset
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Richard Barker
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Scott M Smith
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Sara R Zwart
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mayra Nelman-Gonzalez
- KBR, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Brian E Crucian
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Sergey A Ponomarev
- Institute for the Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg I Orlov
- Institute for the Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dai Shiba
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Stephanie E Richards
- Bionetics, NASA Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA
| | - Parag A Vaishampayan
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jacqueline Myrrhe
- European Space Agency, Research and Payloads Group, Data Exploitation and Utilisation Strategy Office, 2200 AG Noordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Istasse
- European Space Agency, Research and Payloads Group, Data Exploitation and Utilisation Strategy Office, 2200 AG Noordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Nitin Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Jessica A Keune
- Space Medicine Operations Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Hami E Ray
- ASRC Federal Space and Defense, Inc., Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jack Miller
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Deanne M Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen Rubins
- Astronaut Office, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Peter Grabham
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Gao VD, Morley‐Fletcher S, Maccari S, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. Resource competition shapes biological rhythms and promotes temporal niche differentiation in a community simulation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11322-11334. [PMID: 33144967 PMCID: PMC7593148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition for resources often contributes strongly to defining an organism's ecological niche. Endogenous biological rhythms are important adaptations to the temporal dimension of niches, but how other organisms influence such temporal niches has not been much studied, and the role of competition in particular has been even less examined. We investigated how interspecific competition and intraspecific competition for resources shape an organism's activity rhythms.To do this, we simulated communities of one or two species in an agent-based model. Individuals in the simulation move according to a circadian activity rhythm and compete for limited resources. Probability of reproduction is proportional to an individual's success in obtaining resources. Offspring may have variance in rhythm parameters, which allow for the population to evolve over time.We demonstrate that when organisms are arrhythmic, one species will always be competitively excluded from the environment, but the existence of activity rhythms allows niche differentiation and indefinite coexistence of the two species. Two species which are initially active at the same phase will differentiate their phase angle of entrainment over time to avoid each other. When only one species is present in an environment, competition within the species strongly selects for niche expansion through arrhythmicity, but the addition of an interspecific competitor facilitates evolution of increased rhythmic amplitude when combined with additional adaptations for temporal specialization. Finally, if individuals preferentially mate with others who are active at similar times of day, then disruptive selection by intraspecific competition can split one population into two reproductively isolated groups separated in activity time.These simulations suggest that biological rhythms are an effective method to temporally differentiate ecological niches and that competition is an important ecological pressure promoting the evolution of rhythms and sleep. This is the first study to use ecological modeling to examine biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance Difan Gao
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et FonctionnelleCNRSUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- Center for Sleep and Circadian BiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Sara Morley‐Fletcher
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et FonctionnelleCNRSUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) “Perinatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”University of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Stefania Maccari
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et FonctionnelleCNRSUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) “Perinatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”University of LilleLilleFrance
- Department of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity Sapienza of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian BiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
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Jiang P, Green SJ, Chlipala GE, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH. Reproducible changes in the gut microbiome suggest a shift in microbial and host metabolism during spaceflight. Microbiome 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31399081 PMCID: PMC6689164 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space environment imposes a range of challenges to mammalian physiology and the gut microbiota, and interactions between the two are thought to be important in mammalian health in space. While previous findings have demonstrated a change in the gut microbial community structure during spaceflight, specific environmental factors that alter the gut microbiome and the functional relevance of the microbiome changes during spaceflight remain elusive. METHODS We profiled the microbiome using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in fecal samples collected from mice after a 37-day spaceflight onboard the International Space Station. We developed an analytical tool, named STARMAPs (Similarity Test for Accordant and Reproducible Microbiome Abundance Patterns), to compare microbiome changes reported here to other relevant datasets. We also integrated the gut microbiome data with the publically available transcriptomic data in the liver of the same animals for a systems-level analysis. RESULTS We report an elevated microbiome alpha diversity and an altered microbial community structure that were associated with spaceflight environment. Using STARMAPs, we found the observed microbiome changes shared similarity with data reported in mice flown in a previous space shuttle mission, suggesting reproducibility of the effects of spaceflight on the gut microbiome. However, such changes were not comparable with those induced by space-type radiation in Earth-based studies. We found spaceflight led to significantly altered taxon abundance in one order, one family, five genera, and six species of microbes. This was accompanied by a change in the inferred microbial gene abundance that suggests an altered capacity in energy metabolism. Finally, we identified host genes whose expression in the liver were concordantly altered with the inferred gut microbial gene content, particularly highlighting a relationship between host genes involved in protein metabolism and microbial genes involved in putrescine degradation. CONCLUSIONS These observations shed light on the specific environmental factors that contributed to a robust effect on the gut microbiome during spaceflight with important implications for mammalian metabolism. Our findings represent a key step toward a better understanding the role of the gut microbiome in mammalian health during spaceflight and provide a basis for future efforts to develop microbiota-based countermeasures that mitigate risks to crew health during long-term human space expeditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - George E. Chlipala
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
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Abstract
In mammals, genetic influences of circadian rhythms occur at many levels. A set of core "clock genes" have been identified that form a feedback loop of gene transcription and translation. The core genetic clockwork generates circadian rhythms in cells throughout the body. Polymorphisms in both core clock genes and interacting genes contribute to individual differences in the expression and properties of circadian rhythms. The circadian clock profoundly influences the patterns of gene expression and cellular functions, providing a mechanistic basis for the impact of the genetic circadian system on normal physiological processes as well as the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Kazuhiro Shimomura
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Garrett-Bakelman FE, Darshi M, Green SJ, Gur RC, Lin L, Macias BR, McKenna MJ, Meydan C, Mishra T, Nasrini J, Piening BD, Rizzardi LF, Sharma K, Siamwala JH, Taylor L, Vitaterna MH, Afkarian M, Afshinnekoo E, Ahadi S, Ambati A, Arya M, Bezdan D, Callahan CM, Chen S, Choi AMK, Chlipala GE, Contrepois K, Covington M, Crucian BE, De Vivo I, Dinges DF, Ebert DJ, Feinberg JI, Gandara JA, George KA, Goutsias J, Grills GS, Hargens AR, Heer M, Hillary RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hook VYH, Jenkinson G, Jiang P, Keshavarzian A, Laurie SS, Lee-McMullen B, Lumpkins SB, MacKay M, Maienschein-Cline MG, Melnick AM, Moore TM, Nakahira K, Patel HH, Pietrzyk R, Rao V, Saito R, Salins DN, Schilling JM, Sears DD, Sheridan CK, Stenger MB, Tryggvadottir R, Urban AE, Vaisar T, Van Espen B, Zhang J, Ziegler MG, Zwart SR, Charles JB, Kundrot CE, Scott GBI, Bailey SM, Basner M, Feinberg AP, Lee SMC, Mason CE, Mignot E, Rana BK, Smith SM, Snyder MP, Turek FW. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. Science 2019; 364:364/6436/eaau8650. [PMID: 30975860 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To understand the health impact of long-duration spaceflight, one identical twin astronaut was monitored before, during, and after a 1-year mission onboard the International Space Station; his twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments identified spaceflight-specific changes, including decreased body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension and increased intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcriptional and metabolic changes, DNA methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress-related pathways, gastrointestinal microbiota alterations, and some cognitive decline postflight. Although average telomere length, global gene expression, and microbiome changes returned to near preflight levels within 6 months after return to Earth, increased numbers of short telomeres were observed and expression of some genes was still disrupted. These multiomic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral datasets provide a valuable roadmap of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine E Garrett-Bakelman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Manjula Darshi
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Ruben C Gur
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Lin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cem Meydan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jad Nasrini
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Lynn Taylor
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Ahadi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Aditya Ambati
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniela Bezdan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Songjie Chen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marisa Covington
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - David F Dinges
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan P Hillary
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peng Jiang
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tyler M Moore
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hemal H Patel
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Varsha Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rintaro Saito
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denis N Salins
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael B Stenger
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John B Charles
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Craig E Kundrot
- Space Life and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Graham B I Scott
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Mathias Basner
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | | - Christopher E Mason
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, NY, USA.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY, USA.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Brinda K Rana
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Scott M Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Campbell KJ, Jiang P, Gao V, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH. 0151 Strain Comparison of the Effects of a Spaceflight Analog on Sleep Disruption. Sleep 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Jiang
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Sprecher KE, Ritchie HE, Burke TM, Depner CM, Dorrestein PC, Fleshner M, Knight R, Lowry CA, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH, Wright KP. 0213 Trait-like Vulnerability Of Higher-order Cognition To Sleep Loss And Circadian Misalignment. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K E Sprecher
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - H E Ritchie
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - T M Burke
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - C M Depner
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - P C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Microbiome Innovation and Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA
| | - M Fleshner
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - R Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego CA, USA, La Jolla, CA
| | - C A Lowry
- Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - F W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - M H Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - K P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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11
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Sprecher KE, Ritchie HK, Depner CM, Dorrestein PC, Fleshner M, Knight R, Lowry CA, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH, Wright KP. 0239 Sleep Architecture During Sleep Loss And Circadian Misalignment Is Trait-like. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K E Sprecher
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - H K Ritchie
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - C M Depner
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - P C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Microbiome Innovation and Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - M Fleshner
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - R Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego CA, USA, San Diego, CA
| | - C A Lowry
- Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - F W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - M H Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - K P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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12
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Bowers SJ, Olker CJ, Song E, Wright KP, Fleshner M, Lowry CA, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. 0146 IMMUNIZATION WITH HEAT-KILLED MYCOBACTERIUM VACCAE INCREASES TOTAL SLEEP AND REM SLEEP, AND CHANGES NREM ARCHITECTURE IN MICE. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Jiang P, Scarpa JR, Gao VD, Fitzpatrick K, Gotter A, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Vitaterna MH, Kasarskis A, Turek FW. 0018 DATA MINING OF MULTIPLE GENOMICS DATASETS UNCOVERS CONVERGENT GENE NETWORKS INTEGRATING CIRCADIAN TIMING AND HOMEOSTATIC DRIVE FOR SLEEP REGULATION. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Bishehsari F, Saadalla A, Khazaie K, Engen PA, Voigt RM, Shetuni BB, Forsyth C, Shaikh M, Vitaterna MH, Turek F, Keshavarzian A. Light/Dark Shifting Promotes Alcohol-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis: Possible Role of Intestinal Inflammatory Milieu and Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122017. [PMID: 27918452 PMCID: PMC5187817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with the modern lifestyle. Chronic alcohol consumption—a frequent habit of majority of modern societies—increases the risk of CRC. Our group showed that chronic alcohol consumption increases polyposis in a mouse mode of CRC. Here we assess the effect of circadian disruption—another modern life style habit—in promoting alcohol-associated CRC. Method: TS4Cre × adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)lox468 mice underwent (a) an alcohol-containing diet while maintained on a normal 12 h light:12 h dark cycle; or (b) an alcohol-containing diet in conjunction with circadian disruption by once-weekly 12 h phase reversals of the light:dark (LD) cycle. Mice were sacrificed after eight weeks of full alcohol and/or LD shift to collect intestine samples. Tumor number, size, and histologic grades were compared between animal groups. Mast cell protease 2 (MCP2) and 6 (MCP6) histology score were analyzed and compared. Stool collected at baseline and after four weeks of experimental manipulations was used for microbiota analysis. Results: The combination of alcohol and LD shifting accelerated intestinal polyposis, with a significant increase in polyp size, and caused advanced neoplasia. Consistent with a pathogenic role of stromal tryptase-positive mast cells in colon carcinogenesis, the ratio of mMCP6 (stromal)/mMCP2 (intraepithelial) mast cells increased upon LD shifting. Baseline microbiota was similar between groups, and experimental manipulations resulted in a significant difference in the microbiota composition between groups. Conclusions: Circadian disruption by Light:dark shifting exacerbates alcohol-induced polyposis and CRC. Effect of circadian disruption could, at least partly, be mediated by promoting a pro-tumorigenic inflammatory milieu via changes in microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Bishehsari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Abdulrahman Saadalla
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Brandon B Shetuni
- Northwestern Medicine, Central DuPage Hospital, Winfield, IL 60190, USA.
| | - Christopher Forsyth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Fred Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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15
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Swanson GR, Gorenz A, Shaikh M, Desai V, Kaminsky T, Van Den Berg J, Murphy T, Raeisi S, Fogg L, Vitaterna MH, Forsyth C, Turek F, Burgess HJ, Keshavarzian A. Night workers with circadian misalignment are susceptible to alcohol-induced intestinal hyperpermeability with social drinking. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G192-201. [PMID: 27198191 PMCID: PMC4967173 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00087.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced intestinal hyperpermeability (AIHP) is a known risk factor for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but only 20-30% of heavy alcoholics develop AIHP and ALD. The hypothesis of this study is that circadian misalignment would promote AIHP. We studied two groups of healthy subjects on a stable work schedule for 3 mo [day workers (DW) and night workers (NW)]. Subjects underwent two circadian phase assessments with sugar challenge to access intestinal permeability between which they drank 0.5 g/kg alcohol daily for 7 days. Sleep architecture by actigraphy did not differ at baseline or after alcohol between either group. After alcohol, the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in the DW group did not change significantly, but in the NW group there was a significant 2-h phase delay. Both the NW and DW groups had no change in small bowel permeability with alcohol, but only in the NW group was there an increase in colonic and whole gut permeability. A lower area under the curve of melatonin inversely correlated with increased colonic permeability. Alcohol also altered peripheral clock gene amplitude of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CLOCK, BMAL, PER1, CRY1, and CRY2 in both groups, and inflammatory markers lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, LPS, and IL-6 had an elevated mesor at baseline in NW vs. DW and became arrhythmic with alcohol consumption. Together, our data suggest that central circadian misalignment is a previously unappreciated risk factor for AIHP and that night workers may be at increased risk for developing liver injury with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth R. Swanson
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Annika Gorenz
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Vishal Desai
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Thomas Kaminsky
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Jolice Van Den Berg
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Terrence Murphy
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Shohreh Raeisi
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Louis Fogg
- 4ommunity, Systems and Mental Health Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- 2Department of Neurobiology, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; ,3Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Christopher Forsyth
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Fred Turek
- 2Department of Neurobiology, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; ,3Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Helen J. Burgess
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,5Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- 1Department Digestive Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,6Departments of Pharmacology; Molecular Biophysics & Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Kc R, Li X, Forsyth CB, Voigt RM, Summa KC, Vitaterna MH, Tryniszewska B, Keshavarzian A, Turek FW, Meng QJ, Im HJ. Osteoarthritis-like pathologic changes in the knee joint induced by environmental disruption of circadian rhythms is potentiated by a high-fat diet. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16896. [PMID: 26584570 PMCID: PMC4653622 DOI: 10.1038/srep16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of environmental factors contribute to progressive development of osteoarthritis (OA). Environmental factors that upset circadian rhythms have been linked to various diseases. Our recent work establishes chronic environmental circadian disruption - analogous to rotating shiftwork-associated disruption of circadian rhythms in humans - as a novel risk factor for the development of OA. Evidence suggests shift workers are prone to obesity and also show altered eating habits (i.e., increased preference for high-fat containing food). In the present study, we investigated the impact of chronic circadian rhythm disruption in combination with a high-fat diet (HFD) on progression of OA in a mouse model. Our study demonstrates that when mice with chronically circadian rhythms were fed a HFD, there was a significant proteoglycan (PG) loss and fibrillation in knee joint as well as increased activation of the expression of the catabolic mediators involved in cartilage homeostasis. Our results, for the first time, provide the evidence that environmental disruption of circadian rhythms plus HFD potentiate OA-like pathological changes in the mouse joints. Thus, our findings may open new perspectives on the interactions of chronic circadian rhythms disruption with diet in the development of OA and may have potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Kc
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Xin Li
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Keith C Summa
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Beata Tryniszewska
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Departments of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, M13 9PT
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Sections of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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Kc R, Li X, Voigt RM, Ellman MB, Summa KC, Vitaterna MH, Keshavarizian A, Turek FW, Meng QJ, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Chen D, Forsyth CB, Im HJ. Environmental disruption of circadian rhythm predisposes mice to osteoarthritis-like changes in knee joint. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2174-2183. [PMID: 25655021 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm dysfunction is linked to many diseases, yet pathophysiological roles in articular cartilage homeostasis and degenerative joint disease including osteoarthritis (OA) remains to be investigated in vivo. Here, we tested whether environmental or genetic disruption of circadian homeostasis predisposes to OA-like pathological changes. Male mice were examined for circadian locomotor activity upon changes in the light:dark (LD) cycle or genetic disruption of circadian rhythms. Wild-type (WT) mice were maintained on a constant 12 h:12 h LD cycle (12:12 LD) or exposed to weekly 12 h phase shifts. Alternatively, male circadian mutant mice (Clock(Δ19) or Csnk1e(tau) mutants) were compared with age-matched WT littermates that were maintained on a constant 12:12 LD cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms promoted osteoarthritic changes by suppressing proteoglycan accumulation, upregulating matrix-degrading enzymes and downregulating anabolic mediators in the mouse knee joint. Mechanistically, these effects involved activation of the PKCδ-ERK-RUNX2/NFκB and β-catenin signaling pathways, stimulation of MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5, as well as suppression of the anabolic mediators SOX9 and TIMP-3 in articular chondrocytes of phase-shifted mice. Genetic disruption of circadian homeostasis does not predispose to OA-like pathological changes in joints. Our results, for the first time, provide compelling in vivo evidence that environmental disruption of circadian rhythms is a risk factor for the development of OA-like pathological changes in the mouse knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Kc
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Section of Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Michael B Ellman
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Keith C Summa
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Ali Keshavarizian
- Section of Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Section of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Section of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Qing-Jun Meng, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, M13 9PT
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Section of Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612
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18
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Gao V, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. Validation of video motion-detection scoring of forced swim test in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:59-64. [PMID: 24992574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forced swim test (FST) is used to predict the effectiveness of novel antidepressant treatments. In this test, a mouse or rat is placed in a beaker of water for several minutes, and the amount of time spent passively floating is measured; antidepressants reduce the amount of such immobility. Though the FST is commonly used, manually scoring the test is time-consuming and involves considerable subjectivity. NEW METHOD We developed a simple MATLAB-based motion-detection method to quantify mice's activity in videos of FST. FST trials are video-recorded from a side view. Each pixel of the video is compared between subsequent video frames; if the pixel's color difference surpasses a threshold, a motion count is recorded. RESULTS Human-scored immobility time correlates well with total motion detected by the computer (r=-0.80) and immobility time determined by the computer (r=0.83). Our computer method successfully detects group differences in activity between genotypes and different days of testing. Furthermore, we observe heterosis for this behavior, in which (C57BL/6J×A/J) F1 hybrid mice are more active in the FST than the parental strains. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This computer-scoring method is much faster and more objective than human scoring. Other automatic scoring methods exist, but they require the purchase of expensive hardware and/or software. CONCLUSION This computer-scoring method is an effective, fast, and low-cost method of quantifying the FST. It is validated by replicating statistical differences observed in traditional visual scoring. We also demonstrate a case of heterosis in the FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance Gao
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan Hall 2-160, Evanston, IL 60208, United States.
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan Hall 2-160, Evanston, IL 60208, United States.
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan Hall 2-160, Evanston, IL 60208, United States.
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19
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Zhou L, Bryant CD, Loudon A, Palmer AA, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. The circadian clock gene Csnk1e regulates rapid eye movement sleep amount, and nonrapid eye movement sleep architecture in mice. Sleep 2014; 37:785-93, 793A-793C. [PMID: 24744456 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Efforts to identify the genetic basis of mammalian sleep have included quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and gene targeting of known core circadian clock genes. We combined three different genetic approaches to identify and test a positional candidate sleep gene - the circadian gene casein kinase 1 epsilon (Csnk1e), which is located in a QTL we identified for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep on chromosome 15. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Using electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings, baseline sleep was examined in a 12-h light:12-h dark (LD 12:12) cycle in mice of seven genotypes, including Csnk1e(tau/tau) and Csnk1e(-/-) mutant mice, Csnk1e (B6.D2) and Csnk1e (D2.B6) congenic mice, and their respective wild-type littermate control mice. Additionally, Csnk1e(tau/tau) and wild-type mice were examined in constant darkness (DD). Csnk1e(tau/tau) mutant mice and both Csnk1e (B6.D2) and Csnk1e (D2.B6) congenic mice showed significantly higher proportion of sleep time spent in REM sleep during the dark period than wild-type controls - the original phenotype for which the QTL on chromosome 15 was identified. This phenotype persisted in Csnk1e(tau/tau) mice while under free-running DD conditions. Other sleep phenotypes observed in Csnk1e(tau/tau) mice and congenics included a decreased number of bouts of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and an increased average NREM sleep bout duration. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a role for Csnk1e in regulating not only the timing of sleep, but also the REM sleep amount and NREM sleep architecture, and support Csnk1e as a causal gene in the sleep QTL on chromosome 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL ; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew Loudon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL ; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL ; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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Summa KC, Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Shaikh M, Cavanaugh K, Tang Y, Vitaterna MH, Song S, Turek FW, Keshavarzian A. Disruption of the Circadian Clock in Mice Increases Intestinal Permeability and Promotes Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Pathology and Inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67102. [PMID: 23825629 PMCID: PMC3688973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock orchestrates temporal patterns of physiology and behavior relative to the environmental light:dark cycle by generating and organizing transcriptional and biochemical rhythms in cells and tissues throughout the body. Circadian clock genes have been shown to regulate the physiology and function of the gastrointestinal tract. Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier enables the translocation of proinflammatory bacterial products, such as endotoxin, across the intestinal wall and into systemic circulation; a process that has been linked to pathologic inflammatory states associated with metabolic, hepatic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases – many of which are commonly reported in shift workers. Here we report, for the first time, that circadian disorganization, using independent genetic and environmental strategies, increases permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier (i.e., gut leakiness) in mice. Utilizing chronic alcohol consumption as a well-established model of induced intestinal hyperpermeability, we also found that both genetic and environmental circadian disruption promote alcohol-induced gut leakiness, endotoxemia and steatohepatitis, possibly through a mechanism involving the tight junction protein occludin. Circadian organization thus appears critical for the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity, especially in the context of injurious agents, such as alcohol. Circadian disruption may therefore represent a previously unrecognized risk factor underlying the susceptibility to or development of alcoholic liver disease, as well as other conditions associated with intestinal hyperpermeability and an endotoxin-triggered inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Summa
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin M. Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kate Cavanaugh
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yueming Tang
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shiwen Song
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Background The circadian clock has been linked to reproduction at many levels in mammals. Epidemiological studies of female shift workers have reported increased rates of reproductive abnormalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes, although whether the cause is circadian disruption or another factor associated with shift work is unknown. Here we test whether environmental disruption of circadian rhythms, using repeated shifts of the light:dark (LD) cycle, adversely affects reproductive success in mice. Methodology/Principal Findings Young adult female C57BL/6J (B6) mice were paired with B6 males until copulation was verified by visual identification of vaginal plug formation. Females were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, phase-delay or phase-advance. Controls remained on a constant 12-hr light:12-hr dark cycle, whereas phase-delayed and phase-advanced mice were subjected to 6-hr delays or advances in the LD cycle every 5–6 days, respectively. The number of copulations resulting in term pregnancies was determined. Control females had a full-term pregnancy success rate of 90% (11/12), which fell to 50% (9/18; p<0.1) in the phase-delay group and 22% (4/18; p<0.01) in the phase-advance group. Conclusions/Significance Repeated shifting of the LD cycle, which disrupts endogenous circadian timekeeping, dramatically reduces pregnancy success in mice. Advances of the LD cycle have a greater negative impact on pregnancy outcomes and, in non-pregnant female mice, require longer for circadian re-entrainment, suggesting that the magnitude or duration of circadian misalignment may be related to the severity of the adverse impact on pregnancy. These results explicitly link disruptions of circadian entrainment to adverse pregnancy outcomes in mammals, which may have important implications for the reproductive health of female shift workers, women with circadian rhythm sleep disorders and/or women with disturbed circadian rhythms for other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Summa
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yang HS, Shimomura K, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. High-resolution mapping of a novel genetic locus regulating voluntary physical activity in mice. Genes Brain Behav 2011; 11:113-24. [PMID: 21978078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both human beings and animals exhibit substantial inter-individual variation in voluntary physical activity, and evidence indicates that a significant component of this variation is because of genetic factors. However, little is known of the genetic basis underlying central regulation of voluntary physical activity in mammals. In this study, using an F(2) intercross population and interval-specific congenic strains (ISCS) derived from the C57BL/6J strain and a chromosome 13 substitution strain, C57BL/6J-Chr13A/J/NA/J, we identified a 3.76-Mb interval on chromosome 13 containing 25 genes with a significant impact on daily voluntary wheel running activity in mice. Brain expression and polymorphisms between the C57BL/6J and A/J strains were examined to prioritize candidate genes. As the dopaminergic pathway regulates motor movement and motivational behaviors, we tested its function by examining cocaine-induced locomotor responses in ISCS with different levels of activity. The low-activity ISCS exhibited a significantly higher response to acute cocaine administration than the high-activity ISCS. Expression analysis of key dopamine-related genes (dopamine transporter and D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptors) revealed that expression of D1 receptor was higher in the low-activity ISCS than in the high-activity ISCS in both the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pathway analysis implicated Tcfap2a, a gene found within the 3.76-Mb interval, involved in the D1 receptor pathway. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed that the transcriptional factor, Tcfap2a, regulates the promoter activity of the D1 receptor gene. Thus, Tcfap2a is proposed as a candidate genetic regulator of the level of voluntary physical activity through its influence on a dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Yang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3520, USA
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23
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Arble DM, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. Rhythmic leptin is required for weight gain from circadian desynchronized feeding in the mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25079. [PMID: 21949859 PMCID: PMC3176308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of leptin have been extensively researched since the discovery, and the later identification, of the leptin gene mutated within the ob/ob mouse. Leptin is required for optimal health in a number of physiological systems (e.g. fertility, bone density, body weight regulation). Despite the extensive leptin literature and many observations of leptin's cyclical pattern over the 24-hour day, few studies have specifically examined how the circadian rhythm of leptin may be essential to leptin signaling and health. Here we present data indicating that a rhythmic leptin profile (e.g. 1 peak every 24 hours) leads to excessive weight gain during desynchronized feeding whereas non-rhythmic leptin provided in a continuous manner does not lead to excessive body weight gain under similar feeding conditions. This study suggests that feeding time can interact with leptin's endogenous rhythm to influence metabolic signals, specifically leading to excessive body weight gains during 'wrongly' timed feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Marie Arble
- Northwestern University, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Northwestern University, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Northwestern University, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred W Turek
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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25
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Vitaterna MH, Ko CH, Chang AM, Buhr ED, Fruechte EM, Schook A, Antoch MP, Turek FW, Takahashi JS. The mouse Clock mutation reduces circadian pacemaker amplitude and enhances efficacy of resetting stimuli and phase-response curve amplitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9327-32. [PMID: 16754844 PMCID: PMC1474012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603601103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse Clock gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor, CLOCK, that acts in concert with BMAL1 to form the positive elements of the circadian clock mechanism in mammals. The original Clock mutant allele is a dominant negative (antimorphic) mutation that deletes exon 19 and causes an internal deletion of 51 aa in the C-terminal activation domain of the CLOCK protein. Here we report that heterozygous Clock/+ mice exhibit high-amplitude phase-resetting responses to 6-h light pulses (Type 0 resetting) as compared with wild-type mice that have low amplitude (Type 1) phase resetting. The magnitude and time course of acute light induction in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the only known light-induced core clock genes, Per1 and Per2, are not affected by the Clock/+ mutation. However, the amplitude of the circadian rhythms of Per gene expression are significantly reduced in Clock homozygous and heterozygous mutants. Rhythms of PER2::LUCIFERASE expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei explant cultures also are reduced in amplitude in Clock heterozygotes. The phase-response curves to changes in culture medium are Type 0 in Clock heterozygotes, but Type 1 in wild types, similar to that seen for light in vivo. The increased efficacy of resetting stimuli and decreased PER expression amplitude can be explained in a unified manner by a model in which the Clock mutation reduces circadian pacemaker amplitude in the suprachiasmatic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
| | - Caroline H. Ko
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G3
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
| | - Ethan D. Buhr
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
| | - Ethan M. Fruechte
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
| | - Andrew Schook
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3520; and
| | - Marina P. Antoch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3520; and
| | - Fred W. Turek
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
| | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- *Center for Functional Genomics, Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3520; and
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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26
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Vitaterna MH, Pinto LH, Takahashi JS. Large-scale mutagenesis and phenotypic screens for the nervous system and behavior in mice. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:233-40. [PMID: 16519954 PMCID: PMC3761413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant developments have occurred in our understanding of the mammalian genome thanks to informatics, expression profiling and sequencing of the human and rodent genomes. However, although these facets of genomic analysis are being addressed, analysis of in vivo gene function remains a formidable task. Evaluation of the phenotype of mutants provides powerful access to gene function, and this approach is particularly relevant to the nervous system and behavior. Here, we discuss the complementary mouse genetic approaches of gene-driven, targeted mutagenesis and phenotype-driven, chemical mutagenesis. We highlight an NIH-supported large-scale effort to use phenotype-driven mutagenesis screens to identify mouse mutants with neural and behavioral alterations. Such single-gene mutations can then be used for gene identification using positional candidate gene-cloning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Functional Genomics and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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27
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Moran JL, Bolton AD, Tran PV, Brown A, Dwyer ND, Manning DK, Bjork BC, Li C, Montgomery K, Siepka SM, Vitaterna MH, Takahashi JS, Wiltshire T, Kwiatkowski DJ, Kucherlapati R, Beier DR. Utilization of a whole genome SNP panel for efficient genetic mapping in the mouse. Genome Res 2006; 16:436-40. [PMID: 16461637 PMCID: PMC1415208 DOI: 10.1101/gr.4563306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype-driven genetics can be used to create mouse models of human disease and birth defects. However, the utility of these mutant models is limited without identification of the causal gene. To facilitate genetic mapping, we developed a fixed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel of 394 SNPs as an alternative to analyses using simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) marker mapping. With the SNP panel, chromosomal locations for 22 monogenic mutants were identified. The average number of affected progeny genotyped for mapped monogenic mutations is nine. Map locations for several mutants have been obtained with as few as four affected progeny. The average size of genetic intervals obtained for these mutants is 43 Mb, with a range of 17-83 Mb. Thus, our SNP panel allows for identification of moderate resolution map position with small numbers of mice in a high-throughput manner. Importantly, the panel is suitable for mapping crosses from many inbred and wild-derived inbred strain combinations. The chromosomal localizations obtained with the SNP panel allow one to quickly distinguish between potentially novel loci or remutations in known genes, and facilitates fine mapping and positional cloning. By using this approach, we identified DNA sequence changes in two ethylnitrosourea-induced mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Moran
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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28
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Clark AT, Goldowitz D, Takahashi JS, Vitaterna MH, Siepka SM, Peters LL, Frankel WN, Carlson GA, Rossant J, Nadeau JH, Justice MJ. Implementing large-scale ENU mutagenesis screens in North America. Genetica 2005; 122:51-64. [PMID: 15619961 PMCID: PMC3774779 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-004-1436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A step towards annotating the mouse genome is to use forward genetics in phenotype-driven screens to saturate the genome with mutations. The purpose of this article is to highlight the new projects in North America that are focused on isolating mouse mutations after ENU mutagenesis and phenotype screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Sandra M. Siepka
- Center for Functional Genomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Luanne L. Peters
- Center for Mouse Models of Heart, Lung, Blood and Sleep Disorders, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - Wayne N. Frankel
- Neuroscience Mutagenesis Facility, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - George A. Carlson
- McLaughlin Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Great Falls, MT, USA
| | - Janet Rossant
- The Center for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph H. Nadeau
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Author for correspondence: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA (Phone: +1-713-798-5440; Fax: +1-713-798-1445; )
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29
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Pinto LH, Vitaterna MH, Siepka SM, Shimomura K, Lumayag S, Baker M, Fenner D, Mullins RF, Sheffield VC, Stone EM, Heffron E, Takahashi JS. Results from screening over 9000 mutation-bearing mice for defects in the electroretinogram and appearance of the fundus. Vision Res 2005; 44:3335-45. [PMID: 15536001 PMCID: PMC3756145 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Random mutagenesis combined with phenotypic screening using carefully crafted functional tests has successfully led to the discovery of genes that are essential for a number of functions. This approach does not require prior knowledge of the identity of the genes that are involved and is a way to ascribe function to the nearly 6000 genes for which knowledge of the DNA sequence has been inadequate to determine the function of the gene product. In an effort to identify genes involved in the visual system via this approach, we have tested over 9000 first and third generation offspring of mice treated with the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) for visual defects, as evidenced by abnormalities in the electroretinogram and appearance of the fundus. We identified 61 putative mutations with this procedure and outline the steps needed to identify the affected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Pinto
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology and Center for Functional Genomics, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan Hall 2-140, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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30
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Kolker DE, Vitaterna MH, Fruechte EM, Takahashi JS, Turek FW. Effects of age on circadian rhythms are similar in wild-type and heterozygous Clock mutant mice. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:517-23. [PMID: 15013573 PMCID: PMC3760160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Revised: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 06/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The amplitudes of many circadian rhythms, at the behavioral, physiological, cellular, and biochemical levels, decrease with advanced age. Previous studies suggest that the amplitude of the central circadian pacemaker is decreased in old animals. Recently, it has been reported that expression of several circadian clock genes, including Clock, is lower in the master circadian pacemaker of old rodents. To test the hypothesis that decreased activity of a circadian clock gene renders animals more susceptible to the effects of aging, we analyzed the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in young and old wild-type and heterozygous Clock mutant mice. We found that the effects of age and the Clock mutation were additive. These results indicate that age-related changes in circadian rhythmicity occur equally in wild-type and heterozygous Clock mutants, suggesting that the Clock mutation does not render mice more susceptible to the effects of age on the circadian pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Kolker
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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31
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Solberg LC, Ahmadiyeh N, Baum AE, Vitaterna MH, Takahashi JS, Turek FW, Redei EE. Depressive-like behavior and stress reactivity are independent traits in a Wistar Kyoto x Fisher 344 cross. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:423-33. [PMID: 12740600 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a heritable disorder that is often precipitated by stress. Abnormalities of the stress-reactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are also common in depressed patients. In animal models, the forced swim test (FST) is the most frequently used test of depressive-like behavior. We have used a proposed animal model of depression, the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat, to investigate the relationship as well as the mode of inheritance of FST behaviors and HPA measures. Through reciprocal breeding of WKY and F344 parent strains and brother-sister breeding of the F1 generation, we obtained 486 F2 animals. Parent, F1 and F2 animals were tested in the FST. Blood samples were collected for determination of basal and stress (10-min restraint) plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, and adrenal weights were measured. We found that all measures were heritable to some extent and that this heritability was highly sex dependent. Both correlation and factor analyses of the F2 generation data demonstrate that FST behavior and HPA axis measures are not directly related. Thus, the underlying genetic components of depressive-like behavior and HPA axis abnormalities are likely to be disparate in the segregating F2 generation of a WKY x F344 cross.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Solberg
- 1Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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32
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Shimomura K, Low-Zeddies SS, King DP, Steeves TD, Whiteley A, Kushla J, Zemenides PD, Lin A, Vitaterna MH, Churchill GA, Takahashi JS. Genome-wide epistatic interaction analysis reveals complex genetic determinants of circadian behavior in mice. Genome Res 2001; 11:959-80. [PMID: 11381025 DOI: 10.1101/gr.171601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity underlies many phenotypic variations observed in circadian rhythmicity. Continuous distributions in measures of circadian behavior observed among multiple inbred strains of mice suggest that the inherent contributions to variability are polygenic in nature. To identify genetic loci that underlie this complex behavior, we have carried out a genome-wide complex trait analysis in 196 (C57BL/6J X BALB/cJ)F(2) hybrid mice. We have characterized variation in this panel of F(2) mice among five circadian phenotypes: free-running circadian period, phase angle of entrainment, amplitude of the circadian rhythm, circadian activity level, and dissociation of rhythmicity. Our genetic analyses of these phenotypes have led to the identification of 14 loci having significant effects on this behavior, including significant main effect loci that contribute to three of these phenotypic measures: period, phase, and amplitude. We describe an additional locus detection method, genome-wide genetic interaction analysis, developed to identify locus pairs that may interact epistatically to significantly affect phenotype. Using this analysis, we identified two additional pairs of loci that have significant effects on dissociation and activity level; we also detected interaction effects in loci contributing to differences of period, phase, and amplitude. Although single gene mutations can affect circadian rhythms, the analysis of interstrain variants demonstrates that significant genetic complexity underlies this behavior. Importantly, most of the loci that we have detected by these methods map to locations that differ from the nine known clock genes, indicating the presence of additional clock-relevant genes in the mammalian circadian system. These data demonstrate the analytical value of both genome-wide complex trait and epistatic interaction analyses in further understanding complex phenotypes, and point to promising approaches for genetic analysis of such phenotypes in other mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimomura
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3520, USA
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Vitaterna MH, Takahashi JS, Turek FW. Overview of circadian rhythms. Alcohol Res Health 2001; 25:85-93. [PMID: 11584554 PMCID: PMC6707128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The daily light-dark cycle governs rhythmic changes in the behavior and/or physiology of most species. Studies have found that these changes are governed by a biological clock, which in mammals is located in two brain areas called the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The circadian cycles established by this clock occur throughout nature and have a period of approximately 24 hours. In addition, these circadian cycles can be synchronized to external time signals but also can persist in the absence of such signals. Studies have found that the internal clock consists of an array of genes and the protein products they encode, which regulate various physiological processes throughout the body. Disruptions of the biological rhythms can impair the health and well-being of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vitaterna
- Center for Functional Genomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Naylor E, Bergmann BM, Krauski K, Zee PC, Takahashi JS, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. The circadian clock mutation alters sleep homeostasis in the mouse. J Neurosci 2000; 20:8138-43. [PMID: 11050136 PMCID: PMC6772726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset and duration of sleep are thought to be primarily under the control of a homeostatic mechanism affected by previous periods of wake and sleep and a circadian timing mechanism that partitions wake and sleep into different portions of the day and night. The mouse Clock mutation induces pronounced changes in overall circadian organization. We sought to determine whether this genetic disruption of circadian timing would affect sleep homeostasis. The Clock mutation affected a number of sleep parameters during entrainment to a 12 hr light/dark (LD 12:12) cycle, when animals were free-running in constant darkness (DD), and during recovery from 6 hr of sleep deprivation in LD 12:12. In particular, in LD 12:12, heterozygous and homozygous Clock mutants slept, respectively, approximately 1 and approximately 2 hr less than wild-type mice, and they had 25 and 51% smaller increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during 24 hr recovery, respectively, than wild-type mice. The effects of the mutation on sleep are not readily attributable to differential entrainment to LD 12:12 because the baseline sleep differences between genotypes were also present when animals were free-running in DD. These results indicate that genetic alterations of the circadian clock system and/or its regulatory genes are likely to have widespread effects on a variety of sleep and wake parameters, including the homeostatic regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Naylor
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Center for Circadian Biology and Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Vitaterna MH, Selby CP, Todo T, Niwa H, Thompson C, Fruechte EM, Hitomi K, Thresher RJ, Ishikawa T, Miyazaki J, Takahashi JS, Sancar A. Differential regulation of mammalian period genes and circadian rhythmicity by cryptochromes 1 and 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:12114-9. [PMID: 10518585 PMCID: PMC18421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes regulate the circadian clock in animals and plants. Humans and mice have two cryptochrome (Cry) genes. A previous study showed that mice lacking the Cry2 gene had reduced sensitivity to acute light induction of the circadian gene mPer1 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and had an intrinsic period 1 hr longer than normal. In this study, Cry1(-/-) and Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) mice were generated and their circadian clocks were analyzed at behavioral and molecular levels. Behaviorally, the Cry1(-/-) mice had a circadian period 1 hr shorter than wild type and the Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) mice were arrhythmic in constant darkness (DD). Biochemically, acute light induction of mPer1 mRNA in the SCN was blunted in Cry1(-/-) and abolished in Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) mice. In contrast, the acute light induction of mPer2 in the SCN was intact in Cry1(-/-) and Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) animals. Importantly, in double mutants, mPer1 expression was constitutively elevated and no rhythmicity was detected in either 12-hr light/12-hr dark or DD, whereas mPer2 expression appeared rhythmic in 12-hr light/12-hr dark, but nonrhythmic in DD with intermediate levels. These results demonstrate that Cry1 and Cry2 are required for the normal expression of circadian behavioral rhythms, as well as circadian rhythms of mPer1 and mPer2 in the SCN. The differential regulation of mPer1 and mPer2 by light in Cry double mutants reveals a surprising complexity in the role of cryptochromes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vitaterna
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Thresher RJ, Vitaterna MH, Miyamoto Y, Kazantsev A, Hsu DS, Petit C, Selby CP, Dawut L, Smithies O, Takahashi JS, Sancar A. Role of mouse cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor in circadian photoresponses. Science 1998; 282:1490-4. [PMID: 9822380 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5393.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photoactive pigments in the eye that have been proposed to function as circadian photopigments. Mice lacking the cryptochrome 2 blue-light photoreceptor gene (mCry2) were tested for circadian clock-related functions. The mutant mice had a lower sensitivity to acute light induction of mPer1 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) but exhibited normal circadian oscillations of mPer1 and mCry1 messenger RNA in the SCN. Behaviorally, the mutants had an intrinsic circadian period about 1 hour longer than normal and exhibited high-amplitude phase shifts in response to light pulses administered at circadian time 17. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that CRY2 protein modulates circadian responses in mice and suggest that cryptochromes have a role in circadian photoreception in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Thresher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Sangoram AM, Saez L, Antoch MP, Gekakis N, Staknis D, Whiteley A, Fruechte EM, Vitaterna MH, Shimomura K, King DP, Young MW, Weitz CJ, Takahashi JS. Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a timeless ortholog and mPer1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transcription. Neuron 1998; 21:1101-13. [PMID: 9856465 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and mapping of mouse (mTim) and human (hTIM) orthologs of the Drosophila timeless (dtim) gene. The mammalian Tim genes are widely expressed in a variety of tissues; however, unlike Drosophila, mTim mRNA levels do not oscillate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or retina. Importantly, hTIM interacts with the Drosophila PERIOD (dPER) protein as well as the mouse PER1 and PER2 proteins in vitro. In Drosophila (S2) cells, hTIM and dPER interact and translocate into the nucleus. Finally, hTIM and mPER1 specifically inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transactivation of the mPer1 promoter. Taken together, these results demonstrate that mTim and hTIM are mammalian orthologs of timeless and provide a framework for a basic circadian autoregulatory loop in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sangoram
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology and National Science Foundation, Center for Biological Timing, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Valentinuzzi VS, Kolker DE, Vitaterna MH, Shimomura K, Whiteley A, Low-Zeddies S, Turek FW, Ferrari EA, Paylor R, Takahashi JS. Automated measurement of mouse freezing behavior and its use for quantitative trait locus analysis of contextual fear conditioning in (BALB/cJ x C57BL/6J)F2 mice. Learn Mem 1998; 5:391-403. [PMID: 10454363 PMCID: PMC311259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly measured mouse behavior in fear conditioning tests is freezing. A technical limitation, particularly for genetic studies, is the method of direct observation used for quantifying this response, with the potential for bias or inconsistencies. We report the use of a computerized method based on latency between photobeam interruption measures as a reliable scoring criterion in mice. The different computer measures obtained during contextual fear conditioning tests showed high correlations with hand-scored freezing; r values ranged from 0.87 to 0.94. Previously reported strain differences between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J in context-dependent fear conditioning were also detected by the computer-based system. In addition, the use of computer-scored freezing of 199 (BALB/cJ x C57BL/6J)F2 mice enabled us to detect a suggestive gender-dependent chromosomal locus for contextual fear conditioning on distal chromosome 8 by QTL analysis. Automation of freeze scoring would significantly increase efficiency and reliability of this learning and memory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Valentinuzzi
- Center for Circadian Biology and Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Valentinuzzi VS, Kolker DE, Vitaterna MH, Shimomura K, Whiteley A, Low-Zeddies S, Turek FW, Ferrari EA, Paylor R, Takahashi JS. Automated Measurement of Mouse Freezing Behavior and its Use for Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Contextual Fear Conditioning in (BALB/cJ × C57BL/6J)F 2 Mice. Learn Mem 1998. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.5.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly measured mouse behavior in fear conditioning tests is freezing. A technical limitation, particularly for genetic studies, is the method of direct observation used for quantifying this response, with the potential for bias or inconsistencies. We report the use of a computerized method based on latency between photobeam interruption measures as a reliable scoring criterion in mice. The different computer measures obtained during contextual fear conditioning tests showed high correlations with hand-scored freezing; r values ranged from 0.87 to 0.94. Previously reported strain differences between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J in context-dependent fear conditioning were also detected by the computer-based system. In addition, the use of computer-scored freezing of 199 (BALB/cJ × C57BL/6J)F2 mice enabled us to detect a suggestive gender-dependent chromosomal locus for contextual fear conditioning on distal chromosome 8 by QTL analysis. Automation of freeze scoring would significantly increase efficiency and reliability of this learning and memory test.
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Porkka-Heiskanen T, Khoshaba N, Scarbrough K, Urban JH, Vitaterna MH, Levine JE, Turek FW, Horton TH. Rapid photoperiod-induced increase in detectable GnRH mRNA-containing cells in Siberian hamster. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:R2032-9. [PMID: 9435658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.6.r2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are early indicators of photostimulation, Siberian hamsters were placed in short days (6:18-h light-dark) at 3 (experiment 1) or 6 (experiment 2) wk of age where they were held for 3 (experiment 1) or 4 (experiment 2) wk. Hamsters were then moved to long photoperiod (16:8-h light-dark). In experiment 1, brains were collected 1-21 days after transfer from short to long days. In experiment 2, brains were collected only on the second morning of long day exposure. Long and short day controls were included in both experiments. Cells containing GnRH mRNA, as visualized by in situ hybridization, were counted. As expected, there were no differences in the number of detectable GnRH mRNA-containing cells among animals chronically exposed to long or short photoperiods. However, on the second morning after transfer from short to long photoperiod, a positive shift in the distribution of GnRH mRNA-containing cells occurred relative to the respective controls in the two experiments. Increases in follicle-stimulating hormone secretion and gonadal growth occurred days later. In conclusion, a rapid but transient increase in the distribution of detectable GnRH mRNA-containing cells is an early step in the photostimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Porkka-Heiskanen
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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King DP, Vitaterna MH, Chang AM, Dove WF, Pinto LH, Turek FW, Takahashi JS. The mouse Clock mutation behaves as an antimorph and maps within the W19H deletion, distal of Kit. Genetics 1997; 146:1049-60. [PMID: 9215907 PMCID: PMC1208034 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/146.3.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clock is a semidominant mutation identified from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen in mice. Mice carrying the Clock mutation exhibit abnormalities of circadian behavior, including lengthening of endogenous period and loss of rhythmicity. To identify the gene affected by this mutation, we have generated a high-resolution genetic map (> 1800 meioses) of the Clock locus. We report that Clock is 0.7 cM distal of Kit on mouse chromosome 5. Mapping shows that Clock lies within the W19H deletion. Complementation analysis of different Clock and W19H compound genotypes indicates that the Clock mutation behaves as an antimorph. This antimorphic behavior of Clock strongly argues that Clock defines a gene centrally involved in the mammalian circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P King
- National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3520, USA
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Antoch MP, Song EJ, Chang AM, Vitaterna MH, Zhao Y, Wilsbacher LD, Sangoram AM, King DP, Pinto LH, Takahashi JS. Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue. Cell 1997; 89:655-67. [PMID: 9160756 PMCID: PMC3764491 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a complementary approach to positional cloning, we used in vivo complementation with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones expressed in transgenic mice to identify the circadian Clock gene. A 140 kb BAC transgene completely rescued both the long period and the loss-of-rhythm phenotypes in Clock mutant mice. Analysis with overlapping BAC transgenes demonstrates that a large transcription unit spanning approximately 100,000 base pairs is the Clock gene and encodes a novel basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS domain protein. Overexpression of the Clock transgene can shorten period length beyond the wild-type range, which provides additional evidence that Clock is an integral component of the circadian pacemaking system. Taken together, these results provide a proof of principle that "cloning by rescue" is an efficient and definitive method in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Antoch
- National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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King DP, Zhao Y, Sangoram AM, Wilsbacher LD, Tanaka M, Antoch MP, Steeves TD, Vitaterna MH, Kornhauser JM, Lowrey PL, Turek FW, Takahashi JS. Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell 1997; 89:641-53. [PMID: 9160755 PMCID: PMC3815553 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 990] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We used positional cloning to identify the circadian Clock gene in mice. Clock is a large transcription unit with 24 exons spanning approximately 100,000 bp of DNA from which transcript classes of 7.5 and approximately 10 kb arise. Clock encodes a novel member of the bHLH-PAS family of transcription factors. In the Clock mutant allele, an A-->T nucleotide transversion in a splice donor site causes exon skipping and deletion of 51 amino acids in the CLOCK protein. Clock is a unique gene with known circadian function and with features predicting DNA binding, protein dimerization, and activation domains. CLOCK represents the second example of a PAS domain-containing clock protein (besides Drosophila PERIOD), which suggests that this motif may define an evolutionarily conserved feature of the circadian clock mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P King
- National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Abstract
Two different approaches have been utilized to study the controlling mechanisms that underlie the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals. The use of specific drugs to alter the period and/or the phase of circadian rhythms has provided new insights into both the pathways by which environmental information reaches the mammalian circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and the cellular and neurochemical events within the SCN itself which are involved in circadian rhythmicity. A second approach, which seeks to exploit genetic differences in the properties of the circadian system, holds the promise of eventually defining the cellular and molecular events that are part of the clock itself, the events that underlie the entrainment of the circadian clock by environmental factors, and the expression of overt rhythms driven by the clock. It is anticipated that the pharmacological and genetic approaches to the study of circadian rhythms will complement each other as the underlying physiological mechanisms of the circadian clock system become defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Turek
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, NSF Science & Technology Center for Biological Timing, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3520, USA
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Abstract
Modern molecular genetic and genomic approaches are revolutionizing the study of behavior in the mouse. "Reverse genetics" (from gene to phenotype) with targeted gene transfer provides a powerful tool to dissect behavior and has been used successfully to study the effects of null mutations in genes implicated in the regulation of long-term potentiation and spatial learning in mice. In addition, "forward genetics" (from phenotype to gene) with high-efficiency mutagenesis in the mouse can uncover unknown genes and has been used to isolate a behavioral mutant of the circadian system. With the recent availability of high-density genetic maps and physical mapping resources, positional cloning of virtually any mutation is now feasible in the mouse. Together, these approaches permit a molecular analysis of both known and previously unknown genes regulating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Takahashi
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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Vitaterna MH, King DP, Chang AM, Kornhauser JM, Lowrey PL, McDonald JD, Dove WF, Pinto LH, Turek FW, Takahashi JS. Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science 1994; 264:719-25. [PMID: 8171325 PMCID: PMC3839659 DOI: 10.1126/science.8171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1161] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In a search for genes that regulate circadian rhythms in mammals, the progeny of mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) were screened for circadian clock mutations. A semidominant mutation, Clock, that lengthens circadian period and abolishes persistence of rhythmicity was identified. Clock segregated as a single gene that mapped to the midportion of mouse chromosome 5, a region syntenic to human chromosome 4. The power of ENU mutagenesis combined with the ability to clone murine genes by map position provides a generally applicable approach to study complex behavior in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vitaterna
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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Abstract
Inbred strains of golden hamsters differ in both the free-running period of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in constant darkness, and in the phase angle of entrainment of activity to a 14L:10D cycle. To determine whether these differences in circadian entrainment affect photoperiodic time measurement, we measured the critical photoperiod for maintaining testicular function as well as the rate of response for four different inbred strains (MHA/SsLak, LSH/SsLak, BIO 1.5, and BIO 87.20) and an outbred stock (Lak:LVG(SYR)) of golden hamsters. Hamsters of each group were maintained for 12 wk under one of five different LD cycles. Animals of all groups maintained testis size in 14L:10D and 12.5L:11.5D. Significant strain differences were observed in the critical photoperiod for maintaining testis size after 12 wk; the LSH/SsLak inbred strain showed complete testicular regression during exposure to 12L:12D, while little change was observed in any of the other strains under this photoperiod. Some degree of testicular regression was observed in all groups exposed to 11.5L:12.5D, while complete regression was observed in all animals exposed to 6L:18D. The rate of testicular regression differed markedly between the different groups under both 6L:18D and 11.5L:12.5D. The differences in critical photoperiod and rate of testicular regression observed between the various strains could not be correlated with the known strain differences in entrainment or circadian period, indicating that genetic differences in photoperiodic response are not related to the genetic differences in circadian rhythmicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vitaterna
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Abstract
Pink-eyed dilution (p/p) is a recessive mutation in mice which results in reduced pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, as well as alterations in visual pathways and function. We investigated whether this mutation also affects light information reaching the circadian clock. Entrainment to a 12 h light 12 h dark cycle and the free-running period in constant darkness were not affected by this mutation. Phase shifts in response to 1 h light pulses consisting of bright white light at either circadian time 16 or 24 also did not differ between mutant and wild-type C57BL/6J mice. However, when 5 min, 502 nm light pulses of 1.2 x 10(-1) microW/cm2 or 4 x 10(-2) microW/cm2 were given at circadian time 16, the mutant mice responded with significantly smaller phase shifts than the wild-type mice. When animals were transferred to constant light, the free-running period of wild-type mice was longer than that of mutant mice, a finding which is consistent with a sensitivity difference between mutant and wild-type mice. Horseradish peroxidase tracing of retinal innervation of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)--the location of a circadian pacemaker--revealed a reduced innervation of the SCN in mutant mice compared with wild-type mice. The total volume of the SCN, as determined by neutral red stain, was also reduced in mutant mice, although not to as great an extent as the retinal innervation. Taken together, these results indicate that while basic characteristics of circadian clock function are not altered by the pink-eyed dilution mutation, the sensitivity of the clock to light is reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vitaterna
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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