101
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Wang TT, Ravetch JV. Functional diversification of IgGs through Fc glycosylation. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3492-3498. [PMID: 31478910 DOI: 10.1172/jci130029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies are secreted from B cells and bind to a variety of pathogens to control infections as well as contribute to inflammatory diseases. Many of the functions of IgGs are mediated through Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), which transduce interactions with immune complexes, leading to a variety of cellular outcomes depending on the FcγRs and cell types engaged. Which FcγRs and cell types will be engaged during an immune response depends on the structure of Fc domains within immune complexes that are formed when IgGs bind to cognate antigen(s). Recent studies have revealed an unexpected degree of structural variability in IgG Fc domains among people, driven primarily by differences in IgG subclasses and N-linked glycosylation of the CH2 domain. This translates, in turn, to functional immune diversification through type I and type II FcγR-mediated cellular functions. For example, Fc domain sialylation triggers conformational changes of IgG1 that enable interactions with type II FcγRs; these receptors mediate cellular functions including antiinflammatory activity or definition of thresholds for B cell selection based on B cell receptor affinity. Similarly, presence or absence of a core fucose alters type I FcγR binding of IgG1 by modulating the Fc's affinity for FcγRIIIa, thereby altering its proinflammatory activity. How heterogeneity in IgG Fc domains contributes to human immune diversity is now being elucidated, including impacts on vaccine responses and susceptibility to disease and its sequelae during infections. Here, we discuss how Fc structures arising from sialylation and fucosylation impact immunity, focusing on responses to vaccination and infection. We also review work defining individual differences in Fc glycosylation, regulation of Fc glycosylation, and clinical implications of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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102
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Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Anania JC, Mark Hogarth P. Harnessing the immune system via FcγR function in immune therapy: a pathway to next-gen mAbs. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:287-304. [PMID: 32157732 PMCID: PMC7228307 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human fragment crystallizable (Fc)γ receptor (R) interacts with antigen‐complexed immunoglobulin (Ig)G ligands to both activate and modulate a powerful network of inflammatory host‐protective effector functions that are key to the normal physiology of immune resistance to pathogens. More than 100 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are approved or in late stage clinical trials, many of which harness the potent FcγR‐mediated effector systems to varying degrees. This is most evident for antibodies targeting cancer cells inducing antibody‐dependent killing or phagocytosis but is also true to some degree for the mAbs that neutralize or remove small macromolecules such as cytokines or other Igs. The use of mAb therapeutics has also revealed a “scaffolding” role for FcγR which, in different contexts, may either underpin the therapeutic mAb action such as immune agonism or trigger catastrophic adverse effects. The still unmet therapeutic need in many cancers, inflammatory diseases or emerging infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requires increased effort on the development of improved and novel mAbs. A more mature appreciation of the immunobiology of individual FcγR function and the complexity of the relationships between FcγRs and antibodies is fueling efforts to develop more potent “next‐gen” therapeutic antibodies. Such development strategies now include focused glycan or protein engineering of the Fc to increase affinity and/or tailor specificity for selective engagement of individual activating FcγRs or the inhibitory FcγRIIb or alternatively, for the ablation of FcγR interaction altogether. This review touches on recent aspects of FcγR and IgG immunobiology and its relationship with the present and future actions of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Chenoweth
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jessica C Anania
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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103
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Pinto D, Park YJ, Beltramello M, Walls AC, Tortorici MA, Bianchi S, Jaconi S, Culap K, Zatta F, De Marco A, Peter A, Guarino B, Spreafico R, Cameroni E, Case JB, Chen RE, Havenar-Daughton C, Snell G, Telenti A, Virgin HW, Lanzavecchia A, Diamond MS, Fink K, Veesler D, Corti D. Structural and functional analysis of a potent sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511354 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.023903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged coronavirus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic that has resulted in more than one million infections and 73,000 deaths 1,2 . Vaccine and therapeutic discovery efforts are paramount to curb the pandemic spread of this zoonotic virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein promotes entry into host cells and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe multiple monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 S identified from memory B cells of a SARS survivor infected in 2003. One antibody, named S309, potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV pseudoviruses as well as authentic SARS-CoV-2 by engaging the S receptor-binding domain. Using cryo-electron microscopy and binding assays, we show that S309 recognizes a glycan-containing epitope that is conserved within the sarbecovirus subgenus, without competing with receptor attachment. Antibody cocktails including S309 along with other antibodies identified here further enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and may limit the emergence of neutralization-escape mutants. These results pave the way for using S309 and S309-containing antibody cocktails for prophylaxis in individuals at high risk of exposure or as a post-exposure therapy to limit or treat severe disease.
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104
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Chew HY, De Lima PO, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Banushi B, Echejoh G, Hu L, Joseph SR, Lum B, Rae J, O’Donnell JS, Merida de Long L, Okano S, King B, Barry R, Moi D, Mazzieri R, Thomas R, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Foote M, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ, Frazer IH, Saunders NA, Parton RG, Dolcetti R, Cuff K, Martin JH, Panizza B, Walpole E, Wells JW, Simpson F. Endocytosis Inhibition in Humans to Improve Responses to ADCC-Mediating Antibodies. Cell 2020; 180:895-914.e27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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105
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Reprogramming the Constant Region of Immunoglobulin G Subclasses for Enhanced Therapeutic Potency against Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030382. [PMID: 32121592 PMCID: PMC7175108 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies is responsible for their effector immune mechanism and prolongs serum half-life, while the fragment variable (Fv) region is responsible for cellular or tissue targeting. Therefore, antibody engineering for cancer therapeutics focuses on both functional efficacy of the constant region and tissue- or cell-specificity of the Fv region. In the functional aspect of therapeutic purposes, antibody engineers in both academia and industry have capitalized on the constant region of different IgG subclasses and engineered the constant region to enhance therapeutic efficacy against cancer, leading to a number of successes for cancer patients in clinical settings. In this article, we review IgG subclasses for cancer therapeutics, including (i) IgG1, (ii) IgG2, 3, and 4, (iii) recent findings on Fc receptor functions, and (iv) future directions of reprogramming the constant region of IgG to maximize the efficacy of antibody drug molecules in cancer patients.
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106
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Tannock GA, Kim H, Xue L. Why are vaccines against many human viral diseases still unavailable; an historic perspective? J Med Virol 2020; 92:129-138. [PMID: 31502669 PMCID: PMC7166819 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The number of new and improved human viral vaccines licensed in recent years contrasts sharply with what could be termed the golden era (1955-1990) when vaccines against polio-, measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis B viruses first became available. Here, we attempt to explain why vaccines, mainly against viruses other than human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, are still unavailable. They include human herpesviruses other than varicella-zoster virus, respiratory syncytial and most other respiratory, enteric and arthropod-borne viruses. Improved oral poliovirus vaccines are also urgently required. Their unavailability is attributable to regulatory/economic factors and the properties of individual viruses, but also to an absence of relevant animal models and ethical problems for the conduct of clinical of trials in pediatric and other critical populations. All are portents of likely difficulties for the licensing of effective vaccines against emerging pathogens, such as avian influenza, Ebola, and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennessee
| | - Lumin Xue
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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107
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Matlung HL, Babes L, Zhao XW, van Houdt M, Treffers LW, van Rees DJ, Franke K, Schornagel K, Verkuijlen P, Janssen H, Halonen P, Lieftink C, Beijersbergen RL, Leusen JHW, Boelens JJ, Kuhnle I, van der Werff Ten Bosch J, Seeger K, Rutella S, Pagliara D, Matozaki T, Suzuki E, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, van Bruggen R, Roos D, van Lier RAW, Kuijpers TW, Kubes P, van den Berg TK. Neutrophils Kill Antibody-Opsonized Cancer Cells by Trogoptosis. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3946-3959.e6. [PMID: 29949776 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Destruction of cancer cells by therapeutic antibodies occurs, at least in part, through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and this can be mediated by various Fc-receptor-expressing immune cells, including neutrophils. However, the mechanism(s) by which neutrophils kill antibody-opsonized cancer cells has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils can exert a mode of destruction of cancer cells, which involves antibody-mediated trogocytosis by neutrophils. Intimately associated with this is an active mechanical disruption of the cancer cell plasma membrane, leading to a lytic (i.e., necrotic) type of cancer cell death. Furthermore, this mode of destruction of antibody-opsonized cancer cells by neutrophils is potentiated by CD47-SIRPα checkpoint blockade. Collectively, these findings show that neutrophil ADCC toward cancer cells occurs by a mechanism of cytotoxicity called trogoptosis, which can be further improved by targeting CD47-SIRPα interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liane Babes
- Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi Wen Zhao
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Houdt
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise W Treffers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dieke J van Rees
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katka Franke
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Schornagel
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Verkuijlen
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pasi Halonen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and the NKI Robotics and Screening Center, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and the NKI Robotics and Screening Center, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and the NKI Robotics and Screening Center, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap J Boelens
- U-DANCE, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Kuhnle
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Karl Seeger
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Otto-Heubner-Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Rutella
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daria Pagliara
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Robin van Bruggen
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rene A W van Lier
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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108
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Burrack KS, Hart GT, Hamilton SE. Contributions of natural killer cells to the immune response against Plasmodium. Malar J 2019; 18:321. [PMID: 31533835 PMCID: PMC6751859 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effector cells that are well described in their ability to kill virally-infected cells and tumors. However, there is increasing appreciation for the role of NK cells in the control of other pathogens, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium, the cause of malaria. NK cells may be beneficial during the early phase of Plasmodium infection—prior to the activation and expansion of antigen-specific T cells—through cooperation with myeloid cells to produce inflammatory cytokines like IFNγ. Recent work has defined how Plasmodium can activate NK cells to respond with natural cytotoxicity, and inhibit the growth of parasites via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mechanisms (ADCC). A specialized subset of adaptive NK cells that are negative for the Fc receptor γ chain have enhanced ADCC function and correlate with protection from malaria. Additionally, production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 by NK cells prevents overt pathology and death during experimental cerebral malaria. Now that conditional NK cell mouse models have been developed, previous studies need to be reevaluated in the context of what is now known about other immune populations with similarity to NK cells (i.e., NKT cells and type I innate lymphoid cells). This brief review summarizes recent findings which support the potentially beneficial roles of NK cells during Plasmodium infection in mice and humans. Also highlighted are how the actions of NK cells can be explored using new experimental strategies, and the potential to harness NK cell function in vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Hart
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
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109
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Milcent B, Josseaume N, Petitprez F, Riller Q, Amorim S, Loiseau P, Toubert A, Brice P, Thieblemont C, Teillaud JL, Sibéril S. Recovery of central memory and naive peripheral T cells in Follicular Lymphoma patients receiving rituximab-chemotherapy based regimen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13471. [PMID: 31530876 PMCID: PMC6748924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models and clinical studies have shown that anti-CD20-based treatment has multifaceted consequences on T-cell immunity. We have performed a prospective study of peripheral T-cell compartment in FL patients, all exhibiting high tumor burden and receiving rituximab-chemotherapy-based regimen (R-CHOP). Before treatment, FL patients harbor low amounts of peripheral naive T cells, but high levels of CD4+ TEM, CD4+ Treg and CD8+ TEMRA subsets and significant amounts of CD38+ HLA-DR+ activated T cells. A portion of these activated/differentiated T cells also expressed PD-1 and/or TIGIT immune checkpoints. Hierarchical clustering of phenotyping data revealed that 5/8 patients with only a partial response to R-CHOP induction therapy or with disease progression segregate into a group exhibiting a highly activated/differentiated T cell profile and a markedly low proportion of naive T cells before treatment. Rituximab-based therapy induced a shift of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells toward a central memory phenotype and of CD8+ T cells to a naive phenotype. In parallel, a decrease in the number of peripheral T cells expressing both PD-1 and TIGIT was detected. These observations suggest that the standard rituximab-based therapy partially reverts the profound alterations observed in T-cell subsets in FL patients, and that blood T-cell phenotyping could provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of rituximab-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Milcent
- Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Paris, 75006, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris Descartes-Paris 5 University, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France
| | - N Josseaume
- Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Paris, 75006, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris Descartes-Paris 5 University, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France
| | - F Petitprez
- Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Paris, 75006, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris Descartes-Paris 5 University, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Q Riller
- Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Paris, 75006, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris Descartes-Paris 5 University, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France
| | - S Amorim
- APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Hemato-oncology - Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Loiseau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1160, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 7, France
| | - A Toubert
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1160, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 7, France
| | - P Brice
- APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Hemato-oncology - Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Thieblemont
- APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Hemato-oncology - Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,EA7324 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J-L Teillaud
- Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Paris, 75006, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris Descartes-Paris 5 University, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Biotherapy", Sorbonne University UMRS1135, INSERM U.1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - S Sibéril
- Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Paris, 75006, France. .,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France. .,Paris Descartes-Paris 5 University, UMR-S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.
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110
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Parakh S, King D, Gan HK, Scott AM. Current Development of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy. Recent Results Cancer Res 2019; 214:1-70. [PMID: 31473848 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23765-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the unique specificity of monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the treatment and diagnosis of haematological and solid organ malignancies; bringing benefit to millions of patients over the past decades. Recent achievements include conjugating antibodies with toxic payloads resulting in superior efficacy and/or reduced toxicity, development of molecular imaging techniques targeting specific antigens for use as predictive and prognostic biomarkers, the development of novel bi- and tri-specific antibodies to enhance therapeutic benefit and abrogate resistance and the success of immunotherapy agents. In this chapter, we review an overview of antibody structure and function relevant to cancer therapy and provide an overview of pivotal clinical trials which have led to regulatory approval of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment. We further discuss resistance mechanisms and the unique side effects of each class of antibody and provide an overview of emerging therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagun Parakh
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dylan King
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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111
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Milcent B, Josseaume N, Riller Q, Giglioli I, Rabia E, Deligne C, Latouche JB, Hamieh M, Couture A, Toutirais O, Lone YC, Jeger-Madiot R, Graff-Dubois S, Amorim S, Loiseau P, Toubert A, Brice P, Thieblemont C, Teillaud JL, Sibéril S. Presence of T cells directed against CD20-derived peptides in healthy individuals and lymphoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1561-1572. [PMID: 31494742 PMCID: PMC6805815 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that cancer treatment with antitumor antibodies induces a specific adaptive T cell response. A central role in this process has been attributed to CD4+ T cells, but the relevant T cell epitopes, mostly derived from non-mutated self-antigens, are largely unknown. In this study, we have characterized human CD20-derived epitopes restricted by HLA-DR1, HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, and HLA-DR7, and investigated whether T cell responses directed against CD20-derived peptides can be elicited in human HLA-DR-transgenic mice and human samples. Based on in vitro binding assays to recombinant human MHC II molecules and on in vivo immunization assays in H-2 KO/HLA-A2+-DR1+ transgenic mice, we have identified 21 MHC II-restricted long peptides derived from intracellular, membrane, or extracellular domains of the human non-mutated CD20 protein that trigger in vitro IFN-γ production by PBMCs and splenocytes from healthy individuals and by PBMCs from follicular lymphoma patients. These CD20-derived MHC II-restricted peptides could serve as a therapeutic tool for improving and/or monitoring anti-CD20 T cell activity in patients treated with rituximab or other anti-CD20 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Milcent
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Josseaume
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Riller
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Ilenia Giglioli
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Emilia Rabia
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Claire Deligne
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Latouche
- Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Couture
- Inserm U1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Toutirais
- Unicaen, Inserm 1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Normandie University, Caen, France.,French Blood Service (Etablissement Français du Sang, EFS), Caen, France
| | - Yu-Chun Lone
- Inserm U1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Raphaël Jeger-Madiot
- Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infection, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Graff-Dubois
- Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infection, Paris, France
| | - Sandy Amorim
- APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Hemato-oncology, Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Loiseau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1160, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1160, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Brice
- APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Hemato-oncology, Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Thieblemont
- APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Hemato-oncology, Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,EA7324 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", Sorbonne Université UMRS 1135, INSERM U.1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMRS 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. .,Cordeliers Research Center-Inserm UMR-S 1138, "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" Laboratory, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
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112
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Differential requirements for FcγR engagement by protective antibodies against Ebola virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20054-20062. [PMID: 31484758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911842116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) continues to pose significant threats to global public health, requiring ongoing development of multiple strategies for disease control. To date, numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) have demonstrated potent protective activity in animal disease models and are thus promising candidates for the control of EBOV. However, recent work in a variety of virus diseases has highlighted the importance of coupling Fab neutralization with Fc effector activity for effective antibody-mediated protection. To determine the contribution of Fc effector activity to the protective function of mAbs to EBOV GP, we selected anti-GP mAbs targeting representative, protective epitopes and characterized their Fc receptor (FcγR) dependence in vivo in FcγR humanized mouse challenge models of EBOV disease. In contrast to previous studies, we find that anti-GP mAbs exhibited differential requirements for FcγR engagement in mediating their protective activity independent of their distance from the viral membrane. Anti-GP mAbs targeting membrane proximal epitopes or the GP mucin domain do not rely on Fc-FcγR interactions to confer activity, whereas antibodies against the GP chalice bowl and the fusion loop require FcγR engagement for optimal in vivo antiviral activity. This complexity of antibody-mediated protection from EBOV disease highlights the structural constraints of FcγR binding for specific viral epitopes and has important implications for the development of mAb-based immunotherapeutics with optimal potency and efficacy.
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113
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Feng Y, Sun ZL, Liu SY, Wu JJ, Zhao BH, Lv GZ, Du Y, Yu S, Yang ML, Yuan FL, Zhou XJ. Direct and Indirect Roles of Macrophages in Hypertrophic Scar Formation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1101. [PMID: 31555142 PMCID: PMC6724447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from abnormal responses to trauma, and could cause serious functional and cosmetic disability. To date, no optimal treatment method has been established. A variety of cell types are involved in hypertrophic scar formation after wound healing, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular origins of hypertrophic scars are not fully understood. Macrophages are major effector cells in the immune response after tissue injury that orchestrates the process of wound healing. Depending on the local microenvironment, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes at different stages during scar pathogenesis. This review intends to summarize the direct and indirect roles of macrophages during hypertrophic scar formation. The in vivo depletion of macrophages or blocking their signaling reduces scar formation in experimental models, thereby establishing macrophages as positive regulatory cells in the skin scar formation. In the future, a significant amount of attention should be given to molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause the phenotypic switch of wound macrophages, which may provide novel therapeutic targets for hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Li Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin-Hong Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Lv
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ming-Lie Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng-Lai Yuan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
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114
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Li R, Attari A, Prytyskach M, Garlin MA, Weissleder R, Miller MA. Single-Cell Intravital Microscopy of Trastuzumab Quantifies Heterogeneous in vivo Kinetics. Cytometry A 2019; 97:528-539. [PMID: 31423731 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity can substantially impact drug response, especially for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies that may exhibit variability in both delivery (pharmacokinetics) and action (pharmacodynamics) within solid tumors. However, it has traditionally been difficult to examine the kinetics of mAb delivery at a single-cell level and in a manner that enables controlled dissection of target-dependent and -independent behaviors. To address this issue, here we developed an in vivo confocal (intravital) microscopy approach to study single-cell mAb pharmacology in a mosaic xenograft comprising a mixture of cancer cells with variable expression of the receptor HER2. As a proof-of-principle, we applied this model to trastuzumab therapy, a HER2-targeted mAb widely used for treating breast and gastric cancer patients. Trastuzumab accumulated to a higher degree in HER2-over expressing tumor cells compared to HER2-low tumor cells (~5:1 ratio at 24 h after administration) but importantly, the majority actually accumulated in tumor-associated phagocytes. For example, 24 h after IV administration over 50% of tumoral trastuzumab was found in phagocytes whereas at 48 h it was >80%. Altogether, these results reveal the dynamics of how phagocytes influence mAb behavior in vivo, and demonstrate an application of intravital microscopy for quantitative single-cell measurement of mAb distribution and retention in tumors with heterogeneous target expression. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adel Attari
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Prytyskach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A Garlin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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115
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Schmaljohn AL, Orlandi C, Lewis GK. Deciphering Fc-mediated Antiviral Antibody Functions in Animal Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1602. [PMID: 31379822 PMCID: PMC6652135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Longstanding discordances and enigmas persist as to the specificities and other properties of antibodies (Abs) most effective in preventing or limiting many viral infections in mammals; in turn, failure to decipher key complexities has added to headwinds for both Ab-based therapeutic approaches and rational vaccine design. More recently, experimental approaches have emerged-and continue to emerge-for discerning the functional role of Ab structure, especially the Fc portion of antibody, in combating viral infections in vivo. A wide range of in vitro measures of antibody activity, from neutralization to antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)-each of these terms representing only an operational notion defined by the particulars of a given assay-are poised for assignment of both relevance and reliability in forecasting outcomes of infection. Of the several emergent technical opportunities for clarity, attention here is drawn to three realms: the increasing array of known modifications that can be engineered into Abs to affect their in vivo activities; the improvement of murine models involving knockouts and knock-ins of host genes including Fc receptors; and the development of additional virological design tools to differentiate Abs that act primarily by inhibiting viral entry from antibodies that mainly target viral antigens (Ags) on cell surfaces. To illustrate some of the opportunities with either zoonotic (emerging, spillover) or ancient human-adapted viruses, we draw examples from a wide range of viruses that affect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Schmaljohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Alan L. Schmaljohn
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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116
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de Aguiar RB, de Moraes JZ. Exploring the Immunological Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Activity in Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1023. [PMID: 31156623 PMCID: PMC6530399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies report the key role of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling on angiogenesis and on tumor growth. This has led to the development of a number of VEGF-targeted agents to treat cancer patients by disrupting the tumor blood vessel supply. Of them, bevacizumab, an FDA-approved humanized monoclonal antibody against VEGF, is the most promising. Although the use of antibodies targeting the VEGF pathway has shown clinical benefits associated with a reduction in the tumor blood vessel density, the inhibition of VEGF-driven vascular effects is only part of the functional mechanism of these therapeutic agents in the tumor ecosystem. Compelling reports have demonstrated that VEGF confers, in addition to the activation of angiogenesis-related processes, immunosuppressive properties in tumors. It is also known that structural remodeling of the tumor blood vessel bed by anti-VEGF approaches affect the influx and activation of immune cells into tumors, which might influence the therapeutic results. Besides that, part of the therapeutic effects of antiangiogenic antibodies, including their role in the tumor vascular network, might be triggered by Fc receptors in an antigen-independent manner. In this mini-review, we explore the role of VEGF inhibitors in the tumor microenvironment with focus on the immune system, discussing around the functional contribution of both bevacizumab's Fab and Fc domains to the therapeutic results and the combination of bevacizumab therapy with other immune-stimulatory settings, including adjuvant-based vaccine approaches.
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117
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Jin J, Simmons G. Antiviral Functions of Monoclonal Antibodies against Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040305. [PMID: 30925717 PMCID: PMC6520934 DOI: 10.3390/v11040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Antibodies play pivotal roles in the immune response to infection. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are becoming important for protection from pathogen infection for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available, such as CHIKV infection. The new generation of ultra-potent and/or broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provides new opportunities for intervention. In the past decade, several potent human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs were isolated and demonstrated to be protective in vivo. Mechanistic studies of these mAbs suggest that mAbs exert multiple modes of action cooperatively. Better understanding of these antiviral mechanisms for mAbs will help to optimize mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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118
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Anania JC, Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Hogarth PM. The Human FcγRII (CD32) Family of Leukocyte FcR in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:464. [PMID: 30941127 PMCID: PMC6433993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRs have been the focus of extensive research due to their key role linking innate and humoral immunity and their implication in both inflammatory and infectious disease. Within the human FcγR family FcγRII (activatory FcγRIIa and FcγRIIc, and inhibitory FcγRIIb) are unique in their ability to signal independent of the common γ chain. Through improved understanding of the structure of these receptors and how this affects their function we may be able to better understand how to target FcγR specific immune activation or inhibition, which will facilitate in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in patients where FcγRII activity may be desirable for efficacy. This review is focused on roles of the human FcγRII family members and their link to immunoregulation in healthy individuals and infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Anania
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia M Chenoweth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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119
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Teige I, Mårtensson L, Frendéus BL. Targeting the Antibody Checkpoints to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy-Focus on FcγRIIB. Front Immunol 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 30930905 PMCID: PMC6423481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with therapeutic antibodies has increased survival for patients with hematologic and solid cancers. Still, a significant fraction of patients fails to respond to therapy or acquire resistance. Understanding and overcoming mechanisms of resistance to antibody drugs, and in particular those common to antibody drugs as a class, is therefore highly warranted and holds promise to improve response rates, duration of response and potentially overall survival. Activating and inhibitory Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) are known to coordinately regulate therapeutic activity of tumor direct-targeting antibodies. Similar, but also divergent, roles for FcγRs in controlling efficacy of immune modulatory antibodies e.g., checkpoint inhibitors have been indicated from mouse studies, and were recently implicated in contributing to efficacy in the human clinical setting. Here we discuss evidence and mechanisms by which Fc gamma receptors–the “antibody checkpoints”–regulate antibody-induced antitumor immunity. We further discuss how targeted blockade of the sole known inhibitory antibody checkpoint FcγRIIB may help overcome resistance and boost activity of clinically validated and emerging antibodies in cancer immunotherapy.
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120
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Rothschilds A, Tzeng A, Mehta NK, Moynihan KD, Irvine DJ, Wittrup KD. Order of administration of combination cytokine therapies can decouple toxicity from efficacy in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1558678. [PMID: 31069130 PMCID: PMC6492973 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1558678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In combination cancer immunotherapies, consideration should be given to designing treatment schedules that harmonize with the immune system's natural timing. An efficacious temporally programmed combination therapy of extended half-life interleukin 2 (eIL2), tumor targeting antibody, and interferon (IFN) α was recently reported; however, tumor-ablative efficacy was associated with significant toxicity. In the current work, altering the order and timing of the three agents is shown to decouple toxicity from efficacy. Delaying the administration of eIL2 to be concurrent with or after IFNα eliminates toxicity without affecting efficacy in multiple syngeneic tumor models and mouse strains. The toxicity resulting from eIL2 administration before IFNα is dependent on multiple systemic inflammatory cytokines including IL6, IL10, IFNγ, and tumor necrosis factor α. Natural killer (NK) cells are the main cellular contributor to toxicity, but are not essential for tumor control in this system. When pre-conditioned with eIL2, splenic NK cells became hyper-activated and upregulate IFNα signaling proteins that cause an excessive, toxic response to subsequent IFNα exposure. This work illustrates an example where accounting for the temporal dynamics of the immune system in combination therapy treatment schedule can favorably decouple efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Rothschilds
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alice Tzeng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naveen K. Mehta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelly D. Moynihan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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121
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Shin C, Kang Y, Kim HS, Shin YK, Ko K. Immune response of heterologous recombinant antigenic protein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:97-105. [PMID: 30949396 PMCID: PMC6440531 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1575904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is an important infectious disease in fish worldwide caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). VHSV is the causative agent of serious systemic diseases in fish, affecting a number of teleost fish species. In this study, VHSV glycoprotein (G), including its epitope, as a subunit vaccine candidate, was expressed in tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). The recombinant gene, VHSVG, was fused to the immunoglobulin Fc fragment and extended with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL) to generate VHSVG-FcK. The recombinant expression vector for VHSVG-FcK was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404), and plant transformation was conducted N. tabacum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to confirm gene insertion and VHSVG-FcK protein expression was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. VHSVG-FcK protein was successfully purified from tobacco plant leaves. Furthermore, ELISA analysis showed that mice serum immunized with the plant-derived VHSVG-FcK (VHSVGP-FcK) had a high absorbance against VHSVG-FcK, indicating that the plant-derived recombinant subunit vaccine protein VHSVG-FcK can induce immune response. Taken together, this recombinant vaccine protein can be expressed in plant expression systems and can be appropriately assembled to be functional in immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunha Shin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yangjoo Kang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yong Kyoo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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122
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Gunn BM, Yu WH, Karim MM, Brannan JM, Herbert AS, Wec AZ, Halfmann PJ, Fusco ML, Schendel SL, Gangavarapu K, Krause T, Qiu X, He S, Das J, Suscovich TJ, Lai J, Chandran K, Zeitlin L, Crowe JE, Lauffenburger D, Kawaoka Y, Kobinger GP, Andersen KG, Dye JM, Saphire EO, Alter G. A Role for Fc Function in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody-Mediated Protection against Ebola Virus. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:221-233.e5. [PMID: 30092199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic highlighted the need for effective vaccines and therapeutics to limit and prevent outbreaks. Host antibodies against EBOV are critical for controlling disease, and recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can protect from infection. However, antibodies mediate an array of antiviral functions including neutralization as well as engagement of Fc-domain receptors on immune cells, resulting in phagocytosis or NK cell-mediated killing of infected cells. Thus, to understand the antibody features mediating EBOV protection, we examined specific Fc features associated with protection using a library of EBOV-specific mAbs. Neutralization was strongly associated with therapeutic protection against EBOV. However, several neutralizing mAbs failed to protect, while several non-neutralizing or weakly neutralizing mAbs could protect. Antibody-mediated effector functions, including phagocytosis and NK cell activation, were associated with protection, particularly for antibodies with moderate neutralizing activity. This framework identifies functional correlates that can inform therapeutic and vaccine design strategies against EBOV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer M Brannan
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler Krause
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Shinhua He
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Université Laval Quebec, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Translational Science Institute, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have made impressive progress, providing great benefit by successfully treating malignant and chronic inflammatory diseases. Monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing effects against specific antigens, or that target specific immune regulators, manifest therapeutic effects via their Fab fragment specificities. Subsequently therapeutic efficacy is mediated mostly by interactions of the Fc fragments of the antibodies with their receptors (FcR) displayed on cells of the immune system. These interactions can trigger a series of immunoregulatory responses, involving both innate and adaptive immune systems and including cross-presentation of antigens, activation of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, phagocytosis, complement-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The nature of the triggered effector functions of the antibodies is markedly affected by the glycosylation patterns of the Fc fragments. These can cause differences in the conformation of the heavy chains of antibodies, with resultant changes in antibody binding affinity and activation of the complement system. Studies of the Fc glycosylation profiles together with the associated Fc effector functions and FcR/CR interactions promoted interest and progress in engineering therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because antigen–antibody immune complexes (ICs) have shown similar actions, in addition to certain novel immunoregulatory mechanisms that also reshape immune responses, the properties of ICs are being explored in new approaches for prevention and therapy of diseases. In this review, both basic studies and experimental/clinical applications of ICs leading to the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines are presented.
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124
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Abstract
Antibody/antigen binding results in immune complexes (IC) that have a variety of regulatory functions. One important feature is the enhanced host immune activation against antigen contained in the complex. ICs play important roles at several critical steps that lead to B and T cell activation, including antigen targeting/retention, facilitated antigen uptake, antigen presenting cell activation and proper balancing of positive and negative stimulatory signals. In both poultry industry and clinical health care, ICs have been used as preventive and therapeutic vaccines. With our deepening understanding of antibody biology, particularly in light of new revelations of regulatory functions of Fc receptors, mechanistically more precise engineering has spearheaded tailored use of this tool for infection control and cancer therapy. IC-based treatment and prophylaxis have been tested to different extents in HBV, HIV and influenza viral infection control and are actively examined as an alternative treatment for several forms of tumor. As a part of this book series, this chapter aims to discuss the mechanistic aspects of IC signaling and their impact on immune cells. We give samples how this old technology has been used by practitioners over the last several decades and suggest potential paths for future development of IC-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Rm 401, Fuxing Bldg, 131 Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,D301 Medical Sciences Bldg, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 00084, China
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125
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Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig), a critical component of the adaptive immune system, are present in all jawed vertebrates and through sophisticated diversification mechanisms are able to recognize antigens of almost infinite diversity. During mammalian evolution, IgG has emerged as the predominant Ig isotype that is elicited upon antigenic challenge, representing the most abundant isotype present in circulation. Along with the IgG molecule, a family of specialized receptors has evolved in mammalian species that specifically recognize the Fc domain of IgG. These receptors, termed Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), are expressed on the surface of effector leukocytes and upon crosslinking by the IgG Fc domain mediate diverse immunomodulatory processes with profound impact on several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. FcγRs share a high degree of sequence homology among mammalian species and the ancestral locus, where the genes that encode for FcγRs are mapped, can be traced back early in mammalian evolution. FcγRs also share a number of common structural and functional properties among mammalian species and utilize highly conserved motifs for transducing signals upon engagement. Despite the high homology of FcγRs in diverse mammalian species, human FcγRs exhibit unique features relating to the gene organization, expression pattern in the various leukocyte populations, as well as affinity for human IgGs. Such inter-species differences in FcγRs biology between humans and other mammalian species represents a major limitation for the interpretation of in vivo studies on human IgG function using conventional animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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126
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Muntasell A, Rojo F, Servitja S, Rubio-Perez C, Cabo M, Tamborero D, Costa-García M, Martínez-Garcia M, Menéndez S, Vazquez I, Lluch A, Gonzalez-Perez A, Rovira A, López-Botet M, Albanell J. NK Cell Infiltrates and HLA Class I Expression in Primary HER2 + Breast Cancer Predict and Uncouple Pathological Response and Disease-free Survival. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1535-1545. [PMID: 30523021 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the value of tumor-infiltrating NK (TI-NK) cells and HLA class I tumor expression as biomarkers of response to neoadjuvant anti-HER2 antibody-based treatment in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TI-NK cells and HLA-I were determined by IHC in pretreatment tumor biopsies from two cohorts of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer [discovery cohort (n = 42) and validation cohort (n = 71)]. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were scored according to international guidelines. Biomarker association with pathologic complete response (pCR) and disease-free survival (DFS) was adjusted for prognostic factors. Gene set variation analysis was used for determining immune cell populations concomitant to NK-cell enrichment in HER2-positive tumors from the Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 190). RESULTS TI-NK cells were significantly associated with pCR in the discovery cohort as well as in the validation cohort (P < 0.0001), independently of clinicopathologic factors. A ≥3 TI-NK cells/50x high-power field (HPF) cutoff predicted pCR in the discovery and validation cohort [OR, 188 (11-3154); OR, 19.5 (5.3-71.8)]. Presence of TI-NK cells associated with prolonged DFS in both patient cohorts [HR, 0.07 (0.01-0.6); P = 0.01; HR, 0.3 (0.08-1.3); P = 0.1]. NK-, activated dendritic- and CD8 T-cell gene expression signatures positively correlated in HER2-positive tumors, supporting the value of NK cells as surrogates of effective antitumor immunity. Stratification of patients by tumor HLA-I expression identified patients with low and high relapse risk independently of pCR. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies baseline TI-NK cells as an independent biomarker with great predictive value for pCR to anti-HER2 antibody-based treatment and points to the complementary value of tumor HLA-I status for defining patient prognosis independently of pCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Immunity and Infection Lab, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Federico Rojo
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, IIS 'Fundación Jiménez Diaz', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Servitja
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Rubio-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Cabo
- Immunity and Infection Lab, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Tamborero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - María Martínez-Garcia
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Menéndez
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivonne Vazquez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Clinico de Valencia-CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain.,Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Abel Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Immunity and Infection Lab, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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127
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IL-15 enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells and macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10915-E10924. [PMID: 30373815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811615115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the host immune system to attack malignant cells. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a pivotal mechanism of antitumor action of clinically employed antitumor antibodies. IL-15 administered to patients with metastatic malignancy by continuous i.v. infusion at 2 μg/kg/d for 10 days was associated with a 38-fold increase in the number and activation status of circulating natural killer (NK) cells and activation of macrophages which together are ADCC effectors. We investigated combination therapy of IL-15 with rituximab in a syngeneic mouse model of lymphoma transfected with human CD20 and with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in a xenograft model of human adult T cell leukemia (ATL). IL-15 greatly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of both rituximab and alemtuzumab in tumor models. The additivity/synergy was shown to be associated with augmented ADCC. Both NK cells and macrophages were critical elements in the chain of interacting effectors involved in optimal therapeutic responses mediated by rituximab with IL-15. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that NK cells interact with macrophages to augment the NK-cell activation and expression of FcγRIV and the capacity of these cells to become effectors of ADCC. The present study supports clinical trials of IL-15 combined with tumor-directed monoclonal antibodies.
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128
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Hioe CE, Kumar R, Upadhyay C, Jan M, Fox A, Itri V, Peachman KK, Rao M, Liu L, Lo NC, Tuen M, Jiang X, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S. Modulation of Antibody Responses to the V1V2 and V3 Regions of HIV-1 Envelope by Immune Complex Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2441. [PMID: 30416503 PMCID: PMC6212562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic HIV vaccines must elicit antibodies (Abs) against the virus envelope glycoproteins (Env) to effectively prevent HIV infection. We investigated a vaccine platform that utilizes immune complexes made of Env proteins gp120 and monoclonal Abs (mAbs) against different gp120 epitopes. We previously observed alterations in V3 antigenicity upon formation of certain gp120/mAb complexes and demonstrated the ability of these complexes to modulate the elicitation of V3 Ab responses. However, the effects on the V1V2 domain, an important target for Abs that correlate with vaccine-induced protection against HIV, have not been studied, nor have immune complex vaccines made with non-B subtype Env. This study compared subtypes B (JRFL) and CRF_01.AE (A244) Env gp120 proteins in complex with selected gp120-specific mAbs. Allosteric and antigenic changes were detected on these immune complexes, indicating that gp120/mAb interaction induces alterations on the Env surface that may modify the Env immunogenic properties. To evaluate this idea, mice were immunized with gp120/mAb complexes or their uncomplexed gp120 counterparts. The overall serum IgG titers elicited against gp120 were comparable, but a marked skewing toward V1V2 or V3 was evident and dependent on the gp120 strain and the specificity of the mAb used to form the complexes. Compared with uncomplexed gp120JRFL, gp120JRFL complexed with CD4bs or V1V2 mAbs, but not with C2 or V3 mAbs, elicited V3 Abs of greater titers and breadth, and Abs more capable of neutralizing tier 1 virus. Epitope mapping revealed a shift to a more conserved site in the V3 crown. However, the complexes did not enhance V1V2 Ab response, and the elicited V1V2 Abs were not cross-reactive. This profile contrasts with Ab responses to gp120A244/mAb complexes. Notably, gp120A244/mAb complexes induced higher levels of V1V2 Abs with some cross-reactivity, while also stimulating weak or strain-specific V3 Abs. Sera from gp120A244/mAb complex-immunized animals displayed no measurable virus neutralization but did mediate Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, albeit at levels similar to that induced by gp120A244 alone. These data indicate the potential utility of immune complexes as vaccines to shape Ab responses toward or away from Env sites of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina E Hioe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Muzafar Jan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Fox
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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129
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MIgGGly (mouse IgG glycosylation analysis) - a high-throughput method for studying Fc-linked IgG N-glycosylation in mice with nanoUPLC-ESI-MS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13688. [PMID: 30209257 PMCID: PMC6135756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation is crucial for its effector functions. It is a complex trait, and large sample sets are needed to discover multiple genetic factors that underlie it. While in humans such high-throughput studies of IgG N-glycans became usual, only one has been carried out in mice. Here we describe and validate a method for the relative quantification of IgG Fc-linked N-glycans in a subclass-specific manner using nano-reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (nanoRP-LC-MS) applied to murine IgG. High-throughput data processing is ensured by the LaCyTools software. We have shown that IgG isolation procedure is the main source of technical variation in the current protocol. The major glycoforms were quantified reliably with coefficients of variation below 6% for all the analytes with relative abundances above 5%. We have applied our method to a sample set of 3 inbred strains: BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H and observed differences in subclass-specific and strain-specific N-glycosylation of IgG, suggesting a significant genetic component in the regulation of Fc-linked IgG N-glycosylation.
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130
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Hapten-mediated recruitment of polyclonal antibodies to tumors engenders antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3348. [PMID: 30135425 PMCID: PMC6105580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake of tumor antigens by tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells is limiting step in the induction of tumor immunity, which can be mediated through Fc receptor (FcR) triggering by antibody-coated tumor cells. Here we describe an approach to potentiate tumor immunity whereby hapten-specific polyclonal antibodies are recruited to tumors by coating tumor cells with the hapten. Vaccination of mice against dinitrophenol (DNP) followed by systemic administration of DNP targeted to tumors by conjugation to a VEGF or osteopontin aptamer elicits potent FcR dependent, T cell mediated, antitumor immunity. Recruitment of αGal-specific antibodies, the most abundant naturally occurring antibodies in human serum, inhibits tumor growth in mice treated with a VEGF aptamer-αGal hapten conjugate, and recruits antibodies from human serum to human tumor biopsies of distinct origin. Thus, treatment with αGal hapten conjugated to broad-spectrum tumor targeting ligands could enhance the susceptibility of a broad range of tumors to immune elimination.
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131
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The promise and challenges of immune agonist antibody development in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:509-527. [PMID: 29904196 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies that block negative immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA4). Looking ahead, there is substantial promise in targeting co-stimulatory receptors with agonist antibodies, and a growing number of these agents are making their way through various stages of development. This Review discusses the key considerations and potential pitfalls of immune agonist antibody design and development, their differentiating features from antagonist antibodies and the landscape of agonist antibodies in clinical development for cancer treatment.
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132
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Fletcher EAK, van Maren W, Cordfunke R, Dinkelaar J, Codee JDC, van der Marel G, Melief CJM, Ossendorp F, Drijfhout JW, Mangsbo SM. Formation of Immune Complexes with a Tetanus-Derived B Cell Epitope Boosts Human T Cell Responses to Covalently Linked Peptides in an Ex Vivo Blood Loop System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:87-97. [PMID: 29752315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing T cell responses against both viral and tumor Ags requires efficient costimulation and directed delivery of peptide Ags into APCs. Long peptide vaccines are considered favorable vaccine moieties from a clinical perspective, as they can harbor more than one immunogenic epitope enabling treatment of a broader target population. In addition, longer peptides are not extracellularly loaded on MHC class I; rather, they require intracellular processing and will thereby be presented to T cells mainly by professional APCs, thereby avoiding the risk of tolerance induction. The drawback of peptide vaccines regardless of peptide length is that naked peptides are not actively targeted to and taken up by APCs, and the standard nonconjugated adjuvant-peptide mixtures do not ensure cotargeting of the two to the same APC. We have identified a tetanus toxin-derived B cell epitope that can mediate the formation of immune complexes in the presence of circulating Abs. In this study, we show that these immune complexes improve both Ag uptake by APCs (blood monocytes and CD1c+ dendritic cells) and consequently improve CD8+ T cell recall responses in a human ex vivo blood loop system. The uptake of the peptide conjugate by blood monocytes is dependent on Abs and the complement component C1q. We envision that this strategy can be used to facilitate active uptake of Ags into APCs to improve T cell responses against pathogens or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A K Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, 751 24 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Immuneed AB, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wendy van Maren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Robert Cordfunke
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jasper Dinkelaar
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codee
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jan Wouter Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, 751 24 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; .,Immuneed AB, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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133
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Wang TT, Bournazos S, Ravetch JV. Immunological responses to influenza vaccination: lessons for improving vaccine efficacy. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:124-129. [PMID: 29753885 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A critical factor in the maturation of influenza vaccine responses is the nearly inevitable binding of vaccine antigens by exiting anti-influenza IgGs. These antigen-IgG immune complexes direct the response to immunization by modulating cellular processes that determine antibody and T-cell repertoires: maturation of dendritic cells, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells, trafficking of antigens to the germinal center, and selection of B cells for antibody production. By focusing on the recent advances in the study of the immunomodulatory processes mediated by IgG immune complexes upon influenza vaccination, we discuss a pathway that is critical for modulating the breadth and potency of anti-HA antibody responses and has previously led to the development of strategies to improve influenza vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taia T Wang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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134
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Naranjo-Gomez M, Lambour J, Piechaczyk M, Pelegrin M. Neutrophils are essential for induction of vaccine-like effects by antiviral monoclonal antibody immunotherapies. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97339. [PMID: 29720574 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a mouse retroviral model, we have shown that mAb-based immunotherapy can induce life-long endogenous protective immunity (vaccine-like effects). This observation has potentially important consequences for treating life-threatening human viral infections. Here, we investigated the role of neutrophils in this effect. Neutrophils are innate immunity effector cells with well-established microbe-killing activities that are rapidly mobilized upon infection. They are also emerging as orchestrators of innate and adaptive immunities. However, their immunomodulatory activity during antiviral mAb immunotherapies has never been studied. Our data reveal that neutrophils have an essential role in immunotherapy-induced immune protection of infected mice. Unexpectedly, neutrophils have a limited effect in controlling viral propagation upon passive immunotherapy administration, which is mostly mediated by NK cells. Instead, neutrophils operate as essential inducers of a potent host humoral antiviral response. Thus, neutrophils play an unexpected key role in protective immunity induction by antiviral mAbs. Our work opens approaches to improve antiviral immunotherapies, as it suggests that preserving neutrophil functions and counts might be required for achieving mAb-induced protective immunity.
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135
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Abstract
Ipilimumab, an antibody that recognizes cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, was the first approved “checkpoint”-blocking anticancer therapy. In mice, the response to antibodies against CTLA-4 depends entirely on expression of the Fcγ receptor. We developed H11, an alpaca heavy chain-only antibody fragment against CTLA-4 that lacks an Fc portion and inhibits interactions between CTLA-4 and its ligand. By using H11 to visualize CTLA-4 expression in the whole animal, we found that accessible CTLA-4 is largely confined to the tumor; however, H11 treatment has minimal effects on antitumor responses. Installing the murine IgG2a constant region on H11 greatly enhances antitumor response. We were thus able to dissociate CTLA-4 blockade from CTLA-4–dependent receptor engagement as an explanation for the antitumor effect. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, was the first approved “checkpoint”-blocking anticancer therapy. In mouse tumor models, the response to antibodies against CTLA-4 depends entirely on expression of the Fcγ receptor (FcγR), which may facilitate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, but the contribution of simple CTLA-4 blockade remains unknown. To understand the role of CTLA-4 blockade in the complete absence of Fc-dependent functions, we developed H11, a high-affinity alpaca heavy chain-only antibody fragment (VHH) against CTLA-4. The VHH H11 lacks an Fc portion, binds monovalently to CTLA-4, and inhibits interactions between CTLA-4 and its ligand by occluding the ligand-binding motif on CTLA-4 as shown crystallographically. We used H11 to visualize CTLA-4 expression in vivo using whole-animal immuno-PET, finding that surface-accessible CTLA-4 is largely confined to the tumor microenvironment. Despite this, H11-mediated CTLA-4 blockade has minimal effects on antitumor responses. Installation of the murine IgG2a constant region on H11 dramatically enhances its antitumor response. Coadministration of the monovalent H11 VHH blocks the efficacy of a full-sized therapeutic antibody. We were thus able to demonstrate that CTLA-4–binding antibodies require an Fc domain for antitumor effect.
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136
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Wines BD, Billings H, Mclean MR, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Antibody Functional Assays as Measures of Fc Receptor-Mediated Immunity to HIV - New Technologies and their Impact on the HIV Vaccine Field. Curr HIV Res 2018; 15:202-215. [PMID: 28322167 PMCID: PMC5543561 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666170320112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is now intense interest in the role of HIV-specific antibodies and the engagement of FcγR functions in the control and prevention of HIV infection. The analyses of the RV144 vaccine trial, natural progression cohorts, and macaque models all point to a role for Fc-dependent effector functions, such as cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP), in the control of HIV. However, reliable assays that can be reproducibly used across different laboratories to measure Fc-dependent functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited. Method: This brief review highlights the importance of Fc properties for immunity to HIV, particular-ly via FcγR diversity and function. We discuss assays used to study FcR mediated functions of HIV-specific Ab, including our recently developed novel cell-free ELISA using homo-dimeric FcγR ecto-domains to detect functionally relevant viral antigen-specific antibodies. Results: The binding of these dimeric FcγR ectodomains, to closely spaced pairs of IgG Fc, mimics the engagement and cross-linking of Fc receptors by IgG opsonized virions or infected cells as the es-sential prerequisite to the induction of Ab-dependent effector functions. The dimeric FcγR ELISA reli-ably correlates with ADCC in patient responses to influenza. The assay is amenable to high throughput and could be standardized across laboratories. Conclusion: We propose the assay has broader implications for the evaluation of the quality of anti-body responses in viral infections and for the rapid evaluation of responses in vaccine development campaigns for HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Hugh Billings
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia
| | - Milla R Mclean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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137
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Stopforth RJ, Oldham RJ, Tutt AL, Duriez P, Chan HTC, Binkowski BF, Zimprich C, Li D, Hargreaves PG, Cong M, Reddy V, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Cragg MS. Detection of Experimental and Clinical Immune Complexes by Measuring SHIP-1 Recruitment to the Inhibitory FcγRIIB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1937-1950. [PMID: 29351998 PMCID: PMC5837011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) are involved in multiple aspects of immune cell regulation, are central to the success of mAb therapeutics, and underpin the pathology of several autoimmune diseases. However, reliable assays capable of accurately measuring FcγR interactions with their physiological ligands, IgG immune complexes (IC), are limited. A method to study and detect IC interactions with FcγRs was therefore developed. This method, designed to model the signaling pathway of the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B), used NanoLuc Binary Interaction Technology to measure recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase 1 to the ITIM of this receptor. Such recruitment required prior cross-linking of an ITAM-containing activatory receptor, and evoked luciferase activity in discrete clusters at the cell surface, recapitulating the known biology of CD32B signaling. The assay detected varying forms of experimental IC, including heat-aggregated IgG, rituximab-anti-idiotype complexes, and anti-trinitrophenol-trinitrophenol complexes in a sensitive manner (≤1 μg/ml), and discriminated between complexes of varying size and isotype. Proof-of-concept for the detection of circulating ICs in autoimmune disease was provided, as responses to sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis were detected in small pilot studies. Finally, the method was translated to a stable cell line system. In conclusion, a rapid and robust method for the detection of IC was developed, which has numerous potential applications including the monitoring of IC in autoimmune diseases and the study of underlying FcγR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine/Cancer Research U.K. Centre, Protein Core Facility, Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dun Li
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Philip G Hargreaves
- Promega UK Ltd., Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Venkat Reddy
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maria J Leandro
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geraldine Cambridge
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
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138
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Belzile O, Huang X, Gong J, Carlson J, Schroit AJ, Brekken RA, Freimark BD. Antibody targeting of phosphatidylserine for the detection and immunotherapy of cancer. Immunotargets Ther 2018; 7:1-14. [PMID: 29417044 PMCID: PMC5788995 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid in all eukaryotic cells that is actively sequestered to the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. Exposure of PS on apoptotic cells is a normal physiological process that triggers their rapid removal by phagocytic engulfment under noninflammatory conditions via receptors primarily expressed on immune cells. PS is aberrantly exposed in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to the overall immunosuppressive signals that antagonize the development of local and systemic antitumor immune responses. PS-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment is further exacerbated by chemotherapy and radiation treatments that result in increased levels of PS on dying cells and necrotic tissue. Antibodies targeting PS localize to tumors and block PS-mediated immunosuppression. Targeting exposed PS in the tumor microenvironment may be a novel approach to enhance immune responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Belzile
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xianming Huang
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Jay Carlson
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Alan J Schroit
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bruce D Freimark
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
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139
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Abstract
IgG antibodies mediate a diversity of immune functions by coupling of antigen specificity through the Fab domain to signal transduction via Fc-Fc receptor interactions. Indeed, balanced IgG signaling through type I and type II Fc receptors is required for the control of proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory processes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that govern IgG-Fc receptor interactions, highlighting the diversity of Fc receptor-mediated effector functions that regulate immunity and inflammation as well as determine susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity and responsiveness to antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Taia T Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Rony Dahan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Jad Maamary
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
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140
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Khare P, Challa DK, Devanaboyina SC, Velmurugan R, Hughes S, Greenberg BM, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific antibodies from multiple sclerosis patients exacerbate disease in a humanized mouse model. J Autoimmun 2018; 86:104-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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141
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Lu LL, Suscovich TJ, Fortune SM, Alter G. Beyond binding: antibody effector functions in infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:46-61. [PMID: 29063907 PMCID: PMC6369690 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an essential role in host defence against pathogens by recognizing microorganisms or infected cells. Although preventing pathogen entry is one potential mechanism of protection, antibodies can control and eradicate infections through a variety of other mechanisms. In addition to binding and directly neutralizing pathogens, antibodies drive the clearance of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites via their interaction with the innate and adaptive immune systems, leveraging a remarkable diversity of antimicrobial processes locked within our immune system. Specifically, antibodies collaboratively form immune complexes that drive sequestration and uptake of pathogens, clear toxins, eliminate infected cells, increase antigen presentation and regulate inflammation. The diverse effector functions that are deployed by antibodies are dynamically regulated via differential modification of the antibody constant domain, which provides specific instructions to the immune system. Here, we review mechanisms by which antibody effector functions contribute to the balance between microbial clearance and pathology and discuss tractable lessons that may guide rational vaccine and therapeutic design to target gaps in our infectious disease armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette L Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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142
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Carter PJ, Lazar GA. Next generation antibody drugs: pursuit of the 'high-hanging fruit'. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:197-223. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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143
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Mangsbo SM, Fletcher EAK, van Maren WWC, Redeker A, Cordfunke RA, Dillmann I, Dinkelaar J, Ouchaou K, Codee JDC, van der Marel GA, Hoogerhout P, Melief CJM, Ossendorp F, Drijfhout JW. Linking T cell epitopes to a common linear B cell epitope: A targeting and adjuvant strategy to improve T cell responses. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:115-124. [PMID: 29175591 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune complexes are potent mediators of cellular immunity and have been extensively studied for their disease mediating properties in humans and for their role in anti-cancer immunity. However, a viable approach to use antibody-complexed antigen as vehicle for specific immunotherapy has not yet reached clinical use. Since virtually all people have endogenous antibodies against tetanus toxoid (TTd), such commonly occurring antibodies are promising candidates to utilize for immune modulation. As an initial proof-of-concept we investigated if anti-tetanus IgG could induce potent cross-presentation of a conjugate with SIINFEKL, a MHC class I presented epitope of ovalbumin (OVA), to TTd. This protein conjugate enhanced OVA-specific CD8+ T cell responses when administrated to seropositive mice. Since TTd is poorly defined, we next investigated whether a synthetic peptide-peptide conjugate, with a chemically defined linear B cell epitope of tetanus toxin (TTx) origin, could improve cellular immune responses. Herein we identify one linear B cell epitope, here after named MTTE thru a screening of overlapping peptides from the alpha and beta region of TTx, and by assessment of the binding of pooled IgG, or individual human IgG from high-titer TTd vaccinated donors, to these peptides. Subsequently, we developed a chemical protocol to synthesize defined conjugates containing multiple copies of MTTE covalently attached to one or more T cell epitopes of choice. To demonstrate the potential of the above approach we showed that immune complexes of anti-MTTE antibodies with MTTE-containing conjugates are able to induce DC and T cell activation using model antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Immuneed AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erika A K Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wendy W C van Maren
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Cordfunke
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inken Dillmann
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jasper Dinkelaar
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kahina Ouchaou
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codee
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs A van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hoogerhout
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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144
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Yang Y, Xu L, Zhu W, Feng L, Liu J, Chen Q, Dong Z, Zhao J, Liu Z, Chen M. One-pot synthesis of pH-responsive charge-switchable PEGylated nanoscale coordination polymers for improved cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2017; 156:121-133. [PMID: 29195181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) are promising nanomedicine platforms featured with biodegradability and versatile functionalities. However, multi-step post-synthesis surface modification is usually required to functionalize as-made NCPs before their biomedical applications. Moreover, efforts are still required to design therapeutic NCPs responsive to the unique tumor microenvironment to achieve more specific and effective therapy. Herein, we uncover a simple yet general strategy to synthesize a series of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified NCPs via a one-step method by adding poly-histidine-PEG co-polymer into the mixture of metal ions and organic ligands during NCPs formation. With NCPs consisting Ca2+/dicarboxylic cisplatin (IV) prodrug as the example, we show that such Ca/Pt(IV)@pHis-PEG NCPs are highly sensitive to pH changes. With slightly negative charges and compact structure under pH 7.4 during blood circulation, those NCPs exhibit efficient passive accumulation in the tumor, in which the reduced pH (c.a. 6.5) would trigger charge conversion and size expansion to enhance their tumor retention and cell internationalization. After cellular uptake, NCPs within cell endo-/lysosomes with further reduced pH would then lead to decomposition of those NCPs and thus drug release. Chemotherapy with Ca/Pt(IV)@pHis-PEG NCPs in our animal tumor model demonstrates great efficacy under low drug doses, and is found to be particularly effective towards solid tumors with reduced pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ligeng Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liangzhu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiayue Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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145
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Muntasell A, Cabo M, Servitja S, Tusquets I, Martínez-García M, Rovira A, Rojo F, Albanell J, López-Botet M. Interplay between Natural Killer Cells and Anti-HER2 Antibodies: Perspectives for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1544. [PMID: 29181007 PMCID: PMC5694168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) defines a subgroup of breast tumors with aggressive behavior. The addition of HER2-targeted antibodies (i.e., trastuzumab, pertuzumab) to chemotherapy significantly improves relapse-free and overall survival in patients with early-stage and advanced disease. Nonetheless, considerable proportions of patients develop resistance to treatment, highlighting the need for additional and co-adjuvant therapeutic strategies. HER2-specific antibodies can trigger natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and indirectly enhance the development of tumor-specific T cell immunity; both mechanisms contributing to their antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Antibody-dependent NK cell activation results in the release of cytotoxic granules as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IFNγ and TNFα) and chemokines. Hence, NK cell tumor suppressive functions include direct cytolytic killing of tumor cells as well as the regulation of subsequent antitumor adaptive immunity. Albeit tumors with gene expression signatures associated to the presence of cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltrates benefit from trastuzumab-based treatment, NK cell-related biomarkers of response/resistance to HER2-specific therapeutic antibodies in breast cancer patients remain elusive. Several variables, including (i) the configuration of the patient NK cell repertoire; (ii) tumor molecular features (i.e., estrogen receptor expression); (iii) concomitant therapeutic regimens (i.e., chemotherapeutic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors); and (iv) evasion mechanisms developed by progressive breast tumors, have been shown to quantitatively and qualitatively influence antibody-triggered NK cell responses. In this review, we discuss possible interventions for restoring/enhancing the therapeutic activity of HER2 therapeutic antibodies by harnessing NK cell antitumor potential through combinatorial approaches, including immune checkpoint blocking/stimulatory antibodies, cytokines and toll-like receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Cabo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Servitja
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Tusquets
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez-García
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Albanell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.,Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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146
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AML-specific cytotoxic antibodies in patients with durable graft-versus-leukemia responses. Blood 2017; 131:131-143. [PMID: 29061569 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can only be cured when allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation induces a graft-versus-leukemia immune response (GVL). Although the role of T cells and natural killer cells in tumor immunology has been established, less is known about the contribution of B cells. From B cells of high-risk patients with AML with potent and lasting GVL responses, we isolated monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens expressed on the cell surface of AML cells but not on normal hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. A number of these donor-derived antibodies recognized the U5 snRNP200 complex, a component of the spliceosome that in normal cells is found in the cell. In AML however, the U5 snRNP200 complex is exposed on the cell membrane of leukemic blasts. U5 snRNP200 complex-specific antibodies induced death of AML cells in an Fc receptor-dependent way in the absence of cytotoxic leukocytes or complement. In an AML mouse model, treatment with U5 snRNP200 complex-specific antibodies led to significant tumor growth inhibition. Thus, donor-derived U5 snRNP200 complex-recognizing AML-specific antibodies may contribute to antitumor responses.
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147
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Marshall MJE, Stopforth RJ, Cragg MS. Therapeutic Antibodies: What Have We Learnt from Targeting CD20 and Where Are We Going? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 29046676 PMCID: PMC5632755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the fastest growing classes of drugs in recent years and are approved for the treatment of a wide range of indications, from cancer to autoimmune disease. Perhaps the best studied target is the pan B-cell marker CD20. Indeed, the first mAb to receive approval by the Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer treatment was the CD20-targeting mAb rituximab (Rituxan®). Since its approval for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1997, rituximab has been licensed for use in the treatment of numerous other B-cell malignancies, as well as autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. Despite having a significant impact on the treatment of these patients, the exact mechanisms of action of rituximab remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, numerous second- and third-generation anti-CD20 mAbs have since been developed using various strategies to enhance specific effector functions thought to be key for efficacy. A plethora of knowledge has been gained during the development and testing of these mAbs, and this knowledge can now be applied to the design of novel mAbs directed to targets beyond CD20. As we enter the "post-rituximab" era, this review will focus on the lessons learned thus far through investigation of anti-CD20 mAb. Also discussed are current and future developments relating to enhanced effector function, such as the ability to form multimers on the target cell surface. These strategies have potential applications not only in oncology but also in the improved treatment of autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Finally, potential approaches to overcoming mechanisms of resistance to anti-CD20 therapy are discussed, chiefly involving the combination of anti-CD20 mAbs with various other agents to resensitize patients to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. E. Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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148
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Fcγ Receptor Function and the Design of Vaccination Strategies. Immunity 2017; 47:224-233. [PMID: 28813656 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Through specific interactions with distinct types of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediates a wide spectrum of immunological functions that influence both innate and adaptive responses. Recent studies indicate that IgG Fc-FcγR interactions are dynamically regulated during an immune response through the control of the Fc-associated glycan structure and Ig subclass composition on the one hand and selective FcγR expression on immune cells on the other, which together determine the capacity of IgG to interact in a cell-type-specific manner with specific members of the FcγR family. Here, we present a framework that synthesizes the current understanding of the contribution of FcγR pathways to the induction and regulation of antibody and T cell responses. Within this context, we discuss vaccination strategies to elicit broad and potent immune responses based on the immunomodulatory properties of Fc-FcγR interactions.
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Patient-derived antibody recognizes a unique CD43 epitope expressed on all AML and has antileukemia activity in mice. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1551-1564. [PMID: 29296797 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017008342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has proven beneficial in many hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies, but immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is hampered by the lack of tumor-specific targets. We took advantage of the tumor-immunotherapeutic effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and searched the B-cell repertoire of a patient with a lasting and potent graft-versus-AML response for the presence of AML-specific antibodies. We identified an antibody, AT1413, that was of donor origin and that specifically recognizes a novel sialylated epitope on CD43 (CD43s). Strikingly, CD43s is expressed on all World Health Organization 2008 types of AML and MDS. AT1413 induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity of AML cells in vitro. Of note, AT1413 was highly efficacious against AML cells in a humanized mouse model without affecting nonmalignant human myeloid cells, suggesting AT1413 has potential as a therapeutic antibody.
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Abstract
The antiviral activity of antibodies reflects the bifunctional properties of these molecules. While the Fab domains mediate highly specific antigenic recognition to block virus entry, the Fc domain interacts with diverse types of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of effector leukocytes to induce the activation of distinct immunomodulatory pathways. Fc-FcγR interactions are tightly regulated to control IgG-mediated inflammation and immunity and are largely determined by the structural heterogeneity of the IgG Fc domain, stemming from differences in the primary amino acid sequence of the various subclasses, as well as the structure and composition of the Fc-associated N-linked glycan. Engagement of specific FcγR types on effector leukocytes has diverse consequences that affect several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the complexity of FcγR-mediated pathways, discussing their role in the in vivo protective activity of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. We focus on recent studies on broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies that revealed that Fc-FcγR interactions are required to achieve full therapeutic activity through clearance of IgG-opsonized virions and elimination of HIV-infected cells. Manipulation of Fc-FcγR interactions to specifically activate distinct FcγR-mediated pathways has the potential to affect downstream effector responses, influencing thereby the in vivo protective activity of anti-HIV-1 antibodies; a strategy that has already been successfully applied to other IgG-based therapeutics, substantially improving their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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