101
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Al Chiblak M, Steinbeck F, Thiesen HJ, Lorenz P. DUF3669, a "domain of unknown function" within ZNF746 and ZNF777, oligomerizes and contributes to transcriptional repression. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:60. [PMID: 31856708 PMCID: PMC6923878 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ZNF746 and ZNF777 belong to a subset of the large Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) zinc finger (ZNF) transcription factor family. They contain, like four other members in human, an additional conserved domain, the “domain of unknown function 3669” (DUF3669). Previous work on members of this subfamily suggested involvement in transcriptional regulation and aberrant ZNF746 overexpression leads to neuronal cell death in Parkinson’s disease. Results Here we demonstrate that N-terminal protein segments of the ZNF746a major isoform and ZNF777 act in concert to exert moderate transcriptional repression activities. Full potency depended on the intact configuration consisting of DUF3669, a variant KRAB domain and adjacent sequences. While DUF3669 contributes an intrinsic weak inhibitory activity, the isolated KRAB-AB domains did not repress. Importantly, DUF3669 provides a novel protein-protein interaction interface and mediates direct physical interaction between the members of the subfamily in oligomers. The ZNF746 protein segment encoded by exons 5 and 6 boosted repressor potency, potentially due to the presence of an acceptor lysine for sumoylation at K189. Repressor activity of the potent canonical ZNF10 KRAB domain was not augmented by heterologous transfer of DUF3669, pointing to the importance of context for DUF3669’s impact on transcription. Neither ZNF746a nor ZNF777 protein segments stably associated with TRIM28 within cells. Isoform ZNF746b that contains, unlike the major isoform, a full-length KRAB-A subdomain, displayed substantially increased repressor potency. This increase is due to canonical mechanisms known for KRAB domains since it did not take place in HAP1 knockout models of TRIM28 and SETDB1. A glycine to glutamic acid replacement that complies with a bona fide conserved “MLE” sequence within KRAB-A led to a further strong gain in repressor potency to levels comparable to those of the canonical ZNF10 KRAB domain. Each gain of repressive activity was accompanied by an enhanced interaction with TRIM28 protein. Conclusion DUF3669 adds a protein-protein interaction surface to a subgroup of KRAB-ZNF proteins within an N-terminal configuration with variant KRAB and adjacent sequences likely regulated by sumoylation. DUF3669 contributes to transcriptional repression strength and its homo- and hetero-oligomerization characteristics probably extended the regulatory repertoire of KRAB-ZNF transcription factors during amniote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Al Chiblak
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Steinbeck
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Thiesen
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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102
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Barodia SK, McMeekin LJ, Creed RB, Quinones EK, Cowell RM, Goldberg MS. PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin predominantly in astrocytes. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:29. [PMID: 31840043 PMCID: PMC6906478 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in PINK1 are causally linked to recessively inherited Parkinson’s disease (PD), with marked loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that are required for normal movement. PINK1 is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial-targeted kinase that phosphorylates a conserved serine at amino acid 65 (pS65) in ubiquitin as well as Parkin, another gene with loss-of-function mutations linked to recessive parkinsonism. The steady-state levels of PINK1 protein are very low, even in cells that express PINK1, because PINK1 is normally targeted for degradation after mitochondrial import by a process that is dependent upon mitochondrial membrane potential. Dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential with ionophores, such as CCCP and valinomycin, causes the accumulation of PINK1 on the outer mitochondrial membrane, a marked increase of pS65-ubiquitin and the recruitment of Parkin, which targets dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation by autophagy. While the high penetrance of PINK1 mutations establish its critical function for maintaining neurons, the activity of PINK1 in primary neurons has been difficult to detect. Mounting evidence implicates non-neuronal cells, including astrocytes and microglia, in the pathogenesis of both idiopathic and inherited PD. Herein we used both western analysis and immunofluorescence of pS65-ubiquitin to directly compare the activity of PINK1 in primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells cultured from the brains of wild-type (WT) and PINK1 knockout (KO) rat pups. Our findings that PINK1-dependent ubiquitin phosphorylation is predominantly in astrocytes supports increased priority for research on the function of PINK1 in astrocytes and the contribution of astrocyte dysfunction to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Barodia
- 1Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- 2Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA.,3Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Rose B Creed
- 1Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Elijah K Quinones
- 1Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Rita M Cowell
- 2Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA.,3Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- 1Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.,4Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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103
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The Overcrowded Crossroads: Mitochondria, Alpha-Synuclein, and the Endo-Lysosomal System Interaction in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215312. [PMID: 31731450 PMCID: PMC6862467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, mainly affecting the elderly. The disease progresses gradually, with core motor presentations and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. There are two neuropathological hallmarks of PD, the dopaminergic neuronal loss and the alpha-synuclein-containing Lewy body inclusions in the substantia nigra. While the exact pathomechanisms of PD remain unclear, genetic investigations have revealed evidence of the involvement of mitochondrial function, alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, and the endo-lysosomal system, in disease pathogenesis. Due to the high energy demand of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondria are of special importance acting as the cellular powerhouse. Mitochondrial dynamic fusion and fission, and autophagy quality control keep the mitochondrial network in a healthy state. Should defects of the organelle occur, a variety of reactions would ensue at the cellular level, including disrupted mitochondrial respiratory network and perturbed calcium homeostasis, possibly resulting in cellular death. Meanwhile, α-syn is a presynaptic protein that helps regulate synaptic vesicle transportation and endocytosis. Its misfolding into oligomeric sheets and fibrillation is toxic to the mitochondria and neurons. Increased cellular oxidative stress leads to α-syn accumulation, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. The proteasome and endo-lysosomal systems function to regulate damage and unwanted waste management within the cell while facilitating the quality control of mitochondria and α-syn. This review will analyze the biological functions and interactions between mitochondria, α-syn, and the endo-lysosomal system in the pathogenesis of PD.
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104
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Fung TS, Ji WK, Higgs HN, Chakrabarti R. Two distinct actin filament populations have effects on mitochondria, with differences in stimuli and assembly factors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234435. [PMID: 31413070 PMCID: PMC6765187 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that mitochondria and actin filaments work together in two contexts: (1) increased cytoplasmic calcium induces cytoplasmic actin polymerization that stimulates mitochondrial fission and (2) mitochondrial depolarization causes actin assembly around mitochondria, with roles in mitophagy. It is unclear whether these two processes utilize similar actin assembly mechanisms. Here, we show that these are distinct actin assembly mechanisms in the acute phase after treatment (<10 min). Calcium-induced actin assembly is INF2 dependent and Arp2/3 complex independent, whereas depolarization-induced actin assembly is Arp2/3 complex dependent and INF2 independent. The two types of actin polymerization are morphologically distinct, with calcium-induced filaments throughout the cytosol and depolarization-induced filaments as 'clouds' around depolarized mitochondria. We have previously shown that calcium-induced actin stimulates increases in both mitochondrial calcium and recruitment of the dynamin GTPase Drp1 (also known as DNM1L). In contrast, depolarization-induced actin is temporally associated with extensive mitochondrial dynamics that do not result in mitochondrial fission, but in circularization of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). These dynamics are dependent on the protease OMA1 and independent of Drp1. Actin cloud inhibition causes increased IMM circularization, suggesting that actin clouds limit these dynamics.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Shun Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Wei-Ke Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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105
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Li R, Chen J. Salidroside Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Enhancing PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9341018. [PMID: 31583052 PMCID: PMC6754964 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9341018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Our previous studies have suggested that salidroside (Sal) might play neuroprotective effects against PD by preserving mitochondrial Complex I activity. However, the exact mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of Sal remains unclear. Growing evidence indicates that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is involved in the development of PD. In this study, we investigated whether Sal exerts a neuroprotective effect by modulating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Results showed that Sal alleviated MPTP-induced motor deficits in pole test. Moreover, Sal diminished MPTP-induced degeneration of nigrostriatal DA neurons as evidenced by upregulated TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra, increased DAT expression, and high dopamine and metabolite levels in the striatum. Furthermore, in comparison with the MPP+/MPTP group, Sal considerably increased the mitophagosome and mitophagy flux. Moreover, in comparison with the MPP+/MPTP group, Sal evidently enhanced the mitochondrial expression of PINK1 and Parkin, accompanied by an increase in the colocalization of mitochondria with Parkin. However, transfection of MN9D cells with PINK1 siRNA reversed Sal-induced activated mitophagy and cytoprotective effect. In conclusion, Sal may confer neuroprotective effects by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in MPP+/MPTP-induced PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruru Li
- Department of Neurology, The Air Force Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou 510062, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianzong Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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106
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Guardia-Laguarta C, Liu Y, Lauritzen KH, Erdjument-Bromage H, Martin B, Swayne TC, Jiang X, Przedborski S. PINK1 Content in Mitochondria is Regulated by ER-Associated Degradation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7074-7085. [PMID: 31300519 PMCID: PMC6733537 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1691-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a pool of functional mitochondria requires degradation of damaged ones within the cell. PINK1 is critical in this quality-control process: loss of mitochondrial membrane potential causes PINK1 to accumulate on the mitochondrial surface, triggering mitophagy. However, little is known about how PINK1 is regulated. Recently, we showed that PINK1 content is kept low in healthy mitochondria by continuous ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of its mature form via a mechanism inconsistent with the proposed N-end rule process. Using both human female and monkey cell lines, we now demonstrate that once generated within the mitochondria, 52 kDa PINK1 adopts a mitochondrial topology most consistent with it being at the mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interface. From this particular submitochondrial location, PINK1 interacts with components of the ER-associated degradation pathway, such as the E3 ligases gp78 and HRD1, which cooperate to catalyze PINK1 ubiquitination. The valosin-containing protein and its cofactor, UFD1, then target ubiquitinated PINK1 for proteasomal degradation. Our data show that PINK1 in healthy mitochondria is negatively regulated via an interplay between mitochondria and ER, and shed light on how this mitochondrial protein gains access to the proteasome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Regulation of mitochondrial content of PINK1, a contributor to mitophagy, is an important area of research. Recently, we found that PINK1 content is kept low in healthy mitochondria by continuous ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. We now extend and refine this novel finding by showing that PINK1 localizes at the mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interface, from where it interacts with the ER-associated degradation machinery, which catalyzes its ubiquitination and transfer to the proteasome. Thus, these data show that PINK1 in healthy mitochondria is negatively regulated via a mitochondria and ER interplay, and how this mitochondrial protein gains access to the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases
| | - Knut H Lauritzen
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Brittany Martin
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases
| | - Theresa C Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Program in Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology,
- Neurology
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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107
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Sun L, Büeler H. Proteasome inhibition promotes mono-ubiquitination and nuclear translocation of mature (52 kDa) PINK1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:376-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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108
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Jacoupy M, Hamon-Keromen E, Ordureau A, Erpapazoglou Z, Coge F, Corvol JC, Nosjean O, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, Boutin JA, Harper JW, Brice A, Guedin D, Gautier CA, Corti O. The PINK1 kinase-driven ubiquitin ligase Parkin promotes mitochondrial protein import through the presequence pathway in living cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11829. [PMID: 31413265 PMCID: PMC6694185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of over a thousand mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and must be imported from the cytosol. Little is known about the cytosolic events regulating mitochondrial protein import, partly due to the lack of appropriate tools for its assessment in living cells. We engineered an inducible biosensor for monitoring the main presequence-mediated import pathway with a quantitative, luminescence-based readout. This tool was used to explore the regulation of mitochondrial import by the PINK1 kinase-driven Parkin ubiquitin ligase, which is dysfunctional in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. We show that mitochondrial import was stimulated by Parkin, but not by disease-causing Parkin variants. This effect was dependent on Parkin activation by PINK1 and accompanied by an increase in the abundance of K11 ubiquitin chains on mitochondria and by ubiquitylation of subunits of the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial import efficiency was abnormally low in cells from patients with PINK1- and PARK2-linked Parkinson's disease and was restored by phosphomimetic ubiquitin in cells with residual Parkin activity. Altogether, these findings uncover a role of ubiquitylation in mitochondrial import regulation and suggest that loss of this regulatory loop may underlie the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, providing novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacoupy
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - E Hamon-Keromen
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - A Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Z Erpapazoglou
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - F Coge
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Chémogénétique Servier, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - J-C Corvol
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.,Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CIC-1422, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - O Nosjean
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - M J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - J A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - J W Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Brice
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - D Guedin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Chémogénétique Servier, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - C A Gautier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Chémogénétique Servier, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - O Corti
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.
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109
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Padmanabhan S, Polinski NK, Menalled LB, Baptista MAS, Fiske BK. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research Strategy to Advance Therapeutic Development of PINK1 and Parkin. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080296. [PMID: 31344817 PMCID: PMC6723155 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been investigated since the 1980s and is gaining attention with recent advances in PD genetics research. Mutations in PRKN and PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1 (PINK1) are well-established causes of autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Genetic and biochemical studies have revealed that PINK1 and Parkin proteins function together in the same biological pathway to govern mitochondrial quality control. These proteins have also been implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity and other mitochondrial functions. Additionally, structural studies on Parkin have delineated an activation mechanism and have identified druggable regions that are currently being explored by academic and industry groups. To de-risk therapeutic development for these genetic targets, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) has deployed a strategic funding and enabling framework that brings together the research community to discuss important breakthroughs and challenges in research on PINK1-Parkin biology, supports collaborative initiatives to further our understanding within this field and develops high-quality research tools and assays that are widely available to all researchers. The Foundation's efforts are leading to significant advances in understanding of the underlying biology of these genes, proteins and pathways and in the development of Parkinson's therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA.
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Liliana B Menalled
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Brian K Fiske
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
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110
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Valek L, Auburger G, Tegeder I. Sensory neuropathy and nociception in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/6/dmm039396. [PMID: 31248900 PMCID: PMC6602317 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) often manifests with prodromal pain and sensory losses whose etiologies are not well understood. Multiple genetic and toxicity-based rodent models of PD partly recapitulate the histopathology and motor function deficits. Although far less studied, there is some evidence that rodents, similar to humans, develop sensory manifestations of the disease, which may precede motor disturbances and help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PD-associated pain at the molecular and neuron circuit levels. The present Review summarizes nociception and other sensory functions in frequently used rodent PD models within the context of the complex phenotypes. In terms of mechanisms, it appears that the acute loss of dopaminergic neurons in systemic toxicity models (MPTP, rotenone) primarily causes nociceptive hyperexcitability, presumably owing to a loss of inhibitory control, whereas genetic models primarily result in a progressive loss of heat perception, reflecting sensory fiber neuropathies. At the molecular level, neither α-synuclein deposits alone nor failure of mitophagy alone appear to be strong enough to result in axonal or synaptic pathology of nociceptive neurons that manifest at the behavioral level, and peripheral sensory loss may mask central ‘pain’ in behavioral tests. Hence, allostatic combinations or additional challenges and novel behavioral assessments are needed to better evaluate PD-associated sensory neuropathies and pain in rodents. Summary: Rodent models of Parkinson's disease partially develop prodromal somatosensory and olfactory dysfunctions reminiscent of sensory neuropathies in patients and reveal mechanistic insight, but data are incomplete and fragmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Valek
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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111
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Yang M, Linn BS, Zhang Y, Ren J. Mitophagy and mitochondrial integrity in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2293-2302. [PMID: 31100337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR injury), produced by initial interruption and subsequent restoration of organ blood flow, is an important clinical dilemma accompanied by various cardiac reperfusion strategies following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although the restored blood flow is necessary for oxygen and nutrient supply, reperfusion often results in pathological sequelae leading to elevated ischemic damage. Among various theories postulated for IR injury including vascular leakage, oxidative stress, leukocyte entrapment, inflammation and apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an essential role in mediating pathophysiological processes with recent evidence depicting a pivotal role for impaired mitophagy in mitochondrial injury. Given the critical role for mitophagy in mitochondrial quality control and the recent reports supporting a tie between mitophagy and IR injury, this review will revisit the contemporary understanding of mitophagy in the regulation of cardiac homeostasis and update recent progresses with regards to mitophagy and cardiac IR injury. We hope to establish a role for mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target in the management of IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Becky S Linn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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112
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Lin CY, Tsai CW. PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway is related to neuroprotection by carnosic acid in SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:430-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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113
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Gustafsson ÅB, Dorn GW. Evolving and Expanding the Roles of Mitophagy as a Homeostatic and Pathogenic Process. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:853-892. [PMID: 30540226 PMCID: PMC6442924 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central functions fulfilled by mitochondria as both energy generators essential for tissue homeostasis and gateways to programmed apoptotic and necrotic cell death mandate tight control over the quality and quantity of these ubiquitous endosymbiotic organelles. Mitophagy, the targeted engulfment and destruction of mitochondria by the cellular autophagy apparatus, has conventionally been considered as the mechanism primarily responsible for mitochondrial quality control. However, our understanding of how, why, and under what specific conditions mitophagy is activated has grown tremendously over the past decade. Evidence is accumulating that nonmitophagic mitochondrial quality control mechanisms are more important to maintaining normal tissue homeostasis whereas mitophagy is an acute tissue stress response. Moreover, previously unrecognized mitophagic regulation of mitochondrial quantity control, metabolic reprogramming, and cell differentiation suggests that the mechanisms linking genetic or acquired defects in mitophagy to neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases or cancer are more complex than simple failure of normal mitochondrial quality control. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of mitophagy in cellular homeostasis and disease and examine the most revolutionary concepts in these areas. In this context, we discuss evidence that atypical mitophagy and nonmitophagic pathways play central roles in mitochondrial quality control, functioning that was previously considered to be the primary domain of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California ; and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California ; and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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114
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Maiuri T, Bowie LE, Truant R. DNA Repair Signaling of Huntingtin: The Next Link Between Late-Onset Neurodegenerative Disease and Oxidative DNA Damage. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 38:1-6. [PMID: 30481056 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A new hypothesis for the mechanism of Huntington's disease (HD) is driven by a small molecule lead that may connect age-associated reactive oxygen stress, oxidative DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathways have also recently been defined in genome-wide association studies of cytosine-adenine-guanine-expansion polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases, including HD and the spinocerebellar ataxias. We discuss how N6-furfuryladenine (N6FFA) nucleotide salvage and role as a kinase neosubstrate may have important mechanistic implications for both HD and familial Parkinson's disease. N6FFA highlights a mechanism of how energy dysregulation and protein misfolding in neurodegeneration may be the effect of age-associated reactive oxygen species damage to DNA and part of a feedback loop augmenting with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Maiuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
| | - Laura E Bowie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ray Truant
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
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115
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The circular RNA ACR attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy via modulation of the Pink1/ FAM65B pathway. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1299-1315. [PMID: 30349076 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated autophagy is associated with many pathological disorders such as cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence has suggested that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have important roles in some biological processes. However, it remains unclear whether circRNAs participate in the regulation of autophagy. Here we report that a circRNA, termed autophagy-related circular RNA (ACR), represses autophagy and myocardial infarction by targeting Pink1-mediated phosphorylation of FAM65B. ACR attenuates autophagy and cell death in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, ACR protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and reduces myocardial infarct sizes. We identify Pink1 as an ACR target to mediate the function of ACR in cardiomyocyte autophagy. ACR activates Pink1 expression through directly binding to Dnmt3B and blocking Dnmt3B-mediated DNA methylation of Pink1 promoter. Pink1 suppresses autophagy and Pink1 transgenic mice show reduced myocardial infarction sizes. Further, we find that FAM65B is a downstream target of Pink1 and Pink1 phosphorylates FAM65B at serine 46. Phosphorylated FAM65B inhibits autophagy and cell death in the heart. Our findings reveal a novel role for the circRNA in regulating autophagy and ACR-Pink1-FAM65B axis as a regulator of autophagy in the heart will be potential therapeutic targets in treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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116
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Dawson TM, Golde TE, Lagier-Tourenne C. Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1370-1379. [PMID: 30250265 PMCID: PMC6615039 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases have enhanced the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nevertheless, our understanding of these disorders and the development of mechanistically designed therapeutics can still benefit from more rigorous use of the models and from generation of animals that more faithfully recapitulate human disease. Here we review the current state of rodent models for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We discuss the limitations and utility of current models, issues regarding translatability, and future directions for developing animal models of these human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology; and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- McKnight Brain Institute Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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117
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Kaur R, Mehan S, Singh S. Understanding multifactorial architecture of Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology to management. Neurol Sci 2018; 40:13-23. [PMID: 30267336 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affecting 3% of population during elder age. The loss of substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNpc) neurons and deficiency of striatal dopaminergic neurons produces stables motor deficient. Further, increase alpha-synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD. Alpha-synuclein protein encodes for SNCA gene and disturbs the normal physiological neuronal signaling via altering mitochondrial homeostasis. The level of α-synuclein is increased in both normal aging and PD brain to a greater extent and secondly reduced clearance results in accumulation of Lewy bodies (LB). Emerging evidences indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction might be a common cause but pathological insult through protein misfolding, aggregation, and accumulation leads to neuronal apoptosis. The observation supporting that expression of DJ-1, LLRK2, PARKIN, PINK1, and excessive excitotoxicity mediated by dysbalance between GABA and glutamate reduced mitochondrial functioning and increased neurotoxicity. Therefore, the present review summarizes the various pathological mechanisms and also explores the therapeutic strategies which could be useful to ameliorate movement disorder like Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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118
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Chen CCW, Erlich AT, Crilly MJ, Hood DA. Parkin is required for exercise-induced mitophagy in muscle: impact of aging. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E404-E415. [PMID: 29812989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00391.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of muscle health with advancing age is dependent on mitochondrial homeostasis. While reductions in mitochondrial biogenesis have been observed with age, less is known regarding organelle degradation. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase implicated in mitophagy, but few studies have examined Parkin's contribution to mitochondrial turnover in muscle. Wild-type (WT) and Parkin knockout (KO) mice were used to delineate a role for Parkin-mediated mitochondrial degradation in aged muscle, in concurrence with exercise. Aged animals exhibited declines in muscle mass and mitochondrial content, paralleled by a nuclear environment endorsing the transcriptional repression of mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitophagic signaling was enhanced following acute endurance exercise in young WT mice but was abolished in the absence of Parkin. Basal mitophagy flux of the autophagosomal protein lipidated microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 was augmented in aged animals but did not increase additionally with exercise when compared with young animals. In the absence of Parkin, exercise increased the nuclear localization of Parkin-interacting substrate, corresponding to a decrease in nuclear peroxisome proliferator gamma coactivator-1α. Remarkably, exercise enhanced mitochondrial ubiquitination in both young WT and KO animals. This suggested compensation of alternative ubiquitin ligases that were, however, unable to restore the diminished exercise-induced mitophagy in KO mice. Under basal conditions, we demonstrated that Parkin was required for mitochondrial mitofusin-2 ubiquitination. We also observed an abrogation of exercise-induced mitophagy in aged muscle. Our results demonstrate that acute exercise-induced mitophagy is dependent on Parkin and attenuated with age, which likely contributes to changes in mitochondrial content and quality in aging muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chin Wah Chen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Avigail T Erlich
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Matthew J Crilly
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - David A Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
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119
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Gan Z, Fu T, Kelly DP, Vega RB. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling in exercise and diseases. Cell Res 2018; 28:969-980. [PMID: 30108290 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fitness and plasticity is an important determinant of human health and disease. Mitochondria are essential for maintaining skeletal muscle energy homeostasis by adaptive re-programming to meet the demands imposed by a myriad of physiologic or pathophysiological stresses. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including muscular dystrophy, atrophy, type 2 diabetes, and aging-related sarcopenia. Notably, exercise counteracts the effects of many chronic diseases on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Recent studies have revealed a finely tuned regulatory network that orchestrates skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and function in response to exercise and in disease states. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria also serve to "communicate" with the nucleus and mediate adaptive genomic re-programming. Here we review the current state of knowledge relevant to the dynamic remodeling of skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to exercise and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenji Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, 210061, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tingting Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, 210061, Nanjing, China
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Rick B Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA.
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120
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Evidence for Compartmentalized Axonal Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Mitochondrial DNA Replication Increases in Distal Axons As an Early Response to Parkinson's Disease-Relevant Stress. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7505-7515. [PMID: 30030401 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0541-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not clear how mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated in neurons, with their unique compartmentalized anatomy and energetic demands. This is particularly relevant in PD because selectively vulnerable neurons feature long, highly arborized axons where degeneration initiates. We previously found that exposure of neurons to chronic, sublethal doses of rotenone, a complex I inhibitor linked to PD, causes early increases in mitochondrial density specifically in distal axons, suggesting possible upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis within axons. Here, we directly evaluated for evidence of mitochondrial biogenesis in distal axons and examined whether PD-relevant stress causes compartmentalized alterations. Using BrdU labeling and imaging to quantify replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in primary rat neurons (pooled from both sexes), we provide evidence of mtDNA replication in axons along with cell bodies and proximal dendrites. We found that exposure to chronic, sublethal rotenone increases mtDNA replication first in neurites and later extending to cell bodies, complementing our mitochondrial density data. Further, isolating axons from cell bodies and dendrites, we discovered that rotenone exposure upregulates mtDNA replication in distal axons. Utilizing superresolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, we identified mtDNA replication at sites of mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum contacts in axons. Our evidence suggests that mitochondrial biogenesis occurs not only in cell bodies, but also in distal axons, and is altered under PD-relevant stress conditions in an anatomically compartmentalized manner. We hypothesize that this contributes to vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mitochondrial biogenesis is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial and cellular health and has been linked to neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. However, regulation of this process is poorly understood in CNS neurons, which rely on mitochondrial function for survival. Our findings offer fundamental insight into these regulatory mechanisms by demonstrating that replication of mitochondrial DNA, an essential precursor for biogenesis, can occur in distal regions of CNS neuron axons independent of the soma. Further, this process is upregulated specifically in axons as an early response to neurodegeneration-relevant stress. This is the first demonstration of the compartmentalized regulation of CNS neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis in response to stress and may prove a useful target in development of therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease.
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121
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Chu CT. Mechanisms of selective autophagy and mitophagy: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:23-34. [PMID: 30030024 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the concept of mammalian autophagy as a nonselective degradation system has been repudiated, due in part to important discoveries in neurodegenerative diseases, which opened the field of selective autophagy. Protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria represent key pathological hallmarks shared by most neurodegenerative diseases. The landmark discovery in 2007 of p62/SQSTM1 as the first mammalian selective autophagy receptor defined a new family of autophagy-related proteins that serve to target protein aggregates, mitochondria, intracellular pathogens and other cargoes to the core autophagy machinery via an LC3-interacting region (LIR)-motif. Notably, mutations in the LIR-motif proteins p62 (SQSTM1) and optineurin (OPTN) contribute to familial forms of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, a subset of LIR-motif proteins is involved in selective mitochondrial degradation initiated by two recessive familial Parkinson's disease genes. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (PARK2) to mark depolarized mitochondria for degradation. An extensive body of literature delineates key mechanisms in this pathway, based mostly on work in transformed cell lines. However, the potential role of PINK1-triggered mitophagy in neurodegeneration remains a conundrum, particularly in light of recent in vivo mitophagy studies. There are at least three major mechanisms by which mitochondria are targeted for mitophagy: transmembrane receptor-mediated, ubiquitin-mediated and cardiolipin-mediated. This review summarizes key features of the major cargo recognition pathways for selective autophagy and mitophagy, highlighting their potential impact in the pathogenesis or amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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122
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Franco-Iborra S, Vila M, Perier C. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:342. [PMID: 29875626 PMCID: PMC5974257 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several important advances have been made in our understanding of the pathways that lead to cell dysfunction and death in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Despite distinct clinical and pathological features, these two neurodegenerative diseases share critical processes, such as the presence of misfolded and/or aggregated proteins, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial anomalies. Even though the mitochondria are commonly regarded as the "powerhouses" of the cell, they are involved in a multitude of cellular events such as heme metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction play a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, further highlighting the importance of these organelles, especially in neurons. The maintenance of mitochondrial integrity through different surveillance mechanisms is thus critical for neuron survival. Mitochondria display a wide range of quality control mechanisms, from the molecular to the organellar level. Interestingly, many of these lines of defense have been found to be altered in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and HD. Current knowledge and further elucidation of the novel pathways that protect the cell through mitochondrial quality control may offer unique opportunities for disease therapy in situations where ongoing mitochondrial damage occurs. In this review, we discuss the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration with a special focus on the recent findings regarding mitochondrial quality control pathways, beyond the classical effects of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bioenergetic alterations. We also discuss how disturbances in these processes underlie the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Franco-Iborra
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celine Perier
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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123
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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124
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Giguère N, Pacelli C, Saumure C, Bourque MJ, Matheoud D, Levesque D, Slack RS, Park DS, Trudeau LÉ. Comparative analysis of Parkinson's disease-associated genes in mice reveals altered survival and bioenergetics of Parkin-deficient dopamine neurons. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9580-9593. [PMID: 29700116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mutations in genes encoding proteins such as Parkin, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), protein deglycase DJ-1 (DJ-1 or PARK7), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and α-synuclein have been linked to familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The consequences of these mutations, such as altered mitochondrial function and pathological protein aggregation, are starting to be better understood. However, little is known about the mechanisms explaining why alterations in such diverse cellular processes lead to the selective loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SNc) in the brain of individuals with PD. Recent work has shown that one of the reasons for the high vulnerability of SNc DA neurons is their high basal rate of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), resulting from their highly complex axonal arborization. Here, we examined whether axonal growth and basal mitochondrial function are altered in SNc DA neurons from Parkin-, Pink1-, or DJ-1-KO mice. We provide evidence for increased basal OXPHOS in Parkin-KO DA neurons and for reduced survival of DA neurons that have a complex axonal arbor. The surviving smaller neurons exhibited reduced vulnerability to the DA neurotoxin and mitochondrial complex I inhibitor MPP+, and this reduction was associated with reduced expression of the DA transporter. Finally, we found that glial cells play a role in the reduced resilience of DA neurons in these mice and that WT Parkin overexpression rescues this phenotype. Our results provide critical insights into the complex relationship between mitochondrial function, axonal growth, and genetic risk factors for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Giguère
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and.,Neurosciences
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Caroline Saumure
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and.,Neurosciences
| | | | - Diana Matheoud
- Neurosciences.,the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Québec, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel Levesque
- the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montreal H4T 1J4, Canada.,the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montreal H4T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1M 8M5, Canada
| | - David S Park
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1M 8M5, Canada
| | - Louis-Éric Trudeau
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and .,Neurosciences.,the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montreal H4T 1J4, Canada.,Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montreal H4T 1J4, Canada
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125
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Chu CT. Multiple pathways for mitophagy: A neurodegenerative conundrum for Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 697:66-71. [PMID: 29626647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been nearly a decade since the first landmark studies implicating familial recessive Parkinson's disease genes in the regulation of selective mitochondrial autophagy. The PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (encoded by the PARK2 gene) act together to mark depolarized mitochondria for degradation. There is now an extensive body of literature detailing key mediators and steps in this pathway, based mostly on work in transformed cell lines. However, the degree to which PINK1-triggered mitophagy contributes to mitochondrial quality control in the mammalian brain, and the extent to which its disruption contributes to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis remain uncertain. In recent years, it has become clear that there are multiple, potentially redundant, pathways of cargo specification for mitophagy. Important mitophagy-independent functions of PINK1 and Parkin are also emerging. This review summarizes key features of three major mitophagy cargo recognition systems: receptor-mediated, ubiquitin-mediated and cardiolipin-mediated. New animal models that may be useful for tracking the delivery of mitochondria into lysosomes in different neuronal populations will be highlighted. Combining these research tools with methods to selectively disrupt specific mitophagy pathways may lead to a better understanding of the potential role of mitophagy in modulating neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's spectrum (PD/PDD/DLB) and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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126
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Park JS, Davis RL, Sue CM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: New Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 29616350 PMCID: PMC5882770 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, the aetiology of which is still largely unknown. Overwhelming evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central factor in PD pathophysiology. Here we review recent developments around mitochondrial dysfunction in familial and sporadic PD, with a brief overview of emerging therapies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent Findings Increasing evidence supports the critical role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of sporadic PD, while the involvement of familial PD-related genes in the regulation of mitochondrial biology has been expanded by the discovery of new mitochondria-associated disease loci and the identification of their novel functions. Summary Recent research has expanded knowledge on the mechanistic details underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, with the discovery of new therapeutic targets providing invaluable insights into the essential role of mitochondria in PD pathogenesis and unique opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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127
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Cummins N, Götz J. Shedding light on mitophagy in neurons: what is the evidence for PINK1/Parkin mitophagy in vivo? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1151-1162. [PMID: 29085955 PMCID: PMC11105538 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialised cells with a large bioenergetic demand, and so require a healthy mitochondrial network to function effectively. This network is compromised in many neurological disorders, in which damaged mitochondria accumulate. Dysfunctional mitochondria can be removed via an organelle-specific autophagic pathway, a process known as mitophagy. The canonical mitophagy pathway is dependent on the actions of PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) and Parkin and has been well studied in immortalised cells and cultured neurons. However, evidence for a role of this mitophagy pathway in the brain is still limited, and studies suggest that there may be important differences in how neurons respond to mitochondrial damage in vitro and in vivo. Here, we first describe the evidence for a functional PINK1/Parkin mitophagy pathway in neurons, and review how this pathway is affected in disease models. We then critically evaluate the literature by comparing findings from in vitro models and more recent in vivo studies in flies and mice. The emerging picture implicates that alternative mitophagy pathways operate in neurons in vivo. New mouse models that employ fluorescent biosensors to monitor mitophagy in vivo will be instrumental to understand the relative role of the different clearance pathways in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cummins
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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128
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Course MM, Scott AI, Schoor C, Hsieh CH, Papakyrikos AM, Winter D, Cowan TM, Wang X. Phosphorylation of MCAD selectively rescues PINK1 deficiencies in behavior and metabolism. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1219-1227. [PMID: 29563254 PMCID: PMC5935071 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-03-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is a mitochondria-targeted kinase whose mutations are a cause of Parkinson’s disease. We set out to better understand PINK1’s effects on mitochondrial proteins in vivo. Using an unbiased phosphoproteomic screen in Drosophila, we found that PINK1 mediates the phosphorylation of MCAD, a mitochondrial matrix protein critical to fatty acid metabolism. By mimicking phosphorylation of this protein in a PINK1 null background, we restored PINK1 null’s climbing, flight, thorax, and wing deficiencies. Owing to MCAD’s role in fatty acid metabolism, we examined the metabolic profile of PINK1 null flies, where we uncovered significant disruptions in both acylcarnitines and amino acids. Some of these disruptions were rescued by phosphorylation of MCAD, consistent with MCAD’s rescue of PINK1 null’s organismal phenotypes. Our work validates and extends the current knowledge of PINK1, identifies a novel function of MCAD, and illuminates the need for and effectiveness of metabolic profiling in models of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Course
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anna I Scott
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Carmen Schoor
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Chung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Amanda M Papakyrikos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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129
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Chen CCW, Erlich AT, Hood DA. Role of Parkin and endurance training on mitochondrial turnover in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29549884 PMCID: PMC5857114 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkin is a ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the selective removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. This process is termed mitophagy and can assist in mitochondrial quality control. Endurance training can produce adaptations in skeletal muscle toward a more oxidative phenotype, an outcome of enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. It remains unknown whether Parkin-mediated mitophagy is involved in training-induced increases in mitochondrial content and function. Our purpose was to determine a role for Parkin in maintaining mitochondrial turnover in muscle, and its requirement in mediating mitochondrial biogenesis following endurance exercise training. Methods Wild-type and Parkin knockout (KO) mice were trained for 6 weeks and then treated with colchicine or vehicle to evaluate the role of Parkin in mediating changes in mitochondrial content, function and acute exercise-induced mitophagy flux. Results Our results indicate that Parkin is required for the basal maintenance of mitochondrial function. The absence of Parkin did not significantly alter mitophagy basally; however, acute exercise produced an elevation in mitophagy flux, a response that was Parkin-dependent. Mitochondrial content was increased following training in both genotypes, but this occurred without an induction of PGC-1α signaling in KO animals. Interestingly, the increased muscle mitochondrial content in response to training did not influence basal mitophagy flux, despite an enhanced expression and localization of Parkin to mitochondria in WT animals. Furthermore, exercise-induced mitophagy flux was attenuated with training in WT animals, suggesting a lower rate of mitochondrial degradation resulting from improved organelle quality with training. In contrast, training led to a higher mitochondrial content, but with persistent dysfunction, in KO animals. Thus, the lack of a rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction with training in the absence of Parkin is the likely reason for the impaired training-induced attenuation of mitophagy flux compared to WT animals. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that Parkin is required for exercise-induced mitophagy flux. Exercise-induced mitophagy is reduced with training in muscle, likely due to attenuated signaling consequent to increased mitochondrial content and quality. Our data suggest that Parkin is essential for the maintenance of basal mitochondrial function, as well as for the accumulation of normally functioning mitochondria as a result of training adaptations in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chin Wah Chen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Avigail T Erlich
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada. .,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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130
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Ammal Kaidery N, Thomas B. Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:91-113. [PMID: 29550604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. Although the cause of PD remains elusive, remarkable advances have been made in understanding the possible causative mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. An explosion of discoveries during the past two decades has led to the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive genes that cause familial forms of PD. The investigations of these familial PD gene products have shed considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the more common sporadic PD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the etiology of PD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Substantial evidence from human tissues, genetic and toxin-induced animal and cellular models indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PD. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to bioenergetics defects, alterations in the mitochondrial DNA, generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and anomalies in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are implicated in the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell death in PD. In this review, we discuss how familial PD-linked genes and environmental factors interface the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions and thereby potentially converge both familial and sporadic PD at the level of mitochondrial integrity. We also provide an overview of the status of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Unraveling potential pathways that influence mitochondrial homeostasis in PD may hold the key to therapeutic intervention for this debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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131
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Environmental and Genetic Variables Influencing Mitochondrial Health and Parkinson's Disease Penetrance. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:8684906. [PMID: 29707191 PMCID: PMC5863306 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8684906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that impairment of mitochondrial function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. The two key PD genes related to mitochondrial function are Parkin (PARK2) and PINK1 (PARK6), and also mutations in several other PD genes, including SNCA, LRRK2, DJ1, CHCHD2, and POLG, have been shown to induce mitochondrial stress. Many mutations are clearly pathogenic in some patients while carriers of other mutations either do not develop the disease or show a delayed onset, a phenomenon known as reduced penetrance. Indeed, for several mutations in autosomal dominant PD genes, penetrance is markedly reduced, whereas heterozygous carriers of recessive mutations may predispose to PD in a dominant manner, although with highly reduced penetrance, if additional disease modifiers are present. The identification and validation of such modifiers leading to reduced penetrance or increased susceptibility in the case of heterozygous carriers of recessive mutations are relevant for a better understanding of mechanisms contributing to disease onset. We discuss genetic and environmental factors as well as mitochondrial DNA alterations and protein-protein interactions, all involved in mitochondrial function, as potential causes to modify penetrance of mutations in dominant PD genes and to determine manifestation of heterozygous mutations in recessive PD genes.
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132
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Lee JJ, Sanchez-Martinez A, Martinez Zarate A, Benincá C, Mayor U, Clague MJ, Whitworth AJ. Basal mitophagy is widespread in Drosophila but minimally affected by loss of Pink1 or parkin. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1613-1622. [PMID: 29500189 PMCID: PMC5940313 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PINK1/parkin are key mediators of stress-induced mitophagy in vitro, but their impact on basal mitophagy in vivo is unclear. Novel Drosophila reporter lines reveal abundant mitophagy in many tissues, including dopaminergic neurons, that is unaffected by loss of PINK1/parkin. The Parkinson’s disease factors PINK1 and parkin are strongly implicated in stress-induced mitophagy in vitro, but little is known about their impact on basal mitophagy in vivo. We generated transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing fluorescent mitophagy reporters to evaluate the impact of Pink1/parkin mutations on basal mitophagy under physiological conditions. We find that mitophagy is readily detectable and abundant in many tissues, including Parkinson’s disease–relevant dopaminergic neurons. However, we did not detect mitolysosomes in flight muscle. Surprisingly, in Pink1 or parkin null flies, we did not observe any substantial impact on basal mitophagy. Because these flies exhibit locomotor defects and dopaminergic neuron loss, our findings raise questions about current assumptions of the pathogenic mechanism associated with the PINK1/parkin pathway. Our findings provide evidence that Pink1 and parkin are not essential for bulk basal mitophagy in Drosophila. They also emphasize that mechanisms underpinning basal mitophagy remain largely obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette J Lee
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Martinez
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Aitor Martinez Zarate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Michael J Clague
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
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133
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Abstract
Insights from inherited forms of parkinsonism suggest that insufficient mitophagy may be one etiology of the disease. PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy, which helps maintain a healthy mitochondrial network, is initiated by activation of the PINK1 kinase specifically on damaged mitochondria. Recent investigation of this process reveals that import of PINK1 into mitochondria is regulated and yields a stress-sensing mechanism. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of mitochondrial stress-dependent PINK1 activation that is exerted by regulated import of PINK1 into different mitochondrial compartments and how this offers strategies to pharmacologically activate the PINK1/Parkin pathway.
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134
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Lack of Parkin Anticipates the Phenotype and Affects Mitochondrial Morphology and mtDNA Levels in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 38:1042-1053. [PMID: 29222404 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1384-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PARK2 is the most common gene mutated in monogenic recessive familial cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pathogenic mutations cause a loss of function of the encoded protein Parkin. ParkinKO mice, however, poorly represent human PD symptoms as they only exhibit mild motor phenotypes, minor dopamine metabolism abnormalities, and no signs of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Parkin has been shown to participate in mitochondrial turnover, by targeting damaged mitochondria with low membrane potential to mitophagy. We studied the role of Parkin on mitochondrial quality control in vivo by knocking out Parkin in the PD-mito-PstI mouse (males), where the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) undergoes double-strand breaks only in dopaminergic neurons. The lack of Parkin promoted earlier onset of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor defects in the PD-mito-PstI mice, but it did not worsen the pathology. The lack of Parkin affected mitochondrial morphology in dopaminergic axons and was associated with an increase in mtDNA levels (mutant and wild type). Unexpectedly, it did not cause a parallel increase in mitochondrial mass or mitophagy. Our results suggest that Parkin affects mtDNA levels in a mitophagy-independent manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parkinson's disease is characterized by progressive motor symptoms due to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Loss-of-function mutations of Parkin cause some monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease, possibly through its role in mitochondrial turnover and quality control. To study whether Parkin has a role in vivo in the context of mitochondrial damage, we knocked out Parkin in a mouse model in which the mitochondrial DNA is damaged in dopaminergic neurons. We found that the loss of Parkin did not exacerbate the parkinsonian pathology already present in the mice, but it was associated with an increase in mtDNA levels (mutant and wild-type) without altering mitochondrial mass. These results shed new light on the function of Parkin in vivo.
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135
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Helley MP, Pinnell J, Sportelli C, Tieu K. Mitochondria: A Common Target for Genetic Mutations and Environmental Toxicants in Parkinson's Disease. Front Genet 2017; 8:177. [PMID: 29204154 PMCID: PMC5698285 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating neurological movement disorder. Since its first discovery 200 years ago, genetic and environmental factors have been identified to play a role in PD development and progression. Although genetic studies have been the predominant driving force in PD research over the last few decades, currently only a small fraction of PD cases can be directly linked to monogenic mutations. The remaining cases have been attributed to other risk associated genes, environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions, making PD a multifactorial disorder with a complex etiology. However, enormous efforts from global research have yielded significant insights into pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for PD. This review will highlight mitochondrial dysfunction as a common pathway involved in both genetic mutations and environmental toxicants linked to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Helley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Pinnell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Sportelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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136
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Phillipson OT. Alpha-synuclein, epigenetics, mitochondria, metabolism, calcium traffic, & circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. An integrated strategy for management. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:149-167. [PMID: 28986235 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The motor deficits which characterise the sporadic form of Parkinson's disease arise from age-related loss of a subset of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Although motor symptoms respond to dopamine replacement therapies, the underlying disease process remains. This review details some features of the progressive molecular pathology and proposes deployment of a combination of nutrients: R-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, ubiquinol, melatonin (or receptor agonists) and vitamin D3, with the collective potential to slow progression of these features. The main nutrient targets include impaired mitochondria and the associated oxidative/nitrosative stress, calcium stress and impaired gene transcription induced by pathogenic forms of alpha- synuclein. Benefits may be achieved via nutrient influence on epigenetic signaling pathways governing transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defences and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, via regulation of the metabolic energy sensor AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR. Nutrients also benefit expression of the transcription factor for neuronal survival (NR4A2), trophic factors GDNF and BDNF, and age-related calcium signals. In addition a number of non-motor related dysfunctions in circadian control, clock genes and associated metabolic, endocrine and sleep-wake activity are briefly addressed, as are late-stage complications in respect of cognitive decline and osteoporosis. Analysis of the network of nutrient effects reveals how beneficial synergies may counter the accumulation and promote clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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137
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CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Telomere Removal Leads to Mitochondrial Stress and Protein Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102093. [PMID: 28972555 PMCID: PMC5666775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered the major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Telomere shortening is associated with cellular senescence. In this regard, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of telomerase activity has been used to model cellular aging. Here, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 technology to instantly remove the telomere to induce aging in a neuroblastoma cell line. Expression of both Cas9 and guide RNA targeting telomere repeats ablated the telomere, leading to retardation of cell proliferation. Instant deletion of telomere in SH-SY5Y cells impaired mitochondrial function with diminished mitochondrial respiration and cell viability. Supporting the pathological relevance of cell aging by CRISPR-Cas9 mediated telomere removal, alterations were observed in the levels of PD-associated proteins including PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, parkin, and aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex interacting multifunctional protein 2. Significantly, α-synuclein expression in the background of telomere removal led to the enhancement of protein aggregation, suggesting positive feed-forward interaction between aging and PD pathogenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to efficiently model cellular aging and PD.
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138
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Activation mechanisms of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. Biochem J 2017; 474:3075-3086. [PMID: 28860335 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monogenetic, familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) only account for 5-10% of the total number of PD cases, but analysis of the genes involved therein is invaluable to understanding PD-associated neurodegenerative signaling. One such gene, parkin, encodes a 465 amino acid E3 ubiquitin ligase. Of late, there has been considerable interest in the role of parkin signaling in PD and in identifying its putative substrates, as well as the elucidation of the mechanisms through which parkin itself is activated. Its dysfunction underlies both inherited and idiopathic PD-associated neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent literature that provides a model of activation of parkin in the setting of mitochondrial damage that involves PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase-1) and phosphoubiquitin. We note that neuronal parkin is primarily a cytosolic protein (with various non-mitochondrial functions), and discuss potential cytosolic parkin activation mechanisms.
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139
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Mitophagy Transcriptome: Mechanistic Insights into Polyphenol-Mediated Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28626500 PMCID: PMC5463118 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9028435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important bioenergetic and signalling hubs critical for myriad cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in mitochondria is a central theme in aging and diseases. Mitophagy, a process whereby damaged mitochondria are selectively removed by autophagy, plays a key homeostatic role in mitochondrial quality control. Upregulation of mitophagy has shown to mitigate superfluous mitochondrial accumulation and toxicity to safeguard mitochondrial fitness. Hence, mitophagy is a viable target to promote longevity and prevent age-related pathologies. Current challenge in modulating mitophagy for cellular protection involves identification of physiological ways to activate the pathway. Till date, mitochondrial stress and toxins remain the most potent inducers of mitophagy. Polyphenols have recently been demonstrated to protect mitochondrial health by facilitating mitophagy, thus suggesting the exciting prospect of augmenting mitophagy through dietary intake. In this review, we will first discuss the different surveillance mechanisms responsible for the removal of damaged mitochondrial components, followed by highlighting the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy. Finally, we will review the functional connection between polyphenols and mitophagy and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms that potentially govern polyphenol-induced mitophagy.
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140
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Mouton-Liger F, Jacoupy M, Corvol JC, Corti O. PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitochondrial Surveillance: From Pleiotropy to Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:120. [PMID: 28507507 PMCID: PMC5410576 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disease caused by the preferential, progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. PD is characterized by a multifaceted pathological process involving protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and metabolism deregulation. The molecular mechanisms governing the complex interplay between the different facets of this process are still unknown. PARK2/Parkin and PARK6/PINK1, two genes responsible for familial forms of PD, act as a ubiquitous core signaling pathway, coupling mitochondrial stress to mitochondrial surveillance, by regulating mitochondrial dynamics, the removal of damaged mitochondrial components by mitochondria-derived vesicles, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Over the last decade, PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitochondrial quality control emerged as a pleiotropic regulatory pathway. Loss of its function impinges on a number of physiological processes suspected to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Its role in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory processes stands out, providing compelling support to the contribution of non-cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in PD. In this review, we illustrate the central role of this multifunctional pathway at the crossroads between mitochondrial stress, neuroinflammation and metabolism. We discuss how its dysfunction may contribute to PD pathogenesis and pinpoint major unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Mouton-Liger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France
| | - Maxime Jacoupy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France.,Department of Neurology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreParis, France
| | - Olga Corti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France
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141
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Scott L, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Trumping neurodegeneration: Targeting common pathways regulated by autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease genes. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:191-201. [PMID: 28445716 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Most PD cases are sporadic; however, rare familial forms have been identified. Autosomal recessive PD (ARPD) results from mutations in Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, and ATP13A2, while rare, atypical juvenile ARPD result from mutations in FBXO7, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, and PLA2G6. Studying these genes and their function has revealed mitochondrial quality control, protein degradation processes, and oxidative stress responses as common pathways underlying PD pathogenesis. Understanding how aberrancy in these common processes leads to neurodegeneration has provided the field with numerous targets that may be therapeutically relevant to the development of disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scott
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.
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Brahmachari S, Karuppagounder SS, Ge P, Lee S, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ko HS. c-Abl and Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:589-601. [PMID: 29103051 PMCID: PMC5676866 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood, oxidative stress has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, multifaceted and divergent signaling cascades downstream of oxidative stress have posed challenges for researchers to identify a central component of the oxidative stress-induced pathways causing neurodegeneration in PD. Since 2010, c-Abl-a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an indicator of oxidative stress-has shown remarkable potential as a future promising drug target in PD therapeutics. Although, the constitutively active form of c-Abl, Bcr-Abl, has a long history in chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, the role of c-Abl in PD and relevant neurodegenerative diseases was completely unknown. Recently, others and we have identified and validated c-Abl as an important pathogenic mediator of the disease, where activated c-Abl emerges as a common link to various PD-related inducers of oxidative stress relevant to both sporadic and familial forms of PD and α-synucleinopathies. This review discusses the role of c-Abl in PD and the latest advancement on c-Abl as a drug target and as a prospective biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Brahmachari
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Preston Ge
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Saebom Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
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