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Branter J, Basu S, Smith S. Tumour treating fields in a combinational therapeutic approach. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36631-36644. [PMID: 30564303 PMCID: PMC6290966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has remained unchanged since 2005, with patients undergoing maximal surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy plus concomitant and maintenance Temozolomide. More recently, Tumour treating fields (TTFields) therapy has become FDA approved for adult recurrent and adult newly-diagnosed GBM following the EF-11 and EF-14 trials, respectively. TTFields is a non-invasive anticancer treatment which utilizes medium frequency alternating electric fields to target actively dividing cancerous cells. TTFields selectively targets cells within mitosis through interacting with key mitotic proteins to cause mitotic arrest and cell death. TTFields therapy presents itself as a candidate for the combinational therapy route due to the lack of overlapping toxicities associated with electric fields. Here we review current literature pertaining to TTFields in combination with alkylating agents, radiation, anti-angiogenics, mitotic inhibitors, immunotherapies, and also with novel agents. This review highlights the observed synergistic and additive effects of combining TTFields with various other therapies, as well highlighting the strategies relating to combinations with electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Branter
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Surajit Basu
- Queen's Medical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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102
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Tiwari S, Atluri VSR, Yndart Arias A, Jayant RD, Kaushik A, Geiger J, Nair MN. Withaferin A Suppresses Beta Amyloid in APP Expressing Cells: Studies for Tat and Cocaine Associated Neurological Dysfunctions. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:291. [PMID: 30356847 PMCID: PMC6190869 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the biggest concern globally. Out of ~36 million human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive people, about 30%-60% exhibit neurological disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) like pathology. In AD or AD like neurological disorders, the pathogenesis is mainly due to the abnormal accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ). In this era of antiretroviral therapy, the life span of the HIV-infected individuals has increased leading towards increased neurocognitive dysfunction in nearly 30% of HIV-infected individuals, specifically older people. Deposition of the Aβ plaques in the CNS is one the major phenomenon happening in aging HIV patients. ART suppresses the viral replication, but the neurotoxic protein (Tat) is still produced and results in increased levels of Aβ. Furthermore, drugs of abuse like cocaine (coc) is known to induce the HIV associated neurocognitive disorders as well as the Aβ secretion. To target the Tat and coc induced Aβ secretion, we propose a potent bifunctional molecule Withaferin A (WA) which may act as a neuro-protectant against Aβ neurotoxicity. In this study, we show that WA reduces secreted Aβ and induced neurotoxicity in amyloid precursor protein (APP)-plasmid transfected SH-SY5Y cells (SH-APP). In this study, we show that in SH-APP cells, Aβ secretion is induced in the presence of HIV-1 Tat (neurotoxic) and drug of abuse coc. Our fluorescent microscopy studies show the increased concentration of Aβ40 in Tat (50 ng/ml) and coc (0.1 μM) treated SH-APP cells as compared to control. Our dose optimization study show, lower concentrations (0.5-2 μM) of WA significantly reduce the Aβ40 levels, without inducing cytotoxicity in the SH-APP cells. Additionally, WA reduces the Tat and cocaine induced Aβ levels. Therefore, we propose that Aβ aggregation is induced by the presence of Tat and coc and WA is potent in reducing the secreted Aβ and induced neurotoxicity. Our study provides new opportunities for exploring the pathophysiology and targeting the neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneham Tiwari
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Atluri
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jonathan Geiger
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Madhavan N Nair
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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103
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Danielsson F, Peterson MK, Caldeira Araújo H, Lautenschläger F, Gad AKB. Vimentin Diversity in Health and Disease. Cells 2018; 7:E147. [PMID: 30248895 PMCID: PMC6210396 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a protein that has been linked to a large variety of pathophysiological conditions, including cataracts, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV and cancer. Vimentin has also been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of basic cellular functions. In cells, vimentin assembles into a network of filaments that spans the cytoplasm. It can also be found in smaller, non-filamentous forms that can localise both within cells and within the extracellular microenvironment. The vimentin structure can be altered by subunit exchange, cleavage into different sizes, re-annealing, post-translational modifications and interacting proteins. Together with the observation that different domains of vimentin might have evolved under different selection pressures that defined distinct biological functions for different parts of the protein, the many diverse variants of vimentin might be the cause of its functional diversity. A number of review articles have focussed on the biology and medical aspects of intermediate filament proteins without particular commitment to vimentin, and other reviews have focussed on intermediate filaments in an in vitro context. In contrast, the present review focusses almost exclusively on vimentin, and covers both ex vivo and in vivo data from tissue culture and from living organisms, including a summary of the many phenotypes of vimentin knockout animals. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the many diverse aspects of vimentin, from biochemical, mechanical, cellular, systems biology and medical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Danielsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Campus D2 2, Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien gGmbH (INM) and Experimental Physics, NT Faculty, E 2 6, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Annica Karin Britt Gad
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020105 Funchal, Portugal.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden.
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104
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Kim JS, Kim MW, Kang SJ, Jeong HY, Park SI, Lee YK, Kim HS, Kim KS, Park YS. Tumor-specific delivery of therapeutic siRNAs by anti-EGFR immunonanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4817-4830. [PMID: 30214190 PMCID: PMC6118344 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s161932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient target-specific siRNA delivery has always been a primary concern in the field of siRNA clinical application. Purpose In this study, four different types of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody-conjugated immunonanoparticles were prepared and tested for cancer cell-targeted therapeutic siRNA delivery. Materials and methods The prepared nanoparticles encapsulating siRNAs were character-ized by gel retardation and particle analysis using a Zetasizer. In vitro transfection and reduction of target genes, vimentin and JAK3, were determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vivo tumor targeting and antitumoral efficacies of the nanoparticles were evaluated in mice carrying tumors. Results Among these immunonanoparticles, anti-EGFR immunolipoplexes and immunoviroplexes exhibited remarkable cell binding and siRNA delivery to EGFR-expressing tumor cells compared to immunoliposomes and immunovirosomes. Especially, the anti-EGFR immunoviroplexes exhibited the most efficient siRNA transfection to target tumor cells. Therefore, antitumoral vimentin and Janus kinase-3 siRNAs were loaded in the anti-EGFR immunolipoplexes and immunoviroplexes, which were tested in mice carrying SK-OV-3 tumor xenografts. In fact, the therapeutic siRNAs were efficiently delivered to the tumor tissues by both delivery vehicles, resulting in significant inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, administration of doxorubicin in combination with anti-EGFR immunoviroplexes resulted in remarkable and synergistic tumor growth inhibition. Conclusion This study provides experimental proof that cancer cell-targeted immunoviroplexes are an efficient siRNA delivery system for cancer therapy. Moreover, this study also suggests that a combination of conventional chemotherapy and tumor-directed anticancer siRNA therapy would be a better modality for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Seok Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Seong Jae Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Hwa Yeon Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Sang Il Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yeon Kyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Hong Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Serk Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
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105
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Tsui C, Maldonado P, Montaner B, Borroto A, Alarcon B, Bruckbauer A, Martinez-Martin N, Batista FD. Dynamic reorganisation of intermediate filaments coordinates early B-cell activation. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800060. [PMID: 30456377 PMCID: PMC6238617 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the role of vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, in B-cell function using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays, including super-resolution microscopic techniques. During B-cell activation, the dynamic reorganisation of the cytoskeleton is crucial for multiple cellular responses, such as receptor signalling, cell spreading, antigen internalisation, intracellular trafficking, and antigen presentation. However, the role of intermediate filaments (IFs), which represent a major component of the mammalian cytoskeleton, is not well defined. Here, by using multiple super-resolution microscopy techniques, including direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, we show that IFs in B cells undergo drastic reorganisation immediately upon antigen stimulation and that this reorganisation requires actin and microtubules. Although the loss of vimentin in B cells did not impair B-cell development, receptor signalling, and differentiation, vimentin-deficient B cells exhibit altered positioning of antigen-containing and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1+) compartments, implying that vimentin may play a role in the fine-tuning of intracellular trafficking. Indeed, vimentin-deficient B cells exhibit impaired antigen presentation and delayed antibody responses in vivo. Thus, our study presents a new perspective on the role of IFs in B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlson Tsui
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paula Maldonado
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Beatriz Montaner
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nuria Martinez-Martin
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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106
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Bastounis EE, Yeh YT, Theriot JA. Matrix stiffness modulates infection of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes via expression of cell surface vimentin. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1571-1589. [PMID: 29718765 PMCID: PMC6080647 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix stiffness (ECM) is one of the many mechanical forces acting on mammalian adherent cells and an important determinant of cellular function. While the effect of ECM stiffness on many aspects of cellular behavior has been studied previously, how ECM stiffness might mediate susceptibility of host cells to infection by bacterial pathogens is hitherto unexplored. To address this open question, we manufactured hydrogels of varying physiologically relevant stiffness and seeded human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) on them. We then infected HMEC-1 with the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and found that adhesion of Lm to host cells increases monotonically with increasing matrix stiffness, an effect that requires the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We identified cell surface vimentin as a candidate surface receptor mediating stiffness-dependent adhesion of Lm to HMEC-1 and found that bacterial infection of these host cells is decreased when the amount of surface vimentin is reduced. Our results provide the first evidence that ECM stiffness can mediate the susceptibility of mammalian host cells to infection by a bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie E Bastounis
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yi-Ting Yeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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107
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Samanta SK, Lee J, Hahm ER, Singh SV. Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 regulates withaferin A-mediated cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:936-946. [PMID: 29603395 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that withaferin A (WA) prevents breast cancer development in mouse mammary tumor virus-neu (MMTV-neu) transgenic mice, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Unbiased proteomics of the mammary tumors from control- and WA-treated MMTV-neu mice revealed downregulation of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (Pin1) protein by WA administration. The present study extends these findings to elucidate the role of Pin1 in cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of WA. The mammary tumor level of Pin1 protein was lower by about 55% in WA-treated rats exposed to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, compared to control. Exposure of MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells to WA resulted in downregulation of Pin1 protein. Ectopic expression of Pin1 attenuated G2 and/or mitotic arrest resulting from WA treatment in both MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells. WA-induced apoptosis was increased by Pin1 overexpression in MCF-7 cells but not in the SK-BR-3 cell line. In addition, molecular docking followed by mass spectrometry indicated covalent interaction of WA with cysteine 113 of Pin1. Overexpression of Pin1C113A mutant failed to attenuate WA-induced mitotic arrest or apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, antibody array revealed upregulation of proapoptotic insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), including IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, and IGFBP-6, in Pin1 overexpressing MCF-7 cells following WA treatment when compared to empty vector transfected control cells. These data support a crucial role of the Pin1 for mitotic arrest and apoptosis signaling by WA at least in the MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Samanta
- Life Science Division, Institute of Advance Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ryeong Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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108
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Invasion of the Brain by Listeria monocytogenes Is Mediated by InlF and Host Cell Vimentin. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00160-18. [PMID: 29487235 PMCID: PMC5829824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00160-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that is frequently associated with food-borne infection. Of particular concern is the ability of L. monocytogenes to breach the blood-brain barrier, leading to life-threatening meningitis and encephalitis. The mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to infect the brain are not fully understood. Here we show that L. monocytogenes is able to utilize vimentin for invasion of host cells. Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament protein within the cytosol but is also expressed on the host cell surface. We found that L. monocytogenes interaction with surface-localized vimentin promoted bacterial uptake. Furthermore, in the absence of vimentin, L. monocytogenes colonization of the brain was severely compromised in mice. The L. monocytogenes virulence factor InlF was found to bind vimentin and was necessary for optimal bacterial colonization of the brain. These studies reveal a novel receptor-ligand interaction that enhances infection of the brain by L. monocytogenes and highlights the importance of surface vimentin in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that is capable of invading numerous host cells during infection. L. monocytogenes can cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to life-threatening meningitis. Here we show that an L. monocytogenes surface protein, InlF, is necessary for optimal colonization of the brain in mice. Furthermore, in the absence of vimentin, a cytosolic intermediate filament protein that is also present on the surface of brain endothelial cells, colonization of the brain was significantly impaired. We further show that InlF binds vimentin to mediate invasion of host cells. This work identifies InlF as a bacterial surface protein with specific relevance for infection of the brain and underscores the significance of host cell surface vimentin interactions in microbial pathogenesis.
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109
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Lee YA, Kim JJ, Lee J, Lee JHJ, Sahu S, Kwon HY, Park SJ, Jang SY, Lee JS, Wang Z, Tam WL, Lim B, Kang NY, Chang YT. Identification of Tumor Initiating Cells with a Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probe by Using Vimentin as a Biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jungyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Jia Hui Jane Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Haw-Young Kwon
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Se-Young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117596 Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Present address: Merck Sharp and Dohme Translational Medicine Research Center; Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
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110
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Lee YA, Kim JJ, Lee J, Lee JHJ, Sahu S, Kwon HY, Park SJ, Jang SY, Lee JS, Wang Z, Tam WL, Lim B, Kang NY, Chang YT. Identification of Tumor Initiating Cells with a Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probe by Using Vimentin as a Biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2851-2854. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jungyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Jia Hui Jane Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Haw-Young Kwon
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Se-Young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117596 Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Present address: Merck Sharp and Dohme Translational Medicine Research Center; Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
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111
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Dom M, Offner F, Vanden Berghe W, Van Ostade X. Proteomic characterization of Withaferin A-targeted protein networks for the treatment of monoclonal myeloma gammopathies. J Proteomics 2018; 179:17-29. [PMID: 29448055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a natural steroid lactone from the plant Withania somnifera, is often studied because of its antitumor properties. Although many in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed, the identification of Withaferin A protein targets and its mechanism of antitumor action remain incomplete. We used quantitative chemoproteomics and differential protein expression analysis to characterize the WA antitumor effects on a multiple myeloma cell model. Identified relevant targets were further validated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Western blot and indicate that WA targets protein networks that are specific for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and other closely related disorders, such as multiple myeloma (MM) and Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). By blocking the PSMB10 proteasome subunit, downregulation of ANXA4, potential association with HDAC6 and upregulation of HMOX1, WA puts a massive blockage on both proteotoxic and oxidative stress responses pathways, leaving cancer cells defenseless against WA induced stresses. These results indicate that WA mediated apoptosis is preceded by simultaneous targeting of cellular stress response pathways like proteasome degradation, autophagy and unfolded protein stress response and thus suggests that WA can be used as an effective treatment for MGUS and other closely related disorders. SIGNIFICANCE Multifunctional antitumor compounds are of great potential since they reduce the risk of multidrug resistance in chemotherapy. Unfortunately, characterization of all protein targets of a multifunctional compound is lacking. Therefore, we optimized an SILAC quantitative chemoproteomics workflow to identify the potential protein targets of Withaferin A (WA), a natural multifunctional compound with promising antitumor properties. To further understand the antitumor mechanisms of WA, we performed a differential protein expression analysis and combined the altered expression data with chemoproteome WA target data in the highly curated Ingenuity Pathway database. We provide a first global overview on how WA kills multiple myeloma cancer cells and serve as a starting point for further in depth experiments. Furthermore, the combined approach can be used for other types of cancer and/or other promising multifunctional compounds, thereby increasing the potential development of new antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dom
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Hematology, Department Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium.
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112
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The MTM1-UBQLN2-HSP complex mediates degradation of misfolded intermediate filaments in skeletal muscle. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:198-210. [PMID: 29358706 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy are major protein turnover mechanisms in muscle cells, which ensure stemness and muscle fibre maintenance. Muscle cells contain a high proportion of cytoskeletal proteins, which are prone to misfolding and aggregation; pathological processes that are observed in several neuromuscular diseases called proteinopathies. Despite advances in deciphering the mechanisms underlying misfolding and aggregation, little is known about how muscle cells manage cytoskeletal degradation. Here, we describe a process by which muscle cells degrade the misfolded intermediate filament proteins desmin and vimentin by the proteasome. This relies on the MTM1-UBQLN2 complex to recognize and guide these misfolded proteins to the proteasome and occurs prior to aggregate formation. Thus, our data highlight a safeguarding function of the MTM1-UBQLN2 complex that ensures cytoskeletal integrity to avoid proteotoxic aggregate formation.
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113
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Trogden KP, Battaglia RA, Kabiraj P, Madden VJ, Herrmann H, Snider NT. An image-based small-molecule screen identifies vimentin as a pharmacologically relevant target of simvastatin in cancer cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:2841-2854. [PMID: 29401610 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700663r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vimentin is a cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells and cancer cells during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The goal of this study was to identify vimentin-targeting small molecules by using the Tocriscreen library of 1120 biochemically active compounds. We monitored vimentin filament reorganization and bundling in adrenal carcinoma SW13 vimentin-positive (SW13-vim+) cells via indirect immunofluorescence. The screen identified 18 pharmacologically diverse hits that included 2 statins-simvastatin and mevastatin. Simvastatin induced vimentin reorganization within 15-30 min and significant perinuclear bundling within 60 min (IC50 = 6.7 nM). Early filament reorganization coincided with increased vimentin solubility. Mevastatin produced similar effects at >1 µM, whereas the structurally related pravastatin and lovastatin did not affect vimentin. In vitro vimentin filament assembly assays revealed a direct targeting mechanism, as determined biochemically and by electron microscopy. In SW13-vim+ cells, simvastatin, but not pravastatin, reduced total cell numbers (IC50 = 48.1 nM) and promoted apoptosis after 24 h. In contrast, SW13-vim- cell viability was unaffected by simvastatin, unless vimentin was ectopically expressed. Simvastatin similarly targeted vimentin filaments and induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 (vim+), but lacked effect in MCF7 (vim-) breast cancer cells. In conclusion, this study identified vimentin as a direct molecular target that mediates simvastatin-induced cell death in 2 different cancer cell lines.-Trogden, K. P., Battaglia, R. A., Kabiraj, P., Madden, V. J., Herrmann, H., Snider, N. T. An image-based small-molecule screen identifies vimentin as a pharmacologically relevant target of simvastatin in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Trogden
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria J Madden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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114
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Mothersill C, Smith R, Wang J, Rusin A, Fernandez-Palomo C, Fazzari J, Seymour C. Biological Entanglement-Like Effect After Communication of Fish Prior to X-Ray Exposure. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325817750067. [PMID: 29479295 PMCID: PMC5818098 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817750067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon by which irradiated organisms including cells in vitro communicate with unirradiated neighbors is well established in biology as the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). Generally, the purpose of this communication is thought to be protective and adaptive, reflecting a highly conserved evolutionary mechanism enabling rapid adjustment to stressors in the environment. Stressors known to induce the effect were recently shown to include chemicals and even pathological agents. The mechanism is unknown but our group has evidence that physical signals such as biophotons acting on cellular photoreceptors may be implicated. This raises the question of whether quantum biological processes may occur as have been demonstrated in plant photosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, we decided to see whether any form of entanglement was operational in the system. Fish from 2 completely separate locations were allowed to meet for 2 hours either before or after which fish from 1 location only (group A fish) were irradiated. The results confirm RIBE signal production in both skin and gill of fish, meeting both before and after irradiation of group A fish. The proteomic analysis revealed that direct irradiation resulted in pro-tumorigenic proteomic responses in rainbow trout. However, communication from these irradiated fish, both before and after they had been exposed to a 0.5 Gy X-ray dose, resulted in largely beneficial proteomic responses in completely nonirradiated trout. The results suggest that some form of anticipation of a stressor may occur leading to a preconditioning effect or temporally displaced awareness after the fish become entangled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Facility, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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115
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de Pablo Y, Chen M, Möllerström E, Pekna M, Pekny M. Drugs targeting intermediate filaments can improve neurosupportive properties of astrocytes. Brain Res Bull 2018; 136:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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116
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Target Identification of Bioactive Covalently Acting Natural Products. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:351-374. [PMID: 30105423 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are countless natural products that have been isolated from microbes, plants, and other living organisms that have been shown to possess therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, or anti-inflammatory effects. However, developing these bioactive natural products into drugs has remained challenging in part because of their difficulty in isolation, synthesis, mechanistic understanding, and off-target effects. Among the large pool of bioactive natural products lies classes of compounds that contain potential reactive electrophilic centers that can covalently react with nucleophilic amino acid hotspots on proteins and other biological molecules to modulate their biological action. Covalently acting natural products are more amenable to rapid target identification and mapping of specific druggable hotspots within proteins using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic strategies. In addition, the granular biochemical insights afforded by knowing specific sites of protein modifications of covalently acting natural products enable the pharmacological interrogation of these sites with more synthetically tractable covalently acting small molecules whose structures are more easily tuned. Both discovering binding pockets and targets hit by natural products and exploiting druggable modalities targeted by natural products with simpler molecules may overcome some of the challenges faced with translating natural products into drugs.
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117
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Casero CN, Novillo JNG, García ME, Oberti JC, Nicotra VE, Peñéñory AB, Bisogno FR. Mild Thio-Diversification of Bioactive Natural Products. Withaferin A: A Case study. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Casero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - J. N. Garay Novillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - M. E. García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - J. C. Oberti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - V. E. Nicotra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. B. Peñéñory
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - F. R. Bisogno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
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118
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A vimentin binding small molecule leads to mitotic disruption in mesenchymal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9903-E9912. [PMID: 29087350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716009114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the transcription factor FOXC2 is induced and necessary for successful epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a developmental program that when activated in cancer endows cells with metastatic potential and the properties of stem cells. As such, identifying agents that inhibit the growth of FOXC2-transformed cells represents an attractive approach to inhibit chemotherapy resistance and metastatic dissemination. From a high throughput synthetic lethal screen, we identified a small molecule, FiVe1, which selectively and irreversibly inhibits the growth of mesenchymally transformed breast cancer cells and soft tissue sarcomas of diverse histological subtypes. FiVe1 targets the intermediate filament and mesenchymal marker vimentin (VIM) in a mode which promotes VIM disorganization and phosphorylation during metaphase, ultimately leading to mitotic catastrophe, multinucleation, and the loss of stemness. These findings illustrate a previously undescribed mechanism for interrupting faithful mitotic progression and may ultimately inform the design of therapies for a broad range of mesenchymal cancers.
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119
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Grossman EA, Ward CC, Spradlin JN, Bateman LA, Huffman TR, Miyamoto DK, Kleinman JI, Nomura DK. Covalent Ligand Discovery against Druggable Hotspots Targeted by Anti-cancer Natural Products. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1368-1376.e4. [PMID: 28919038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many natural products that show therapeutic activities are often difficult to synthesize or isolate and have unknown targets, hindering their development as drugs. Identifying druggable hotspots targeted by covalently acting anti-cancer natural products can enable pharmacological interrogation of these sites with more synthetically tractable compounds. Here, we used chemoproteomic platforms to discover that the anti-cancer natural product withaferin A targets C377 on the regulatory subunit PPP2R1A of the tumor-suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex leading to activation of PP2A activity, inactivation of AKT, and impaired breast cancer cell proliferation. We developed a more synthetically tractable cysteine-reactive covalent ligand, JNS 1-40, that selectively targets C377 of PPP2R1A to impair breast cancer signaling, proliferation, and in vivo tumor growth. Our study highlights the utility of using chemoproteomics to map druggable hotspots targeted by complex natural products and subsequently interrogating these sites with more synthetically tractable covalent ligands for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grossman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carl C Ward
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessica N Spradlin
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leslie A Bateman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tucker R Huffman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David K Miyamoto
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jordan I Kleinman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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120
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Chang E, Pohling C, Beygui N, Patel CB, Rosenberg J, Ha DH, Gambhir SS. Synergistic inhibition of glioma cell proliferation by Withaferin A and tumor treating fields. J Neurooncol 2017; 134:259-268. [PMID: 28681243 PMCID: PMC5711586 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer. Standard therapies are non-specific and often of limited effectiveness; thus, efforts are underway to uncover novel, unorthodox therapies against GBM. In previous studies, we investigated Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone from Ayurvedic medicine that inhibits proliferation in cancers including GBM. Another novel approach, tumor treating fields (TTFields), is thought to disrupt mitotic spindle formation and stymie proliferation of actively dividing cells. We hypothesized that combining TTFields with Withaferin A would synergistically inhibit proliferation in glioblastoma. Human glioblastoma cells (GBM2, GBM39, U87-MG) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) were isolated from primary tumors. The glioma cell lines were genetically engineered to express firefly luciferase. Proliferative potential was assessed either by bioluminescence imaging or cell counting via hemocytometer. TTFields (4 V/cm) significantly inhibited growth of the four cancer cell lines tested (n = 3 experiments per time point, four measurements per sample, p < 0.02 at least; 2-way ANOVA, control vs. treatment). The combination of Withaferin A (10-100 nM) with TTFields significantly inhibited the growth of the glioma cells to a degree beyond that of Withaferin A or TTFields alone. The interaction of the Withaferin A and TTFields on glioma cells was found to be synergistic in nature (p < 0.01, n = 3 experiments). These findings were validated by both bioluminescence and hemocytometric measurements. The combination of Withaferin A with TTFields represents a novel approach to treat GBM in a manner that is likely better than either treatment alone and that is synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Pohling
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Chirag B Patel
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Dong Ho Ha
- Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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121
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Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-6 and TNF- α Increased Telomerase Activity through NF- κB/STAT1/STAT3 Activation, and Withaferin A Inhibited the Signaling in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5958429. [PMID: 28676732 PMCID: PMC5476880 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5958429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are increasing evidences of proinflammatory cytokine involvement in cancer development. Here, we found that two cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, activated colorectal cancer cells to be more invasive and stem-like. Combined treatment of IL-6 and TNF-α phosphorylated transcription factors STAT3 in a synergistic manner. STAT3, STAT1, and NF-κB physically interacted upon the cytokine stimulation. STAT3 was bound to the promoter region of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). IL-6 and TNF-α stimulation further enhanced STAT3 binding affinity. Stem cell marker Oct-4 was upregulated in colorectal cancer cells upon IL-6 and TNF-α stimulation. Withaferin A, an anti-inflammatory steroidal lactone, inhibited the IL-6- and TNF-α-induced cancer cell invasion and decreased colonosphere formation. Notably, withaferin A inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and abolished the STAT3, STAT1, and NF-κB interactions. Oct-4 expression was also downregulated by withaferin A inhibition. The binding of STAT3 to the hTERT promoter region and telomerase activity showed reduction with withaferin A treatments. Proinflammatory cytokine-induced cancer cell invasiveness is mediated by a STAT3-regulated mechanism in colorectal cancer cells. Our data suggest that withaferin A could be a promising anticancer agent that effectively inhibits the progression of colorectal cancer.
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122
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Kim G, Kim TH, Hwang EH, Chang KT, Hong JJ, Park JH. Withaferin A inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:416-422. [PMID: 28693185 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor and the third-leading cause of tumor-associated mortality worldwide. Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from Withania somnifera, exhibits antitumor activity in a variety of cancer models. However, to the best of our knowledge, the direct effect of WA on AGS cells has not previously been determined. The present study investigated the effects of WA on the proliferation and metastatic activity of AGS cells. WA exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on AGS cells. The effect was associated with cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and the expression of apoptotic proteins. Additionally, WA treatment resulted in a decrease in the migration and invasion ability of the AGS cells, as demonstrated using a wound healing assay and a Boyden chamber assay. These results indicate that WA directly inhibits the proliferation and metastatic activity of gastric cancer cells, and suggest that WA may be developed as a drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Green Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eun-Ha Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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123
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Abstract
The success of anticancer therapy is usually limited by the development of drug resistance. Such acquired resistance is driven, in part, by intratumoural heterogeneity - that is, the phenotypic diversity of cancer cells co-inhabiting a single tumour mass. The introduction of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept, which posits the presence of minor subpopulations of CSCs that are uniquely capable of seeding new tumours, has provided a framework for understanding one dimension of intratumoural heterogeneity. This concept, taken together with the identification of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme as a critical regulator of the CSC phenotype, offers an opportunity to investigate the nature of intratumoural heterogeneity and a possible mechanistic basis for anticancer drug resistance. In fact, accumulating evidence indicates that conventional therapies often fail to eradicate carcinoma cells that have entered the CSC state via activation of the EMT programme, thereby permitting CSC-mediated clinical relapse. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the link between the EMT programme and the CSC state, and also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to improvements in clinical practice.
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124
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Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 in an alkali injury model of retinal gliosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:134-139. [PMID: 28400047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is an important posttranslational modification that occurs during retinal gliosis. We examined the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) to identify the PADs that mediate citrullination in a model of alkali-induced retinal gliosis. Mouse corneas were exposed to 1.0 N NaOH and posterior eye tissue from injured and control uninjured eyes was evaluated for transcript levels of various PADs by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Retinas were also subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), citrullinated species, PAD2, and PAD4 and tissue levels of GFAP, citrullinated species, and PAD4 were measured by western blots. In other experiments, the PAD4 inhibitor streptonigrin was injected intravitreally into injured eyes ex vivo to test inhibitory activity in an organ culture system. We found that uninjured retina and choroid expressed Pad2 and Pad4 transcripts. Pad4 transcript levels increased by day 7 post-injury (p < 0.05), whereas Pad2 levels did not change significantly (p > 0.05) by qPCR. By IHC, PAD2 was expressed in uninjured eyes along ganglion cell astrocytes, but in injured retina PAD2 was downregulated at 7 days. On the other hand, PAD4 showed increased staining in the retina upon injury revealing a pattern that overlapped with filamentous GFAP staining in Müller glial processes by 7 days. Injury-induced citrullination and soluble GFAP protein levels were reduced by PAD4 inhibition in western blot experiments of organ cultures. Together, our findings for the first time identify PAD4 as a novel injury-inducible druggable target for retinal gliosis.
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125
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Tahara T, Streit U, Pelish HE, Shair MD. STAT3 Inhibitory Activity of Structurally Simplified Withaferin A Analogues. Org Lett 2017; 19:1538-1541. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Tahara
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ursula Streit
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Henry E. Pelish
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shair
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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126
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Sandbo N, Smolyaninova LV, Orlov SN, Dulin NO. Control of Myofibroblast Differentiation and Function by Cytoskeletal Signaling. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1698-1708. [PMID: 28260491 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916130071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton consists of three distinct types of protein polymer structures - microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules; each serves distinct roles in controlling cell shape, division, contraction, migration, and other processes. In addition to mechanical functions, the cytoskeleton accepts signals from outside the cell and triggers additional signals to extracellular matrix, thus playing a key role in signal transduction from extracellular stimuli through dynamic recruitment of diverse intermediates of the intracellular signaling machinery. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of cytoskeleton in the signaling mechanism of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation - a process characterized by accumulation of contractile proteins and secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, and being critical for normal wound healing in response to tissue injury as well as for aberrant tissue remodeling in fibrotic disorders. Specifically, we discuss control of serum response factor and Hippo signaling pathways by actin and microtubule dynamics as well as regulation of collagen synthesis by intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sandbo
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
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127
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Fung SK, Zou T, Cao B, Lee PY, Fung YME, Hu D, Lok CN, Che CM. Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Engage Multiple Anti-Cancer Molecular Targets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sin Ki Fung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Taotao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Bei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Pui-Yan Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Yi Man Eva Fung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation; Shenzhen 518053 China
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128
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Fung SK, Zou T, Cao B, Lee PY, Fung YME, Hu D, Lok CN, Che CM. Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Engage Multiple Anti-Cancer Molecular Targets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3892-3896. [PMID: 28247451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes are a promising class of anti-cancer agents displaying potent in vitro and in vivo activities. Taking a multi-faceted approach employing two clickable photoaffinity probes, herein we report the identification of multiple molecular targets for anti-cancer active pincer gold(III) NHC complexes. These complexes display potent and selective cytotoxicity against cultured cancer cells and in vivo anti-tumor activities in mice bearing xenografts of human cervical and lung cancers. Our experiments revealed the specific engagement of the gold(III) complexes with multiple cellular targets, including HSP60, vimentin, nucleophosmin, and YB-1, accompanied by expected downstream mechanisms of action. Additionally, PtII and PdII analogues can also bind the cellular proteins targeted by the gold(III) complexes, uncovering a distinct pincer cyclometalated metal-NHC scaffold in the design of anti-cancer metal medicines with multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Ki Fung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Taotao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Yan Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Man Eva Fung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, 518053, China
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129
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Park SJ, Lee BR, Kim HS, Ji YR, Sung YH, ShikChoi K, Park HD, Kim SH, Kim MO, Ryoo ZY. Inhibition of Migration and Invasion by Tet-1 Overexpression in Human Lung Carcinoma H460 Cells. Oncol Res 2016; 23:89-98. [PMID: 26931431 PMCID: PMC7838735 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14496932933539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we found that lung cancer cell line (H460 cells) expressing Tet1 showed higher levels of adhesion, and Tet1 inhibited H460 cell proliferation. In addition, these cells showed a significantly reduced ability of collagen degradation and Smad2/3 phosphorylation compared to controls. Furthermore, vimentin was found to be highly expressed in larger metastatic cancer area. Tet1 overexpression was reduced in the epithelial marker E-cadherin. Moreover, Tet1 repressed cancer cell metastasis in nude mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that Tet1 expression plays a critical role in metastasis of lung cancer cells by suppression of invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jun Park
- School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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130
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Palliyaguru DL, Chartoumpekis DV, Wakabayashi N, Skoko JJ, Yagishita Y, Singh SV, Kensler TW. Withaferin A induces Nrf2-dependent protection against liver injury: Role of Keap1-independent mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:116-128. [PMID: 27717869 PMCID: PMC5154810 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules of plant origin offer presumptively safe opportunities to prevent carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and other forms of toxicity in humans. However, the mechanisms of action of such plant-based agents remain largely unknown. In recent years the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 has been validated as a target for disease chemoprevention. Withania somnifera (WS) is a herb used in Ayurveda (an ancient form of medicine in South Asia). In the recent past, withanolides isolated from WS, such as Withaferin A (WA) have been demonstrated to be preventive and therapeutic against multiple diseases in experimental models. The goals of this study are to evaluate withanolides such as WA as well as Withania somnifera root extract as inducers of Nrf2 signaling, to probe the underlying signaling mechanism of WA and to determine whether prevention of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic toxicity in mice by WA occurs in an Nrf2-dependent manner. We observed that WA profoundly protects wild-type mice but not Nrf2-disrupted mice against APAP hepatotoxicity. WA is a potent inducer of Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective enzyme expression both in vivo and in vitro. Unexpectedly, WA induces Nrf2 signaling at least in part, in a Keap1-independent, Pten/Pi3k/Akt-dependent manner in comparison to prototypical Nrf2 inducers, sulforaphane and CDDO-Im. The identification of WA as an Nrf2 inducer that can signal through a non-canonical, Keap1-independent pathway provides an opportunity to evaluate the role of other regulatory partners of Nrf2 in the dietary and pharmacological induction of Nrf2-mediated cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushani L Palliyaguru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John J Skoko
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoko Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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131
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Dhami J, Chang E, Gambhir SS. Withaferin A and its potential role in glioblastoma (GBM). J Neurooncol 2016; 131:201-211. [PMID: 27837436 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the Ayurvedic medical tradition of India, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a well-known herb. A large number of withanolides have been isolated from both its roots and its leaves and many have been assessed for their pharmacological activities. Amongst them, Withaferin A is one of its most bioactive phytoconstituents. Due to the lactonal steroid's potential to modulate multiple oncogenic pathways, Withaferin A has gained much attention as a possible anti-neoplastic agent. This review focuses on the use of Withaferin A alone, or in combination with other treatments, as a newer option for therapy against the most aggressive variant of brain tumors, Glioblastoma. We survey the various studies that delineate Withaferin A's anticancer mechanisms, its toxicity profiles, its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and its immuno-modulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Dhami
- Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Canary Center at Stanford for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Canary Center at Stanford for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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132
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Chang LC, Sang-Ngern M, Pezzuto JM, Ma C. The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy Scripts: Poha Berry ( Physalis peruviana) with Potential Anti-inflammatory and Cancer Prevention Activities. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 75:353-359. [PMID: 27920947 PMCID: PMC5125362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, during a historic event in Spring 2016, graduated the first two students in the Pacific region to earn a PhD in pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Hawai'i at Hilo. The college offers PhD programs in these five disciplines: Cancer Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacognosy, and Pharmacology. One of the Pharmacognosy dissertations focused on plant-derived natural products with potential anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive activities. Physalis peruviana (Pp) L. originated in tropical South America. It has become naturalized and is found readily on the Island of Hawai'i. The edible fruits are commonly known as cape gooseberry or poha in Hawai'i. In part of our study, three new withanolides, physaperuvin G (1), physaperuvins I-J (2-3), along with four known withanolides, namely, 4β-hydroxywithanolide E (4), withaperuvin C (5), and physalactone (6), coagulin (7) were isolated from the aerial parts of P. peruviana. In addition, two known compounds, phyperunolide F (8), and withanolide S (9), were isolated and identified from the poha berry fruits. The structures and absolute stereochemistry of new compounds from poha were elucidated by several spectroscopy methods: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry analyses. All isolated poha compounds (aerial parts and fruits) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) with transfected human embryonic kidney cells 293. Most of the isolated natural compounds showed activity with these assays. Additional studies were performed with models of colon cancer. Specifically, 4β-hydroxywithanolide E (4HWE) inhibited the growth of colon cancer monolayer and spheroid cultures. The compound induced cell cycle arrest at low concentrations and apoptosis at higher concentrations. These data suggest the ingestion of poha berries may have some effect on the prevalence of colon cancer. Additionally, poha isolates compounds were evaluated for their growth inhibitory effects with U251MG glioblastoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that harbor aberrantly-active signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3), compared to normal NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts. This work has led to the filing of three provisional patents with the University of Hawai'i Office of Technology Transfer and Economic Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leng Chee Chang
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (LCC)
| | - Mayuramas Sang-Ngern
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (LCC)
| | - John M Pezzuto
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (LCC)
| | - Carolyn Ma
- Dr. Ma is a Board Certified Oncology Pharmacy Specialist with experiences in health systems administration and pharmacy academe
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133
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Kim J, Jang J, Yang C, Kim EJ, Jung H, Kim C. Vimentin filament controls integrin α5β1-mediated cell adhesion by binding to integrin through its Ser38 residue. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3517-3525. [PMID: 27658040 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of integrin affinity for its ligand is essential for cell adhesion and migration. Here, we found that direct interaction of vimentin with integrin β1 can enhance binding of integrin α5β1 to its ligand, fibronectin. Conversely, blocking the interaction reduced fibronectin binding, cell migration on a fibronectin-coated surface, and neural tube closure during Xenopus embryogenesis. We also found that withaferin A (WFA), a natural compound known to inhibit vimentin function, can suppress the vimentin-integrin interaction and abolish fibronectin binding. Finally, we identified Ser38 of vimentin as a critical residue for integrin binding. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of vimentin at Ser38 may regulate the integrin-ligand interaction, thus providing a molecular basis for antivimentin therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungim Jang
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chansik Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hosung Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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134
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Livne-Bar I, Lam S, Chan D, Guo X, Askar I, Nahirnyj A, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. Pharmacologic inhibition of reactive gliosis blocks TNF-α-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2386. [PMID: 27685630 PMCID: PMC5059876 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is an early pathological feature common to most neurodegenerative diseases, yet its regulation and impact remain poorly understood. Normally astrocytes maintain a critical homeostatic balance. After stress or injury they undergo rapid parainflammatory activation, characterized by hypertrophy, and increased polymerization of type III intermediate filaments (IFs), particularly glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. However, the consequences of IF dynamics in the adult CNS remains unclear, and no pharmacologic tools have been available to target this mechanism in vivo. The mammalian retina is an accessible model to study the regulation of astrocyte stress responses, and their influence on retinal neuronal homeostasis. In particular, our work and others have implicated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling as a key regulator of glutamate recycling, antioxidant activity and cytokine secretion by astrocytes and related Müller glia, with potent influences on neighboring neurons. Here we report experiments with the small molecule inhibitor, withaferin A (WFA), to specifically block type III IF dynamics in vivo. WFA was administered in a model of metabolic retinal injury induced by kainic acid, and in combination with a recent model of debridement-induced astrocyte reactivity. We show that WFA specifically targets IFs and reduces astrocyte and Müller glial reactivity in vivo. Inhibition of glial IF polymerization blocked p38 MAPK-dependent secretion of TNF-α, resulting in markedly reduced neuronal apoptosis. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of IF dynamics in reactive glia protects neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susy Lam
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Chan
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoxin Guo
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Idil Askar
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Nahirnyj
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G Flanagan
- School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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135
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Citrullination of glial intermediate filaments is an early response in retinal injury. Mol Vis 2016; 22:1137-1155. [PMID: 27703308 PMCID: PMC5040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A hallmark of retinal gliosis is the increased detection and modification of the type III intermediate filament (IF) proteins vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Here, we investigated vimentin and GFAP in Müller glia in a mouse model of alkali injury, focusing on the posttranslational modification of citrullination. METHODS Mice were injured by corneal exposure to 1.0 N NaOH, and eyes were enucleated at different time points following injury. The levels of soluble and cytoskeletal forms of IF proteins and citrullination were measured using western blot analysis. Citrullinated GFAP was identified by immunoprecipitation followed by two-dimensional (2D) isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) western blotting using a specific antibody that recognizes citrullinated GFAP. Vimentin, GFAP, and citrullinated proteins were localized in the retina by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Drug treatments were investigated in retinal explant cultures of posterior eyecups obtained from mouse eyes that were injured in vivo. RESULTS Detection of GFAP in injured retinas increased over a period of 1 to 7 days, showing increased levels in both soluble and cytoskeletal forms of this IF protein. The global level of citrullinated proteins was also induced over this period, with low-salt buffer extraction showing the most abundant early changes in citrullination. Using IHC, we found that GFAP filaments assembled at Müller glial end feet, growing in size with time through the inner layers of the retina at 1-3 h postinjury. Interestingly, over this early time period, levels of soluble citrullinated proteins also increased within the retina, as detected by western blotting, coincident with the localization of the citrullinated epitopes on growing GFAP filaments and existing vimentin filaments by 3 h after injury. Taking advantage of the in vivo injury model to promote a robust gliotic response, posterior eyecups from 7-day postinjured eyes were treated in explant cultures with the peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibitor Cl-amidine, which was found to reduce global citrullination. Surprisingly, the detection of injury-induced high-molecular-weight GFAP species containing citrullinated epitopes was also reduced by Cl-amidine treatment. Using a low dose of the potent type III IF drug withaferin A (WFA), we showed that Cl-amidine treatment in combination with WFA reduced global protein citrullination further, suggesting that GFAP may be a key component of pathological citrullinated targets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illuminate citrullination as a potential novel target for trauma-induced retinal gliosis. We also propose that strategies for combining drugs targeting type III IFs and citrullination may potentiate tissue repair, which is an idea that needs to be validated in vivo.
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136
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Sviripa VM, Burikhanov R, Obiero JM, Yuan Y, Nickell JR, Dwoskin LP, Zhan CG, Liu C, Tsodikov OV, Rangnekar VM, Watt DS. Par-4 secretion: stoichiometry of 3-arylquinoline binding to vimentin. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:74-84. [PMID: 26548370 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate tumors usually metastasize to the lung, bone, and other vital tissues and are resistant to conventional therapy. Prostate apoptosis response-4 protein (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis in therapy-resistant prostate cancer cells by binding specifically to a receptor, Glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78), found only on the surface of cancer cells. 3-Arylquinolines or "arylquins" induce normal cells to release Par-4 from the intermediate filament protein, vimentin and promote Par-4 secretion that targets cancer cells in a paracrine manner. A structure-activity study identified arylquins that promote Par-4 secretion, and an evaluation of arylquin binding to the hERG potassium ion channel using a [(3)H]-dofetilide binding assay permitted the identification of structural features that separated this undesired activity from the desired Par-4 secretory activity. A binding study that relied on the natural fluorescence of arylquins and that used the purified rod domain of vimentin (residues 99-411) suggested that the mechanism behind Par-4 release involved arylquin binding to multiple sites in the rod domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy M Sviripa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-9983, USA. and Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0096, USA
| | - Josiah M Obiero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Yaxia Yuan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Justin R Nickell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA. and Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0096, USA
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-9983, USA. and Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0096, USA
| | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
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Abstract
Through years of evolutionary selection pressures, organisms have developed potent toxins that coincidentally have marked antineoplastic activity. These natural products have been vital for the development of multiagent treatment regimens currently employed in cancer chemotherapy, and are used in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Therefore, this review catalogs recent advances in natural product-based drug discovery via the examination of mechanisms of action and available clinical data to highlight the utility of these novel compounds in the burgeoning age of precision medicine. The review also highlights the recent development of antibody-drug conjugates and other immunotoxins, which are capable of delivering highly cytotoxic agents previously deemed too toxic to elicit therapeutic benefit preferentially to neoplastic cells. Finally, the review examines natural products not currently used in the clinic that have novel mechanisms of action, and may serve to supplement current chemotherapeutic protocols.
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138
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Chen L, Xia G, Qiu F, Wu C, Denmon AP, Zi X. Physapubescin selectively induces apoptosis in VHL-null renal cell carcinoma cells through down-regulation of HIF-2α and inhibits tumor growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32582. [PMID: 27581364 PMCID: PMC5007653 DOI: 10.1038/srep32582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have purified physapubescin, a predominant steroidal lactone, from medicinal plant Physalis pubescens L., commonly named as "hairy groundcherry" in English and "Deng-Long-Cao" in Chinese. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-null 786-O, RCC4 and A498 Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) cell lines expressing high levels of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-2α are more sensitive to physapubescin-mediated apoptosis and growth inhibitory effect than VHL wild-type Caki-2 and ACHN RCC cell lines. Restoration of VHL in RCC4 cells attenuated the growth inhibitory effect of physapubescin. Physapubescin decreases the expression of HIF-2α and increases the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologus protein (CHOP), which leads to up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5), activation of caspase-8 and -3, cleavage of poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis. Under hypoxia conditions, the apoptotic and growth inhibitory effects of physapubescin are further enhanced. Additionally, physapubescin synergizes with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) for markedly enhanced induction of apoptosis in VHL-null 786-O cells but not in VHL wild-type Caki-2 cells. Physapubescin significantly inhibited in vivo angiogenesis in the 786-O xenograft. Physapubescin as a novel agent for elimination of VHL-null RCC cells via apoptosis is warranted for further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Caspase 3/genetics
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 8/genetics
- Caspase 8/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/genetics
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Physalis/chemistry
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/pharmacology
- Transcription Factor CHOP/agonists
- Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics
- Transcription Factor CHOP/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/genetics
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/metabolism
- Withanolides/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Guiyang Xia
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Andria P. Denmon
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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139
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Liu W, Barnette AR, Andreansky S, Landgraf R. ERBB2 Overexpression Establishes ERBB3-Dependent Hypersensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells to Withaferin A. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2750-2757. [PMID: 27474152 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The catalytically deficient ERBB3 strongly synergizes with the receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB2, and elevated levels represent an overall risk factor for unfavorable disease outcomes in breast cancer. Although itself not a target of pan-ERBB kinase inhibitors, it contributes to resistance in ERBB2-targeted treatment regiments. The steroidal lactone Withaferin A (WA) has established broad anticancer properties through several modes of action and was shown to be effective against triple-negative breast cancers at elevated concentrations. We found that ERBB2 overexpression does render cells hypersensitive to WA. Although ERBB2 downregulation is one aspect of WA treatment at high concentrations, it is not causal for the elevated sensitivity at lower dosages. Instead, WA targets the ability of ERBB3 to amplify ERBB2 signaling. ERBB3 receptor levels, constitutive phosphorylation of both ERBB3 and ERBB2, as well as signaling through AKT are eliminated by WA treatment. By targeting ERBB2/ERBB3 as a functional unit, it is also effective in cases in which ERBB2-directed inhibitors, such as lapatinib, alone show reduced potency. Hence, WA or derivatives thereof may present a low toxicity addition to ERBB2-targeting therapeutics, especially in cases in which ERBB3 involvement is driving resistance or reduced overall sensitivity. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2750-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Annalise R Barnette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Samita Andreansky
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ralf Landgraf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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140
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Okamoto S, Tsujioka T, Suemori SI, Kida JI, Kondo T, Tohyama Y, Tohyama K. Withaferin A suppresses the growth of myelodysplasia and leukemia cell lines by inhibiting cell cycle progression. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1302-14. [PMID: 27311589 PMCID: PMC5021033 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment outcomes for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain unsatisfactory despite progress in various types of chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new treatment options. We investigated the growth‐suppressive effects of withaferin A (WA), a natural plant steroidal lactone, on myelodysplasia and leukemia cell lines. WA exhibited growth‐suppressive effects on the cell lines, MDS‐L, HL‐60, THP‐1, Jurkat and Ramos, and induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase at relatively low doses. Evaluation by annexin V/PI also confirmed the induction of partial apoptosis. Gene expression profiling and subsequent gene set enrichment analysis revealed increased expression of heme oxygenase‐1 (HMOX1). HMOX1 is known to induce autophagy during anticancer chemotherapy and is considered to be involved in the treatment resistance. Our study indicated increased HMOX1 protein levels and simultaneous increases in the autophagy‐related protein LC3A/B in MDS‐L cells treated with WA, suggesting increased autophagy. Combined use of WA with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, enhanced early apoptosis and growth suppression. Together with the knowledge that WA had no apparent suppressive effect on the growth of human normal bone marrow CD34‐positive cells in the short‐term culture, this drug may have a potential for a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of leukemia or MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsujioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Jun-Ichiro Kida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kondo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yumi Tohyama
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tohyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
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141
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Belair DG, Schwartz MP, Knudsen T, Murphy WL. Human iPSC-derived endothelial cell sprouting assay in synthetic hydrogel arrays. Acta Biomater 2016; 39:12-24. [PMID: 27181878 PMCID: PMC5228278 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) by growth factors initiates a cascade of events during angiogenesis in vivo consisting of EC tip cell selection, sprout formation, EC stalk cell proliferation, and ultimately vascular stabilization by support cells. Although EC functional assays can recapitulate one or more aspects of angiogenesis in vitro, they are often limited by undefined substrates and lack of dependence on key angiogenic signaling axes. Here, we designed and characterized a chemically-defined model of endothelial sprouting behavior in vitro using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs). We rapidly encapsulated iPSC-ECs at high density in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel spheres using thiol-ene chemistry and subsequently encapsulated cell-dense hydrogel spheres in a cell-free hydrogel layer. The hydrogel sprouting array supported pro-angiogenic phenotype of iPSC-ECs and supported growth factor-dependent proliferation and sprouting behavior. iPSC-ECs in the sprouting model responded appropriately to several reference pharmacological angiogenesis inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor, NF-κB, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, protein kinase activity, and β-tubulin, which confirms their functional role in endothelial sprouting. A blinded screen of 38 putative vascular disrupting compounds from the US Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast library identified six compounds that inhibited iPSC-EC sprouting and five compounds that were overtly cytotoxic to iPSC-ECs at a single concentration. The chemically-defined iPSC-EC sprouting model (iSM) is thus amenable to enhanced-throughput screening of small molecular libraries for effects on angiogenic sprouting and iPSC-EC toxicity assessment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Angiogenesis assays that are commonly used for drug screening and toxicity assessment applications typically utilize natural substrates like Matrigel(TM) that are difficult to spatially pattern, costly, ill-defined, and may exhibit lot-to-lot variability. Herein, we describe a novel angiogenic sprouting assay using chemically-defined, bioinert poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels functionalized with biomimetic peptides to promote cell attachment and degradation in a reproducible format that may mitigate the need for natural substrates. The quantitative assay of angiogenic sprouting here enables precise control over the initial conditions and can be formulated into arrays for screening. The sprouting assay here was dependent on key angiogenic signaling axes in a screen of angiogenesis inhibitors and a blinded screen of putative vascular disrupting compounds from the US-EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Belair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael P Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Material Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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142
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Treatment of adult and pediatric high-grade gliomas with Withaferin A: antitumor mechanisms and future perspectives. J Nat Med 2016; 71:16-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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143
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Kurakin A, Bredesen DE. Dynamic self-guiding analysis of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14092-122. [PMID: 26041885 PMCID: PMC4546454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a self-guiding evolutionary algorithm to initiate the synthesis of the Alzheimer's disease-related data and literature. A protein interaction network associated with amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and a seed model that treats Alzheimer's disease as progressive dysregulation of APP-associated signaling were used as dynamic “guides” and structural “filters” in the recursive search, analysis, and assimilation of data to drive the evolution of the seed model in size, detail, and complexity. Analysis of data and literature across sub-disciplines and system-scale discovery platforms suggests a key role of dynamic cytoskeletal connectivity in the stability, plasticity, and performance of multicellular networks and architectures. Chronic impairment and/or dysregulation of cell adhesions/synapses, cytoskeletal networks, and/or reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transitions, which enable and mediate the stable and coherent yet dynamic and reconfigurable multicellular architectures, may lead to the emergence and persistence of the disordered, wound-like pockets/microenvironments of chronically disconnected cells. Such wound-like microenvironments support and are supported by pro-inflammatory, pro-secretion, de-differentiated cellular phenotypes with altered metabolism and signaling. The co-evolution of wound-like microenvironments and their inhabitants may lead to the selection and stabilization of degenerated cellular phenotypes, via acquisition of epigenetic modifications and mutations, which eventually result in degenerative disorders such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kurakin
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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144
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Wu G, Wilson G, George J, Liddle C, Hebbard L, Qiao L. Overcoming treatment resistance in cancer: Current understanding and tactics. Cancer Lett 2016; 387:69-76. [PMID: 27089987 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for many, if not all, metastatic cancers. While chemotherapy is often capable of inducing cell death in tumors leading to shrinkage of the tumor bulk, many patients suffer from recurrence and ultimately death due to resistance. During the last decade, treatment resistance has attracted great attention followed by some seminal discoveries, including sequential mutations, cancer stem cells, and bidirectional inter-conversion of stem and non-stem cancer cell populations. Nevertheless, the successful treatment of cancer will require a considerable refinement of our knowledge concerning treatment resistance. In doing so, we expect that a more informed and refined approach to treat cancer will be developed and this may improve prognosis of cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge concerning the failure of cancer treatments and the potential approaches to overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wu
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - George Wilson
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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145
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Lazarova DL, Bordonaro M. Vimentin, colon cancer progression and resistance to butyrate and other HDACis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:989-93. [PMID: 27072512 PMCID: PMC4882977 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibre protects against colorectal cancer (CRC) most likely through the activity of its fermentation product, butyrate. Butyrate functions as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) that hyperactivates Wnt signalling and induces apoptosis of CRC cells. However, individuals who consume a high‐fibre diet may still develop CRC; therefore, butyrate resistance may develop over time. Furthermore, CRC cells that are resistant to butyrate are cross‐resistant to clinically relevant therapeutic HDACis, suggesting that the development of butyrate resistance in vivo can result in HDACi‐resistant CRCs. Butyrate/HDACi‐resistant CRC cells differ from their butyrate/HDACi‐sensitive counterparts in the expression of many genes, including the gene encoding vimentin (VIM) that is usually expressed in normal mesenchymal cells and is involved in cancer metastasis. Interestingly, vimentin is overexpressed in butyrate/HDACi‐resistant CRC cells although Wnt signalling is suppressed in such cells and that VIM is a Wnt activity‐targeted gene. The expression of vimentin in colonic neoplastic cells could be correlated with the stage of neoplastic progression. For example, comparative analyses of LT97 microadenoma cells and SW620 colon carcinoma cells revealed that although vimentin is not detectable in LT97 cells, it is highly expressed in SW620 cells. Based upon these observations, we propose that the differential expression of vimentin contributes to the phenotypic differences between butyrate‐resistant and butyrate‐sensitive CRC cells, as well as to the differences between early‐stage and metastatic colorectal neoplastic cells. We discuss the hypothesis that vimentin is a key factor integrating epithelial to mesenchymal transition, colonic neoplastic progression and resistance to HDACis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina L Lazarova
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Michael Bordonaro
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
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146
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Target identification of covalently binding drugs by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3291-303. [PMID: 27085673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the target proteins of drug molecules has become an important goal in understanding its mode of action and origin of side effects due to off-target binding. This is especially important for covalently binding drugs usually containing electrophilic moieties, which potentially can react with nucleophilic residues found in many proteins. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the use of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) as an efficient tool for the target identification of covalently binding drugs.
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147
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Kumar S, Jena L, Sahoo M, Nayak T, Mohod K, Daf S, Varma AK. The in Silico Approach to Identifying a Unique Plant-Derived Inhibitor Against E6 and E7 Oncogenic Proteins of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-33958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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148
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Palliyaguru DL, Singh SV, Kensler TW. Withania somnifera: From prevention to treatment of cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1342-53. [PMID: 26718910 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of bioactive molecules that have potential to interrupt carcinogenesis continues to garner research interest. In particular, molecules that have dietary origin are most attractive because of their safety, cost-effectiveness and feasibility of oral administration. Nutraceuticals have played an important role in the overall well-being of humans for many years, with or without rigorous evidence backing their health claims. Traditional medicine systems around the world have utilized plants that have medicinal properties for millennia, providing an opportunity for modern day researchers to assess their efficacies against ailments such as cancer. Withania somnifera (WS) is a plant that has been used in Ayurveda (an ancient form of medicine in Asia) and in the recent past, has been demonstrated to have anti-tumorigenic properties in experimental models. While scientific research performed on WS has exploded in the past decade, much regarding the mode of action and molecular targets involved remains unknown. In this review, we discuss the traditional uses of the plant, the experimental evidence supporting its chemopreventive potential as well as roadblocks that need to be overcome in order for WS to be evaluated as a chemopreventive agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushani L Palliyaguru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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149
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Ridge KM, Shumaker D, Robert A, Hookway C, Gelfand VI, Janmey PA, Lowery J, Guo M, Weitz DA, Kuczmarski E, Goldman RD. Methods for Determining the Cellular Functions of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments. Methods Enzymol 2015; 568:389-426. [PMID: 26795478 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The type III intermediate filament protein vimentin was once thought to function mainly as a static structural protein in the cytoskeleton of cells of mesenchymal origin. Now, however, vimentin is known to form a dynamic, flexible network that plays an important role in a number of signaling pathways. Here, we describe various methods that have been developed to investigate the cellular functions of the vimentin protein and intermediate filament network, including chemical disruption, photoactivation and photoconversion, biolayer interferometry, soluble bead binding assay, three-dimensional substrate experiments, collagen gel contraction, optical-tweezer active microrheology, and force spectrum microscopy. Using these techniques, the contributions of vimentin to essential cellular processes can be probed in ever further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Veterans Administration, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Dale Shumaker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amélie Robert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Hookway
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Physiology and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Lowery
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward Kuczmarski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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150
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AshwaMAX and Withaferin A inhibits gliomas in cellular and murine orthotopic models. J Neurooncol 2015; 126:253-64. [PMID: 26650066 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive, malignant cancer Johnson and O'Neill (J Neurooncol 107: 359-364, 2012). An extract from the winter cherry plant (Withania somnifera ), AshwaMAX, is concentrated (4.3 %) for Withaferin A; a steroidal lactone that inhibits cancer cells Vanden Berghe et al. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23: 1985-1996, 2014). We hypothesized that AshwaMAX could treat GBM and that bioluminescence imaging (BLI) could track oral therapy in orthotopic murine models of glioblastoma. Human parietal-cortical glioblastoma cells (GBM2, GBM39) were isolated from primary tumors while U87-MG was obtained commercially. GBM2 was transduced with lentiviral vectors that express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)/firefly luciferase fusion proteins. Mutational, expression and proliferative status of GBMs were studied. Intracranial xenografts of glioblastomas were grown in the right frontal regions of female, nude mice (n = 3-5 per experiment). Tumor growth was followed through BLI. Neurosphere cultures (U87-MG, GBM2 and GBM39) were inhibited by AshwaMAX at IC50 of 1.4, 0.19 and 0.22 µM equivalent respectively and by Withaferin A with IC50 of 0.31, 0.28 and 0.25 µM respectively. Oral gavage, every other day, of AshwaMAX (40 mg/kg per day) significantly reduced bioluminescence signal (n = 3 mice, p < 0.02, four parameter non-linear regression analysis) in preclinical models. After 30 days of treatment, bioluminescent signal increased suggesting onset of resistance. BLI signal for control, vehicle-treated mice increased and then plateaued. Bioluminescent imaging revealed diffuse growth of GBM2 xenografts. With AshwaMAX, GBM neurospheres collapsed at nanomolar concentrations. Oral treatment studies on murine models confirmed that AshwaMAX is effective against orthotopic GBM. AshwaMAX is thus a promising candidate for future clinical translation in patients with GBM.
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