101
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Abstract
Metabolic control systems coordinate myriad processes across the cellular, tissue and organismal levels to optimize the allocation of limited supplies across multiple, often competing, metabolic demands. As such, the regulation of metabolism can be analysed from the perspective of the economic theory of supply and demand. Here, we discuss how such analyses can provide new insights into the logic of metabolic control. In particular, we suggest that, in addition to being subject to well-appreciated homeostatic control, metabolism is subject to supply-driven and demand-driven controls, each operated by a dedicated set of signals throughout various physiological states, including inflammation. Furthermore, we argue that systemic homeostasis is a derived feature that evolved from the control systems that monitor metabolic supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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102
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Sundberg EL, Deng Y, Burd CG. Syndecan-1 Mediates Sorting of Soluble Lipoprotein Lipase with Sphingomyelin-Rich Membrane in the Golgi Apparatus. Dev Cell 2019; 51:387-398.e4. [PMID: 31543446 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the secretory pathway, budding of vesicular transport carriers from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) must coordinate specification of lipid composition with selection of secreted proteins. We elucidate a mechanism of soluble protein cargo sorting into secretory vesicles with a sphingomyelin-rich membrane; the integral membrane proteoglycan Syndecan-1 (SDC1) acts as a sorting receptor, capturing the soluble enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) during export from the TGN. Sorting of LPL requires bivalent interactions between LPL and SDC1-linked heparan sulfate chains and between LPL and the Golgi membrane. Physical features of the SDC1 transmembrane domain, rather than a specific sequence, confer targeting of SDC1 and bound LPL into the sphingomyelin secretion pathway. This study establishes that physicochemical properties of a protein transmembrane domain that drive lateral heterogeneity of the plasma membrane also operate at the TGN to confer sorting of an integral membrane protein and its ligand within the biosynthetic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Sundberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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103
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Oteng AB, Ruppert PMM, Boutens L, Dijk W, van Dierendonck XAMH, Olivecrona G, Stienstra R, Kersten S. Characterization of ANGPTL4 function in macrophages and adipocytes using Angptl4-knockout and Angptl4-hypomorphic mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1741-1754. [PMID: 31409739 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m094128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)4 regulates plasma lipids, making it an attractive target for correcting dyslipidemia. However, ANGPTL4 inactivation in mice fed a high fat diet causes chylous ascites, an acute-phase response, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Here, we studied the role of ANGPTL4 in lipid uptake in macrophages and in the above-mentioned pathologies using Angptl4-hypomorphic and Angptl4 -/- mice. Angptl4 expression in peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages was highly induced by lipids. Recombinant ANGPTL4 decreased lipid uptake in macrophages, whereas deficiency of ANGPTL4 increased lipid uptake, upregulated lipid-induced genes, and increased respiration. ANGPTL4 deficiency did not alter LPL protein levels in macrophages. Angptl4-hypomorphic mice with partial expression of a truncated N-terminal ANGPTL4 exhibited reduced fasting plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and NEFAs, strongly resembling Angptl4 -/- mice. However, during high fat feeding, Angptl4-hypomorphic mice showed markedly delayed and attenuated elevation in plasma serum amyloid A and much milder chylous ascites than Angptl4 -/- mice, despite similar abundance of lipid-laden giant cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. In conclusion, ANGPTL4 deficiency increases lipid uptake and respiration in macrophages without affecting LPL protein levels. Compared with the absence of ANGPTL4, low levels of N-terminal ANGPTL4 mitigate the development of chylous ascites and an acute-phase response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip M M Ruppert
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Boutens
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xanthe A M H van Dierendonck
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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104
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Preston KJ, Rom I, Vrakas C, Landesberg G, Etwebi Z, Muraoka S, Autieri M, Eguchi S, Scalia R. Postprandial activation of leukocyte-endothelium interaction by fatty acids in the visceral adipose tissue microcirculation. FASEB J 2019; 33:11993-12007. [PMID: 31393790 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802637rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is associated with accumulation of inflammatory cells predominantly in visceral adipose depots [visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] rather than in subcutaneous ones [subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)]. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotypic difference remain poorly understood. Controversy also exists on the overall impact that adipose tissue inflammation has on metabolic health in diet-induced obesity. The endothelium of the microcirculation regulates both the transport of lipids and the trafficking of leukocytes into organ tissue. We hypothesized that the VAT and SAT microcirculations respond differently to postprandial processing of dietary fat. We also tested whether inhibition of endothelial postprandial responses to high-fat meals (HFMs) preserves metabolic health in chronic obesity. We demonstrate that administration of a single HFM or ad libitum access to a HFD for 24 h quickly induces a transient P-selectin-dependent inflammatory phenotype in the VAT but not the SAT microcirculation of lean wild-type mice. Studies in P-selectin-deficient mice confirmed a mechanistic role for P-selectin in the initiation of leukocyte trafficking, myeloperoxidase accumulation, and acute reduction in adiponectin mRNA expression by HFMs. Despite reduced VAT inflammation in response to HFMs, P-selectin-deficient mice still developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance when chronically fed an HFD. Our data uncover a novel nutrient-sensing role of the vascular endothelium that instigates postprandial VAT inflammation. They also demonstrate that inhibition of this transient postprandial inflammatory response fails to correct metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obesity.-Preston, K. J., Rom, I., Vrakas, C., Landesberg, G., Etwebe, Z., Muraoka, S., Autieri, M., Eguchi, S., Scalia, R. Postprandial activation of leukocyte-endothelium interaction by fatty acids in the visceral adipose tissue microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inna Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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105
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Young SG, Fong LG, Beigneux AP, Allan CM, He C, Jiang H, Nakajima K, Meiyappan M, Birrane G, Ploug M. GPIHBP1 and Lipoprotein Lipase, Partners in Plasma Triglyceride Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 30:51-65. [PMID: 31269429 PMCID: PMC6662658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), identified in the 1950s, has been studied intensively by biochemists, physiologists, and clinical investigators. These efforts uncovered a central role for LPL in plasma triglyceride metabolism and identified LPL mutations as a cause of hypertriglyceridemia. By the 1990s, with an outline for plasma triglyceride metabolism established, interest in triglyceride metabolism waned. In recent years, however, interest in plasma triglyceride metabolism has awakened, in part because of the discovery of new molecules governing triglyceride metabolism. One such protein-and the focus of this review-is GPIHBP1, a protein of capillary endothelial cells. GPIHBP1 is LPL's essential partner: it binds LPL and transports it to the capillary lumen; it is essential for lipoprotein margination along capillaries, allowing lipolysis to proceed; and it preserves LPL's structure and activity. Recently, GPIHBP1 was the key to solving the structure of LPL. These developments have transformed the models for intravascular triglyceride metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Department of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0805, Japan
| | - Muthuraman Meiyappan
- Discovery Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
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106
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Aryal B, Price NL, Suarez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. ANGPTL4 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:723-734. [PMID: 31235370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in circulating lipids and ectopic lipid deposition impact on the risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes fatty acids (FAs) from triglyceride (TAG)-rich lipoproteins including very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and chylomicrons, and regulates their distribution to peripheral tissues. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) mediates the inhibition of LPL activity under different circumstances. Accumulating evidence associates ANGPTL4 directly with the risk of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on recent findings on the role of ANGPTL4 in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We highlight human and murine studies that explore ANGPTL4 functions in different tissues and how these effect disease development through possible autocrine and paracrine forms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Aryal
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suarez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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107
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Hu X, Matsumoto K, Jung RS, Weston TA, Heizer PJ, He C, Sandoval NP, Allan CM, Tu Y, Vinters HV, Liau LM, Ellison RM, Morales JE, Baufeld LJ, Bayley NA, He L, Betsholtz C, Beigneux AP, Nathanson DA, Gerhardt H, Young SG, Fong LG, Jiang H. GPIHBP1 expression in gliomas promotes utilization of lipoprotein-derived nutrients. eLife 2019; 8:e47178. [PMID: 31169500 PMCID: PMC6594755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1, a GPI-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells, binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) within the subendothelial spaces and shuttles it to the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1-bound LPL is essential for the margination of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) along capillaries, allowing the lipolytic processing of TRLs to proceed. In peripheral tissues, the intravascular processing of TRLs by the GPIHBP1-LPL complex is crucial for the generation of lipid nutrients for adjacent parenchymal cells. GPIHBP1 is absent from the capillaries of the brain, which uses glucose for fuel; however, GPIHBP1 is expressed in the capillaries of mouse and human gliomas. Importantly, the GPIHBP1 in glioma capillaries captures locally produced LPL. We use NanoSIMS imaging to show that TRLs marginate along glioma capillaries and that there is uptake of TRL-derived lipid nutrients by surrounding glioma cells. Thus, GPIHBP1 expression in gliomas facilitates TRL processing and provides a source of lipid nutrients for glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Hu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (CCB)LeuvenBelgium
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Norma P Sandoval
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Rochelle M Ellison
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jazmin E Morales
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lynn J Baufeld
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nicholas A Bayley
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC)Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (CCB)LeuvenBelgium
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
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108
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Leth JM, Leth-Espensen KZ, Kristensen KK, Kumari A, Lund Winther AM, Young SG, Ploug M. Evolution and Medical Significance of LU Domain-Containing Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112760. [PMID: 31195646 PMCID: PMC6600238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing Ly6/uPAR (LU) domains exhibit very diverse biological functions and have broad taxonomic distributions in eukaryotes. In general, they adopt a characteristic three-fingered folding topology with three long loops projecting from a disulfide-rich globular core. The majority of the members of this protein domain family contain only a single LU domain, which can be secreted, glycolipid anchored, or constitute the extracellular ligand binding domain of type-I membrane proteins. Nonetheless, a few proteins contain multiple LU domains, for example, the urokinase receptor uPAR, C4.4A, and Haldisin. In the current review, we will discuss evolutionary aspects of this protein domain family with special emphasis on variations in their consensus disulfide bond patterns. Furthermore, we will present selected cases where missense mutations in LU domain-containing proteins leads to dysfunctional proteins that are causally linked to genesis of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Righospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Centre (BRIC), Ole Maaloes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Zinck Leth-Espensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Righospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Centre (BRIC), Ole Maaloes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Kølby Kristensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Righospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Centre (BRIC), Ole Maaloes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anni Kumari
- Finsen Laboratory, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Righospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Centre (BRIC), Ole Maaloes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Marie Lund Winther
- Finsen Laboratory, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Righospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Centre (BRIC), Ole Maaloes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Righospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Centre (BRIC), Ole Maaloes Vej 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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109
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Ramms B, Patel S, Nora C, Pessentheiner AR, Chang MW, Green CR, Golden GJ, Secrest P, Krauss RM, Metallo CM, Benner C, Alexander VJ, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S, Esko JD, Gordts PLSM. ApoC-III ASO promotes tissue LPL activity in the absence of apoE-mediated TRL clearance. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1379-1395. [PMID: 31092690 PMCID: PMC6672034 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia results from accumulation of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the circulation and is associated with increased CVD risk. ApoC-III is an apolipoprotein on TRLs and a prominent negative regulator of TG catabolism. We recently established that in vivo apoC-III predominantly inhibits LDL receptor-mediated and LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated hepatic TRL clearance and that apoC-III-enriched TRLs are preferentially cleared by syndecan-1 (SDC1). In this study, we determined the impact of apoE, a common ligand for all three receptors, on apoC-III metabolism using apoC-III antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment in mice lacking apoE and functional SDC1 (Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+). ApoC-III ASO treatment significantly reduced plasma TG levels in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice without reducing hepatic VLDL production or improving hepatic TRL clearance. Further analysis revealed that apoC-III ASO treatment lowered plasma TGs in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice, which was associated with increased LPL activity in white adipose tissue in the fed state. Finally, clinical data confirmed that ASO-mediated lowering of APOC-III via volanesorsen can reduce plasma TG levels independent of the APOE isoform genotype. Our data indicate that apoE determines the metabolic impact of apoC-III as we establish that apoE is essential to mediate inhibition of TRL clearance by apoC-III and that, in the absence of functional apoE, apoC-III inhibits tissue LPL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sohan Patel
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Max W Chang
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Christopher Benner
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA .,Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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110
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Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a central role in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. By catalyzing the hydrolysis of TGs present in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), LPL facilitates TG utilization and regulates circulating TG and TRL concentrations. Until very recently, structural information for LPL was limited to homology models, presumably due to the propensity of LPL to unfold and aggregate. By coexpressing LPL with a soluble variant of its accessory protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) and with its chaperone protein lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1), we obtained a stable and homogenous LPL/GPIHBP1 complex that was suitable for structure determination. We report here X-ray crystal structures of human LPL in complex with human GPIHBP1 at 2.5-3.0 Å resolution, including a structure with a novel inhibitor bound to LPL. Binding of the inhibitor resulted in ordering of the LPL lid and lipid-binding regions and thus enabled determination of the first crystal structure of LPL that includes these important regions of the protein. It was assumed for many years that LPL was only active as a homodimer. The structures and additional biochemical data reported here are consistent with a new report that LPL, in complex with GPIHBP1, can be active as a monomeric 1:1 complex. The crystal structures illuminate the structural basis for LPL-mediated TRL lipolysis as well as LPL stabilization and transport by GPIHBP1.
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111
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Yu B, Zhang M, Chen J, Wang L, Peng X, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang A, Zhao D, Pang D, OuYang H, Tang X. Abnormality of hepatic triglyceride metabolism in Apc Min/+ mice with colon cancer cachexia. Life Sci 2019; 227:201-211. [PMID: 31002917 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal cancer syndrome has been one of the greatest concerns in the world. Although several epidemiological studies have shown that hepatic low lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression may be associated with dyslipidemia and tumor progression, it is still not known whether the liver plays an essential role in hyperlipidemia of ApcMin/+ mice. MAIN METHODS We measured the expression of metabolic enzymes that involved fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), β-oxidation and investigated hepatic triglyceride production in the liver of wild-type and ApcMin/+ mice. KEY FINDINGS We found that hepatic fatty acid uptake and DNL decreased, but there was no significant difference in fatty acid β-oxidation. Interestingly, the production of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) decreased at 20 weeks of age, but marked steatosis was observed in the livers of the ApcMin/+ mouse. To further explore hypertriglyceridemia, we assessed the function of hepatic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) for the first time. GPIHBP1 is governed by the transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) which are involved in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the liver of ApcMin/+ mice. Importantly, it was also confirmed that sn50 (100 μg/mL, an inhibitor of the NF-κB) reversed the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced Oct-1 and GPIHBP1 reduction in HepG2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these findings highlighted a novel role of GPIHBP1 that might be responsible for hypertriglyceridemia in ApcMin/+ mice. Hypertriglyceridemia in these mice may be associated with their hepatic lipid metabolism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - He Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Anbei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongsheng OuYang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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Allan CM, Heizer PJ, Tu Y, Sandoval NP, Jung RS, Morales JE, Sajti E, Troutman TD, Saunders TL, Cusanovich DA, Beigneux AP, Romanoski CE, Fong LG, Young SG. An upstream enhancer regulates Gpihbp1 expression in a tissue-specific manner. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:869-879. [PMID: 30598475 PMCID: PMC6446700 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), the protein that shuttles LPL to the capillary lumen, is essential for plasma triglyceride metabolism. When GPIHBP1 is absent, LPL remains stranded within the interstitial spaces and plasma triglyceride hydrolysis is impaired, resulting in severe hypertriglyceridemia. While the functions of GPIHBP1 in intravascular lipolysis are reasonably well understood, no one has yet identified DNA sequences regulating GPIHBP1 expression. In the current studies, we identified an enhancer element located ∼3.6 kb upstream from exon 1 of mouse Gpihbp1. To examine the importance of the enhancer, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to create mice lacking the enhancer (Gpihbp1Enh/Enh). Removing the enhancer reduced Gpihbp1 expression by >90% in the liver and by ∼50% in heart and brown adipose tissue. The reduced expression of GPIHBP1 was insufficient to prevent LPL from reaching the capillary lumen, and it did not lead to hypertriglyceridemia-even when mice were fed a high-fat diet. Compound heterozygotes (Gpihbp1Enh/- mice) displayed further reductions in Gpihbp1 expression and exhibited partial mislocalization of LPL (increased amounts of LPL within the interstitial spaces of the heart), but the plasma triglyceride levels were not perturbed. The enhancer element that we identified represents the first insight into DNA sequences controlling Gpihbp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Allan
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yiping Tu
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Norma P Sandoval
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jazmin E Morales
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- University of Michigan Transgenic Animal Model Core, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Darren A Cusanovich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Casey E Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
| | - Loren G Fong
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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113
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Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:537-557. [PMID: 30312399 PMCID: PMC6416708 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established mediator of atherosclerosis and a key target for intervention for the primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. However, despite substantial reduction in LDL-C, patients continue to have recurrent ASCVD events. Hypertriglyceridemia may be an important contributor of this residual risk. Observational and genetic epidemiological data strongly support a causal role of triglycerides (TGs) and the cholesterol content within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) and/or remnant cholesterol (RC) in the development of ASCVD. TGRLs are composed of hepatically derived very low-density lipoprotein and intestinally derived chylomicrons. RC is the cholesterol content of all TGRLs and plasma TGs serve as a surrogate measure of TGRLs and RC. Although lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone for management of hypertriglyceridemia, many novel drugs are in development and have shown impressive efficacy in lowering TG levels. Several ongoing, randomized controlled trials are underway to examine the impact of these novel agents on ASCVD outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the biology, epidemiology, and genetics of TGs and ASCVD; we discuss current and novel TG-lowering therapies under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik B Sandesara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Salim S Virani
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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114
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Henderson F, Johnston HR, Badrock AP, Jones EA, Forster D, Nagaraju RT, Evangelou C, Kamarashev J, Green M, Fairclough M, Ramirez IBR, He S, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Hollywood K, Dunn WB, Spaink HP, Smith MP, Lorigan P, Claude E, Williams KJ, McMahon AW, Hurlstone A. Enhanced Fatty Acid Scavenging and Glycerophospholipid Metabolism Accompany Melanocyte Neoplasia Progression in Zebrafish. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2136-2151. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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115
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Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins, is assumed to be active only as a homodimer. In support of this idea, several groups have reported that the size of LPL, as measured by density gradient ultracentrifugation, is ∼110 kDa, twice the size of LPL monomers (∼55 kDa). Of note, however, in those studies the LPL had been incubated with heparin, a polyanionic substance that binds and stabilizes LPL. Here we revisited the assumption that LPL is active only as a homodimer. When freshly secreted human LPL (or purified preparations of LPL) was subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation (in the absence of heparin), LPL mass and activity peaks exhibited the size expected of monomers (near the 66-kDa albumin standard). GPIHBP1-bound LPL also exhibited the size expected for a monomer. In the presence of heparin, LPL size increased, overlapping with a 97.2-kDa standard. We also used density gradient ultracentrifugation to characterize the LPL within the high-salt and low-salt peaks from a heparin-Sepharose column. The catalytically active LPL within the high-salt peak exhibited the size of monomers, whereas most of the inactive LPL in the low-salt peak was at the bottom of the tube (in aggregates). Consistent with those findings, the LPL in the low-salt peak, but not that in the high-salt peak, was easily detectable with single mAb sandwich ELISAs, in which LPL is captured and detected with the same antibody. We conclude that catalytically active LPL can exist in a monomeric state.
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116
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Nyrén R, Makoveichuk E, Malla S, Kersten S, Nilsson SK, Ericsson M, Olivecrona G. Lipoprotein lipase in mouse kidney: effects of nutritional status and high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F558-F571. [PMID: 30698048 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00474.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is high in mouse kidney, but the reason is poorly understood. The aim was to characterize localization, regulation, and function of LPL in kidney of C57BL/6J mice. We found LPL mainly in proximal tubules, localized inside the tubular epithelial cells, under all conditions studied. In fed mice, some LPL colocalized with the endothelial markers CD31 and GPIHBP1 and could be removed by perfusion with heparin, indicating a vascular location. The role of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) for nutritional modulation of LPL activity was studied in wild-type and Angptl4-/- mice. In Angptl4-/- mice, kidney LPL activity remained high in fasted animals, indicating that ANGPTL4 is involved in suppression of LPL activity on fasting, like in adipose tissue. The amount of ANGPTL4 protein in kidney was low, and the protein appeared smaller in size, compared with ANGPTL4 in heart and adipose tissue. To study the influence of obesity, mice were challenged with high-fat diet for 22 wk, and LPL was studied after an overnight fast compared with fasted mice given food for 3 h. High-fat diet caused blunting of the normal adaptation of LPL activity to feeding/fasting in adipose tissue, but in kidneys this adaptation was lost only in male mice. LPL activity increases to high levels in mouse kidney after feeding, but as no difference in uptake of chylomicron triglycerides in kidneys is found between fasted and fed states, our data confirm that LPL appears to have a minor role for lipid uptake in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Nyrén
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Elena Makoveichuk
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Sandhya Malla
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Madelene Ericsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
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117
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Liu X, Li J, Liao J, Wang H, Huang X, Dong Z, Shen Q, Zhang L, Wang Y, Kong W, Liu G, Huang W. Gpihbp1 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis and plaque instability in diabetic Ldlr-/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2019; 282:100-109. [PMID: 30721842 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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118
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Intravascular triglyceride lipolysis becomes crystal clear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1480-1482. [PMID: 30610175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820330116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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119
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Dong W, Yang J, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Role of GPIHBP1 in regulating milk protein traits in dairy cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 31:81-85. [PMID: 30570382 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1536064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) is among the many candidate genes for regulating milk production traits in dairy cattle that have been identified via quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our previous studies confirmed that a G-to-A mutation at chr14:2553998 is the main cause of GPIHBP1-related effects on milk fat content. In this study, we discovered that GPIHBP1 may be a strong candidate gene for the regulation of milk protein traits. We performed overexpression and RNAi experiments to assess GPIHBP1 in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and identified mRNA expression patterns of several important milk protein-related genes using real-time quantitative PCR. After the transient transfection of BMECs with GPIHBP1, the transcription levels of casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3) and lactoferrin (LTF) decreased, whereas beta-lactoglobulin (LGB) expression increased. The GPIHBP1 RNAi experiment produced changes in gene expression that were completely opposite to those observed in the GPIHBP1 overexpression experiment. Furthermore, among the assessed genes, CSN3, LTF, and LGB exhibited significant changes in mRNA expression (p < 0.05). The findings of this study show that bovine GPIHBP1 is involved in the process of milk protein biosynthesis and may be considered as a functional gene for the milk protein yield trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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120
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Structure of the lipoprotein lipase-GPIHBP1 complex that mediates plasma triglyceride hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:1723-1732. [PMID: 30559189 PMCID: PMC6358717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817984116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is responsible for the intravascular processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The LPL within capillaries is bound to GPIHBP1, an endothelial cell protein with a three-fingered LU domain and an N-terminal intrinsically disordered acidic domain. Loss-of-function mutations in LPL or GPIHBP1 cause severe hypertriglyceridemia (chylomicronemia), but structures for LPL and GPIHBP1 have remained elusive. Inspired by our recent discovery that GPIHBP1's acidic domain preserves LPL structure and activity, we crystallized an LPL-GPIHBP1 complex and solved its structure. GPIHBP1's LU domain binds to LPL's C-terminal domain, largely by hydrophobic interactions. Analysis of electrostatic surfaces revealed that LPL contains a large basic patch spanning its N- and C-terminal domains. GPIHBP1's acidic domain was not defined in the electron density map but was positioned to interact with LPL's large basic patch, providing a likely explanation for how GPIHBP1 stabilizes LPL. The LPL-GPIHBP1 structure provides insights into mutations causing chylomicronemia.
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121
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Coiled-coil domain-containing 80 accelerates atherosclerosis development through decreasing lipoprotein lipase expression via ERK1/2 phosphorylation and TET2 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 843:177-189. [PMID: 30439364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that coiled-coil domain-containing 80 (CCDC80) has a positive link with atherosclerosis and that plasma CCDC80 levels are positively correlated with the levels of fasting plasma triglycerides (TG) in obese individuals. The underlying mechanisms, however, are unclear. Using Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Oil Red O staining, we found that CCDC80 overexpression in vivo significantly increased plasma lipid contents, decreased the expression and activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and accelerated the development of atherosclerosis. Conversely, knockdown of CCDC80 decreased plaque lesions area. In vitro, qRT-PCR and western blot results showed that CCDC80 overexpression significantly decreased, while CCDC80 knockdown increased, LPL expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Further, we found that CCDC80 reduced LPL expression via inhibiting the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and also increased the methylation of LPL promoter via down-regulating Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2). Our results also revealed that CCDC80 significantly down-regulated TET2 expression through decreasing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In addition, we found that CCDC80 decreased binding of TET2 to forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) but had no effect on FOXO3a expression. On the other hand, and that FOXO3a was partially involved in TET2-regulated LPL expression. CCDC80 down-regulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and decreased expression of TET2 and its interaction with FOXO3a, leading to a reduction of LPL expression and acceleration of atherosclerosis.
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122
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Intensive genetic analysis for Chinese patients with very high triglyceride levels: Relations of mutations to triglyceride levels and acute pancreatitis. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:171-177. [PMID: 30420299 PMCID: PMC6306308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG, TG ≥5·65 mmol/L), a disease, usually resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, may increase the risk of acute pancreatitis (AP). However, previous genetic analysis has been limited by lacking of related observation of gene to AP. Methods The expanding genetic sequencing including 15 TG-related genes (LPL, LMF1, APOC2, GPIHBP1, GCKR, ANGPTL3, APOB, APOA1-A4-C3-A5, TRIB1, CETP, APOE, and LIPI) was performed within 103 patients who were diagnosed with primary SHTG and 46 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Findings Rare variants were found in 46 patients and 12 controls. The detection rate of rare variants in SHTG group increased by 19·5% via intensive genetic analysis. Presence of rare variants in LPL, APOA5, five LPL molecular regulating genes and all the sequenced genes were found to be associated with SHTG (p < 0·05). Of noted, patients with history of AP presented higher frequency of rare variants in LPL gene and all the LPL molecular regulating genes (27·8% vs.4·7% and 50·0% vs. 20·0%). The risk scores for SHTG determined by common TG-associated variants were increased in subgroups according to the extent of SHTG when they were compared with that of controls. Finally, patients without rare variants within SHTG group also presented higher risk scores than control group (p < 0·05). Interpretation Expanding genetic analysis had a higher detection rate of rare variants in patients with SHTG. Rare variants in LPL and its molecular regulating genes could increase the risk of AP among Chinese patients with SHTG. Fund This work was partially supported by the Capital Health Development Fund (201614035) and CAMS. Major Collaborative Innovation Project (2016-I2M-1-011) awarded to Dr. Jian-Jun Li, MD, PhD.
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123
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Sallam T. Stephen G. Young. Circ Res 2018; 123:1192-1195. [PMID: 30571458 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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124
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GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome during interferon β1a treatment. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:62-69. [PMID: 30514621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies against glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) cause chylomicronemia by blocking the ability of GPIHBP1 to bind lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and transport the enzyme to its site of action in the capillary lumen. OBJECTIVE A patient with multiple sclerosis developed chylomicronemia during interferon (IFN) β1a therapy. The chylomicronemia resolved when the IFN β1a therapy was discontinued. Here, we sought to determine whether the drug-induced chylomicronemia was caused by GPIHBP1 autoantibodies. METHODS We tested plasma samples collected during and after IFN β1a therapy for GPIHBP1 autoantibodies (by western blotting and with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays). We also tested whether the patient's plasma blocked the binding of LPL to GPIHBP1 on GPIHBP1-expressing cells. RESULTS During IFN β1a therapy, the plasma contained GPIHBP1 autoantibodies, and those autoantibodies blocked GPIHBP1's ability to bind LPL. Thus, the chylomicronemia was because of the GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome. Consistent with that diagnosis, the plasma levels of GPIHBP1 and LPL were very low. After IFN β1a therapy was stopped, the plasma triglyceride levels returned to normal, and GPIHBP1 autoantibodies were undetectable. CONCLUSION The appearance of GPIHBP1 autoantibodies during IFN β1a therapy caused chylomicronemia. The GPIHBP1 autoantibodies disappeared when the IFN β1a therapy was stopped, and the plasma triglyceride levels fell within the normal range.
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125
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Heine M, Fischer AW, Schlein C, Jung C, Straub LG, Gottschling K, Mangels N, Yuan Y, Nilsson SK, Liebscher G, Chen O, Schreiber R, Zechner R, Scheja L, Heeren J. Lipolysis Triggers a Systemic Insulin Response Essential for Efficient Energy Replenishment of Activated Brown Adipose Tissue in Mice. Cell Metab 2018; 28:644-655.e4. [PMID: 30033199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of the organ-specific responses regulating systemic energy distribution to replenish lipid stores in acutely activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) remains elusive. Here, we show that short-term cold exposure or acute β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) stimulation results in secretion of the anabolic hormone insulin. This process is diminished in adipocyte-specific Atgl-/- mice, indicating that lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) promotes insulin secretion. Inhibition of pancreatic β cells abolished uptake of lipids delivered by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into activated BAT. Both increased lipid uptake into BAT and whole-body energy expenditure in response to β3AR stimulation were blunted in mice treated with the insulin receptor antagonist S961 or lacking the insulin receptor in brown adipocytes. In conclusion, we introduce the concept that acute cold and β3AR stimulation trigger a systemic response involving WAT, β cells, and BAT, which is essential for insulin-dependent fuel uptake and adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Jung
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon G Straub
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH-Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Gottschling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Mangels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yucheng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Liebscher
- Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Miyashita K, Fukamachi I, Machida T, Nakajima K, Young SG, Murakami M, Beigneux AP, Nakajima K. An ELISA for quantifying GPIHBP1 autoantibodies and making a diagnosis of the GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:174-178. [PMID: 30287259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies against GPIHBP1, the endothelial cell transporter for lipoprotein lipase (LPL), cause severe hypertriglyceridemia ("GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome"). Affected patients have low serum GPIHBP1 and LPL levels. We report the development of a sensitive and specific ELISA, suitable for routine clinical use, to detect GPIHBP1 autoantibodies in serum and plasma. METHODS Serum and plasma samples were added to wells of an ELISA plate that had been coated with recombinant human GPIHBP1. GPIHBP1 autoantibodies bound to GPIHBP1 were detected with an HRP-labeled antibody against human immunoglobulin. Sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the ELISA was evaluated with plasma or serum samples from patients with the GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome. RESULTS A solid-phase ELISA to detect and quantify GPIHBP1 autoantibodies in human plasma and serum was developed. Spiking recombinant human GPIHBP1 into the samples reduced the ability of the ELISA to detect GPIHBP1 autoantibodies. The ELISA is reproducible and sensitive; it can detect GPIHBP1 autoantibodies in samples diluted by >1000-fold. CONCLUSION We have developed a sensitive and specific ELISA for detecting GPIHBP1 autoantibodies in human serum and plasma; this assay will make it possible to rapidly diagnose the GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tetsuo Machida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States.
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Chen LY, Xia XD, Zhao ZW, Gong D, Ma XF, Yu XH, Zhang Q, Wang SQ, Dai XY, Zheng XL, Zhang DW, Yin WD, Tang CK. MicroRNA-377 Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Regulating Triglyceride Metabolism Through the DNA Methyltransferase 1 in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. Circ J 2018; 82:2861-2871. [PMID: 30232292 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism. It is translocated across endothelial cells to reach the luminal surface of capillaries by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), where it hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins. MicroRNA 377 (miR-377) is highly associated with lipid levels. However, how miR-377 regulates triglyceride metabolism and whether it is involved in the development of atherosclerosis remain largely unexplored. Methods and Results: The clinical examination displayed that miR-377 expression was markedly lower in plasma from patients with hypertriglyceridemia compared with non-hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Bioinformatics analyses and a luciferase reporter assay showed that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was a target gene of miR-377. Moreover, miR-377 increased LPL binding to GPIHBP1 by directly targeting DNMT1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout (KO) mice aorta endothelial cells (MAECs). In vivo, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Oil Red O and Masson's trichrome staining showed that ApoE-KO mice treated with miR-377 developed less atherosclerotic plaques, accompanied by reduced plasma triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that miR-377 upregulates GPIHBP1 expression, increases the LPL binding to GPIHBP1, and reduces plasma triglyceride levels, likely through targeting DNMT1, inhibiting atherosclerosis in ApoE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Dan Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Duo Gong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Feng Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, Nanhua Hospital, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Si-Qi Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, Medical University
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta
| | - Wei-Dong Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China
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128
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He C, Hu X, Weston TA, Jung RS, Heizer P, Tu Y, Ellison R, Matsumoto K, Gerhardt H, Tontonoz P, Fong LG, Young SG, Jiang H. NanoSIMS imaging reveals unexpected heterogeneity in nutrient uptake by brown adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:899-902. [PMID: 30224066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the metabolic properties of adipocytes in white adipose tissue has been well documented. We sought to investigate metabolic heterogeneity in adipocytes of brown adipose tissue (BAT), focusing on heterogeneity in nutrient uptake. To explore the possibility of metabolic heterogeneity in brown adipocytes, we used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to quantify uptake of lipids in adipocytes interscapular BAT and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) after an intravenous injection of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) containing [2H]triglycerides (2H-TRLs). The uptake of deuterated lipids into brown adipocytes was quantified by NanoSIMS. We also examined 13C enrichment in brown adipocytes after administering [13C]glucose or 13C-labeled mixed fatty acids by gastric gavage. The uptake of 2H-TRLs-derived lipids into brown adipocytes was heterogeneous, with 2H enrichment in adjacent adipocytes varying by more than fourfold. We also observed substantial heterogeneity in 13C enrichment in adjacent brown adipocytes after administering [13C]glucose or [13C]fatty acids by gastric gavage. The uptake of nutrients by adjacent brown adipocytes within a single depot is variable, suggesting that there is heterogeneity in the metabolic properties of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwen He
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xuchen Hu
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Heizer
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yiping Tu
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rochelle Ellison
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Loren G Fong
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Departments of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; School of Molecular Sciences and Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
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129
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Liu C, Li L, Guo D, Lv Y, Zheng X, Mo Z, Xie W. Lipoprotein lipase transporter GPIHBP1 and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:33-40. [PMID: 30218660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased plasma triglyceride serves as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which hydrolyzes circulating triglyceride, plays a crucial role in normal lipid metabolism and energy balance. Hypertriglyceridemia is possibly caused by gene mutations resulting in LPL dysfunction. There are many factors that both positively and negatively interact with LPL thereby impacting TG lipolysis. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), a newly identified factor, appears essential for transporting LPL to the luminal side of the blood vessel and offering a platform for TG hydrolysis. Numerous lines of evidence indicate that GPIHBP1 exerts distinct functions and plays diverse roles in human triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism. In this review, we discuss the GPIHBP1 gene, protein, its expression and function and subsequently focus on its regulation and provide critical evidence supporting its role in TRL metabolism. Underlying mechanisms of action are highlighted, additional studies discussed and potential therapeutic targets reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhao Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Excellent Doctor, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Dongming Guo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - XiLong Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada; Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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130
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Dyslipidemias in clinical practice. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:117-125. [PMID: 30201369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Most dyslipidemic conditions have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Over the past few years major advances have been made regarding the genetic and metabolic basis of dyslipidemias. Detailed characterization of the genetic basis of familial lipid disorders and knowledge concerning the effects of environmental factors on the expression of dyslipidemias have increased substantially, contributing to a better diagnosis in individual patients. In addition to these developments, therapeutic options to lower cholesterol levels in clinical practice have expanded even further in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and in subjects with cardiovascular disease. Finally, promising upcoming therapeutic lipid lowering strategies will be reviewed. All these advances will be discussed in relation to current clinical practice with special focus on common lipid disorders including familial dyslipidemias.
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131
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Dijk W, Ruppert PMM, Oost LJ, Kersten S. Angiopoietin-like 4 promotes the intracellular cleavage of lipoprotein lipase by PCSK3/furin in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14134-14145. [PMID: 30021841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalyzes the breakdown of circulating triglycerides in muscle and fat. LPL is inhibited by several proteins, including angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), and may be cleaved by members of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) family. Here, we aimed to investigate the cleavage of LPL in adipocytes by PCSKs and study the potential involvement of ANGPTL4. A substantial portion of LPL in mouse and human adipose tissue was cleaved into N- and C-terminal fragments. Treatment of different adipocytes with the PCSK inhibitor decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethyl ketone markedly decreased LPL cleavage, indicating that LPL is cleaved by PCSKs. Silencing of Pcsk3/furin significantly decreased LPL cleavage in cell culture medium and lysates of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Remarkably, PCSK-mediated cleavage of LPL in adipocytes was diminished by Angptl4 silencing and was decreased in adipocytes and adipose tissue of Angptl4-/- mice. Differences in LPL cleavage between Angptl4-/- and WT mice were abrogated by treatment with decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethyl ketone. Induction of ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue during fasting enhanced PCSK-mediated LPL cleavage, concurrent with decreased LPL activity, in WT but not Angptl4-/- mice. In adipocytes, after removal of cell surface LPL by heparin, levels of N-terminal LPL were still markedly higher in WT compared with Angptl4-/- adipocytes, suggesting that stimulation of PCSK-mediated LPL cleavage by ANGPTL4 occurs intracellularly. Finally, treating adipocytes with insulin increased full-length LPL and decreased N-terminal LPL in an ANGPTL4-dependent manner. In conclusion, ANGPTL4 promotes PCSK-mediated intracellular cleavage of LPL in adipocytes, likely contributing to regulation of LPL in adipose tissue. Our data provide further support for an intracellular action of ANGPTL4 in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip M M Ruppert
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lynette J Oost
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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132
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Gao Y, Vidal-Itriago A, Kalsbeek MJ, Layritz C, García-Cáceres C, Tom RZ, Eichmann TO, Vaz FM, Houtkooper RH, van der Wel N, Verhoeven AJ, Yan J, Kalsbeek A, Eckel RH, Hofmann SM, Yi CX. Lipoprotein Lipase Maintains Microglial Innate Immunity in Obesity. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3034-3042. [PMID: 28954222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a hypercaloric diet upregulates microglial innate immune reactivity along with a higher expression of lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) within the reactive microglia in the mouse brain. Here, we show that knockdown of the Lpl gene specifically in microglia resulted in deficient microglial uptake of lipid, mitochondrial fuel utilization shifting to glutamine, and significantly decreased immune reactivity. Mice with knockdown of the Lpl gene in microglia gained more body weight than control mice on a high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. In these mice, microglial reactivity was significantly decreased in the mediobasal hypothalamus, accompanied by downregulation of phagocytic capacity and increased mitochondrial dysmorphologies. Furthermore, HCHF-diet-induced POMC neuronal loss was accelerated. These results show that LPL-governed microglial immunometabolism is essential to maintain microglial function upon exposure to an HCHF diet. In a hypercaloric environment, lack of such an adaptive immunometabolic response has detrimental effects on CNS regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrés Vidal-Itriago
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clarita Layritz
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robby Zachariah Tom
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole van der Wel
- Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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133
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A disordered acidic domain in GPIHBP1 harboring a sulfated tyrosine regulates lipoprotein lipase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6020-E6029. [PMID: 29899144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806774115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intravascular processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins depends on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and GPIHBP1, a membrane protein of endothelial cells that binds LPL within the subendothelial spaces and shuttles it to the capillary lumen. In the absence of GPIHBP1, LPL remains mislocalized within the subendothelial spaces, causing severe hypertriglyceridemia (chylomicronemia). The N-terminal domain of GPIHBP1, an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) rich in acidic residues, is important for stabilizing LPL's catalytic domain against spontaneous and ANGPTL4-catalyzed unfolding. Here, we define several important properties of GPIHBP1's IDR. First, a conserved tyrosine in the middle of the IDR is posttranslationally modified by O-sulfation; this modification increases both the affinity of GPIHBP1-LPL interactions and the ability of GPIHBP1 to protect LPL against ANGPTL4-catalyzed unfolding. Second, the acidic IDR of GPIHBP1 increases the probability of a GPIHBP1-LPL encounter via electrostatic steering, increasing the association rate constant (kon) for LPL binding by >250-fold. Third, we show that LPL accumulates near capillary endothelial cells even in the absence of GPIHBP1. In wild-type mice, we expect that the accumulation of LPL in close proximity to capillaries would increase interactions with GPIHBP1. Fourth, we found that GPIHBP1's IDR is not a key factor in the pathogenicity of chylomicronemia in patients with the GPIHBP1 autoimmune syndrome. Finally, based on biophysical studies, we propose that the negatively charged IDR of GPIHBP1 traverses a vast space, facilitating capture of LPL by capillary endothelial cells and simultaneously contributing to GPIHBP1's ability to preserve LPL structure and activity.
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134
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Abstract
In a recent issue of Cell Metabolism, He et al. (2018) describes a novel technique to visualize cardiac intravascular lipoprotein lipase-mediated processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and then follow the flux of released fatty acids across the endothelium to the underlying cardiomyocytes at high spatial resolution. This allows for detailed analyses of this clearly complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Annelie Falkevall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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135
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Janssen AWF, Katiraei S, Bartosinska B, Eberhard D, Willems van Dijk K, Kersten S. Loss of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in mice with diet-induced obesity uncouples visceral obesity from glucose intolerance partly via the gut microbiota. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1447-1458. [PMID: 29502266 PMCID: PMC6449003 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is an important regulator of triacylglycerol metabolism, carrying out this role by inhibiting the enzymes lipoprotein lipase and pancreatic lipase. ANGPTL4 is a potential target for ameliorating cardiometabolic diseases. Although ANGPTL4 has been implicated in obesity, the study of the direct role of ANGPTL4 in diet-induced obesity and related metabolic dysfunction is hampered by the massive acute-phase response and development of lethal chylous ascites and peritonitis in Angptl4-/- mice fed a standard high-fat diet. The aim of this study was to better characterise the role of ANGPTL4 in glucose homeostasis and metabolic dysfunction during obesity. METHODS We chronically fed wild-type (WT) and Angptl4-/- mice a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, combined with fructose in drinking water, and studied metabolic function. The role of the gut microbiota was investigated by orally administering a mixture of antibiotics (ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole). Glucose homeostasis was assessed via i.p. glucose and insulin tolerance tests. RESULTS Mice lacking ANGPTL4 displayed an increase in body weight gain, visceral adipose tissue mass, visceral adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and visceral adipose tissue inflammation compared with WT mice. However, they also unexpectedly had markedly improved glucose tolerance, which was accompanied by elevated insulin levels. Loss of ANGPTL4 did not affect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets. Since the gut microbiota have been suggested to influence insulin secretion, and because ANGPTL4 has been proposed to link the gut microbiota to host metabolism, we hypothesised a potential role of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota composition was significantly different between Angptl4-/- mice and WT mice. Interestingly, suppression of the gut microbiota using antibiotics largely abolished the differences in glucose tolerance and insulin levels between WT and Angptl4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Despite increasing visceral fat mass, inactivation of ANGPTL4 improves glucose tolerance, at least partly via a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saeed Katiraei
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Bartosinska
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Beta Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eberhard
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Beta Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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136
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Chen J, Chen Y, Wei Y, Tao X, Xu H, Liu Y, Zhu L, Tang G, Wen A, Lv D, Li X, Jiang Y. Activities Analysis and Polymorphisms Identification of GPIHBP1 Promoter Region in Porcine. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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137
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Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan grip on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:262-282. [PMID: 29803939 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged regarding the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of cardiovascular disease. The majority of cardiovascular disease-related deaths are caused by complications of atherosclerosis, a disease that results in narrowing of the arterial lumen, thereby reducing blood flow to critical levels in vital organs, such as the heart and brain. Here, we discuss novel insights into how heparan sulfate proteoglycans modulate risk factors such as hyperlipidemia and inflammation that drive the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques to their clinical critical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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138
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Cushing EM, Sylvers KL, Chi X, Shetty SK, Davies BSJ. Novel GPIHBP1-independent pathway for clearance of plasma TGs in Angptl4-/-Gpihbp1-/- mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1230-1243. [PMID: 29739862 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HDL-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) are unable to traffic LPL to the vascular lumen. Thus, triglyceride (TG) clearance is severely blunted, and mice are extremely hypertriglyceridemic. Paradoxically, mice lacking both GPIHBP1 and the LPL regulator, angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), are far less hypertriglyceridemic. We sought to determine the mechanism by which Angptl4-/-Gpihbp1-/- double-knockout mice clear plasma TGs. We confirmed that, on a normal chow diet, plasma TG levels were lower in Angptl4-/-Gpihbp1-/- mice than in Gpihbp1-/- mice; however, the difference disappeared with administration of a high-fat diet. Although LPL remained mislocalized in double-knockout mice, plasma TG clearance in brown adipose tissue (BAT) increased compared with Gpihbp1-/- mice. Whole lipoprotein uptake was observed in the BAT of both Gpihbp1-/- and Angptl4-/-Gpihbp1-/- mice, but BAT lipase activity was significantly higher in the double-knockout mice. We conclude that Angptl4-/-Gpihbp1-/- mice clear plasma TGs primarily through a slow and noncanonical pathway that includes the uptake of whole lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Cushing
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kelli L Sylvers
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xun Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Shwetha K Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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139
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Briot A, Decaunes P, Volat F, Belles C, Coupaye M, Ledoux S, Bouloumié A. Senescence Alters PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Gamma)-Dependent Fatty Acid Handling in Human Adipose Tissue Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Favors Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1134-1146. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction associated with obesity or aging is a major cause for lipid redistribution and the progression of cardiometabolic disorders. Our goal is to decipher the contribution of human AT microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) in the maintenance of fatty acid (FA) fluxes and the impact of senescence on their function.
Approach and Results—
We used freshly isolated primary microvascular ECs from human AT. Our data identified the endothelial FA handling machinery including FATPs (FA transport proteins) FATP1, FATP3, FATP4, and CD36 as well as FABP4 (FA binding protein 4). We showed that PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma) regulates the expression of FATP1, CD36, and FABP4 and is a major regulator of FA uptake in human AT EC (hATEC). We provided evidence that endothelial PPARγ activity is modulated by senescence. Indeed, the positive regulation of FA transport by PPARγ agonist was abolished, whereas the emergence of an inflammatory response was favored in senescent hATEC. This was associated with the retention of nuclear FOXO1 (forkhead box protein O1), whereas nuclear PPARγ translocation was impaired.
Conclusions—
These data support the notion that PPARγ is a key regulator of primary hATEC function including FA handling and inflammatory response. However, the outcome of PPARγ activation is modulated by senescence, a phenomenon that may impact the ability of hATEC to properly respond to and handle lipid fluxes. Finally, our work highlights the role of hATEC in the regulation of FA fluxes and reveals that dysfunction of these cells with accelerated aging is likely to participate to AT dysfunction and the redistribution of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Briot
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Pauline Decaunes
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Fanny Volat
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Chloé Belles
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Muriel Coupaye
- Center Support of Obesity, Hôpital Louis Mourier (APHP), Colombes, and Faculté Paris Diderot, France (M.C., S.L.)
| | - Séverine Ledoux
- Center Support of Obesity, Hôpital Louis Mourier (APHP), Colombes, and Faculté Paris Diderot, France (M.C., S.L.)
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
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140
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He PP, Jiang T, OuYang XP, Liang YQ, Zou JQ, Wang Y, Shen QQ, Liao L, Zheng XL. Lipoprotein lipase: Biosynthesis, regulatory factors, and its role in atherosclerosis and other diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 480:126-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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141
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He C, Weston TA, Jung RS, Heizer P, Larsson M, Hu X, Allan CM, Tontonoz P, Reue K, Beigneux AP, Ploug M, Holme A, Kilburn M, Guagliardo P, Ford DA, Fong LG, Young SG, Jiang H. NanoSIMS Analysis of Intravascular Lipolysis and Lipid Movement across Capillaries and into Cardiomyocytes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1055-1066.e3. [PMID: 29719224 PMCID: PMC5945212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in capillaries provides lipids for vital tissues, but our understanding of TRL metabolism is limited, in part because TRL processing and lipid movement have never been visualized. To investigate the movement of TRL-derived lipids in the heart, mice were given an injection of [2H]triglyceride-enriched TRLs, and the movement of 2H-labeled lipids across capillaries and into cardiomyocytes was examined by NanoSIMS. TRL processing and lipid movement in tissues were extremely rapid. Within 30 s, TRL-derived lipids appeared in the subendothelial spaces and in the lipid droplets and mitochondria of cardiomyocytes. Enrichment of 2H in capillary endothelial cells was not greater than in cardiomyocytes, implying that endothelial cells may not be a control point for lipid movement into cardiomyocytes. Remarkably, a deficiency of the putative fatty acid transport protein CD36, which is expressed highly in capillary endothelial cells, did not impede entry of TRL-derived lipids into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Heizer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuchen Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Holme
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
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142
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Arndt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig
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143
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Paquette M, Hegele RA, Paré G, Baass A. A novel mutation in GPIHBP1 causes familial chylomicronemia syndrome. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:506-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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144
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Larsson M, Allan CM, Heizer PJ, Tu Y, Sandoval NP, Jung RS, Walzem RL, Beigneux AP, Young SG, Fong LG. Impaired thermogenesis and sharp increases in plasma triglyceride levels in GPIHBP1-deficient mice during cold exposure. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:706-713. [PMID: 29449313 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), an endothelial cell protein, binds LPL in the subendothelial spaces and transports it to the capillary lumen. In Gpihbp1-/- mice, LPL remains stranded in the subendothelial spaces, causing hypertriglyceridemia, but how Gpihbp1-/- mice respond to metabolic stress (e.g., cold exposure) has never been studied. In wild-type mice, cold exposure increases LPL-mediated processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), providing fuel for thermogenesis and leading to lower plasma triglyceride levels. We suspected that defective TRL processing in Gpihbp1-/- mice might impair thermogenesis and blunt the fall in plasma triglyceride levels. Indeed, Gpihbp1-/- mice exhibited cold intolerance, but the effects on plasma triglyceride levels were paradoxical. Rather than falling, the plasma triglyceride levels increased sharply (from ∼4,000 to ∼15,000 mg/dl), likely because fatty acid release by peripheral tissues drives hepatic production of TRLs that cannot be processed. We predicted that the sharp increase in plasma triglyceride levels would not occur in Gpihbp1-/-Angptl4-/- mice, where LPL activity is higher and baseline plasma triglyceride levels are lower. Indeed, the plasma triglyceride levels in Gpihbp1-/-Angptl4-/- mice fell during cold exposure. Metabolic studies revealed increased levels of TRL processing in the BAT of Gpihbp1-/-Angptl4-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Larsson
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yiping Tu
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Norma P Sandoval
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rosemary L Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
| | - Loren G Fong
- Departments of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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145
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Jabs M, Rose AJ, Lehmann LH, Taylor J, Moll I, Sijmonsma TP, Herberich SE, Sauer SW, Poschet G, Federico G, Mogler C, Weis EM, Augustin HG, Yan M, Gretz N, Schmid RM, Adams RH, Gröne HJ, Hell R, Okun JG, Backs J, Nawroth PP, Herzig S, Fischer A. Inhibition of Endothelial Notch Signaling Impairs Fatty Acid Transport and Leads to Metabolic and Vascular Remodeling of the Adult Heart. Circulation 2018; 137:2592-2608. [PMID: 29353241 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.029733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrients are transported through endothelial cells before being metabolized in muscle cells. However, little is known about the regulation of endothelial transport processes. Notch signaling is a critical regulator of metabolism and angiogenesis during development. Here, we studied how genetic and pharmacological manipulation of endothelial Notch signaling in adult mice affects endothelial fatty acid transport, cardiac angiogenesis, and heart function. METHODS Endothelial-specific Notch inhibition was achieved by conditional genetic inactivation of Rbp-jκ in adult mice to analyze fatty acid metabolism and heart function. Wild-type mice were treated with neutralizing antibodies against the Notch ligand Delta-like 4. Fatty acid transport was studied in cultured endothelial cells and transgenic mice. RESULTS Treatment of wild-type mice with Delta-like 4 neutralizing antibodies for 8 weeks impaired fractional shortening and ejection fraction in the majority of mice. Inhibition of Notch signaling specifically in the endothelium of adult mice by genetic ablation of Rbp-jκ caused heart hypertrophy and failure. Impaired heart function was preceded by alterations in fatty acid metabolism and an increase in cardiac blood vessel density. Endothelial Notch signaling controlled the expression of endothelial lipase, Angptl4, CD36, and Fabp4, which are all needed for fatty acid transport across the vessel wall. In endothelial-specific Rbp-jκ-mutant mice, lipase activity and transendothelial transport of long-chain fatty acids to muscle cells were impaired. In turn, lipids accumulated in the plasma and liver. The attenuated supply of cardiomyocytes with long-chain fatty acids was accompanied by higher glucose uptake, increased concentration of glycolysis intermediates, and mTOR-S6K signaling. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or displacing glucose as cardiac substrate by feeding a ketogenic diet prolonged the survival of endothelial-specific Rbp-jκ-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies Notch signaling as a novel regulator of fatty acid transport across the endothelium and as an essential repressor of angiogenesis in the adult heart. The data imply that the endothelium controls cardiomyocyte metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Jabs
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.J., J.T., I.M., S.E.H., E.-M.W., A.F.)
| | - Adam J Rose
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology, and University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.J.R., T.P.S.).,Nutrient Metabolism and Signaling Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia (A.J.R.)
| | - Lorenz H Lehmann
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics (L.H.L., J.B.).,Department of Cardiology (L.H.L.).,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim (L.H.L., J.B.)
| | - Jacqueline Taylor
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.J., J.T., I.M., S.E.H., E.-M.W., A.F.)
| | - Iris Moll
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.J., J.T., I.M., S.E.H., E.-M.W., A.F.)
| | - Tjeerd P Sijmonsma
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology, and University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.J.R., T.P.S.)
| | - Stefanie E Herberich
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.J., J.T., I.M., S.E.H., E.-M.W., A.F.)
| | - Sven W Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (S.W.S., J.G.O.)
| | | | - Giuseppina Federico
- Division Cellular and Molecular Pathology (G.F., H.-J.G), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
| | | | - Eva-Maria Weis
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.J., J.T., I.M., S.E.H., E.-M.W., A.F.)
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division Vascular Oncology and Metastasis (H.G.A.).,European Center for Angioscience (H.G.A., A.F.)
| | - Minhong Yan
- Technical University of Munich, Germany. Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (M.Y.)
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center Mannheim (N.G.), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar (R.M.S.)
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Germany (R.H.A.)
| | - Hermann-Joseph Gröne
- Division Cellular and Molecular Pathology (G.F., H.-J.G), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
| | | | - Jürgen G Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (S.W.S., J.G.O.)
| | - Johannes Backs
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics (L.H.L., J.B.).,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim (L.H.L., J.B.)
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry (P.P.N., A.F.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (S.H.)
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.J., J.T., I.M., S.E.H., E.-M.W., A.F.) .,Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry (P.P.N., A.F.), University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (H.G.A., A.F.)
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146
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Zhang J, Li X, Ren Y, Zhao Y, Xing A, Jiang C, Chen Y, An L. Intermittent Fasting Alleviates the Increase of Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in Brain of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Possibly Mediated by β-hydroxybutyrate. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:1. [PMID: 29386999 PMCID: PMC5776118 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting has been demonstrated to protect against Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the mechanism is unclear. Histone acetylation and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) are involved in AD progression. Importantly, LPL has been documented to be regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors (increase histone acetylation level) in adipocyte and mesenchymal stem cells, or by fasting in adipose and muscle tissues. In brain, however, whether histone acetylation or fasting regulates LPL expression is unknown. This study was designed to demonstrate intermittent fasting may protect against AD through increasing β-hydroxybutyrate, a HDACs inhibitor, to regulate LPL. We also investigated microRNA-29a expression associating with regulation of LPL and histone acetylation. The results showed LPL mRNA expression was increased and microRNA-29a expression was decreased in the cerebral cortex of AD model mice (APP/PS1), which were alleviated by intermittent fasting. No significant differences were found in the total expression of LPL protein (brain-derived and located in capillary endothelial cells from peripheral tissues) in the cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Further study indicated that LPL located in capillary endothelial cells was decreased in the cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mice, which was alleviated by intermittent fasting. LPL and microRNA-29a expression were separately increased and down-regulated in 2 μM Aβ25−35-exposed SH-SY5Y cells, but respectively decreased and up-regulated in 10 μM Aβ25−35-exposed cells, which were all reversed by β-hydroxybutyrate. The increase of HDAC2/3 expression and the decrease of acetylated H3K9 and H4K12 levels were alleviated in APP/PS1 mice by intermittent fasting treatment, as well in 2 or 10 μM Aβ25−35-exposed cells by β-hydroxybutyrate treatment. These findings above suggested the results from APP/PS1 mice were consistent with those from cells treated with 2 μM Aβ25−35. Interestingly, LPL expression was reduced (0.2-folds) and microRNA-29a expression was up-regulated (1.7-folds) in HDAC2-silenced cells, but respectively increased (1.3-folds) and down-regulated (0.8-folds) in HDAC3-silenced cells. Furthermore, LPL expression was decreased in cells treated with microRNA-29a mimic and increased with inhibitor treatment. In conclusion, intermittent fasting inhibits the increase of brain-derived LPL expression in APP/PS1 mice partly through β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated down-regulation of microRNA-29a expression. HDAC2/3 may be implicated in the effect of β-hydroxybutyrate on microRNA-29a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yahao Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aiping Xing
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congmin Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li An
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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147
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Miyashita K, Fukamachi I, Nagao M, Ishida T, Kobayashi J, Machida T, Nakajima K, Murakami M, Ploug M, Beigneux AP, Young SG, Nakajima K. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring GPIHBP1 levels in human plasma or serum. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:203-210.e1. [PMID: 29246728 PMCID: PMC5963937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells, transports lipoprotein lipase to the capillary lumen and is essential for the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. OBJECTIVE Because some GPI-anchored proteins have been detected in plasma, we tested whether GPIHBP1 is present in human blood and whether GPIHBP1 deficiency or a history of cardiovascular disease affected GPIHBP1 circulating levels. METHODS We developed 2 monoclonal antibodies against GPIHBP1 and used the antibodies to establish a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure GPIHBP1 levels in human blood. RESULTS The GPIHBP1 ELISA was linear in the 8 to 500 pg/mL range and allowed the quantification of GPIHBP1 in serum and in pre- and post-heparin plasma (including lipemic samples). GPIHBP1 was undetectable in the plasma of subjects with null mutations in GPIHBP1. Serum GPIHBP1 median levels were 849 pg/mL (range: 740-1014) in healthy volunteers (n = 28) and 1087 pg/mL (range: 877-1371) in patients with a history of cardiovascular or metabolic disease (n = 415). There was an extremely small inverse correlation between GPIHBP1 and triglyceride levels (r = 0.109; P < .0275). GPIHBP1 levels tended to be slightly higher in patients who had a major cardiovascular event after revascularization. CONCLUSION We developed an ELISA for quantifying GPIHBP1 in human blood. This assay will be useful to identify patients with GPIHBP1 deficiency and patients with GPIHBP1 autoantibodies. The potential of plasma GPIHBP1 as a biomarker for metabolic or cardiovascular disease is yet questionable but needs additional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junji Kobayashi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Machida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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148
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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149
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Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome is a highly prevalent disease that is associated with high morbidity despite notable advances in its treatment. Many of the complications of nephrotic syndrome, including the increased risk of atherosclerosis and thromboembolism, can be linked to dysregulated lipid metabolism and dyslipidaemia. These abnormalities include elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and the apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins VLDL and IDL; decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in the endothelium, muscle and adipose tissues; decreased hepatic lipase activity; and increased levels of the enzyme PCSK9. In addition, there is an increase in the plasma levels of immature HDL particles and reduced cholesterol efflux. Studies from the past few years have markedly improved our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome-associated dyslipidaemia, and also heightened our awareness of the associated exacerbated risks of cardiovascular complications, progressive kidney disease and thromboembolism. Despite the absence of clear guidelines regarding treatment, various strategies are being increasingly utilized, including statins, bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, nicotinic acid and ezetimibe, as well as lipid apheresis, which seem to also induce partial or complete clinical remission of nephrotic syndrome in a substantial percentage of patients. Future potential treatments will likely also include inhibition of PCSK9 using recently-developed anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies and small inhibitory RNAs, as well as targeting newly identified molecular regulators of lipid metabolism that are dysregulated in nephrotic syndrome.
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150
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Muraba Y, Koga T, Shimomura Y, Ito Y, Hirao Y, Kobayashi J, Kimura T, Nakajima K, Murakami M. The role of plasma lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and GPIHBP1 in the metabolism of remnant lipoproteins and small dense LDL in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 476:146-153. [PMID: 29174344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL), glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored HDL binding protein1 (GPIHBP1) concentration and the metabolism of remnant lipoproteins (RLP) and small dense LDL (sdLDL) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is not fully elucidated. METHODS One hundred patients who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled. The plasma LPL, HTGL and GPIHBP1 concentrations were determined by ELISA. The time dependent changes in those lipases, lipids and lipoproteins were studied at a time-point just before, and 15min, 4h and 24h after heparin administration. RESULTS The LPL concentration exhibited a significant positive correlation with HDL-C, and inversely correlated with TG and RLP-C. The HTGL concentration was positively correlated with RLP-C and sdLDL-C. The HTGL ratio of the pre-heparin/post-heparin plasma concentration and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio were significantly greater in CAD patients than in non-CAD patients. GPIHBP1 was positively correlated with LPL and inversely correlated with RLP-C and sdLDL-C. CONCLUSION The HTGL concentration was positively correlated with RLP-C and sdLDL-C, while LPL and GPIHBP1 were inversely correlated with RLP-C and sdLDL-C. These results suggest that elevated HTGL is associated with increased CAD risk, while elevated LPL is associated with a reduction of CAD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Muraba
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Hidaka Hospital, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | - Junji Kobayashi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Hidaka Hospital, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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