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Li X, Hu W, Zheng X, Zhang C, Du P, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Wu J, Ji M, Jiang J, Wu C. Emerging immune checkpoints for cancer therapy. Acta Oncol 2015; 54:1706-13. [PMID: 26361073 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has emerged as promising treatment modality for cancer based on the success of anti-CTLA-4 and -PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. LAG-3 and TIM-3 are two new immune checkpoints. The aim of this work is to review the role and application of LAG-3 and TIM-3 for cancer immunotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literatures were searched and collected in Medline/PubMed. RESULTS LAG-3 is presented as a CD4 homolog type I transmembrane protein which binds MHC class II molecules. LAG-3 negatively regulates T cell proliferation, homeostasis and function. IMP321 is formed of an extracellular portion of human LAG-3 fused to the Fc fraction of human IgG1 and has shown increased T cell responses and tolerability in phase I studies on advanced renal cell cancer. When combined with paclitaxel, IMP321 has exerted immune enhancement and tumor inhibition with no significant IMP321-related adverse events. TIM-3 belongs to the TIM family and mainly negatively regulates Th1 immunity. The TIM-3/galectin-9 pathway contributes to the suppressive tumor microenvironment. TIM-3 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Both LAG-3 and TIM-3 are coexpressed with other immune checkpoints. The application of LAG-3 or TIM-3 does play an important role in anti-tumor responses, and maybe better when combing with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These two immune checkpoints play crucial roles in cancer development and may be used in future clinical practice of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Chu Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Peng Du
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Zhuojun Zheng
- d Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Yan Yang
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Jun Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Mei Ji
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Changping Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
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102
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Apoptosis of tumor infiltrating effector TIM-3+CD8+ T cells in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15659. [PMID: 26493689 PMCID: PMC4616166 DOI: 10.1038/srep15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TIM-3 functions to enforce CD8+ T cell exhaustion, a dysfunctional state associated with the tolerization of tumor microenvironment. Here we report apoptosis of IFN-γ competent TIM-3+ population of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in colon cancer. In humans suffering from colorectal cancer, TIM-3+ population is higher in cancer tissue-resident relative to peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. Both the TIM-3+ and TIM-3- cancer tissue-resident CD8+ T cells secrete IFN-γ of comparable levels, although apoptotic cells are more in TIM-3+ compared to TIM-3- population. In mouse CT26 colon tumor model, majority of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells express TIM-3 and execute cytolysis function with higher effector cytokine secretion and apoptosis in TIM-3+ compared to TIM-3- population. The tumor cells secrete galectin-9, which increases apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Galectin-9/TIM-3 signaling blockade with anti-TIM-3 antibody reduces the apoptosis and in addition, inhibits tumor growth in mice. The blockade increases therapeutic efficacy of cyclophosphamide to treat tumor in mice as well. These results reveal a previously unexplored role of TIM-3 on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in vivo.
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103
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Bu M, Shen Y, Seeger WL, An S, Qi R, Sanderson JA, Cai Y. Ovarian carcinoma-infiltrating regulatory T cells were more potent suppressors of CD8(+) T cell inflammation than their peripheral counterparts, a function dependent on TIM3 expression. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3949-56. [PMID: 26482613 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is one of the most severe cancers in women, with a high relapse rate and limited secondary treatment options. To assist research in novel treatment technologies, including CD8(+) T cell-base immunotherapy, we examined the effect of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) in inhibiting CD8(+) T cell inflammation. We found that compared to their peripheral blood counterparts, tumor-infiltrating Tregs exhibited more potent inhibitory function, which was associated with higher interleukin 10 (IL-10) production in tumor-infiltrating Tregs. Blockade of T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM3), a regulatory molecule overrepresented on tumor-infiltrating Tregs, had significantly reverted Treg-mediated suppression. Moreover, expression of TIM3 on tumor-infiltrating Tregs was directly correlated with tumor size. Together, our results demonstrated that ovarian tumor-infiltrating Treg cells were more immunosuppressive than their peripheral blood counterparts in a TIM3-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, China
| | - Yizhen Shen
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China
| | | | - Shizhi An
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, China
| | - Rongqin Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, China
| | | | - Yan Cai
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jinan City, No.2 Jian Guo Xiao Jing San Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, China.
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Dinney CM, Zhao LD, Conrad CD, Duker JM, Karas RO, Hu Z, Hamilton MA, Gillis TR, Parker TM, Fan B, Advani AH, Poordad FB, Fauceglia PL, Kirsch KM, Munk PT, Ladanyi MP, Bochner BA, Bekelman JA, Grandori CM, Olson JC, Lechan RD, Abou GMA, Goodarzi MA. Regulation of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated inflammation is diversified in different clinical presentations of HBV infection. J Microbiol 2015; 53:718-24. [PMID: 26428923 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatic cancer, but the individual responses toward HBV infection are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic to chronic active hepatitis B inflammation. In this study, we hypothesized that the different individual responses to HBV infection was associated with differences in HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated inflammation and cytotoxicity. Blood samples were collected from subjects with asymptomatic HBV-infection, subjects undergoing active chronic HBV flares (active CHB), and subjects with HBV-infected hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). By tetramer staining, we found that all three groups had similar frequencies of HBVspecific CD8(+) T cells. However, after HBV peptide stimulation, the HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells in asymptomatic subjects had significantly stronger interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and CD107a expression than those in active CHB and HBV-HCC patients. Examination of surface marker expression revealed that the PD-1(-)Tim-3(-) double-negative cell population was the main contributor to HBV-specific inflammation. In active CHB patients and HBV-HCC patients, however, the frequencies of activated PD-1(-)Tim-3(-) cells were significantly reduced. Moreover, the serum HBV DNA titer was not correlated with the frequencies of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells but was inversely correlated with the frequencies of IFN-g-expressing and CD107a-express cells in response to HBV stimulation. Together, our data demonstrated that the status of HBVspecific CD8(+) T cell exhaustion was associated with different clinical outcomes of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Dinney
- Wayne State University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Lu-Dong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, 276000, P. R. China
| | - Charles D Conrad
- Wayne State University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Jay M Duker
- Wayne State University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Richard O Karas
- Wayne State University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Wayne State University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Michele A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Medscientist Group, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillis
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Medscientist Group, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Bing Fan
- Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | | | - Fred B Poordad
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter T Munk
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James C Olson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | | | - Ghassan M A Abou
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Medscientist Group, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Mark A Goodarzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Medscientist Group, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Xu L, Huang Y, Tan L, Yu W, Chen D, Lu C, He J, Wu G, Liu X, Zhang Y. Increased Tim-3 expression in peripheral NK cells predicts a poorer prognosis and Tim-3 blockade improves NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human lung adenocarcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:635-641. [PMID: 26428847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) has been shown to play an important role in mediating NK-cell function in human diseases. However, the relationship between Tim-3 expression in natural killer (NK) cells and human lung adenocarcinoma remains unclear. We therefore investigated the expression of Tim-3 in NK cells and explored the effect of Tim-3 blockade on NK cell-mediated activity in human lung adenocarcinoma. Upregulated expression of Tim-3 on CD3-CD56+ cells (P<0.05) and CD3-CD56(dim) cells (P<0.05) of patients with lung adenocarcinoma was detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, Tim-3 expression in CD3-CD56+ NK cells was higher in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P<0.05) or with tumor stage T3-T4 (P<0.05). Tim-3 expression in CD56(dim) NK-cell subset was higher in patients with tumor size ≥3cm (P<0.05), or LNM (P<0.05) or with tumor stage T3-T4 (P<0.05). Further analysis showed that higher expressions of Tim-3 on both CD3-CD56+ NK cells and CD56(dim) NK-cell subset were independently correlated with shorter overall survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (log-rank test, P=0.0418, 0.0406, respectively). Importantly, blockade of Tim-3 signaling with anti-Tim-3 antibodies resulted in the increased cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production of peripheral NK cells from patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Our data indicate that Tim-3 expression in NK cells can function as a prognostic biomarker in human lung adenocarcinoma and support that Tim-3 could be a new target for an immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Linlin Tan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - ChangChang Lu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Jianying He
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Biotherapy Center, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 316000, China.
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Prognostic value of PD-1 and TIM-3 on CD3+ T cells from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 75:83-7. [PMID: 26463635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 in CD3+ T cells in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 46 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL and 30 healthy people. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 before and after chemotherapy. RESULTS Compared to healthy control, the expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 in patients with DLBCL was increased in CD3+ T cells. There is no significant change of PD-1 and TIM-3 in patients with stage I/II DLBCL, however, they were markedly increased in patients with stage III/IV DLBCL. The expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 elevated in DLBCL patients with B symptoms, IPI score >2 points and high level of LDH and Ki-67. After four courses of standard chemotherapy, PD-1 and TIM-3 expression level decreased. The treatment efficiency is higher in patients with low expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 than in patients with high PD-1 and TIM-3 expression. CONCLUSION DLBCL patients have high expression level of PD-1 and TIM-3, which are related to DLBCL staging. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels are also related to the efficiency of chemotherapy. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels may be used as an indicator of chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with DLBCL.
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107
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Xu LY, Chen DD, He JY, Lu CC, Liu XG, Le HB, Wang CY, Zhang YK. Tim-3 expression by peripheral natural killer cells and natural killer T cells increases in patients with lung cancer--reduction after surgical resection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:9945-8. [PMID: 25520133 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate Tim-3 expression on peripheral CD3-CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD3+CD56+ natural killer T (NKT) cells in lung cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed Tim-3+CD3-CD56+ cells, Tim-3+CD3-CD56dim cells, Tim-3+CD3-CD56bright cells, and Tim- 3+CD3+CD56+ cells in fresh peripheral blood from 79 lung cancer cases preoperatively and 53 healthy controls by flow cytometry. Postoperative blood samples were also analyzed from 21 members of the lung cancer patient cohort. RESULTS It was showed that expression of Tim-3 was significantly increased on CD3-CD56+ cells, CD3- CD56dim cells and CD3+CD56+ cells in lung cancer patients as compared to healthy controls (p=0.03, p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively). When analyzing Tim-3 expression with cancer progression, results revealed more elevated Tim-3 expression in CD3-CD56+ cells, CD3-CD56dim cells and CD3+CD56+ cells in cases with advanced stages (III/IV) than those with stage I and II (p=0.02, p=0.04 and p=0.01, respectively). In addition, Tim-3 expression was significantly reduced on after surgical resection of the primary tumor (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Tim-3 expression in natural killer cells from fresh peripheral blood may provide a useful indicator of disease progression of lung cancer. Furthermore, it was indicated that Tim-3 might be as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China E-mail :
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108
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Yang M, Yu Q, Liu J, Fu W, Cao Y, Yu L, Shao S, Wang X, Niu H, Wang Y. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma: Clinicopathologic correlations and association with survival. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112:430-5. [PMID: 26265374 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) was initially recognized as a pivotal immune checkpoint inhibitor that maintains immune homeostasis and tolerance. Recently, Tim-3 has been demonstrated to play an important role in tumor-associated immune suppression and aberrant Tim-3 expression has been reported in several human malignancies. However, the role of Tim-3 in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) remains largely unknown. The present study aims to investigate Tim-3 expression in BUC and analyze correlations with clinicopathologic outcomes and postoperative survival. METHODS Tim-3 protein expressions were detected in paraffin embedded sections from 100 patients with BUC by immunohistochemistry. Expressions were correlated with clinicopathologic outcomes and postoperative survival. RESULTS Tim-3 protein was over-expressed in bladder cancer cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and endothelial cells from patients with BUC. The expression levels of Tim-3 were significantly correlated with advanced pathological grade and T stage. Moreover, another immune checkpoint molecule programmed death receptor-1(PD-1) was also over- expressed in BUC tissues and had a significant correlation with Tim-3. Multivariate analysis showed that Tim-3 expression, as well as PD-1 expression was both independent predictors of disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with BUC. CONCLUSION Tim-3 over-expression implies adverse clinical outcomes for BUC, which suggests it is a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in BUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinchao Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanwei Cao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lun Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shixiu Shao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Melero I, Berman DM, Aznar MA, Korman AJ, Pérez Gracia JL, Haanen J. Evolving synergistic combinations of targeted immunotherapies to combat cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26205340 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has now been clinically validated as an effective treatment for many cancers. There is tremendous potential for synergistic combinations of immunotherapy agents and for combining immunotherapy agents with conventional cancer treatments. Clinical trials combining blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) may serve as a paradigm to guide future approaches to immuno-oncology combination therapy. In this Review, we discuss progress in the synergistic design of immune-targeting combination therapies and highlight the challenges involved in tailoring such strategies to provide maximal benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Clínica Universitaria, Avenida Pío XII, 55 E-31008, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David M Berman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton, New Jersey 08648, USA
| | - M Angela Aznar
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Clínica Universitaria, Avenida Pío XII, 55 E-31008, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - José Luis Pérez Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Clínica Universitaria, Avenida Pío XII, 55 E-31008, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John Haanen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Z, Zhu J, Gu H, Yuan Y, Zhang B, Zhu D, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Chen W. The Clinical Significance of Abnormal Tim-3 Expression on NK Cells from Patients with Gastric Cancer. Immunol Invest 2015. [PMID: 26214042 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1052145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clinical significance of Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3) expression in natural killer (NK) cells from patients with gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-two patients with gastric cancer and 32 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Tim-3 expression in peripheral blood samples was analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression pattern of Tim-3 on NK cells was also confirmed using a gastric cancer-bearing mouse model. To further investigate the mechanisms that regulate Tim-3 expression, T-bet(-/-), Eomes(-/-), and Eomes/T-bet double knockout mice were utilized. Additionally, we statistically analyzed the clinical significance of Tim-3 expression on NK cells. RESULTS We found that the levels of Tim-3 in NK cells obtained from patients with gastric cancer were significantly higher than the levels in healthy controls. Clinical analyses showed that Tim-3 levels on NK cells were associated with advanced tumor stage. In a tumor-bearing mouse model, Tim-3 levels in NK cells increased with tumor growth, indicating that tumor progression could induce Tim-3 expression in NK cells. Finally, we report that T-bet is a key factor involved in regulating Tim-3 expression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Tim-3 expression on NK cells is regulated by T-bet, and that Tim-3 levels correlate with advanced stages of gastric cancer.
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111
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Heon EK, Wulan H, Macdonald LP, Malek AO, Braunstein GH, Eaves CG, Schattner MD, Allen PM, Alexander MO, Hawkins CA, McGovern DW, Freeman RL, Amir EP, Huse JD, Zaltzman JS, Kauff NP, Meyers PG, Gleason MH, Overholtzer MG, Wiseman SS, Streutker CD, Asa SW, McAlindon TP, Newcomb PO, Sorensen PM, Press OA. IL-15 induces strong but short-lived tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cell responses through the regulation of Tim-3 in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:360-6. [PMID: 26141233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 has pivotal roles in the control of CD8(+) memory T cells and has been investigated as a therapeutic option in cancer therapy. Although IL-15 and IL-2 share many functions together, including the stimulation of CD8 T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, the different in vivo roles of IL-15 and IL-2 have been increasingly recognized. Here, we explored the different effects of IL-15 and IL-2 on tumor-infiltrating (TI) T cells from resected breast tumors. We found that neither IL-2 nor IL-15 induced intratumoral CD8 T cell proliferation by itself, but after CD3/CD28-stimulation, IL-15 induced significantly higher proliferation than IL-2 during early time points, at day 2, day 3 and day 6. However, the IL-15-induced proliferation leveled off at day 9 and day 12, whereas IL-2 induced lower but progressive proliferation at each time point. Furthermore, IL-15 caused an early and robust increase of IFN-γ in the supernatant of TI cell cultures, which diminished at later time points, while the IL-2-induced IFN-γ production remained constant over time. In addition, the IL-15-costimulated CD8 T cells presented higher frequencies of apoptotic cells. The diminishing IL-15-induced response was possibly due to regulatory and/or exhaustion mechanisms. We did not observe increased IL-10 or PD-1 upregulation, but we have found an increase of Tim-3 upregulation on IL-15-, but not IL-2-stimulated cells. Blocking Tim-3 function using anti-Tim-3 antibodies resulted in increased IL-15-induced proliferation and IFN-γ production for a prolonged period of time, whereas adding Tim-3 ligand galectin 9 led to reduced proliferation and IFN-γ production. Our results suggest that IL-15 in combination of Tim-3 blocking antibodies could potentially act as an IL-2 alternative in tumor CD8 T cell expansion in vitro, a crucial step in adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K Heon
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Hasi Wulan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | | | - Adel O Malek
- Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | | | | | | | - Peter M Allen
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Eitan P Amir
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Jason D Huse
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | | | - Noah P Kauff
- University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Paul G Meyers
- University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | | | | | - Sam S Wiseman
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | | | - Sylvia W Asa
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | | | | | | | - Oliver A Press
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
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TIM-3 Genetic Variations Affect Susceptibility to Osteoarthritis by Interfering with Interferon Gamma in CD4+ T Cells. Inflammation 2015; 38:1857-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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113
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Tripathi S, Chabtini L, Dakle PJ, Smith B, Akiba H, Yagita H, Guleria I. Effect of TIM-3 Blockade on the Immunophenotype and Cytokine Profile of Murine Uterine NK Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123439. [PMID: 25897749 PMCID: PMC4405344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are the most abundant lymphocyte population in the feto-maternal interface during gestation. The uterine NK cells (uNK) are transient, have a unique immunophenotype and produce a number of cytokines. These cytokines play an important role in establishment and maintenance of vascular remodeling and tolerance associated with successful pregnancy. The uNK cells also express TIM-3 during gestation and blockade of TIM-3 expression results in fetal loss in mice. In this study we determined the effect of TIM-3 blockade on uNK cells. Specifically we observed surface receptor phenotype and cytokine production by uNK cells following TIM-3 blockade. Our results show that TIM-3 plays a role in regulating the uNK cells and contributes to the maintenance of tolerance at the feto-maternal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Tripathi
- Children's Hospital Boston, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lola Chabtini
- Children's Hospital Boston, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pranal J Dakle
- Children's Hospital Boston, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Smith
- Children's Hospital Boston, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hisaya Akiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Indira Guleria
- Children's Hospital Boston, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Signaling through programmed death 1 (PD-1) expressed by activated T lymphocytes inhibits their function and is a major mechanism for suppressing antitumor T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. Recent clinical trials show that blockade of the B7-H1(programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1])/PD-1 pathway with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 is active in several malignancies and produces durable responses in a subset of patients. Clinical response to these agents may be limited by other mechanisms of T-lymphocyte suppression in the tumor microenvironment, or absence of a significant tumor-specific T cell response in the tumor. Combinations with other therapies are likely to address at least several of the major mechanisms of resistance, supported by abundant preclinical data in animal tumor model systems. The combination of anti-PD-1 with anti-CTLA-4 demonstrated promising activity in metastatic melanoma and is being tested in multiple other malignancies. Other combinations based on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade are either in early clinical development or in planning stages. Many of the combinations based on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade are expected to produce a higher incidence of autoimmune-like toxicities, but clinical experience with agents such as ipilimumab suggests that toxicities will be manageable and reversible and the overall risk-benefit ratio will be acceptable.
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Tran Janco JM, Lamichhane P, Karyampudi L, Knutson KL. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in cancer pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2985-91. [PMID: 25795789 PMCID: PMC4369768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment, which is known to affect disease progression in many human malignancies. Infiltration by mature, active DCs into the tumors confers an increase in immune activation and recruitment of disease-fighting immune effector cells and pathways. DCs are the preferential target of infiltrating T cells. However, tumor cells have means of suppressing DC function or of altering the tumor microenvironment in such a way that immune-suppressive DCs are recruited. Advances in understanding these changes have led to promising developments in cancer-therapeutic strategies targeting tumor-infiltrating DCs to subdue their immunosuppressive functions and enhance their immune-stimulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purushottam Lamichhane
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906; and Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Lavakumar Karyampudi
- Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906; and Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
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116
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Liu Y, Ji H, Zhang Y, Shen X, Gao F, He X, Li GA, Busuttil RW, Kuchroo VK, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Recipient T cell TIM-3 and hepatocyte galectin-9 signalling protects mouse liver transplants against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:563-72. [PMID: 25450716 PMCID: PMC4336640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS By binding to T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) on activated Th1 cells, galectin-9 (Gal-9) negatively regulates Th1-type alloimmunity. Although T cells contribute to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), it is unknown whether negative T cell-dependent TIM-3 co-stimulation may rescue IR-stressed orthotopic liver transplants from innate immunity-driven inflammation. METHODS We used wild type (WT) and TIM-3 transgenic (Tg) mice (C57BL/6) as liver donors and recipients in a clinically-relevant model of hepatic cold storage (20 h at 4°C in UW solution) and syngeneic orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). RESULTS Orthotopic liver transplants in WT or TIM-3Tg→TIM-3Tg groups were resistant against IR-stress, evidenced by preserved hepatocellular function (serum ALT levels) and liver architecture (Suzuki's score). In contrast, orthotopic liver transplants in WT or TIM-3Tg→WT groups were susceptible to IRI. TIM-3 induction in circulating CD4+ T cells of the recipient: (1) depressed T-bet/IFN-γ, while amplifying GATA3 and IL-4/IL-10 expression in orthotopic liver transplants; (2) promoted T cell exhaustion (PD-1, LAG-3) phenotype; and (3) depressed neutrophil and macrophage infiltration/function in orthotopic liver transplants. In parallel studies, we documented for the first time that Gal-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, was produced primarily by and released from IR-stressed hepatocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, exogenous recombinant Gal-9 (rGal-9) potentiated liver resistance against IRI by depressing T cell activation and promoting apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Harnessing TIM-3/Gal-9 signalling at the T cell-hepatocyte interface facilitates homeostasis in IR-stressed orthotopic liver transplants. Enhancing anti-oxidant hepatocyte Gal-9 potentiates liver IR-resistance. Negative regulation by recipient TIM-3+CD4+ cells provides evidence for cytoprotective functions of a discrete T cell subset, which should be spared when applying T cell-targeted immunosuppression in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxing Liu
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haofeng Ji
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuda Shen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangyi He
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gabriella A. Li
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Biomarkers for glioma immunotherapy: the next generation. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:359-72. [PMID: 25724916 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "biomarker" historically refers to a single parameter, such as the expression level of a gene or a radiographic pattern, used to indicate a broader biological state. Molecular indicators have been applied to several aspects of cancer therapy: to describe the genotypic and phenotypic state of neoplastic tissue for prognosis, to predict susceptibility to anti-proliferative agents, to validate the presence of specific drug targets, and to evaluate responsiveness to therapy. For glioblastoma (GBM), immunohistochemical and radiographic biomarkers accessible to the clinical lab have informed traditional regimens, but while immunotherapies have emerged as potentially disruptive weapons against this diffusely infiltrating, heterogeneous tumor, biomarkers with strong predictive power have not been fully established. The cancer immunotherapy field, through the recently accelerated expansion of trials, is currently leveraging this wealth of clinical and biological data to define and revise the use of biomarkers for improving prognostic accuracy, personalization of therapy, and evaluation of responses across the wide variety of tumors. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing, cytometry, and microscopy have facilitated the exploration of more integrated, high-dimensional profiling of the disease system-incorporating both immune and tumor parameters-rather than single metrics, as biomarkers for therapeutic sensitivity. Here we discuss the utility of traditional GBM biomarkers in immunotherapy and how the impending transformation of the biomarker paradigm-from single markers to integrated profiles-may offer the key to bringing predictive, personalized immunotherapy to GBM patients.
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Abstract
Newer immunotherapy agents may break the barrier that tumors create to evade the attack from the immune system. Dendritic cell vaccination has shown encouraging clinical activity and a favorable safety profile in advanced tumor stages. However, optimal cell maturation status, choice of tumor antigens and route of administration have not been established. Single or multiple peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens may also be used for cancer vaccination. Intratumoral delivery of oncolytic viruses expressing immunostimulating cytokines like GM-CSF have produced stimulating clinical results that need further verification. But it is probably T-cell checkpoint modulation with monoclonal antibodies that has attracted the highest expectations. Promising activity has been reported for tremelimumab, a CTLA-4 inhibitor, and a clinical trial testing the PD-1 antibody nivolumab is underway. Future progress will probably come from a better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer-related immunosuppression, improvement in agents and strategies and combination of the available therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD); Avda. Pio XII 36. 31008-Pamplona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD); Avda. Pio XII 36. 31008-Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Palmer
- The Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.,The Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Departments of Oncology & Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada y Clínica Universidad de Navarra. Avda. Pio XII, 55. 31008-Pamplona, Spain.,Departments of Oncology & Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada y Clínica Universidad de Navarra. Avda. Pio XII, 55. 31008-Pamplona, Spain
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Prokhorov A, Gibbs BF, Bardelli M, Rüegg L, Fasler-Kan E, Varani L, Sumbayev VV. The immune receptor Tim-3 mediates activation of PI3 kinase/mTOR and HIF-1 pathways in human myeloid leukaemia cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:11-20. [PMID: 25483439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a plasma membrane-associated protein that is highly expressed in human acute myeloid leukaemia cells. As an acute myeloid leukaemia antigen, it could therefore be considered as a potential target for immune therapy and highly-specific drug delivery. However, a conceptual understanding of its biological role is required before consideration of this protein for therapeutic settings. Here, we reveal the detailed mechanism of action underlying the biological responses mediated by the Tim-3 receptor in myeloid cells. Our studies demonstrate that Tim-3 triggers growth factor type responses in acute myeloid leukaemia cells by activating a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In addition, the receptor activates hypoxic signalling pathways upregulating glycolysis and pro-angiogenic responses. These findings suggest that Tim-3 could be used as a potential therapeutic target for immune therapy and drug delivery in human acute myeloid leukaemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Prokhorov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Laura Rüegg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; High School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences North-Western Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- High School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences North-Western Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Vadim V Sumbayev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Zhao Z, Jiang X, Kang C, Xiao Y, Hou C, Yu J, Wang R, Xiao H, Zhou T, Wen Z, Feng J, Chen G, Ma Y, Shen B, Li Y, Han G. Blockade of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 pathway exacerbates sepsis-induced immune deviation and immunosuppression. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:279-91. [PMID: 24945079 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, but the pathophysiological basis and biomarkers for the monitoring of sepsis and as targets for therapy remain to be determined. We have shown previously that T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), a negative immune regulator, is involved in the physiopathology of sepsis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that Tim-3 signalling modulated the response patterns of both macrophages and T helper cells in sepsis. Blockade of the Tim-3 pathway exacerbated sepsis-induced proinflammatory macrophage responses and lymphocyte apoptosis during the early phase of sepsis, and enhanced the shift to anti-inflammatory responses for both macrophages and T helper cells during the late phase of sepsis. Tim-3 signalling was found to regulate CD80 and CD86 expression on macrophages both in vivo and in vitro. Co-culture of T cells with Tim-3 knock-down macrophages led to a biased T helper type 2 (Th2) response, partially explaining how Tim-3 signalling shapes inflammation patterns in vivo. Further studies on this pathway might shed new light on the pathogenesis of sepsis and suggest new approaches for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhao
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Department of Pathology, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, YIHE Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Chisholm L, Vercellini J, Tucker CG, Montler R, Haley D, Newell P, Ma J, Tseng P, Wolf R, Vetto JT, Hammill C, Hansen P, Weinberg AD. Detailed characterization of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in two distinct human solid malignancies show phenotypic similarities. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:38. [PMID: 25436113 PMCID: PMC4247679 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-014-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the phenotype and function of lymphocytes collected from the peripheral blood (PBL) and tumor (TIL) of patients with two different solid malignancies: colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) and ovarian cancer (OVC). Methods Tumor and corresponding peripheral blood were collected from 16 CRLM and 22 OVC patients; immediately following resection they were processed and analyzed using a multi-color flow cytometry panel. Cytokine mRNA from purified PBL and TIL CD4+ T cells were also analyzed by qPCR. Results Overall, we found similar changes in the phenotypic and cytokine profiles when the TIL were compared to PBL from patients with two different malignancies. The percentage of Treg (CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+) in PBL and TIL was similar: 8.1% versus 10.2%, respectively in CRLM patients. However, the frequency of Treg in primary OVC TIL was higher than PBL: 19.2% versus 4.5% (p <0.0001). A subpopulation of Treg expressing HLA-DR was markedly increased in TIL compared to PBL in both tumor types, CRLM: 69.0% versus 31.7% (p = 0.0002) and OVC 74.6% versus 37.0% (p <0.0001), which suggested preferential Treg activation within the tumor. The cytokine mRNA profile showed that IL-6, a cytokine known for its immunosuppressive properties through STAT3 upregulation, was increased in TIL samples in patients with OVC and CRLM. Both TIL populations also contained a significantly higher proportion of activated CD8+ T cells (HLA-DR+/CD38+) compared to PBL (CRLM: 30.2% vs 7.7%, (p = 0.0012), OVC: 57.1% vs 12.0%, (p <0.0001)). Conclusion This study demonstrates that multi-color flow cytometry of freshly digested tumor samples reveals phenotypic differences in TIL vs PBL T cell sub-populations. The TIL composition in primary and metastatic tumors from two distinct histologies were remarkably similar, showing a greater proportion of activated/suppressive Treg (HLA-DR+, CD39+, CTLA-4+ and Helios+) and activated cytotoxic T cells (CD8+/HLA-DR+/CD38+) when compared to PBL and an increase in IL-6 mRNA from CD4 TIL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-014-0038-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kovacsovics-Bankowski
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Lana Chisholm
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Jonna Vercellini
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA ; Agonox Inc, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Ryan Montler
- Agonox Inc, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Daniel Haley
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Philippa Newell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Providence Gynecologic Oncology, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Paul Tseng
- Providence Gynecologic Oncology, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Ronald Wolf
- Providence Surgical Oncology, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - John T Vetto
- OHSU, division of oncological surgery and OHSU Knight Cancer Center, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Chet Hammill
- Providence Surgical Oncology, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Paul Hansen
- Providence Surgical Oncology, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
| | - Andrew D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Providence Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA ; Agonox Inc, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, Oregon 97213 USA
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Goldszmid RS, Dzutsev A, Trinchieri G. Host immune response to infection and cancer: unexpected commonalities. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:295-305. [PMID: 24629336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both microbes and tumors activate innate resistance, tissue repair, and adaptive immunity. Unlike acute infection, tumor growth is initially unapparent; however, inflammation and immunity affect all phases of tumor growth from initiation to progression and dissemination. Here, we discuss the shared features involved in the immune response to infection and cancer including modulation by commensal microbiota, reactive hematopoiesis, chronic immune responses and regulatory mechanisms to prevent collateral tissue damage. This comparative analysis of immunity to infection and cancer furthers our understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying innate resistance and adaptive immunity and their translational application to the design of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina S Goldszmid
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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van Esch EMG, van Poelgeest MIE, Kouwenberg S, Osse EM, Trimbos JBMZ, Fleuren GJ, Jordanova ES, van der Burg SH. Expression of coinhibitory receptors on T cells in the microenvironment of usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is related to proinflammatory effector T cells and an increased recurrence-free survival. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E95-106. [PMID: 25220367 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus-induced usual-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) are infiltrated by immune cells but apparently not cleared. A potential explanation for this is an impaired T cell effector function by an immunesuppressive milieu, coinfiltrating regulatory T cells or the expression of coinhibitory molecules. Here, the role of these potential inhibitory mechanisms was evaluated by a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of T cell infiltration in the context of FoxP3, Tbet, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, programmed cell death 1, T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM3), natural killer cell lectin-like receptor A (NKG2A) and galectins-1, -3 and -9. Paraffin-embedded tissues of primary uVIN lesions (n=43), recurrent uVIN lesions (n=20), vulvar carcinoma (n=21) and healthy vulvar tissue (n=26) were studied. We show that the vulva constitutes an area intensely surveyed by CD8+, CD4+, Tbet+ and regulatory T cell populations, parts of which express the examined coinhibitory molecules. In uVIN especially, the number of regulatory T cells and TIM3+ T cells increased. The expression of the coinhibitory markers TIM3 and NKG2A probably reflected a higher degree of T cell activation as a dense infiltration with stromal CD8+TIM3+ T cells and CD3+NKG2A+ T cells was related to the absence of recurrences and/or a prolonged recurrence-free survival. A dense coinfiltrate with regulatory T cells was negatively associated with the time to recurrence, most dominantly when the stromal CD8+TIM3+ infiltration was limited. This notion was sustained in vulvar carcinoma's where the numbers of regulatory T cells progressively increased to outnumber coinfiltrating CD8+TIM3+ T cells and CD3+NKG2A+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M G van Esch
- Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Piao YR, Jin ZH, Yuan KC, Jin XS. Analysis of Tim-3 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11409-14. [PMID: 25119597 PMCID: PMC4244534 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) is a newly discovered immunomodulatory, which plays an important role in immunity regulation. Recent evidence suggests that Tim-3 is differentially regulated in a variety of tumors and has a potential as a therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tim-3 on the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Tim-3 expressing on peripheral CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The relationships between Tim-3 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Immunohistochemical expression of Tim-3 was examined in our large numbers of paraffin-fixed prostate tissues. Flow cytometry revealed that expression of Tim-3 was significantly increased on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PCa patients than that in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Also, the level of Tim-3 on CD4+ T cells was positively correlated with CD8+ T cells in patients. Further analyses revealed that the levels of Tim-3 on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells exhibited different expression patterns in terms of localization depending on pathological category of PCa and metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that positive staining of Tim-3 in PCa but little or no staining of Tim-3 was observed in BPH epithelium. Tim-3 may affect the development and progression of PCa, which may provide knowledge for using Tim-3 as a novel therapy for effective PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Rui Piao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan Bian University, Yan Ji, 133000, China
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Jajosky AN, Coad JE, Vos JA, Martin KH, Senft JR, Wenger SL, Gibson LF. RepSox slows decay of CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cells and decreases T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 expression. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:836-48. [PMID: 24855276 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite initial response to therapy, most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients relapse. To eliminate relapse-causing leukemic stem/progenitor cells (LPCs), patient-specific immune therapies may be required. In vitro cellular engineering may require increasing the "stemness" or immunogenicity of tumor cells and activating or restoring cancer-impaired immune-effector and antigen-presenting cells. Leukapheresis samples provide the cells needed to engineer therapies: LPCs to be targeted, normal hematopoietic stem cells to be spared, and cancer-impaired immune cells to be repaired and activated. This study sought to advance development of LPC-targeted therapies by exploring nongenetic ways to slow the decay and to increase the immunogenicity of primary CD34(+) AML cells. CD34(+) AML cells generally displayed more colony-forming and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity than CD34(-) AML cells. Along with exposure to bone marrow stromal cells and low (1%-5%) oxygen, culture with RepSox (a reprogramming tool and inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β receptor 1) consistently slowed decline of CD34(+) AML and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cells. RepSox-treated AML cells displayed higher CD34, CXCL12, and MYC mRNA levels than dimethyl sulfoxide-treated controls. RepSox also accelerated loss of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint receptor that impairs antitumor immunity, from the surface of AML and MDS cells. Our results suggest RepSox may reduce Tim-3 expression by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β signaling and slow decay of CD34(+) AML cells by increasing CXCL12 and MYC, two factors that inhibit AML cell differentiation. By prolonging survival of CD34(+) AML cells and reducing Tim-3, RepSox may promote in vitro immune cell activation and advance development of LPC-targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cellular Reprogramming/drug effects
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Feeder Cells
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2
- Humans
- Leukapheresis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Escape
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey N Jajosky
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James E Coad
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Vos
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Karen H Martin
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jamie R Senft
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sharon L Wenger
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Laura F Gibson
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, and Departments of Pathology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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126
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Tim-3 expression is increased on peripheral T cells from diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7951-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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127
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Ott PA, Hodi FS, Robert C. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: new immunotherapeutic modalities with durable clinical benefit in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 19:5300-9. [PMID: 24089443 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade with monoclonal antibodies directed at the inhibitory immune receptors CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 has emerged as a successful treatment approach for patients with advanced melanoma. Ipilimumab is the first agent associated with a documented improved overall survival benefit in this patient population. A striking attribute of CTLA-4 blockade is the durability of objective responses, leading to speculation of a possible cure for some patients. Many tumor responses achieved with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibition were durable in the phase I trials and were seen in a higher proportion of patients with melanoma than typically observed with ipilimumab. Biomarker development to identify the subset of patients with melanoma who will achieve durable clinical benefit with checkpoint blockade is critical; tumor PD-L1 expression has been promising in early studies. The contrast between unprecedented response rates but limited durability of responses achieved with BRAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF(V600)-mutated melanoma and the impressive durability but relatively low rate of response achieved with immune checkpoint blockade is striking. Preclinical data on potential synergies between CTLA-4/PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition and MAPK-targeted therapy is emerging, and combined immune checkpoint blockade and MAPK inhibition are being explored in clinical trials. Other promising approaches to increase the number of patients with melanoma who benefit from durable responses with immune checkpoint blockade include concurrent or sequenced CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition and combination with other immunotherapeutic strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 19(19); 5300-9. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Ott
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif-Paris Sud, Paris, France
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128
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Saraceni MM, Khushalani NI, Jarkowski A. Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advances and Promising New Therapies. J Pharm Pract 2014; 28:193-203. [PMID: 24674910 DOI: 10.1177/0897190014527317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of melanoma are on the rise. Historically, patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma were faced with a grim prognosis, with survival rates of 15% at 5 years. Prior to 2011, no drug or therapeutic regimen had been shown to improve overall survival (OS) in metastatic melanoma. Chemotherapeutic agents, such as dacarbazine or temozolomide, are often given to patients for palliative purposes; high-dose interleukin 2 and biochemotherapy are immunotherapeutic options that could be offered to patients with a good performance status at specialized centers. Neither has been shown to impact OS, but durable complete responses are seen in a minority of patients. Since 2011, 4 new drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, all of which improve survival. Three of these agents (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib) are targeted therapies, with ipilimumab being the only new immunotherapy. With a focus on immunotherapeutic agents, this review seeks to summarize the treatment options currently available for metastatic melanoma and to examine those on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Saraceni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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129
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Zhang Q, Luan H, Wang L, He F, Zhou H, Xu X, Li X, Xu Q, Niki T, Hirashima M, Xu G, Lv Y, Yuan J. Galectin-9 ameliorates anti-GBM glomerulonephritis by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 immune responses in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F822-32. [PMID: 24477688 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00294.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM GN) is a Th1- and Th17-predominant autoimmune disease. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), identified as the ligand of Tim-3, functions in diverse biological processes and leads to the apoptosis of CD4(+)Tim-3(+) T cells. It is still unclear how Gal-9 regulates the functions of Th1 and Th17 cells and prevents renal injury in anti-GBM GN. In this study, Gal-9 was administered to anti-GBM GN mice for 7 days. We found that Gal-9 retarded the increase of Scr, ameliorated renal tubular injury, and reduced the formation of crescents. The infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells into the spleen and kidneys significantly decreased in Gal-9-treated nephritic mice. The reduced infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells might be associated with the downregulation of CCL-20, CXCL-9, and CXCL-10 mRNAs in the kidney. In parallel, the blood levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A declined in Gal-9-treated nephritic mice at days 21 and 28. In addition, an enhanced Th2 cell-mediated immune response was observed in the kidneys of nephritic mice after a 7-day injection of Gal-9. In conclusion, the protective role of Gal-9 in anti-GBM GN is associated with the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated immune responses and enhanced Th2 immunity in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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130
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Han G, Chen G, Shen B, Li Y. Tim-3: an activation marker and activation limiter of innate immune cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:449. [PMID: 24339828 PMCID: PMC3857553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim-3 was initially identified on activated Th1, Th17, and Tc1 cells and induces T cell death or exhaustion after binding to its ligand, Gal-9. The observed relationship between dysregulated Tim-3 expression on T cells and the progression of many clinical diseases has identified this molecule as an important target for intervention in adaptive immunity. Recent data have shown that it also plays critical roles in regulating the activities of macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, and endothelial cells. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, dysregulation of Tim-3 expression on these innate immune cells leads to an excessive or inhibited inflammatory response and subsequent autoimmune damage or viral or tumor evasion. In this review, we focus on the expression and function of Tim-3 on innate immune cells and discuss (1) how Tim-3 is expressed and regulated on different innate immune cells; (2) how it affects the activity of different innate immune cells; and (3) how dysregulated Tim-3 expression on innate immune cells affects adaptive immunity and disease progression. Tim-3 is involved in the optimal activation of innate immune cells through its varied expression. A better understanding of the physiopathological role of the Tim-3 pathway in innate immunity will shed new light on the pathogenesis of clinical diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancer, and suggest new approaches to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gencheng Han
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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131
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Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L. The interplay between the immune system and chemotherapy: emerging methods for optimizing therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 10:19-30. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.865520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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132
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Vasaturo A, Di Blasio S, Peeters DGA, de Koning CCH, de Vries JM, Figdor CG, Hato SV. Clinical Implications of Co-Inhibitory Molecule Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment for DC Vaccination: A Game of Stop and Go. Front Immunol 2013; 4:417. [PMID: 24348481 PMCID: PMC3847559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of therapeutic dendritic cell (DC) vaccines in cancer immunotherapy is to activate cytotoxic T cells to recognize and attack the tumor. T cell activation requires the interaction of the T cell receptor with a cognate major-histocompatibility complex-peptide complex. Although initiated by antigen engagement, it is the complex balance between co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals on DCs that results in T cell activation or tolerance. Even when already activated, tumor-specific T cells can be neutralized by the expression of co-inhibitory molecules on tumor cells. These and other immunosuppressive cues in the tumor microenvironment are major factors currently hampering the application of DC vaccination. In this review, we discuss recent data regarding the essential and complex role of co-inhibitory molecules in regulating the immune response within the tumor microenvironment. In particular, possible therapeutic intervention strategies aimed at reversing or neutralizing suppressive networks within the tumor microenvironment will be emphasized. Importantly, blocking co-inhibitory molecule signaling, often referred to as immune checkpoint blockade, does not necessarily lead to an effective activation of tumor-specific T cells. Therefore, combination of checkpoint blockade with other immune potentiating therapeutic strategies, such as DC vaccination, might serve as a synergistic combination, capable of reversing effector T cells immunosuppression while at the same time increasing the efficacy of T cell-mediated immunotherapies. This will ultimately result in long-term anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vasaturo
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Stefania Di Blasio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Deborah G A Peeters
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Coco C H de Koning
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands ; Department of Medical Oncology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Stanleyson V Hato
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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133
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Jinushi M. Yin and yang of tumor inflammation: how innate immune suppressors shape the tumor microenvironments. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1277-85. [PMID: 24272248 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition-mediated sensing systems direct host immunity towards either antitumor immunosurveillance or protumorigenic inflammation. These activities imply dual and conflicting roles in the regulation of tumor-associated inflammation. On the one hand, recent evidence has revealed that several signaling components and cell-surface receptors suppress innate immune signals and constitute a negative feedback machinery preventing excess and continuous inflammation within tumor microenvironments. On the other hand, these same components also negatively regulate intrinsic tumorigenic activities by targeting nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-mediated antiapoptotic and inflammatory signals. Furthermore, the activation status of innate immune suppressors may reflect the functional plasticity of interactions between tumor cells and innate immune cells and determine whether tumor inflammation supports anti- or pro-tumorigenic responses. Thus, innate immune suppressors may provide valuable information about the immunogenic or tumorigenic status of tumor-associated inflammation thereby serving as potential biomarkers that predict tumor progression. Comprehensive analysis for identifying general and unique features of each innate immune suppressor in the regulation of tumor inflammation should explore the development of new biomarkers for improving future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
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134
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Ott PA, Bhardwaj N. Impact of MAPK Pathway Activation in BRAF(V600) Melanoma on T Cell and Dendritic Cell Function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:346. [PMID: 24194739 PMCID: PMC3809567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive upregulation of the MAPK pathway by a BRAFV600 mutation occurs in about half of melanomas. This leads to increased oncogenic properties such as tumor cell invasion, metastatic potential, and resistance to apoptosis. Blockade of the MAPK pathway with highly specific kinase inhibitors induces unprecedented tumor response rates in patients with advanced BRAFV600 mutant melanoma. Immune checkpoint blockade with monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programed death-1/PD-L1 has also demonstrated striking anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced melanoma. Tumor responses are likely limited by multiple additional layers of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. There is emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that MAPK inhibition has a beneficial effect on the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, providing a strong rationale for combined immunotherapy and MAPK pathway inhibition in melanoma. The T cell response has been the main focus in the studies reported to date. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are important in the induction of tumor-specific T cell responses, the impact of MAPK pathway activation in melanoma on DC function is critical for the melanoma directed immune response. BRAFV600E melanoma cells modulate DCs through the MAPK pathway because its blockade in melanoma cells can reverse suppression of DC function. As both MEK/BRAF inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade have recently taken center stage in the treatment of melanoma, a deeper understanding of how MAPK pathway inhibition affects the tumor immune response is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Ott
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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135
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Spranger S, Gajewski T. Rational combinations of immunotherapeutics that target discrete pathways. J Immunother Cancer 2013; 1:16. [PMID: 24829752 PMCID: PMC4019905 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective anti-tumor immune response requires the coordinated action of the innate and adaptive phases of the immune system. Critical processes include the activation of dendritic cells to present antigens, produce cytokines including type I interferons, and express multiple costimulatory ligands; induction of a productive T cell response within lymph nodes; migration of activated T cells to the tumor microenvironment in response to chemokines and homing receptor expression; and having effector T cells gain access to antigen-expressing tumor cells and maintain sufficient functionality to destroy them. However, tumors can become adept at escaping the immune response, developing multiple mechanisms to disrupt key processes. In general, tumors can be assigned into two different, major groups depending on whether the tumor there is an 'inflamed' or 'non-inflamed' tumor microenvironment. Improvements in our understanding of the interactions between the immune system and cancer have resulted in the development of various strategies to improve the immune-mediated control of tumors in both sub-groups. Categories of major immunotherapeutic intervention include methods to increase the frequency of tumor antigen-specific effector T cells in the circulation, strategies to block or uncouple a range of immune suppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment, and tactics to induce de novo immune inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. The latter may be particularly important for eliciting immune recognition of non-inflamed tumor phenotypes. The premise put forth in this review is that synergistic therapeutic effects in vivo may be derived from combination therapies taken from distinct "bins" based on these mechanisms of action. Early data in both preclinical and some clinical studies provide support for this model. We also suggest that optimal application of these combinations may be aided by appropriate patient selection based on predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Biological Sciences Division, Pathology, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, GCIS W-423, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Gajewski
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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136
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Fang L, Lowther DE, Meizlish ML, Anderson RCE, Bruce JN, Devine L, Huttner AJ, Kleinstein SH, Lee JY, Stern JNH, Yaari G, Lovato L, Cronk KM, O'Connor KC. The immune cell infiltrate populating meningiomas is composed of mature, antigen-experienced T and B cells. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1479-90. [PMID: 23978377 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningiomas often harbor an immune cell infiltrate that can include substantial numbers of T and B cells. However, their phenotype and characteristics remain undefined. To gain a deeper understanding of the T and B cell repertoire in this tumor, we characterized the immune infiltrate of 28 resected meningiomas representing all grades. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to grossly characterize and enumerate infiltrating lymphocytes. A molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin variable region of tumor-infiltrating B cells was used to characterize their antigen experience. Flow cytometry of fresh tissue homogenate and paired peripheral blood lymphocytes was used to identify T cell phenotypes and characterize the T cell repertoire. RESULTS A conspicuous B and T cell infiltrate, primarily clustered in perivascular spaces, was present in the microenvironment of most tumors examined. Characterization of 294 tumor-infiltrating B cells revealed clear evidence of antigen experience, in that the cardinal features of an antigen-driven B cell response were present. Meningiomas harbored populations of antigen-experienced CD4+ and CD8+ memory/effector T cells, regulatory T cells, and T cells expressing the immune checkpoint molecules PD-1 and Tim-3, indicative of exhaustion. All of these phenotypes were considerably enriched relative to their frequency in the circulation. The T cell repertoire in the tumor microenvironment included populations that were not reflected in paired peripheral blood. CONCLUSION The tumor microenvironment of meningiomas often includes postgerminal center B cell populations. These tumors invariably include a selected, antigen-experienced, effector T cell population enriched by those that express markers of an exhausted phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjuan Fang
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Kevin C. O'Connor, PhD, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 353J, New Haven, CT, USA 06511..
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137
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Callahan MK, Postow MA, Wolchok JD. Immunomodulatory therapy for melanoma: ipilimumab and beyond. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:191-9. [PMID: 23438382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first new therapy for melanoma in more than a decade, ipilimumab (Yervoy). Ipilimumab is a novel antibody that blocks cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a regulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells. Blockade of this important immune checkpoint can lead to durable tumor regression, and phase III studies show an overall survival benefit for patients with advanced melanoma. During the clinical development of ipilimumab, several unique features of this immunotherapy were identified, including the remarkable durability of responses and a distinct side-effects profile. We review the preclinical and clinical development of CTLA-4-blocking antibodies and describe current practices using ipilimumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Unique clinical issues related to ipilimumab will be summarized. Lastly, we will briefly preview combination therapies that incorporate ipilimumab and new checkpoint-targeting antibodies currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
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138
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Callahan MK, Postow MA, Wolchok JD. Immunomodulatory therapy for melanoma: ipilimumab and beyond. Clin Dermatol 2013. [PMID: 23438382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first new therapy for melanoma in more than a decade, ipilimumab (Yervoy). Ipilimumab is a novel antibody that blocks cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a regulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells. Blockade of this important immune checkpoint can lead to durable tumor regression, and phase III studies show an overall survival benefit for patients with advanced melanoma. During the clinical development of ipilimumab, several unique features of this immunotherapy were identified, including the remarkable durability of responses and a distinct side-effects profile. We review the preclinical and clinical development of CTLA-4-blocking antibodies and describe current practices using ipilimumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Unique clinical issues related to ipilimumab will be summarized. Lastly, we will briefly preview combination therapies that incorporate ipilimumab and new checkpoint-targeting antibodies currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
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139
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Tarhini AA. Tremelimumab: a review of development to date in solid tumors. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:215-29. [PMID: 23444951 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tremelimumab is an investigational, fully human IgG monoclonal antibody directed against CTLA-4, a coinhibitory receptor that represses effector T-cell activity in cancer. Tremelimumab has produced promising anticancer responses in early clinical trials. However, a phase III trial of tremelimumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in advanced melanoma was stopped early when no statistically significant difference in overall survival was observed between the two interventions. This article describes tremelimumab's putative mechanism of action, its preclinical pharmacology and clinical results to date across a range of cancer settings as monotherapy, as well as in combination with other therapies. The failure of the Phase III trial in melanoma is examined and factors affecting the possible future clinical development of tremelimumab are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Tarhini
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Fifth Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Lee CS, Cragg M, Glennie M, Johnson P. Novel antibodies targeting immune regulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:233-47. [PMID: 23701301 PMCID: PMC3731598 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must evade or suppress the immune system in order to develop. Better understanding of the molecular regulation governing tumour detection and effective activation of the immune system (so called immune regulatory checkpoints) has provided new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against these targets are currently undergoing clinical evaluation with more in pre-clinical development; buoyed by the recent licence approval of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilumumab, for use in melanoma. This article will review the current status of the various antibodies and target molecules being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern Siang Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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141
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Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is known for induction of apoptosis in IFN-γ and IL-17 producing T-cells and amelioration of autoimmunity in murine models. On the other hand, Gal-9 induced IFN-γ positive T-cells in a sarcoma mouse model and in food allergy, suggesting that Gal-9 can have diametric effects on T-cell immunity. Here, we aimed to delineate the immunomodulatory effect of Gal-9 on human resting and ex vivo activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Treatment of resting lymphocytes with low concentrations of Gal-9 (5–30 nM) induced apoptosis in ∼60% of T-cells after 1 day, but activated the surviving T-cells. These viable T-cells started to expand after 4 days with up to 6 cell divisions by day 7 and an associated shift from naïve towards central memory and IFN-γ producing phenotype. In the presence of T-cell activation signals (anti-CD3/IL-2) Gal-9 did not induce T-cell expansion, but shifted the CD4/CD8 balance towards a CD4-dominated T-cell response. Thus, Gal-9 activates resting T-cells in the absence of typical T-cell activating signals and promotes their transition to a TH1/C1 phenotype. In the presence of T-cell activating signals T-cell immunity is directed towards a CD4-driven response by Gal-9. Thus, Gal-9 may specifically enhance reactive immunological memory.
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Liu X, You J, Zhao D, Guo M, Pan Y, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Dysregulated expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 is associated with the disease severity and the outcome of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1502-8. [PMID: 23665438 PMCID: PMC7124273 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) on peripheral blood cells in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients and to analyze its clinical significance. DESIGN AND METHODS Tim-3 expression on peripheral immunocytes from ICH patients and healthy volunteers was measured by flow cytometry. The correlation between Tim-3 expression and the clinical indices was estimated using linear regression. RESULTS Tim-3 expressions on peripheral CD3⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells in ICH patients are significantly downregulated, while Tim-3 expressions on CD14⁺ monocytes and CD16⁺CD56⁺ NK cells are increased. Furthermore, Tim-3 expression on peripheral CD8⁺ cells was negatively correlated with the inflammatory response, the disease severity and the outcome of ICH patients. However, there was no relationship between Tim-3 expression and blood glucose concentration. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of Tim-3 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH, demonstrating that Tim-3 might be a novel candidate molecule for prognosis evaluation of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Institute of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
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143
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Baghdadi M, Nagao H, Yoshiyama H, Akiba H, Yagita H, Dosaka-Akita H, Jinushi M. Combined blockade of TIM-3 and TIM-4 augments cancer vaccine efficacy against established melanomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:629-37. [PMID: 23143694 PMCID: PMC11029366 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been developed to instruct the endogenous immune responses to autologous tumors and to generate durable clinical responses. However, the therapeutic benefits of cancer vaccines remain insufficient due to the multiple immunosuppressive signals delivered by tumors. Thus, to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, it is important to develop new modalities to overcome immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and elicit effective antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically targeting either T cell immunoglobulin mucin protein-3 (TIM-3) or T cell immunoglobulin mucin protein-4 (TIM-4) enhance the therapeutic effects of vaccination against established B16 murine melanomas. This is true for vaccination with irradiated B16 melanoma cells engineered to express the flt3 ligand gene (FVAX). More importantly, combining anti-TIM-3 and anti-TIM-4 mAbs markedly increased vaccine-induced antitumor responses against established B16 melanoma. TIM-3 blockade mainly stimulated antitumor effector activities via natural killer cell-dependent mechanisms, while CD8(+) T cells served as the main effectors induced by anti-TIM-4 mAb. Our findings reveal that therapeutic manipulation of TIM-3 and TIM-4 may provide a novel strategy for improving the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Baghdadi
- Research Center for Infection-Associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagao
- Research Center for Infection-Associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Research Center for Infection-Associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
| | - Hisaya Akiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Dosaka-Akita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Research Center for Infection-Associated Cancer, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
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Li H, Zhou X, Ran Q, Wang L. Parapharyngeal liposarcoma: a case report. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:42. [PMID: 23497351 PMCID: PMC3599591 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parapharyngeal liposarcoma is a very rare malignant tumor that often causes nonspecific clinical symptoms, such as progressive dysphagia, globus sensation and/or respiratory disturbances. The combination of radiological imaging techniques and histopathological analysis provides information for diagnosis; however, the pathogenesis is still uncertain. Case presentation A 30-year-old male patient presented with a pharyngeal cavity mass, which had been present for 2 years. The clinical syndrome included obstructive sleep apnea symptoms (i.e., respiratory disturbances, excessive daytime somnolence, and headache) and difficulty swallowing. The radiological examination (CT) demonstrated that there was a low-density irregular solid lesion on the posterior wall of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, which descended to the superior mediastinum and extended to the left parapharyngeal space and sternocleidomastoid muscle. The boundaries of the lesion were clear, and the lesion’s density was nonuniform. Several septations inside the lesion were observed. The CT values of the lesion at the epiglottis and the vocal folds were 11 HU and minus 30 HU, respectively. After enhanced scanning, there was no apparent enhancement of the lesion: the surrounding tissue and blood vessels were squeezed and shifted, but the neighboring sclerotin of the cervical vertebrae was not invaded. The mass was removed via a transcervical approach, resulting in a complete amelioration of the patient’s symptoms. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells expressed members of the B7 superfamily, including B7-H1, B7-DC and B7-H3. In addition, the expression of TIM-containing molecules, including TIM-3 and TIM-4, was observed. Conclusions CT and MRI demonstrated that the mass was a parapharyngeal liposarcoma. Furthermore, carcinoma-associated B7 and TIM-containing molecules were observed in the tissue, indicating that these molecules are most likely active in the pathogenesis of this disease. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1907794973876202
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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145
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Yan J, Zhang Y, Zhang JP, Liang J, Li L, Zheng L. Tim-3 expression defines regulatory T cells in human tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58006. [PMID: 23526963 PMCID: PMC3589491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tim-3, a member of the novel Tim (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain) family, has been reported to negatively regulate the immune responses against viral infection and had implications for autoimmune disease. However, the nature and role of Tim-3+ CD4 T cells in human tumors remain largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized Tim-3+ CD4 T cells in 100 specimens from human hepatocellular, cervical, colorectal and ovarian carcinoma patients. Compared with peripheral blood and nontumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the lymphocytes isolated from the corresponding tumor tissues of hepatocellular, cervical, colorectal and ovarian carcinoma patients contained significantly greater proportion of Tim-3+ CD4 T cells. The majority of tumor-derived Tim-3+ CD4 T cells exhibited an impaired capacity to produce IFN-γ and IL-2, but expressed higher levels of CD25, Foxp3, CTLA-4 and GITR than their Tim-3− CD4 T cell counterparts. In contrast, most Tim-3+ CD4 T cells isolated from the paired nontumor tissues and peripheral blood did not express these molecules. Moreover, tumor-derived Tim-3+ CD4 T cells, but not tumor-derived Tim-3− CD4 T cells, significantly suppressed the proliferation of autologous CD8+ T cells in vitro. Notably, multi-color immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy demonstrated that Tim-3+Foxp3+CD4+ cells were preferentially distributed in the tumor nest rather than the peritumoral stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma. Together, our data indicate that Tim-3-expressing CD4 T cells in human tumors could represent the functional regulatory T cells which contribute to the formation of the immune-suppressive tumor micromilieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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146
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Mocellin S, Benna C, Pilati P. Coinhibitory molecules in cancer biology and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:147-61. [PMID: 23380546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is controlled by checkpoints represented by coinhibitory molecules, which are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and minimizing collateral tissue damage under physiological conditions. A growing body of preclinical evidence supports the hypothesis that unleashing this immunological break might be therapeutically beneficial in the fight against cancer, as it would elicit an effective antitumor immune response. Remarkably, recent clinical trials have demonstrated that this novel strategy can be highly effective in the treatment of patients with cancer, as shown by the paradigmatic case of ipilimumab (a monoclonal antibody blocking the coinhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 [CTLA4]) that is opening a new era in the therapeutic approach to a chemoresistant tumor such as cutaneous melanoma. In this review we summarize the biology of coinhibitory molecules, overview the experimental and clinical attempts to interfere with these immune checkpoints to treat cancer and critically discuss the challenges posed by such a promising antitumor modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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147
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Cao Y, Zhou X, Huang X, Li Q, Gao L, Jiang L, Huang M, Zhou J. Tim-3 expression in cervical cancer promotes tumor metastasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53834. [PMID: 23335978 PMCID: PMC3545875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) has been identified as a negative regulator of anti-tumor immunity. Recent studies highlight the important role of Tim-3 in the CD8(+) T cell exhaustion that takes place in both human and animal cancer models. However, the nature of Tim-3 expression in the tumor cell and the mechanism by which it inhibits anti-tumor immunity are unclear. This present study aims to determine Tim-3 is expressed in cervical cancer cells and to evaluate the role of Tim-3 in cervical cancer progression. METHODOLOGY A total of 85 cervical tissue specimens including 43 human cervical cancer, 22 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 20 chronic cervicitis were involved. Tim-3 expression in tumor cells was detected and was found to correlate with clinicopathological parameters. Meanwhile, expression of Tim-3 was assessed by RT-PCR, Western Blot and confocal microscopy in cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and SiHa. The migration and invasion potential of Hela cells was evaluated after inhibiting Tim-3 expression by ADV-antisense Tim-3. CONCLUSIONS We found that Tim-3 was expressed at a higher level in the clinical cervical cancer cells compared to the CIN and chronic cervicitis controls. We supported this finding by confirming the presence of Tim-3 mRNA and protein in the cervical cell lines. Tim-3 expression in tumor cells correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Patients with high expression of Tim-3 had a significant metastatic potential, advanced cancer grades and shorter overall survival than those with lower expression. Multivariate analysis showed that Tim-3 expression was an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of cervical cancer. Significantly, down-regulating the expression of Tim-3 protein inhibited migration and invasion of Hela cells. Our study suggests that the expression of Tim-3 in tumor cells may be an independent prognostic factor for patients with cervical cancer. Moreover, Tim-3 expression may promote metastatic potential in cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qinlu Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Lili Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Mei Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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148
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Li J, Cao D, Guo G, Wu Y, Chen Y. Expression and anatomical distribution of TIM-containing molecules in Langerhans cell sarcoma. J Mol Histol 2012; 44:213-20. [PMID: 23264111 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signals from the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain (TIM)-containing molecules have been demonstrated to be involved in regulating the progress of carcinoma. However, the expression and anatomical distribution of TIMs in Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS), which is a rare malignancy derived from dendritic cells of the epidermis, has yet to be determined. In this study, the expression of TIM-1, TIM-3 and TIM-4 in LCS samples were detected by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that these three molecules were found in LCS sections. At the cellular level, these molecules were found on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. Immunofluorescence double-staining demonstrated that these TIMs were co-expressed with Langerin, a potential biomarker for detecting LCS. In addition, TIM-1 was also expressed on CD68(+) macrophages and CK-18(+) epithelial cells, while TIM-3 and TIM-4 were expressed on all cell types investigated, including CD3(+)T cells, CD68(+) macrophages, CD11c(+) dendritic cells, CD16(+) NK Cells, CD31(+) endothelial cells and CK-18(+) epithelial cells. Interestingly, TIMs were also co-expressed with some members of the B7 superfamily, including B7-H1, B7-H3 and B7-H4 on sarcoma cells. Our results clearly showed the characteristic expression and anatomical distribution of TIMs in LCS, and a clear understanding of their functional roles may further elucidate the pathogenesis of this carcinoma and potentially contribute to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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149
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Ferris R. PD-1 targeting in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer 2012; 119:E1-3. [PMID: 23042635 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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150
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Filipazzi P, Pilla L, Mariani L, Patuzzo R, Castelli C, Camisaschi C, Maurichi A, Cova A, Rigamonti G, Giardino F, Di Florio A, Asioli M, Frati P, Sovena G, Squarcina P, Maio M, Danielli R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Villa A, Lombardo C, Tragni G, Santinami M, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Limited induction of tumor cross-reactive T cells without a measurable clinical benefit in early melanoma patients vaccinated with human leukocyte antigen class I-modified peptides. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6485-96. [PMID: 23032742 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The progressive immune dysfunctions that occur in patients with advanced melanoma make them unlikely to efficiently respond to cancer vaccines. A multicenter randomized phase II trial was conducted to test whether immunization with modified HLA class I tumor peptides in the context of adjuvant therapy results in better immunologic responses and improved clinical outcomes in patients with early melanoma (stages IIB/C-III). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-three patients were enrolled to undergo vaccination (n = 22) or observation (n = 21). The vaccine included four HLA-A*0201-restricted modified peptides (Melan-A/MART-1([27L]), gp100([210M]), NY-ESO-1([165V]), and Survivin([97M])) emulsified in Montanide ISA51 and injected subcutaneously in combination with cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m(2)) and low-dose IL-2 (3 × 10(6) IU). The immune responses were monitored using ex vivo IFN-γ-ELISpot, HLA/multimer staining, and in vitro short-term peptide sensitization assays. RESULTS Vaccination induced a rapid and persistent increase in specific effector memory CD8(+) T cells in 75% of the patients. However, this immunization was not associated with any significant increase in disease-free or overall survival as compared with the observation group. An extensive immunologic analysis revealed a significantly reduced cross-recognition of the corresponding native peptides and, most importantly, a limited ability to react to melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant setting is an appealing approach for testing cancer vaccines because specific CD8(+) T cells can be efficiently induced in most vaccinated patients. However, the marginal antitumor activity of the T cells induced by modified peptides in this study largely accounts for the observed lack of benefit of vaccination. These findings suggest reconsidering this immunization strategy, particularly in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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