101
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Marchetti A, Miraglia L, Di Dio C. Toward a Socio-Material Approach to Cognitive Empathy in Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2965. [PMID: 31998198 PMCID: PMC6967260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Faculty of Education, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Miraglia
- Faculty of Education, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Dio
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Faculty of Education, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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102
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Lucena ATD, Bhalla RK, Belfort Almeida Dos Santos TT, Dourado MCN. The relationship between theory of mind and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:223-239. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1710112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Tavares De Lucena
- Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rishi K. Bhalla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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103
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Szpak M, Białecka‐Pikul M. Links between attachment and theory of mind in childhood: Meta‐analytic review. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Szpak
- Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
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104
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Chen C, Martínez RM, Chen Y, Cheng Y. Pointing fingers at others: The neural correlates of actor-observer asymmetry in blame attribution. Neuropsychologia 2019; 136:107281. [PMID: 31770551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People tend to describe others' immoral behaviors as intentional and dispositional, and their own as unintentional events. The actor-observer asymmetry might reflect at least true attitudes potentially free from intentional faking. Implicit attitudes - i.e., automatic evaluation of the rightness or wrongness of actions - play a central role in guiding moral decision-making. Yet, little research has investigated how value computations are associated with actor-observer asymmetry of moral decision-making. In this fMRI study, we developed the morally-laden implicit association test (mIAT) to examine the extent to which implicit attitudes are predictive of online neural response when participants mentally simulate or passively observe morally-laden behaviors such as helping or harming others. Results showed that the scores on the mIAT were predictive of actor-observer asymmetry when attributing blame for immoral behavior, associated with neural responses in the orbitofrontal cortex and temporal pole. The asymmetry between first-hand experiencing and passive viewing moral behavior recruited the activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right temporoparietal junction. These findings indicate that implicit moral attitudes can predict moral evaluation and neural responses to asymmetry between experiencing and observing injustice. They provide important knowledge regarding the individual differences involved in the computational mechanisms underlying how implicit attitudes guide moral decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Róger Marcelo Martínez
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yawei Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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105
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Balconi M, Venturella I, Fronda G, Vanutelli ME. Leader-employee emotional "interpersonal tuning".An EEG coherence study. Soc Neurosci 2019; 15:234-243. [PMID: 31750784 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2019.1696226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Empirical management research has focused more on the investigation of important interpersonal factors that could be beneficial for a company's well-being, including emotional and empathic engagement between managers and employees. The capacity to understand and mirror others' feelings could result in a mutual adaptation that generates interpersonal tuning (IT). In the present study, we measured IT by applying a hyperscanning approach with simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from two participants interacting together. Eleven leaders and 11 employees were recruited and asked to role-play an employee performance review with a rating (R) or no rating (NR) condition. In the NR condition leaders describe by words the employee's proficiency, while in R they provided a quantitative rating. The NR condition emerged as a more engaging situation in terms of empathic responses and mirroring. This difference was detectable from the localization of neurophysiological effects over the frontopolar and frontal brain areas, and the higher synchronization of EEG delta frequency coherence. Behavioral results also revealed an increase of self-perceived emotional tuning, agreement on content, and interpersonal cooperation in the NR condition compared to R condition. These effects were present in both leaders and employees and have several implications for social and company well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Venturella
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fronda
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elide Vanutelli
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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106
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Gao Y, Rogers JC, Pauli R, Clanton R, Baker R, Birch P, Ferreira L, Brown A, Freitag CM, Fairchild G, Rotshtein P, De Brito SA. Neural correlates of theory of mind in typically-developing youth: Influence of sex, age and callous-unemotional traits. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16216. [PMID: 31700004 PMCID: PMC6838181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM), or the ability to infer and predict the intentions, thoughts and beliefs of others, involves cognitive perspective taking (cognitive ToM/cToM) and understanding emotions (affective ToM/aToM). While behavioral evidence indicates that ToM is influenced by sex and age, no study has examined the influence of these variables on the neural correlates of cToM and aToM in late childhood/adolescence. Using fMRI with 35 typically-developing youths (aged 9-18 years, 12 males), we investigated the influence of sex and age on the neural correlates of cToM and aToM. We also examined how callous-unemotional traits, indexing a lack of empathy, were related to brain responses during aToM. Across both conditions, we found convergent activity in ToM network regions, such as superior temporal sulcus/temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and precuneus across males and females, but males recruited the left TPJ significantly more than females during cToM. During aToM, age was negatively correlated with brain responses in frontal, temporal and posterior midline regions, while callous-unemotional traits were positively correlated with right anterior insula responses. These results provide the first evidence in youth that sex influences the neural correlates of cToM, while age and callous-unemotional traits are specifically related to brain responses during aToM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Gao
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jack C Rogers
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Pauli
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roberta Clanton
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rosalind Baker
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philippa Birch
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisandra Ferreira
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abigail Brown
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Pia Rotshtein
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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107
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Neurocognitive determinants of theory of mind across the adult lifespan. Brain Cogn 2019; 136:103588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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108
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Lighthall NR. Neural mechanisms of decision-making in aging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 11:e1519. [PMID: 31608583 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present review synthesizes findings on decision neuroscience and aging by focusing on decision processes that have been extensively studied in neuroeconomics and critically assessing the driving mechanisms of age-related change. The paper first highlights age-related changes to key brain structures that have been implicated in decision-making, then, reviews specific decision components and discusses investigations of age-related changes to their neural mechanisms. The review also weighs evidence for organic brain aging versus age-related changes to social and psychological factors in mediating age effects. Reviewed findings are discussed in the context of theories and frameworks that have been used to explain trajectories of change in decision-making across adulthood. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Development and Aging Psychology > Reasoning and Decision-Making Neuroscience > Cognition.
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109
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Aival-Naveh E, Rothschild‐Yakar L, Kurman J. Keeping culture in mind: A systematic review and initial conceptualization of mentalizing from a cross‐cultural perspective. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny Kurman
- Department of Psychology University of Haifa Israel
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110
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Genómica Social: Relaciones entre teoría de la mente y cariotipo en mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2019. [DOI: 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: La teoría de la mente refiere a la capacidad cognitiva de atribuir mente a los demás y de predecir y comprender su comportamiento en términos de entidades mentales como creencias, deseos e intenciones. Investigaciones recientes sugieren una distinción entre una teoría de la mente afectiva y una cognitiva, asignándoles un sustrato neuroanatómico específico. El Síndrome de Turner es un trastorno genético determinado por la deleción total o parcial del cromosoma X en el sexo femenino. Dadas las características biológicas, psicológicas y sociales encontradas en estas mujeres, pueden ser consideradas como una población relevante para el estudio de la teoría de la mente según parámetros biológicos como la expresión diferencial de los genes del cromosoma X. Objetivos y métodos: los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la teoría de la mente cognitiva y afectiva en 22 mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner y determinar si existen perfiles distintivos de teoría de la mente asociados al cariotipo. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados indicaron que las mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner presentan dificultades generales en teoría de la mente, observándose un menor rendimiento en el aspecto cognitivo de esta capacidad. Asimismo, se encontró que un mayor daño genético se encuentra relacionado a mayores dificultades en la teoría de la mente cognitiva, vinculada a zonas corticales de procesamiento no automático.
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111
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Zucchelli MM, Ugazio G. Cognitive-Emotional and Inhibitory Deficits as a Window to Moral Decision-Making Difficulties Related to Exposure to Violence. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1427. [PMID: 31379636 PMCID: PMC6650541 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we illustrate how exposure to violence results in an increased probability of developing functional impairments of decision mechanisms necessary for moral behavior. We focus in particular on the detrimental effects of exposure to violence on emotional (e.g., Empathy), cognitive (e.g., Theory of Mind), and inhibitory control abilities. Relying on studies that document impaired moral behavior in individuals with deficits in these abilities, we propose a "model" of how exposure to violence can affect moral behavior. We then discuss how impaired moral decision making can also be a factor increasing the likelihood of reiterating violence: agents who lack abilities such as understanding and resonating with others' emotions or inhibitory control, can lead to an increase of violent displays. Thus, if not properly addressed, the noxious effects of exposure to violence on morality can lead to a violence generating cycle. We conclude proposing that interventions targeted at improving moral behavior can maximize their efficacy focusing on mitigating the impact of violence on the basic cognitive, emotional, and inhibitory abilities discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Ugazio
- Moral Psychology Research Lab, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Geneva Finance Research Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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112
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by severe anterograde amnesia and executive deficits. Theory of Mind (ToM) is the capacity to represent others' mental states such as their knowledge, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and intentions in order to explain and predict their behaviour. Surprisingly this topic has received hardly any attention in research on KS, although the severity of behavioural problems in KS suggest possible ToM difficulties. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess whether cognitive and affective ToM are impaired in patients with KS. METHODS We examined 21 KS patients and 21 age- and gender-matched healthy controls on three standardised tests that assess cognitive and affective ToM, including the subtests of the mini-Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment battery and a specialised version of the Sally-Anne Test. RESULTS KS patients showed largely impaired cognitive and affective ToM compared to healthy controls, as reflected in large effect sizes on both cognitive and affective ToM tests. Executive deficits explained problems in emotion recognition, but not other ToM aspects. CONCLUSION KS patients have large impairments in both cognitive and affective aspects of social cognition. Their ability to recognise emotions, take the perspective of others, and understand socially awkward situations is vastly compromised. The impairments in ToM functioning are to a large degree functionally discrepant from executive disorders that are commonly present in KS. This study therefore highlights the importance to properly index ToM functioning in neuropsychological assessments for individuals with a possible KS diagnosis.
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113
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Gallant C, Good D. Examining the “reading the mind in the eyes test” as an assessment of subtle differences in affective theory of mind after concussion. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:296-317. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1612946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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114
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Emotional Awareness and Cognitive Performance in Borderline Intellectual Functioning Young Adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis 2019; 207:365-370. [PMID: 30932986 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
According to DSM-5 and ICD-10, borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) should not be classified properly as a disorder. However, BIF people may present relevant problems of adaptive functioning in several areas of daily activities, and they seem to be more vulnerable to mental diseases. Young adolescence may be considered a particular period for emotional information processing. The "own and others' emotions" awareness can play a crucial role in many daily life situations, such as decision making, interpersonal relationships, and decoding of facial expressions. On this background, a BIF young adolescents group underwent a neuropsychological assessment including emotional and cognitive domains, and was compared with a healthy young adolescents control group (HC). In the overall sample, a significant negative correlation between general intellectual abilities and emotional awareness was found. The BIF group showed a significantly greater level of alexithymia and a poorer performance in higher cognitive tasks than HC group. As hypothesized, a border cognitive functioning influences mentalization processes as ability to discriminate and monitor emotions, as well as higher domains of cognition.
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115
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Frazier I, Lighthall NR, Horta M, Perez E, Ebner NC. CISDA: Changes in Integration for Social Decisions in Aging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 10:e1490. [PMID: 30605250 PMCID: PMC8142223 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aging of our population has been accompanied by increasing concerns about older adults' vulnerability to violations of trust and a growing interest in normative age-related changes to decision making involving social partners. This intersection has spurred research on age-related neurocognitive and affective changes underlying social decision making. Based on our review and synthesis of this literature, we propose a specification that targets social decision making in aging to the recently proposed Affect-Integration-Motivation (AIM) framework. Our framework specification, Changes in Integration for Social Decisions in Aging (CISDA), emphasizes three key components of value integration with particular relevance for social decisions in aging: theory of mind, emotion regulation, and memory for past experience. CISDA builds on converging research from economic decision making, cognitive neuroscience, and lifespan development to outline how age-related changes to neurocognition and behavior impact social decision making. We conclude with recommendations for future research based on CISDA's predictions, including implications for the development of interventions to enhance social decision outcomes in older adults. This article is categorized under: Economics > Individual Decision Making Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Development and Aging Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Frazier
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Marilyn Horta
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eliany Perez
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Natalie C. Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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116
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Balconi M, Fronda G, Vanutelli ME. Donate or receive? Social hyperscanning application with fNIRS. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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117
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Huang TR, Wang YH. Perceiving Self, Others, and Events Through a Religious Lens: Mahayana Buddhists vs. Christians. Front Psychol 2019; 10:217. [PMID: 30787903 PMCID: PMC6373579 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Are all religions essentially the same? Are believers of different religions heading in the same mental direction? To answer these questions from a sociopsychological perspective, we compared social sensitivity and causal attribution styles between Mahayana Buddhists, who practice unbiased love and compassion toward every being, and Christians, who pursue a union with God. Despite a similar cultural background, sex ratio, age distribution, socioeconomic status, and fluid intelligence level, these two religious groups in Taiwan showed opposite tendencies when inferring the mental states of others – as religiosity increased, the theory of mind ability increased in Mahayana Buddhists but decreased in Christians. Furthermore, these two religious groups showed opposite tendencies of attributional style – as religiosity increased, self-serving bias decreased in Buddhists but increased in Christians. These marked religiosity-dependent, sociopsychological effects suggest that different religions may shape or attract their followers who are moving in quite distinct mental directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ren Huang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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118
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Isernia S, Baglio F, d’Arma A, Groppo E, Marchetti A, Massaro D. Social Mind and Long-Lasting Disease: Focus on Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:218. [PMID: 30792684 PMCID: PMC6374311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of social cognition, including theory of mind (ToM), in affecting quality of life (QoL) along the course of diseases has been reported. This is a considerable aspect in chronic pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), in which supporting and maintaining QoL is of crucial importance. We aimed to investigate the relation between ToM, clinical variables and neuropsychological profile in a cohort of adults with long lasting disease, such as different clinical MS phenotypes (Relapsing Remitting -RR- versus Progressive -Pr). In particular, our study focuses on (1) how (affective and cognitive) ToM impairment occurs in different phenotypes, (2) whether MS ToM impairment is secondary to or independent from cognitive deficit and (3) whether ToM deficit impacts QoL. 42 adults with MS (18 M: 24 F, 52.38 ± 10.31 mean age, 21.24 ± 10.94 mean disease duration, 26 RR and 16 Pr) and 26 matched healthy controls (HC) (7 M: 19 F, 51.35 ± 12.42 mean age) were screened with a neuropsychological and ToM battery, assessing both affective and cognitive components. We found statistically significant groups differences in cognitive but not affective ToM, with a lower performance in PrMS than those with a RRMS disease course. Also, significant predictive effects of neuropsychological tests on ToM were identified in MS group. Finally, MS people with different level of affective ToM differed significantly in QoL. ToM deficit in moderately disabled people with MS involves cognitive but not affective ToM components with implications on QoL. It also appears to be related to cognitive performance. As neurological and neurocognitive profiles influence mentalizing in MS, ToM evaluation should be considered for inclusion in clinical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Isernia
- Theory of Mind Unit, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessia d’Arma
- Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Marchetti
- Theory of Mind Unit, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- Theory of Mind Unit, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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119
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Calso C, Besnard J, Allain P. Frontal Lobe Functions in Normal Aging: Metacognition, Autonomy, and Quality of Life. Exp Aging Res 2019; 45:10-27. [PMID: 30707658 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1560105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starting from the "frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging", we aim to study the metacognitive functions (deception, reciprocity, cognitive and affective theory of mind), autonomy and quality of life in normal aging. METHODS Eighty healthy subjects (30 young adults [YA] aged 20-40, 30 old adults [OA] aged 65-79 and 20 very old adults [VOA] aged 80 and over) participated in our study. Standard and novel neuropsychological tasks have been used, assessing abilities to understand others' mental and affective states, deceptive and cooperative situations. RESULTS OA and VOA's performances are significantly poorer than those of YA on first-/second-order false beliefs, deception, reciprocity and emotion recognition tasks. VOA have made more errors than other participants on control false beliefs, general cognition, and memory tasks. Normal aging seems also to be characterized by a reduction in processing speed. The level of instrumental activities of daily living decreases with aging. Theory of mind is associated with individual general cognitive state and executive functions, but not with OA and VOA's levels of autonomy and quality of life. CONCLUSION In this study, we have shown an age-related deterioration of metacognitive functions, which does not seem to be associated with old adults' autonomy and satisfaction of life. A good level of mental activity could be necessary to maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calso
- a Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638) , Université d'Angers, Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion , Angers , France.,b Unité Transversale de Recherche Psychogenèse et Psychopathologie. Cliniques, psychopathologie et psychanalyse (EA 4403) , Université Paris 13-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Villetaneuse , France
| | - Jérémy Besnard
- a Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638) , Université d'Angers, Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion , Angers , France
| | - Philippe Allain
- a Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638) , Université d'Angers, Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion , Angers , France.,c Unité de neuropsychologie, département de neurologie , CHU d'Angers , Angers , France
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120
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Social brain, social dysfunction and social withdrawal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:10-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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121
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Do mentalization skills affect the perception of stigma in patients with epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav 2018; 88:49-53. [PMID: 30241053 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study the relationship between the mentalizing ability and stigma in patients with epilepsy. METHODS Patients with epilepsy were administered the following battery of tests: Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) form, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Eyes Test), Stigma Scale of Epilepsy (SSE), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS Assessment of an association between the Eyes Test score, ISMI Scale total score, and subscale scores revealed a negative significant correlation of Eyes Test scores with approval of stereotypes, perceived discrimination, stigma resistance, and total score. Eyes Test score and BDI scores appears to be significant predictor of internalized stigma among the clinical variables that were studied. A positive significant correlation was detected between BDI score and alienation, perceived discrimination, and total score. CONCLUSION The presence of a correlation between the mentalization and stigma perception in our study demonstrates that these two concepts are connected and that this connection needs further study. In particular, mentalization-based therapy can have an effect on the reduction of the stigma perceptions and in this way can improve the course of the disease, potentially improving the patients' quality of life.
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122
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Walzak LC, Loken Thornton W. The role of illness burden in theory of mind performance among older adults. Exp Aging Res 2018; 44:427-442. [DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1521494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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123
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Balconi M, Vanutelli ME. Functional EEG connectivity during competition. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:63. [PMID: 30336786 PMCID: PMC6194561 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social behavior and interactions pervasively shape and influence our lives and relationships. Competition, in particular, has become a core topic in social neuroscience since it stresses the relevance and salience of social comparison processes between the inter-agents that are involved in a common task. The majority of studies, however, investigated such kind of social interaction via one-person individual paradigms, thus not taking into account relevant information concerning interdependent participants’ behavioral and neural responses. In the present study, dyads of volunteers participated in a hyperscanning paradigm and competed in a computerized attention task while their electrophysiological (EEG) activity and performance were monitored and recorded. Behavioral data and inter-brain coupling measures based on EEG frequency data were then computed and compared across different experimental conditions: a control condition (individual task, t0), a first competitive condition (pre-feedback condition, t1), and a second competitive condition following a positive reinforcing feedback (post-feedback condition, t2). Results Results showed that during competitive tasks participants’ performance was improved with respect to control condition (reduced response times and error rates), with a further specific improvement after receiving a reinforcing feedback. Concurrently, we observed a reduction of inter-brain functional connectivity (primarily involving bilateral prefrontal areas) for slower EEG frequency bands (delta and theta). Finally, correlation analyses highlighted a significant association between cognitive performance and inter-brain connectivity measures. Conclusions The present results may help identifying specific patterns of behavioral and inter-brain coupling measures associated to competition and processing of social reinforcements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Elide Vanutelli
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123, Milan, Italy
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Rossetto F, Castelli I, Baglio F, Massaro D, Alberoni M, Nemni R, Shamay-Tsoory S, Marchetti A. Cognitive and Affective Theory of Mind in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Parkinson's Disease: Preliminary Evidence from the Italian Version of the Yoni Task. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:764-780. [PMID: 30299987 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1529175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore cognitive and affective dimensions of ToM using the computerized Yoni task in participants with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI=16), early stage of Parkinson's Disease (PD=14), and healthy controls (HC=18) Results demonstrated that the Yoni task was effective in discriminating between groups in 1th order cognitive dimension (MCI<PD=HC, pcorr<.05), and in 2nd order cognitive and affective dimensions (MCI<HC, pcorr <.05), highlighting a reduced ToM performance also in people with PD (MCI<PD<HC, pcorr <.05). Thus, the Yoni task represents a sensitive tool for detecting different dimensions of ToM impairment, across different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossetto
- a Department of Neurorehabilitation and Imaging LAB , IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi , Milano , MI , Italy.,b Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Milano , MI , Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- b Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Milano , MI , Italy.,c Department of Human and Social Science , Università degli Studi di Bergamo , Bergamo , BG , Italy
| | - Francesca Baglio
- a Department of Neurorehabilitation and Imaging LAB , IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi , Milano , MI , Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- b Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Milano , MI , Italy
| | - Margherita Alberoni
- a Department of Neurorehabilitation and Imaging LAB , IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi , Milano , MI , Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- a Department of Neurorehabilitation and Imaging LAB , IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi , Milano , MI , Italy.,d Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , MI , Italy
| | | | - Antonella Marchetti
- b Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Milano , MI , Italy
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Theory of mind and joint action in Parkinson’s disease. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1320-1337. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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126
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Zabala ML, Richard´s MM, Breccia F, López M. Relaciones entre empatía y teoría de la mente en niños y adolescentes. PENSAMIENTO PSICOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi16-2.retm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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127
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Navarra-Ventura G, Fernandez-Gonzalo S, Turon M, Pousa E, Palao D, Cardoner N, Jodar M. Gender Differences in Social Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study of Recently Diagnosed Patients with Schizophrenia and Healthy Subjects. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2018; 63:538-546. [PMID: 29216439 PMCID: PMC6099750 DOI: 10.1177/0706743717746661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study had 2 objectives: First, to explore the gender-related differences in emotional processing (EP) and theory of mind-both cognitive (CToM) and affective (AToM)-in patients with schizophrenia and in a control group of healthy subjects; and, second, to examine, from a gender perspective, the possible association between EP and CToM in the AToM performance. METHODS Forty patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder were recruited and matched by gender, age and years of education with 40 healthy subjects. EP was measured by the pictures of facial affect (POFA) test. CToM was measured using first- and second-order false-belief (FB) stories. AToM was measured by the reading the mind in the eyes test (RMET). Group and gender differences in CToM were analysed using the X2 test, whereas EP and AToM were analysed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U Test and a general linear model. Results were adjusted by intelligence quotient and negative symptomatology. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia underperformed against healthy subjects in the POFA test, second-order FB, and RMET, but not in first-order FB. No significant gender differences were found. However, there was a trend showing that females outperformed males in the POFA ( P = 0.056). Group ( P < 0.001), POFA ( P < 0.001) and second-order FB ( P = 0.022) were the best factors predicting RMET performance (adjusted R2 = 0.584). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the illness is the main factor related to the deficit in social cognition, except for the basic aspects of the CToM that were unimpaired in most patients. Nevertheless, the influence of female gender in EP should not be neglected in any group. Finally, the hierarchal interaction between these domains is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Navarra-Ventura
- 1 Mental Health Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, International Excellence Campus, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sol Fernandez-Gonzalo
- 3 Research Department, Fundació Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain.,5 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, International Excellence Campus, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Turon
- 3 Research Department, Fundació Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,6 Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Pousa
- 7 Mental Health Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Palao
- 1 Mental Health Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, International Excellence Campus, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Narcis Cardoner
- 1 Mental Health Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, International Excellence Campus, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merce Jodar
- 4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain.,5 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, International Excellence Campus, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,8 Neurology Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari. Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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Theory of Mind and social competence in children and adolescents with genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE): Relationships to epilepsy severity and anti-epileptic drugs. Seizure 2018; 60:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zemánková P, Lošák J, Czekóová K, Lungu O, Jáni M, Kašpárek T, Bareš M. Theory of Mind Skills Are Related to Resting-State Frontolimbic Connectivity in Schizophrenia. Brain Connect 2018; 8:350-361. [PMID: 29869536 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia (SCH) often demonstrate impairment in social-cognitive functions as well as disturbances in large-scale network connectivity. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a core region of the default mode network, with projections to limbic structures. It plays an important role in social and emotional decision-making. We investigated whether resting-state functional connectivity (FC) relates to the cognitive and affective domains of theory of mind (ToM). Twenty-three SCH patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. vmPFC seed connectivity was correlated with behavioral measures assessing ToM domains. SCH performed less well than HCs in both ToM task domains. An analysis of the resting-state FC revealed that SCH had reduced connectivity from the vmPFC to the subcallosal cortex, right amygdala, and right hippocampus as a function of behavioral scores in both ToM domains. Within-group analyses indicated that in HCs, the performance in ToM was positively associated with frontoamygdalar resting-state connectivity, whereas in SCH, the performance in ToM was negatively associated with the frontosubcallosal connectivity. Differences in the pattern of the resting-state frontolimbic connectivity and its associations with performance in ToM tasks between the two study groups might represent a different setup for processing social information in patients with SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zemánková
- 1 Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,3 First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's Teaching Hospital , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lošák
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Czekóová
- 1 Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ovidiu Lungu
- 4 Psychiatry Department, University of Montreal , Montreal, Canada .,5 Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Research Centre of the Montreal Geriatric Institute , Montreal, Canada .,6 Centre for Research on Aging, Donald Berman Maimonides Geriatric Centre , Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Jáni
- 1 Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašpárek
- 1 Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bareš
- 3 First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's Teaching Hospital , Brno, Czech Republic .,7 Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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131
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Healey ML, Grossman M. Cognitive and Affective Perspective-Taking: Evidence for Shared and Dissociable Anatomical Substrates. Front Neurol 2018; 9:491. [PMID: 29988515 PMCID: PMC6026651 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perspective-taking refers to the ability to recognize another person's point of view. Crucial to the development of interpersonal relationships and prosocial behavior, perspective-taking is closely linked to human empathy, and like empathy, perspective-taking is commonly subdivided into cognitive and affective components. While the two components of empathy have been frequently compared, the differences between cognitive and affective perspective-taking have been under-investigated in the cognitive neuroscience literature to date. Here, we define cognitive perspective-taking as the ability to infer an agent's thoughts or beliefs, and affective perspective-taking as the ability to infer an agent's feelings or emotions. In this paper, we review data from functional imaging studies in healthy adults as well as behavioral and structural imaging studies in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia in order to determine if there are distinct neural correlates for cognitive and affective perspective-taking. Data suggest that there are both shared and non-shared cognitive and anatomic substrates. For example, while both types of perspective-taking engage regions such as the temporoparietal junction, precuneus, and temporal poles, only affective perspective-taking engages regions within the limbic system and basal ganglia. Differences are also observed in prefrontal cortex: while affective perspective-taking engages ventromedial prefrontal cortex, cognitive perspective-taking engages dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). To corroborate these findings, we also examine if cognitive and affective perspective-taking share the same relationship with executive functions. While it is clear that affective perspective-taking requires emotional substrates that are less prominent in cognitive perspective-taking, it remains unknown to what extent executive functions (including working memory, mental set switching, and inhibitory control) may contribute to each process. Overall results indicate that cognitive perspective-taking is dependent on executive functioning (particularly mental set switching), while affective perspective-taking is less so. We conclude with a critique of the current literature, with a focus on the different outcome measures used across studies and misconceptions due to imprecise terminology, as well as recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Healey
- Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Kirkovski M, Suo C, Enticott PG, Yücel M, Fitzgerald PB. Short communication: Sex-linked differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are related to social functioning in autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 274:19-22. [PMID: 29500101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to investigate sex differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) between adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (NT) controls. GABA at the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) is reported for 12 ASD and 14 NT participants. The results show no group differences in GABA. There was, however, a significant positive association between GABA at the STS and autism-related social impairments in females with ASD. These findings provide preliminary support for sex differences in GABAergic distribution and processes that contribute to social functioning in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kirkovski
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Chao Suo
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gregory Enticott
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Bernard Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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133
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The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT): Examining the effects of age on a new measure of theory of mind and social norm understanding. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195818. [PMID: 29664917 PMCID: PMC5903589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current measures of social cognition have shown inconsistent findings regarding the effects of healthy aging. Moreover, no tests are currently available that allow clinicians and researchers to examine cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM) and understanding of social norms within the same test. To address these limitations, we present the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) which assesses cognitive and affective ToM and inter- and intrapersonal understanding of social norms. We examined the effects of age, measures of intelligence and the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP) on the ESCoT and established tests of social cognition. Additionally, we investigated the convergent validity of the ESCoT based on traditional social cognition measures. The ESCoT was administered alongside Reading the Mind in Films (RMF), Reading the Mind in Eyes (RME), Judgement of Preference and Social Norm Questionnaire to 91 participants (30 aged 18–35 years, 30 aged 45–60 years and 31 aged 65–85 years). Poorer performance on the cognitive and affective ToM ESCoT subtests were predicted by increasing age. The affective ToM ESCoT subtest and RMF were predicted by gender, where being female predicted better performance. Unlike the ESCoT, better performance on the RMF was predicted by higher verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning abilities, while better performance on the RME was predicted by higher verbal comprehension scores. Lower scores on inter-and intrapersonal understanding of social norms were both predicted by the presence of more autism-like traits while poorer interpersonal understanding of social norms performance was predicted by increasing age. These findings show that the ESCoT is a useful measure of social cognition and, unlike established tests of social cognition, performance is not predicted by measures of verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning. This is particularly valuable to obtain an accurate assessment of the influence of age on our social cognitive abilities.
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134
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On the relation between theory of mind and executive functioning: A developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:2119-2140. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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135
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EEG functional connectivity and brain-to-brain coupling in failing cognitive strategies. Conscious Cogn 2018; 60:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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Yang CC, Khalifa N, Völlm B. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on empathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2018; 48:737-750. [PMID: 28826416 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171700232x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Empathy is a multi-dimensional concept with affective and cognitive components, the latter often referred to as Theory of Mind (ToM). Impaired empathy is prevalent in people with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as personality disorder, psychopathy, and schizophrenia, highlighting the need to develop therapeutic interventions to address this. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive therapeutic technique that has been effective in treating various neuropsychiatric conditions, can be potentially used to modulate empathy. To our knowledge, no systematic reviews or meta-analyses in this field have been conducted. The aim of the current study was to review the literature on the use of rTMS to modulate empathy in adults. Seven electronic databases (AMED, Cochrane library, EMBASE, Medline, Pubmed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science) were searched using appropriate search terms. Twenty-two studies were identified, all bar one study involved interventions in healthy rather than clinical populations, and 18 of them, providing results for 24 trials, were included in the meta-analyses. Results showed an overall small, but statistically significant, effect in favour of active rTMS in healthy individuals. Differential effects across cognitive and affective ToM were evident. Subgroup analyses for cognitive ToM revealed significant effect sizes on excitatory rTMS, offline paradigms, and non-randomised design trials. Subgroup analyses for affective ToM revealed significant effect sizes on excitatory rTMS, offline paradigms, and non-randomised design trials. Meta-regression revealed no significant sources of heterogeneity. In conclusion, rTMS may have discernible effects on different components of empathy. Further research is required to examine the effects of rTMS on empathy in clinical and non-clinical populations, using appropriate empathy tasks and rTMS protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Yang
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology,School of Medicine,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - N Khalifa
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology,School of Medicine,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - B Völlm
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology,School of Medicine,University of Nottingham,UK
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Colonnesi C, Nikolić M, de Vente W, Bögels SM. Social Anxiety Symptoms in Young Children: Investigating the Interplay of Theory of Mind and Expressions of Shyness. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:997-1011. [PMID: 27662837 PMCID: PMC5487817 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Children’s early onset of social anxiety may be associated with their social understanding, and their ability to express emotions adaptively. We examined whether social anxiety in 48-month-old children (N = 110; 54 boys) was related to: a) a lower level of theory of mind (ToM); b) a lower proclivity to express shyness in a positive way (adaptive); and c) a higher tendency to express shyness in a negative way (non-adaptive). In addition, we investigated to what extent children’s level of social anxiety was predicted by the interaction between ToM and expressions of shyness. Children’s positive and negative expressions of shyness were observed during a performance task. ToM was measured with a validated battery, and social anxiety was assessed using both parents’ reports on questionnaires. Socially anxious children had a lower level of ToM, and displayed more negative and less positive shy expressions. However, children with a lower level of ToM who expressed more positive shyness were less socially anxious. Additional results show that children who displayed shyness only in a negative manner were more socially anxious than children who expressed shyness only in a positive way and children who did not display any shyness. Moreover, children who displayed both positive and negative expressions of shyness were more socially anxious than children who displayed shyness only in a positive way. These findings highlight the importance of ToM development and socio-emotional strategies, and their interaction, on the early development of social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colonnesi
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001, NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Milica Nikolić
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001, NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke de Vente
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001, NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M Bögels
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001, NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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138
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Abstract
Functional connectivity during cooperative actions is an important topic in social neuroscience that has yet to be answered. Here, we examined the effects of administration of (fictitious) negative social feedback in relation to cooperative capabilities. Cognitive performance and neural activation underlying the execution of joint actions was recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) on prefrontal regions during a task where pairs of participants received negative feedback after their joint action. Performance (error rates (ERs) and response times (RTs)) and intra- and inter-brain connectivity indices were computed, along with the ConIndex (inter-brain/intra-brain connectivity). Finally, correlational measures were considered to assess the relation between these different measures. Results showed that the negative feedback was able to modulate participants' responses for both behavioral and neural components. Cognitive performance was decreased after the feedback. Moreover, decreased inter-brain connectivity and increased intra-brain connectivity was induced by the feedback, whereas the cooperative task pre-feedback condition was able to increase the brain-to-brain coupling, mainly localized within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Finally, the presence of significant correlations between RTs and inter-brain connectivity revealed that ineffective joint action produces the worst cognitive performance and a more 'individual strategy' for brain activity, limiting the inter-brain connectivity. The present study provides a significant contribution to the identification of patterns of intra- and inter-brain functional connectivity when negative social reinforcement is provided in relation to cooperative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Elide Vanutelli
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gatti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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139
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impairments of Theory of Mind (ToM) have been repeatedly demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, only a handful of studies have explored deficits in affective and cognitive subcomponents of ToM. Thus, this study aims to examine affective and cognitive ToM abilities in SCZ by using a novel, verbal paradigm. METHODS Twenty-four SCZ and 22 healthy comparison subjects (HC) completed a battery of tasks, which consisted of: (i) Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS), (ii) three well-established tasks measuring social cognitive abilities, and (iii) original tasks which assess ability to infer cognitive and affective mental states based on everyday verbal social interactions. RESULTS In line with previous findings, SCZ were outperformed by HC in all tasks. However, the interaction effect of the group and the task showed that cognitive (as opposed to affective) ToM was more profoundly impaired in patients with SCZ. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that in SCZ group cognitive ToM is more impaired as it involves more effortful reflective processes, while affective ToM, which is more automatic and based on reflexive processes, may differentiate patients from healthy comparison subjects to a lesser extent. (JINS, 2018, 24, 305-309).
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140
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Non-invasive imaging modalities to study neurodegenerative diseases of aging brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 95:54-69. [PMID: 29474853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to highlight current approaches for imaging elderly brain, indispensable for cognitive neuroscience research with emphasis on the basic physical principles of various non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. The first part of this article presents a quick overview of the primary non-invasive neuroimaging modalities used by cognitive neuroscientists such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), Profusion imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) along with tractography and connectomics. The second part provides a comprehensive overview of different multimodality imaging techniques for various cognitive neuroscience studies of aging brain.
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141
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Meteyard L, Holmes NP. TMS SMART - Scalp mapping of annoyance ratings and twitches caused by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 299:34-44. [PMID: 29471064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnetic pulse generated during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) also stimulates cutaneous nerves and muscle fibres, with the most commonly reported side effect being muscle twitches and sometimes painful sensations. These sensations affect behaviour during experimental tasks, presenting a potential confound for 'online' TMS studies. NEW METHOD Our objective was to systematically map the degree of disturbance (ratings of annoyance, pain, and muscle twitches) caused by TMS at 43 locations across the scalp. Ten participants provided ratings whilst completing a choice reaction time task, and ten different participants provided ratings whilst completing a 'flanker' reaction time task. RESULTS TMS over frontal and inferior regions resulted in the highest ratings of annoyance, pain, and muscle twitches caused by TMS. We predicted the difference in reaction times (RT) under TMS by scalp location and subjective ratings. Frontal and inferior scalp locations showed the greatest cost to RTs under TMS (i.e., slowing), with midline sites showing no or minimal slowing. Increases in subjective ratings of disturbance predicted longer RTs under TMS. Critically, ratings were a better predictor of the cost of TMS than scalp location or scalp-to-cortex distance. The more difficult 'flanker' task showed a greater effect of subjective disturbance. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS We provide the data as an online resource (www.tms-smart.info) so that researchers can select control sites that account for the level of general interference in task performance caused by online single-pulse TMS. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral sensations and discomfort caused by TMS pulses significantly and systematically influence RTs during single-pulse, online TMS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Meteyard
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas P Holmes
- School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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142
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Abstract
BACKGROUND New onset of mood and behavioral changes in middle-aged patients are frequently the first manifestations of an unrecognized neurocognitive disorder. Impairment of social cognition, the cognitive ability to process social information coming from others, such as emotions, to attribute mental states to others, and to respond appropriately to them, is often at the origin of behavioral manifestations in neurodegenerative disorders. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on social cognition impairment in neurocognitive disorders, particularly in prodromal stages of behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD). The concepts of social cognition will be reviewed, including its impairment and neural basis, its clinical assessment, and the different therapeutic interventions available clinically. RESULTS Socially inappropriate behaviors, such as loss of empathy, inappropriateness of affect, and disinhibition are frequently reported in prodromal bvFTD and in prodromal AD. Lack of self-control, reduced perception of social cues, such as recognition of facial emotions and sarcastic speech, and impaired Theory of Mind all contribute to the neuropsychiatric symptoms and are secondary to neurodegeneration in specific brain regions. In contrasts to bvFTD and AD, deficits in social cognition in IPD occur later in the course of the disease and are often multifactorial in origin. CONCLUSIONS Through various manifestations, social inappropriateness is frequently the first clinical sign of a neurodegenerative process, especially in AD and bvFTD, years before noticeable impairment on classical neuropsychological assessment and brain atrophy on imaging.
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143
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Rooney B, Bálint KE. Watching More Closely: Shot Scale Affects Film Viewers' Theory of Mind Tendency But Not Ability. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2349. [PMID: 29387032 PMCID: PMC5776141 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research debates the effects of exposure to narrative fiction on recognition of mental states in others and self, referred to as Theory of Mind. The current study explores the mechanisms by which such effects could occur in fictional film. Using manipulated film scenes, we conducted a between subject experiment (N = 136) exploring how film shot-scale affects viewers' Theory of Mind. Specifically, in our methods we distinguish between the trait Theory of Mind abilities (ToM ability), and the state-like tendency to recognize mental states in others and self (ToM tendency). Results showed that close-up shots (compared to long shots) of a character was associated with higher levels of Theory of Mind tendency, when the facial expression was sad but not when it was neutral. And this effect did not transfer to other characters in the film. There was also no observable effect of character depiction on viewers' general Theory of Mind ability. Together the findings suggest that formal and content features of shot scale can elicit Theory of Mind responses by directing attention toward character mental states rather than improving viewers' general Theory of Mind ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Rooney
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katalin E Bálint
- Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Institute for Media, Knowledge and Communication, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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144
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Healey ML, Grossman M. Cognitive and Affective Perspective-Taking: Evidence for Shared and Dissociable Anatomical Substrates. Front Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29988515 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00491/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Perspective-taking refers to the ability to recognize another person's point of view. Crucial to the development of interpersonal relationships and prosocial behavior, perspective-taking is closely linked to human empathy, and like empathy, perspective-taking is commonly subdivided into cognitive and affective components. While the two components of empathy have been frequently compared, the differences between cognitive and affective perspective-taking have been under-investigated in the cognitive neuroscience literature to date. Here, we define cognitive perspective-taking as the ability to infer an agent's thoughts or beliefs, and affective perspective-taking as the ability to infer an agent's feelings or emotions. In this paper, we review data from functional imaging studies in healthy adults as well as behavioral and structural imaging studies in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia in order to determine if there are distinct neural correlates for cognitive and affective perspective-taking. Data suggest that there are both shared and non-shared cognitive and anatomic substrates. For example, while both types of perspective-taking engage regions such as the temporoparietal junction, precuneus, and temporal poles, only affective perspective-taking engages regions within the limbic system and basal ganglia. Differences are also observed in prefrontal cortex: while affective perspective-taking engages ventromedial prefrontal cortex, cognitive perspective-taking engages dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). To corroborate these findings, we also examine if cognitive and affective perspective-taking share the same relationship with executive functions. While it is clear that affective perspective-taking requires emotional substrates that are less prominent in cognitive perspective-taking, it remains unknown to what extent executive functions (including working memory, mental set switching, and inhibitory control) may contribute to each process. Overall results indicate that cognitive perspective-taking is dependent on executive functioning (particularly mental set switching), while affective perspective-taking is less so. We conclude with a critique of the current literature, with a focus on the different outcome measures used across studies and misconceptions due to imprecise terminology, as well as recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Healey
- Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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145
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Morel A, Peyroux E, Leleu A, Favre E, Franck N, Demily C. Overview of Social Cognitive Dysfunctions in Rare Developmental Syndromes With Psychiatric Phenotype. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:102. [PMID: 29774207 PMCID: PMC5943552 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare neurodevelopmental syndromes often present social cognitive deficits that may underlie difficulties in social interactions and increase the risk of psychosis or autism spectrum disorders. However, little is known regarding the specificities of social cognitive impairment across syndromes while it remains a major challenge for the care. Our review provides an overview of social cognitive dysfunctions in rare diseases associated with psychiatric symptoms (with a prevalence estimated between 1 in 1,200 and 1 in 25,000 live births: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Williams syndrome) and shed some light on the specific mechanisms that may underlie these skills in each clinical presentation. We first detail the different processes included in the generic expression "social cognition" before summarizing the genotype, psychiatric phenotype, and non-social cognitive profile in each syndrome. Then, we offer a systematic review of the social cognitive abilities and the disturbed mechanisms they are likely associated with. We followed the PRISMA process, including the definition of the relevant search terms, the selection of studies based on clear inclusion, and exclusion criteria and the quality appraisal of papers. We finally provide insights that may have considerable influence on the development of adapted therapeutic interventions such as social cognitive training (SCT) therapies specifically designed to target the psychiatric phenotype. The results of this review suggest that social cognition impairments share some similarities across syndromes. We propose that social cognitive impairments are strongly involved in behavioral symptoms regardless of the overall cognitive level measured by intelligence quotient. Better understanding the mechanisms underlying impaired social cognition may lead to adapt therapeutic interventions. The studies targeting social cognition processes offer new thoughts about the development of specific cognitive training programs, as they highlight the importance of connecting neurocognitive and SCT techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Morel
- Scientific Brain Training, Reference Center for Rare Diseases GénoPsy, CH Le Vinatier, UMR 5229, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Peyroux
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases GénoPsy, SUR/CL3R: Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, CH Le Vinatier, UMR 5229, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Leleu
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Emilie Favre
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases GénoPsy, CH Le Vinatier, UMR 5229, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre ressource de réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, CH Le Vinatier, Lyon et UMR 5229 (CNRS and Université Lyon), Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Demily
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases GénoPsy, CH Le Vinatier, UMR 5229, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
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146
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Li X, Hu D, Deng W, Tao Q, Hu Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Tao R, Yang L, Zhang X. Pragmatic Ability Deficit in Schizophrenia and Associated Theory of Mind and Executive Function. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2164. [PMID: 29321753 PMCID: PMC5732175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in pragmatic abilities have frequently been observed in patients with schizophrenia. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between pragmatic deficits, ToM deficits and executive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. A group of 42 schizophrenic patients and 42 healthy controls were assessed on irony task (one type of pragmatic language), two subcomponents of ToM (cognitive and affective), and three subcomponents of EF (inhibition, updating, and switching). The clinical symptoms in schizophrenia were assessed using the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The schizophrenia group exhibited significant impairments in all above tasks compared to the control group. Correlation results found that irony scores were correlated with the two subcomponents of ToM and two of the three subcomponents of EF (inhibition and updating). The regression analysis revealed that the cognitive ToM and inhibition predicted 9.2% and 29.9% of the variance of irony comprehension in the patient group, and inhibition was the best predictor for performance on irony task. Irony understanding was related to positive symptoms, but not to negative symptoms. The results suggest that the ability to interpret pragmatic language depends on schizophrenic patients' ability to infer mental states and the ability of inhibition. It provides empirical evidence for a particular target of inhibition for rehabilitation and intervention programs developed for schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenrui Deng
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Psychology, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Psychology, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Lizhuang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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147
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Bodnar A, Rybakowski JK. Mentalization deficit in bipolar patients during an acute depressive and manic episode: association with cognitive functions. Int J Bipolar Disord 2017; 5:38. [PMID: 29209876 PMCID: PMC6155478 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-017-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A number of studies in bipolar patients have shown a deficit in mentalization (theory of mind), one of the main aspects of social cognition. The aim of current study was to assess both cognitive and affective mentalization in well-defined groups of depressed and manic bipolar patients, compared to healthy control subjects, using a battery of tests measuring mentalization processes. The second aim was to investigate a possible relationship between cognitive and affective mentalization and cognitive functions in bipolar patients during a depressive and manic episode. Methods The study involved 25 bipolar disorder type I patients (10 male, 15 female) during a depressive episode (mean 24 ± 2 points in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and 25 patients (10 male, 15 female) during a manic episode (mean 27 ± 4 points in the Young Mania Rating Scale). The control group consisted of 25 healthy subjects (10 male, 15 female) without psychiatric disorders. To measure mentalization, a revised version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (R-MET), the Strange Stories (SS), the Faux Pas Recognition (FPR), and the Moving Shapes Paradigm (MSP) tests were used. Assessment of cognitive functioning was made using the Digit Span, Trail Making, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests. Results In bipolar patients significant deficits in both cognitive and affective mentalization were demonstrated during both acute depressive and manic episodes. The impairment in FPR in manic patients was more severe than that in the depressive ones. On the other hand, in MSP, manic patients showed significantly increased intentionality for non-mentalization animations, compared with depressive patients and for “cause and effect” animations compared with control subjects. A significant relationship was found between the decrease in cognitive and affective mentalization and deficits of cognitive functions during both the depressive and manic episodes. Conclusions The results obtained confirm the deficits of mentalization in bipolar I patients, during both acute depressive and manic episodes. We found that in such patients mentalization deficits significantly correlated with cognitive dysfunctions more so during depressive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bodnar
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul.Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul.Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland.
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148
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Wittkuhn L, Eppinger B, Bartsch LM, Thurm F, Korb FM, Li SC. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates value-based learning during sequential decision-making. Neuroimage 2017; 167:384-395. [PMID: 29191478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive behavior in daily life often requires the ability to acquire and represent sequential contingencies between actions and the associated outcomes. Although accumulating evidence implicates the role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in complex value-based learning and decision-making, direct evidence for involvements of this region in integrating information across sequential decision states is still scarce. Using a 3-stage deterministic Markov decision task, here we applied offline, inhibitory low-frequency 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dlPFC in young male adults (n = 31, mean age = 23.8 years, SD = 2.5 years) in a within-subject cross-over design to study the roles of this region in influencing value-based sequential decision-making. In two separate sessions, each participant received 1-Hz rTMS stimulation either over the left dlPFC or over the vertex. The results showed that transiently inhibiting the left dlPFC impaired choice accuracy, particularly in situations in which the acquisition of sequential transitions between decision states and temporally lagged action-outcome contingencies played a greater role. Estimating parameters of a diffusion model from behavioral choices, we found that the diffusion drift rate, which reflects the efficiency of information integration, was attenuated by the stimulation. Moreover, the effects of rTMS interacted with session: individuals who could not efficiently integrate information across sequential states in the first session due to disrupted dlPFC function also could not catch up in performance during the second session with those individuals who could learn sequential transitions with intact dlPFC function in the first session. Taken together, our findings suggest that the left dlPFC is crucially involved in the acquisition of complex sequential relations and in the potential of such learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Wittkuhn
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Eppinger
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B1R6, Canada; PERFORM, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Lea M Bartsch
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franka Thurm
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska M Korb
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of General Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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149
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Sex Mediates the Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on “Mind-Reading”. Neuroscience 2017; 366:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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150
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Wang Y, Wen Z, Fu Y, Zheng L. Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Measure of Empathy and Sympathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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