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Hadi F, Lai BS, Llabre MM. Life outcomes influenced by war-related experiences during the Gulf crisis. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2013; 27:156-75. [PMID: 24003829 PMCID: PMC3877742 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2013.832219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the life outcomes of children exposed to the Gulf crisis in 1990-1991. We expected war-trauma exposure and psychological distress symptoms to predict poorer educational and occupational outcomes. Participants were 151 Kuwaiti citizens who were assessed during childhood (in 1993; M age = 10.6 years), and who were reassessed 10 years later in young adulthood (in 2003; M age = 21.2 years). Participants completed measures of intelligence, war-trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, intervening life events, and life outcomes. Results indicated that war-trauma exposure negatively impacted children's educational and occupational outcomes as young adults. Boys with higher levels of war-trauma exposure were less likely to attend University. Posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms also predicted poorer educational and occupational outcomes. However, this relationship was not significant when we accounted for children's intelligence. Depressive symptoms were not predictive of children's educational or occupational outcomes. Results suggest that war-trauma exposure may have life-altering effects on children. Tailored, early interventions are needed for children exposed to war traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzyiah Hadi
- Kuwait University, P.O. Box 13281, Keifan Code (71953) Kuwait, 305-677-3498
| | - Betty S. Lai
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, (305) 284-6179
| | - Maria M. Llabre
- University of Miami, P.O. Box 248185, Coral Gables, FL 33124, (305) 284-6698
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102
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Reciprocal associations between adolescents' night-time sleep and daytime affect and the role of gender and depressive symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 44:556-69. [PMID: 23996216 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-0009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence, students not only obtain less sleep and sleep of poorer quality but also experience increases in negative affect, decreases in positive affect, and increases in depressive symptoms. Given that sleep and affect may both influence one another, a disruption of either one of the two may trigger a downward spiral where poor sleep and affective dysfunctioning continue to negatively influence each other. As a result, the present study aims to examine the bidirectional daily associations between adolescents' nighttime sleep (sleep quality and disturbance) and daytime affect as well as the moderational effects of participants' gender and depressive symptoms. To this end, we conducted hierarchical linear regression modelling in a sample of 286 13-16 year-old non-disordered adolescents (59% female) who completed 9 randomly sampled assessments per day as well as a standard morning and evening assessment for a period of 6 days. Results indicate that sleep disturbance was not associated with positive and negative affect, whereas sleep quality was. Poorer sleep quality predicted more negative and less positive affect the next day, and also was predicted by higher levels of negative and lower levels of positive affect the day before. Girls and participants higher in depressive symptoms seemed to experience stronger adverse effects of poor sleep quality on their negative affect than boys and participants low in depressive symptoms. Additionally, the positive association between positive affect and next day's positive affect was weaker for those who scored higher on depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that improving sleep quality and improving daily affect are both useful strategies to create upward spirals of adolescent well-being that might be needed particularly for girls and adolescents with elevated symptoms of depression.
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103
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Hess ARB, Falcke D. Sintomas internalizantes na adolescência e as relações familiares: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. PSICO-USF 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-82712013000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática de literatura, nacional e internacional, no período de 2005 a 2010, sobre os sintomas internalizantes na adolescência e as relações familiares. Inicialmente, foi realizado um levantamento dos artigos indexados nas bases de dados Academic Search Premier, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), ISI Web of Knowledge, Lilacs, MEDLINEwith Full Text e SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), utilizando-se os descritores, em português, "problemas internalizantes" ou "sintomas internalizantes" e "adolescência ou adolescente ou jovem" e "família"; e, em inglês, "internalizing problems or internalizing symptoms" and "adolescence or adolescent or teenager" and "family". Os artigos foram classificados de acordo com o ano de publicação, o país, a metodologia, o instrumento de mensuração para comportamentos internalizantes e, ainda, quanto à temática principal. Na literatura internacional, constatou-se um predomínio de estudos empíricos e de caráter quantitativo, realizados preponderantemente pelos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, observou-se uma grande escassez de estudos integrando as temáticas da sintomatologia internalizante na adolescência e as relações familiares. Foram encontrados somente dois artigos, o que indica a necessidade de realização de mais pesquisas nesta área em nosso país.
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104
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Labelle R, Breton JJ, Pouliot L, Dufresne MJ, Berthiaume C. Cognitive correlates of serious suicidal ideation in a community sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord 2013; 145:370-7. [PMID: 23102862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that a dysfunctional attributional style, problem-solving deficits and hopelessness place youths at risk of developing suicidal thoughts and engaging in suicidal behaviour. However, in the realm of suicidality in adolescent, no study has examined the linkages between these three cognitive variables and suicidal ideation in non-clinical samples while taking into account the moderating role of gender on the relationships and controlling for depression. METHODS In this community study of 712 adolescents 14-18 years of age, through a multivariate approach, the interaction between the cognitive variables, depression and gender was examined with depression controlled in the analyses. RESULTS Problem-solving deficits and hopelessness proved predictive of such ideation whether or not depressive symptoms were controlled in the analyses. Negative problem orientation/avoidant style was more predictive of ideation in boys than in girls. On the other hand, hopelessness was more predictive for girls than boys. LIMITATIONS Results were based on a convenience community sample of adolescents and a cross-sectional survey. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a unique explanatory model of the suicide process in adolescence that fails to take account of gender would be ill informed. Suicide prevention strategies should be differentiated according to gender with a stronger emphasis in hopelessness in female adolescents, and problem-solving deficits in male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réal Labelle
- Center for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
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105
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Social skills and depressive symptoms across adolescence: Social support as a mediator in girls versus boys. J Adolesc 2013; 36:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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106
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Du Y. Should antidepressants be used to treat childhood depression? SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 25:48-9. [PMID: 24991132 PMCID: PMC4054531 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasong Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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107
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Abstract
This case study describes the treatment of an adolescent male, referred to as ML, who presented with a significant decline in academic performance coupled with a difficulty in coping with parental pressure. A formal assessment revealed the signs of moderate depression with anxiety features, especially on the dimensions of tension and guilt proneness. He was treated with 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) along with group sessions of family therapy and interpersonal therapy. ML’s progress throughout treatment is detailed in this case study report. Results lend support to the body of case series studies attesting to the efficacy of CBT for use with adolescents with depression and anxiety, further implicating the importance of the role played by the parents in the conceptualization, maintenance, as well as treatment of the adolescent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vandana Shriharsh
- Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rehabilitation Council of India, New Delhi, India
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108
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Cognitive Vulnerabilities and Depression in Young Adults: An ROC Curves Analysis. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:407602. [PMID: 24058734 PMCID: PMC3766551 DOI: 10.1155/2013/407602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives and Methods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, whether cognitive vulnerabilities (CV), as measured by three well-known instruments (the Beck Hopelessness Scale, BHS; the Life Orientation Test-Revised, LOT-R; and the Attitudes Toward Self-Revised, ATS-R), independently discriminate between subjects with different severities of depression. Participants were 467 young adults (336 females and 131 males), recruited from the general population. The subjects were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results. Four first-order (BHS Optimism/Low Standard; BHS Pessimism; Generalized Self-Criticism; and LOT Optimism) and two higher-order factors (Pessimism/Negative Attitudes Toward Self, Optimism) were extracted using Principal Axis Factoring analysis. Although all first-order and second-order factors were able to discriminate individuals with different depression severities, the Pessimism factor had the best performance in discriminating individuals with moderate to severe depression from those with lower depression severity. Conclusion. In the screening of young adults at risk of depression, clinicians have to pay particular attention to the expression of pessimism about the future.
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109
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Abstract
Rates of depression double in the transition to adolescence. Symptoms of depression in adolescence also predict adult mood disorders. From a preventative perspective, research into the risk factors for adolescent depression is critical. Simultaneously, there is also growing interest in understanding why adolescence reflects a particularly critical period for the onset of early mood symptoms. Here, we review (a) the role of social, genetic, neural and cognitive factors in explaining individual differences in the propensity to develop symptoms in adolescence, and (b) whether changes in these factors may explain why adolescence is a particularly sensitive period for the onset of depressive symptoms. Finally, we speculate on whether novel social stressors interact with 'genetic innovation' to produce changes in brain circuitry structure and function and associated changes in emotion regulation abilities and social understanding-to increase emergence of symptoms in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y F Lau
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
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110
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Groen G, Petermann F. [Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in children and adolescents - procedure, effects, and developments]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2012; 40:373-83; quiz 383-4. [PMID: 23109126 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive behavior therapy offers a theoretically and empirically valid therapeutic approach for children and adolescents suffering from depression. It can be recommended according to present guidelines and efficacy studies. Further research and conceptual development, however, is necessary especially regarding the small to moderate effect sizes as well as the lack of long-term efficacy and effect factors. This article gives a short overview of the basics and contents of cognitive behavior therapy for depressive children and adolescents. It furthermore presents the latest findings and an assessment of its efficacy and relevant developments and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Groen
- Fakultät Wirtschaft und Soziales, Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg.
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111
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Black SW, Pössel P. The combined effects of self-referent information processing and ruminative responses on adolescent depression. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 42:1145-54. [PMID: 23054351 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents who develop depression have worse interpersonal and affective experiences and are more likely to develop substance problems and/or suicidal ideation compared to adolescents who do not develop depression. This study examined the combined effects of negative self-referent information processing and rumination (i.e., brooding and reflection) on adolescent depressive symptoms. It was hypothesized that the interaction of negative self-referent information processing and brooding would significantly predict depressive symptoms, while the interaction of negative self-referent information processing and reflection would not predict depressive symptoms. Adolescents (n = 92; 13-15 years; 34.7% female) participated in a 6-month longitudinal study. Self-report instruments measured depressive symptoms and rumination; a cognitive task measured information processing. Path modelling in Amos 19.0 analyzed the data. The interaction of negative information processing and brooding significantly predicted an increase in depressive symptoms 6 months later. The interaction of negative information processing and reflection did not significantly predict depression, however, the model not meet a priori standards to accept the null hypothesis. Results suggest clinicians working with adolescents at-risk for depression should consider focusing on the reduction of brooding and negative information processing to reduce long-term depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Winkeljohn Black
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 S. Third Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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112
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Flouri E, Panourgia C. The role of nonverbal cognitive ability in the association of adverse life events with dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness in adolescence. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2012; 26:411-9. [PMID: 22999037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether nonverbal cognitive ability buffers the effect of life stress (number of adverse life events in the last year) on diatheses for depression. It was expected that, as problem-solving aptitude, nonverbal cognitive ability would moderate the effect of life stress on those diatheses (such as dysfunctional attitudes) that are depressogenic because they represent deficits in information-processing or problem-solving skills, but not on diatheses (such as hopelessness) that are depressogenic because they represent deficits in motivation or effort to apply problem-solving skills. The sample included 558 10- to 19-year-olds from a state secondary school in London. Nonverbal cognitive ability was negatively associated with both dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness. As expected, nonverbal cognitive ability moderated the association between life adversity and dysfunctional attitudes. However, hopelessness was not related to life stress, and therefore, there was no life stress effect for nonverbal cognitive ability to moderate. This study adds to knowledge about the association between problem-solving ability and depressogenic diatheses. By identifying life stress as a risk factor for dysfunctional attitudes but not hopelessness, it highlights the importance of considering outcome specificity in models predicting adolescent outcomes from adverse life events. Importantly for practice, it suggests that an emphasis on recent life adversity will likely underestimate the true level of hopelessness among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, London, UK
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113
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Hankin BL. Future directions in vulnerability to depression among youth: integrating risk factors and processes across multiple levels of analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2012; 41:695-718. [PMID: 22900513 PMCID: PMC4030594 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.711708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a developmental phenomenon. Considerable progress has been made in describing the syndrome, establishing its prevalence and features, providing clues as to its etiology, and developing evidence-based treatment and prevention options. Despite considerable headway in distinct lines of vulnerability research, there is an explanatory gap in the field's ability to more comprehensively explain and predict who is likely to become depressed, when, and why. Still, despite clear success in predicting moderate variance for future depression, especially with empirically rigorous methods and designs, the heterogeneous and multi-determined nature of depression suggests that additional etiologies need to be included to advance knowledge on developmental pathways to depression. This paper advocates for a multiple levels of analysis approach to investigating vulnerability to depression across the lifespan and providing a more comprehensive understanding of its etiology. One example of a multiple levels of analysis model of vulnerabilities to depression is provided that integrates the most accessible, observable factors (e.g., cognitive and temperament risks), intermediate processes and endophenotypes (e.g., information-processing biases, biological stress physiology, and neural activation and connectivity), and genetic influences (e.g., candidate genes and epigenetics). Evidence for each of these factors as well as their cross-level integration is provided. Methodological and conceptual considerations important for conducting integrative, multiple levels of depression vulnerability research are discussed. Finally, translational implications for how a multiple levels of analysis perspective may confer additional leverage to reduce the global burden of depression and improve care are considered.
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114
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Lau JY, Belli SD, Gregory AM, Napolitano M, Eley TC. The role of children’s negative attributions on depressive symptoms: an inherited characteristic or a product of the early environment? Dev Sci 2012; 15:569-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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115
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Stein GL, Gonzalez LM, Huq N. Cultural stressors and the hopelessness model of depressive symptoms in Latino adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 41:1339-49. [PMID: 22528371 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms in Latino youth have been related to both culturally-universal and culturally-based stressors. However, few studies have examined the unique contributions of culturally-based stressors above and beyond other types of stressors. Moreover, no past studies with Latinos have examined the role of culturally-based stressors within a hopelessness model of depressive symptoms, a cognitive model with the strongest empirical support in adolescence. The current study examined these issues in a sample of 171 Latino adolescents (7th-10th grades; mean age = 14; 46 % male). The Latino adolescents were primarily Mexican-American (78 %) and born in the United States (60 %). Students completed measures during a school period on their experiences of parent-child conflict, economic stress, discrimination from peers, and acculturative stress as well as depressive symptoms and attributional style. The results indicated that culturally-based stressors (e.g., acculturative stress and discrimination) predicted greater depressive symptoms even when controlling for culturally-universal stressors (e.g., parent-child conflict, economic stress). Moreover, a negative attributional style moderated the relationship between culturally-universal stressors and depressive symptoms, but this was not the case for culturally-based stressors. Culturally-based stressors play an important role in depressive symptoms among Latino youth. These stressors predicted greater symptomatology even when controlling for other types of stressors and a negative attributional style. These findings suggest that there may be other cognitive risk factors associated with culturally-based stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
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116
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Beardslee WR, Gladstone TRG, O'Connor EE. Developmental risk of depression: experience matters. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2012; 21:261-78, vii. [PMID: 22537726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on discussing risks for depression onset and the role of environmental factors in promoting resilience in children and adolescents. The authors review the current literature on specific (eg, family history of depression) and nonspecific (eg, poverty, stressful life events) risk factors for youth depression to underscore the need for prevention efforts promoting resiliency in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Beardslee
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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117
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Dozois DJA, Eichstedt JA, Collins KA, Phoenix E, Harris K. Core Beliefs, Self-Perception, and Cognitive Organization in Depressed Adolescents. Int J Cogn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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118
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Tak YR, Van Zundert RMP, Kuijpers RCWM, Van Vlokhoven BS, Rensink HFW, Engels RCME. A randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a universal school-based depression prevention program 'Op Volle Kracht' in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:21. [PMID: 22233510 PMCID: PMC3276446 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of depressive symptoms increases during adolescence, from 10.0% to 24.5% at age 11 to 15, respectively. Experiencing elevated levels of depressive symptoms increases the risk of a depressive disorder in adulthood. A universal school-based depression prevention program Op Volle Kracht (OVK) was developed, based on the Penn Resiliency Program, aimed at preventing the increase of depressive symptoms during adolescence and enhancing positive development. In this study the effectiveness of OVK will be tested and possible mediators of program effects will be focus of study as well. METHOD The effectiveness of OVK will be tested in a randomized controlled trial with two conditions, intervention (OVK) and control condition (care as usual). Schools are randomly assigned to research conditions. OVK will be incorporated in the school curriculum, maximizing program attendance. OVK consists of 16 lessons of 50 min, given by trained psychologists to groups of 11-15 students. OVK contains Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, social skills training, problem solving and decision making. Outcomes are measured at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months follow up, to monitor long term program effects. Primary outcome is level of depressive symptoms, secondary outcomes are: anxiety, hopelessness, cognitive bias, substance use, truancy, life satisfaction, coping, self-efficacy, optimism, happiness, friendship, school performance and school attitude. The questionnaires for students will be administered in the school setting. Parents will complete a questionnaire at baseline only. DISCUSSION In this paper the study into the effectiveness of the depression prevention program OVK was described. It is expected that OVK will prevent the increase in depressive symptoms during adolescence and enhance positive development in the intervention condition, compared to the control condition. If OVK will be effective, it can be implemented in the school context by which numerous adolescents can be reached. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR2879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli R Tak
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinka MP Van Zundert
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rowella CWM Kuijpers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Boukje S Van Vlokhoven
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hettie FW Rensink
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger CME Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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119
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Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Children: An Idiographic, Longitudinal Examination of Inferential Styles. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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120
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Rueger SY, Malecki CK. Effects of stress, attributional style and perceived parental support on depressive symptoms in early adolescence: a prospective analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 40:347-59. [PMID: 21534047 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2011.563461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study prospectively examined the role of attributional style and perceived parental support as intrapersonal and interpersonal risk and resilience factors to increases in depressive symptoms in the face of stress with a sample of 497 middle school students. Results demonstrated that boys with a pessimistic attributional style and low or moderate levels of parental support had higher levels of depressive symptoms than boys with high levels of support under high levels of stress but not under low levels of stress. Girls with a pessimistic attributional style and low or moderate levels of perceived parental support had higher levels of depressive symptoms than those with an optimistic attributional style, regardless of the level of stress. These results highlight the need to consider more complex models with multiple moderators, such as cognitive styles and parental support, as well as gender differences, in understanding the development of depressive symptoms in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yu Rueger
- The University of Chicago, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (MC-3077), 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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121
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Oddy WH, Hickling S, Smith MA, O'Sullivan TA, Robinson M, de Klerk NH, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Syrette J, Zubrick SR, Silburn SR. Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and risk of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28:582-8. [PMID: 21538725 DOI: 10.1002/da.20822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are beneficial in reducing symptoms of depression. However, there is limited evidence regarding the influence of dietary n-3 PUFA intake on mood in adolescents drawn from population studies. OBJECTIVE In the present investigation, we examined the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFA intake on depression symptomatology in a large prospective pregnancy cohort followed for 17 years. METHODS Adolescents enrolled in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire to assess dietary fatty acid intake, as well as other dietary factors at age 14 and a fasting blood sample was taken. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) at age 14 (N = 1,407) and at age 17 (N = 995). RESULTS An inverse relationship was observed between intake of both saturated fat and of n-3 PUFA at age 14 and BDI-Y scores at both 14 and 17 years of age. However, after adjusting for energy (kJ) intake and other lifestyle confounders, the relationships were no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS Associations previously reported between n3 PUFA and depressive symptoms may be due to collinearity with other dietary and lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H Oddy
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Kujawa AJ, Torpey D, Kim J, Hajcak G, Rose S, Gotlib IH, Klein DN. Attentional biases for emotional faces in young children of mothers with chronic or recurrent depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:125-35. [PMID: 20644991 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attentional biases for negative stimuli have been observed in school-age and adolescent children of depressed mothers and may reflect a vulnerability to depression. The direction of these biases and whether they can be identified in early childhood remains unclear. The current study examined attentional biases in 5-7-year-old children of depressed and non-depressed mothers. Following a mood induction, children participated in a dot-probe task assessing biases for sad and happy faces. There was a significant interaction of group and sex: daughters of depressed mothers attended selectively to sad faces, while children of controls and sons of depressed mothers did not exhibit biases. No effects were found for happy stimuli. These findings suggest that attentional biases are discernible in early childhood and may be vulnerability markers for depression. The results also raise the possibility that sex differences in cognitive biases are evident before the emergence of sex differences in the prevalence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J Kujawa
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500, USA.
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123
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McQuade JD, Hoza B, Waschbusch DA, Murray-Close D, Owens JS. Changes in self-perceptions in children with ADHD: a longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and attributional style. Behav Ther 2011; 42:170-82. [PMID: 21496504 PMCID: PMC3990436 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined positive self-perceptions in relation to depressive symptoms and attributional style in a sample of 88 boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessed at baseline and at a 2- to 3-year follow-up. Change in boys' self-perceptions of competency in the scholastic, social, and behavioral domains was examined as a predictor of changes in depressive symptoms and depressive attributional style. Additionally, teacher-rated perceptions of competency at baseline and follow-up were considered as unique predictors. Results indicated that across all three domains, a reduction in children's self-perceptions of competency over time predicted greater depressive symptoms at follow-up, even when controlling for teacher-rated competency. Analyses also suggested that a reduction in self-perceptions in the social domain was the strongest relative predictor of later depressive symptoms and also predicted greater depressive attributional style at follow-up. In contrast, teacher-rated competency was not a significant predictor of depressive symptoms or attributional style at follow-up. Results support a protective function of positive self-perceptions in regards to depressive cognitions over a 2- to 3-year period for children with ADHD. However, literature suggesting risks for other negative outcomes also is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D McQuade
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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124
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Leeson FJ, Nixon RDV. The Role of Children’s Appraisals on Adjustment Following Psychological Maltreatment: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:759-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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125
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Cognitive Errors as Predictors of Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism in Children. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-011-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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126
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Reynolds AJ, Ou SR. Paths of effects from preschool to adult well-being: a confirmatory analysis of the child-parent center program. Child Dev 2011; 82:555-82. [PMID: 21410923 PMCID: PMC3793348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the contribution of 5 hypotheses to the estimated effects of preschool in the Child-Parent Centers on occupational prestige, felony arrest, and depressive symptoms in adulthood in the Chicago Longitudinal Study. An alternative-intervention, quasi-experimental design included over 1,400 low-income participants (93% of whom were Black) who attended preschool for 1-2 years or the usual early educational intervention and were traced to age 24. LISREL analysis of 5 hypotheses (cognitive advantage, family support, school support, motivational advantage, and social adjustment) indicated that while each individually accounted for part of the estimated direct effect of preschool on adult well-being, the best fitting model across outcomes included indicators of all 5 hypotheses. The full model completely accounted for the direct effect of preschool on occupational prestige and official felony arrest, and 79% on depression symptoms. Key mediators included cognitive skills at school entry, school quality in the elementary grades, juvenile arrest, and school completion. The identified processes may help establish, strengthen, and sustain effects in other programs and settings.
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127
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Okamoto J, Johnson CA, Leventhal A, Milam J, Pentz MA, Schwartz D, Valente TW. Social Network Status and Depression among Adolescents: An Examination of Social Network Influences and Depressive Symptoms in a Chinese Sample. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2011; 8:67-88. [PMID: 23226988 PMCID: PMC3515061 DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2011.549711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well established influence of peer experiences on adolescent attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors, surprisingly little research has examined the importance of peer context and the increased prevalence of depressive symptoms accompanying the transition into adolescence. Examination of social networks may provide some insight into the role of peers in the vulnerability of some adolescents to depression. To address this issue, we leveraged an existing sample of 5,563 Chinese 10(th) graders to incorporate social network data into a multilevel regression model of depressive symptoms. We found that, in this sample, being nominated as a friend was more important than being nominated as most liked. Social network centrality was significantly associated with depression; those adolescents who were less connected were more likely to suffer from depression. The risk of depression for those who were marginal members of classroom social networks was substantial. These findings suggest that a social network perspective could help to increase the effectiveness of programs aimed at preventing adolescent depression.
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128
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Guyer AE, Choate VR, Grimm KJ, Pine DS, Keenan K. Emerging depression is associated with face memory deficits in adolescent girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:180-90. [PMID: 21241955 PMCID: PMC3072062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between memory for previously encoded emotional faces and depression symptoms assessed over 4 years in adolescent girls. Investigating the interface between memory deficits and depression in adolescent girls may provide clues about depression pathophysiology. METHOD Participants were 213 girls recruited from a longitudinal, community-based study; the majority were African American. Scores on depressive screening measures at age 8 were used to increase the base rate of depression. Depression symptoms and diagnoses were assessed annually for 4 years. In year 4, when the girls were 12 to 13 years old, a face emotion encoding task was administered during which ratings were generated in response to sad, fearful, angry, and happy faces. A surprise memory task followed whereby participants identified which of two faces, displaying neutral expressions, they had seen previously. RESULTS Girls with higher depression symptom levels from ages 9 to 12 years evidenced lower accuracy in identifying previously encoded emotional faces. Controlling for IQ, higher depression symptom level was associated with a memory deficit specific to previously encoded sad and happy faces. These effects were not moderated by race. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in face memory deficits relate to individual differences in emerging, early adolescent depression, and may be vulnerability markers for depression.
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129
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Rice F, Rawal A. Can basic risk research help in the prevention of childhood and adolescent depression? Examining a cognitive and emotional regulation approach. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2011:871245. [PMID: 21197099 PMCID: PMC3003977 DOI: 10.1155/2011/871245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to highlight ways in which basic research findings in the field of childhood and adolescent depression can help to inform and refine preventive intervention efforts. We selectively review basic research evidence from community, clinical, and high-risk populations that identifies cognitive mechanisms (thought processes and reactions to negative affect) and emotional regulation as key processes involved in the onset and maintenance of depression. We focus on cognitive and emotional mechanisms in order to allow comparability with the majority of current preventive interventions. A range of basic research strategies and studies are then suggested that could be employed to help the development and refinement of prevention strategies. These include the need for prospective longitudinal studies to identify causal risk and protective factors, an integration of research approaches and methods, and a focus on understanding potential aetiological heterogeneity between childhood and adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rice
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Adhip Rawal
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK
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130
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Child abuse and negative explicit and automatic self-associations: The cognitive scars of emotional maltreatment. Behav Res Ther 2010; 48:486-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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131
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Ginsburg GS, Silva SG, Jacobs RH, Tonev S, Hoyle RH, Kingery JN, Reinecke MA, Curry JF, March JS. Cognitive measures of adolescent depression: unique or unitary constructs? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:790-802. [PMID: 20183663 DOI: 10.1080/15374410903259015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The factor structure of several self-report questionnaires assessing depression-relevant cognitions frequently employed in clinical research was examined in a sample of 390 adolescents (M age = 14.54; 216 girls; 74% Caucasian) with current major depressive disorder enrolled in the Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study. A four-factor solution resulted, accounting for 65% of the total variance. The factors were labeled (a) Cognitive Distortions and Maladaptive Beliefs, (b) Cognitive Avoidance, (c) Positive Outlook, and (d) Solution-Focused Thinking. Internal consistencies for the factor-based composite scores were .83, .85, .84, and .82, respectively. Girls endorsed more negative cognitions than boys on three of the four factors. Maladaptive cognitions were positively related to severity of depression and predicted treatment response. Taken together, findings indicated that there are four distinct domains of cognitions that are present among adolescents with depression that are tapped by several widely used self-report measures of cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golda S Ginsburg
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-3325, USA.
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132
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How do I feel about feelings? Emotion socialization in families of depressed and healthy adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2010; 40:428-41. [PMID: 20473712 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotional and cognitive changes that occur during adolescence set the stage for the development of adaptive or maladaptive beliefs about emotions. Although research suggests that parents' behaviors and beliefs about emotions relate to children's emotional abilities, few studies have looked at parental socialization of children's emotions, particularly in families with depressed adolescents. The present study examined associations between parent and adolescent meta-emotion philosophies (MEP), defined as thoughts, reactions, and feelings about their own emotions. Additionally, adolescent depressive status was tested as a moderator of relationships between parents' and adolescents' MEP. One hundred and 52 adolescents, aged 14-18 (65.8% female), and their parents (148 mothers, 106 fathers) participated in a study on emotion socialization in families of depressed and healthy adolescents. Depressed adolescents (n = 75) and matched healthy adolescents (n = 77) were recruited based on research criteria for mental health status. The sample was largely Caucasian (82%) and of middle socioeconomic class status. Results indicated that mothers' and fathers' MEP about their children's emotions were associated with adolescents' MEP, although parents' MEP about their own emotions was unrelated to adolescents' MEP. Fathers' MEP about children's emotions made unique contributions to adolescents' MEP across both adolescent groups. Adolescents' depressive status moderated the relationship between mothers' and adolescents' MEP such that mothers' MEP was particularly relevant for depressed adolescents. The continued influence of parents in the emotional lives of adolescents is discussed as well as differences in emotion socialization in families with depressed and healthy adolescents.
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133
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Hoza B, Murray-Close D, Arnold LE, Hinshaw SP, Hechtman L. Time-dependent changes in positively biased self-perceptions of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a developmental psychopathology perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2010; 22:375-90. [PMID: 20423548 PMCID: PMC2969842 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941000012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in the degree of positive bias in self-perceptions of previously diagnosed 8- to 13-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 513) and comparison peers (n = 284) over a 6-year period. The dynamic association between biased self-perceptions and dimensional indices of depressive symptoms and aggression also were considered. Across the 6-year time span, comparison children exhibited less bias than children with ADHD, although a normative bolstering of social self-views during early adolescence was observed. Decreases in positive biases regarding social and behavioral competence were associated with increases in depressive symptoms over time, whereas increases in levels of positively biased self-perceptions in the behavioral (but not social) domain were predictive of greater aggression over time. ADHD status moderated the dynamic association between biases and adjustment. Finally, evidence indicated that there was a bidirectional relationship between biases and aggression, whereas depressive symptoms appeared to inversely predict later bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Hoza
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
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134
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Kovacs M, Lopez-Duran N. Prodromal symptoms and atypical affectivity as predictors of major depression in juveniles: implications for prevention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:472-96. [PMID: 20202041 PMCID: PMC2921595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the long-term morbidity of juvenile-onset major depressive disorder (MDD), it is timely to consider whether more effort should be dedicated to its primary and secondary prevention. METHODS We reviewed studies of prodromal symptoms that may herald a first episode pediatric MDD and considered whether that literature has made an impact on secondary prevention (efforts to prevent progression from symptoms to full disorder). We also reviewed studies of children at familial risk for MDD that addressed atypical affectivity and the regulation of sad, dysphoric affect (mood repair) and related physiological systems, and considered whether research in those areas has made an impact on primary prevention of pediatric MDD (efforts to prevent the disorder). RESULTS A compelling body of literature indicates that depressive symptoms in youngsters predict subsequent MDD across the juvenile (and early adult) years and that any combination of several symptoms for at least one week is informative in that regard. These findings are echoed in the case selection criteria used by many secondary prevention programs. Convergent findings also indicate that (compared to typical peers) young offspring at familial risk for depression manifest low positive affectivity and compromised mood repair, along with signs of dysfunction in three intertwined physiological systems that contribute to affectivity and mood repair (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, cerebral hemispheric asymmetry, and cardiac vagal control). While all these affect-related parameters are suitable for case selection and as intervention targets, they have not yet made an impact on primary prevention programs. CONCLUSIONS According to recent meta-analyses, attempts to prevent pediatric depression have not lived up to expectations. Based on our review, possible reasons for this include: (a) the use of case selection criteria that yield samples heterogeneous with regard to whether the symptoms are truly prodromal to an episode of MDD or are trait-like (which could affect response to the intervention), (b) failure to fully capitalize on the broad-ranging literature on vulnerability to pediatric MDD, as evidenced by the infrequent use of family history of depression (a robust index of vulnerability) or combined indices of vulnerability for case selection, and (c) lack of synchrony between dimensions of vulnerability and the content of the prevention program, as indicated by the overwhelming use of cognitive-behavioral interventions, irrespective of subjects' age, developmental readiness, and whether or not they evidenced the relevant cognitive vulnerability. Prevention trials of pediatric MDD could benefit from new approaches to case selection that combine various indices of vulnerability, more effective use of existing findings, and new or modified interventions that are developmentally sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kovacs
- University of Pittsburgh of School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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135
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Thompson R, Zuroff DC. My future self and me: Depressive styles and future expectations. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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136
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Rueger SY, Haines BA, Malecki CK. Children's attributional style from middle childhood to early adolescence: Further validation of the paper-and-pencil versions of the children's attributional style interview. Assessment 2009; 17:294-307. [PMID: 20040724 DOI: 10.1177/1073191109356528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The psychometric properties of two paper-and-pencil versions of the Children's Attributional Style Interview (i.e., CASI-I and CASI-II) were evaluated in a sample of 166 third and fourth graders and a sample of 245 sixth and seventh graders. The results demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and a factor structure that was consistent with theory in both samples. Furthermore, analyses demonstrated adequate evidence of the reliability and validity of several dimensional subscale scores and the composite measures of attributional style for both positive and negative events. These results suggest the utility of the CASI in research testing specific attributional predictions of cognitive theories of depression with the dimensional subscale scores. They further add to the literature by demonstrating item-level factor analytic support for a children's attributional style measure and the feasibility of administration sizes larger than previously tested, which add to the utility of the CASI in large-scale research designs.
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137
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Reinecke MA, Curry JF, March JS. Findings From the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): What Have We Learned? What Do We Need to Know? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 38:761-7. [DOI: 10.1080/15374410903258991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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138
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Weismoore JT, Esposito-Smythers C. The role of cognitive distortion in the relationship between abuse, assault, and non-suicidal self-injury. J Youth Adolesc 2009; 39:281-90. [PMID: 19784765 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-009-9452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between childhood abuse, assault, cognitive distortion, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a clinical adolescent sample. The sample included one hundred eighty-five psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and their parents. Adolescent participants were predominantly female (71.4%), Caucasian (84%), and of non-Hispanic ethnicity (9.2%). Participants completed a diagnostic interview and self-report measures to assess youth history of abuse and assault, cognitive errors, negative self-views, and recent NSSI. No relationship was found between childhood abuse and NSSI. However, a history of assault was associated with NSSI among youth who reported higher cognitive errors and more negative self-views, even after controlling for gender and internalizing disorders. These results suggest that existing affect regulation models of NSSI may be enhanced by incorporating the role of cognitive distortion. Clinically, results also suggest that assessing adolescent victims of assault for cognitive errors and negative self-views, and helping them restructure these cognitive distortions when present, may reduce the likelihood of NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie T Weismoore
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MSN 3F5, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030-4444, USA.
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139
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Rao U, Chen LA. Characteristics, correlates, and outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 19432387 PMCID: PMC2766280 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/urao] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depressive illness beginning early in life can have serious developmental and functional consequences. Therefore, understanding the disorder during this developmental stage is critical for determining its etiology and course, as well as for deveiopinq effective intervention straieqies. This paper summarizes current knoviedqe reqardinq the etiology, phenomenoiogy, correlates, natural course, and consequences of unipolar depression in children and adolescents. Using adult depression as a framevork, the unique aspects of childhood and adolescence are considered in order to better understand depression within a developmental context. The data suggest that the clinical presentation, correlates, and natural course of depression are remarkably similar across the lifespan. There are, however, important developmental differences. Specifically, the familial and psychological context in which depression develops in youngsters is associated with variability in the frequency and nature of depressive symptoms and comorbid conditions among children and adolescents. Maturational differences have also been identified in the neurobiological correlates of depression. These developmental differences may be associated with the observed variability in clinical response to treatment and longitudinal course. Characterization of the developmental differences will be helpful in developing more specific and effective interventions for youngsters, thereby allowing them to reach their full potential as adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9101, USA.
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