101
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Larsen HL, Grapin-Botton A. The molecular and morphogenetic basis of pancreas organogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:51-68. [PMID: 28089869 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is an essential endoderm-derived organ that ensures nutrient metabolism via its endocrine and exocrine functions. Here we review the essential processes governing the embryonic and early postnatal development of the pancreas discussing both the mechanisms and molecules controlling progenitor specification, expansion and differentiation. We elaborate on how these processes are orchestrated in space and coordinated with morphogenesis. We draw mainly from experiments conducted in the mouse model but also from investigations in other model organisms, complementing a recent comprehensive review of human pancreas development (Jennings et al., 2015) [1]. The understanding of pancreas development in model organisms provides a framework to interpret how human mutations lead to neonatal diabetes and may contribute to other forms of diabetes and to guide the production of desired pancreatic cell types from pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte List Larsen
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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102
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Wang Y, Galivo F, Pelz C, Haft A, Lee J, Kim SK, Grompe M. Efficient generation of pancreatic β-like cells from the mouse gallbladder. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:587-596. [PMID: 27833043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming is a promising approach for the replacement of β cells in diabetes. Reprogramming of cells originating from the endodermal lineage, such as acinar cells in the pancreas, liver cells and gallbladder cells has been of particular interest because of their developmental proximity to β cells. Our previous work showed that mouse gallbladder epithelium can be partially reprogrammed in vitro to generate islet-like cells (rGBC1). Here, the reprogramming protocol was substantially improved, yielding cells (rGBC2) closer to functional β cells than the 1st generation method with higher conversion efficiency and insulin expression. In addition to insulin synthesis and processing, rGBC2 presented many hallmark features of β cells, including insulin secretion in response to high glucose stimulation. Gene expression analysis indicated that rGBC2 clustered closer with β cells and had a metabolic gene expression profile resembling neonatal β cells. When transplanted into immune-deficient animals, rGBC2 were stable for at least 5months and further matured in vivo. Taken together, this approach provides further understanding of endodermal lineage conversion and potential for development of cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Feorillo Galivo
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonghyeob Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine (Division of Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine (Division of Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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103
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Chin AM, Tsai YH, Finkbeiner SR, Nagy MS, Walker EM, Ethen NJ, Williams BO, Battle MA, Spence JR. A Dynamic WNT/β-CATENIN Signaling Environment Leads to WNT-Independent and WNT-Dependent Proliferation of Embryonic Intestinal Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:826-839. [PMID: 27720905 PMCID: PMC5106483 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding about how intestinal stem and progenitor cells are regulated comes from studying the late fetal stages of development and the adult intestine. In this light, little is known about intestine development prior to the formation of stereotypical villus structures with columnar epithelium, a stage when the epithelium is pseudostratified and appears to be a relatively uniform population of progenitor cells with high proliferative capacity. Here, we investigated a role for WNT/β-CATENIN signaling during the pseudostratified stages of development (E13.5, E14.5) and following villus formation (E15.5) in mice. In contrast to the well-described role for WNT/β-CATENIN signaling as a regulator of stem/progenitor cells in the late fetal and adult gut, conditional epithelial deletion of β-catenin or the Frizzled co-receptors Lrp5 and Lrp6 had no effect on epithelial progenitor cell proliferation in the pseudostratified epithelium. Mutant embryos displayed obvious developmental defects, including loss of proliferation and disruptions in villus formation starting only at E15.5. Mechanistically, our data suggest that WNT signaling-mediated proliferation at the time of villus formation is driven by mesenchymal, but not epithelial, WNT ligand secretion. WNT/β-CATENIN signaling is not required for proliferation during pseudostratified growth Deleting epithelial β-catenin causes loss of proliferation during villus morphogenesis Loss of WNT/β-CATENIN signaling leads to perturbations in villus formation Mesenchymal, not epithelial, WNT ligands are required for epithelial proliferation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stacy R Finkbeiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nicole J Ethen
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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104
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Waisbourd‐Zinman O, Koh H, Tsai S, Lavrut P, Dang C, Zhao X, Pack M, Cave J, Hawes M, Koo KA, Porter JR, Wells RG. The toxin biliatresone causes mouse extrahepatic cholangiocyte damage and fibrosis through decreased glutathione and SOX17. Hepatology 2016; 64:880-93. [PMID: 27081925 PMCID: PMC4992464 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biliary atresia, the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation, is a fibrotic disease of unknown etiology affecting the extrahepatic bile ducts of newborns. The recently described toxin biliatresone causes lumen obstruction in mouse cholangiocyte spheroids and represents a new model of biliary atresia. The goal of this study was to determine the cellular changes caused by biliatresone in mammalian cells that ultimately lead to biliary atresia and extrahepatic fibrosis. We treated mouse cholangiocytes in three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture and neonatal extrahepatic duct explants with biliatresone and compounds that regulate glutathione (GSH). We examined the effects of biliatresone on SOX17 levels and determined the effects of Sox17 knockdown on cholangiocytes in 3D culture. We found that biliatresone caused disruption of cholangiocyte apical polarity and loss of monolayer integrity. Spheroids treated with biliatresone had increased permeability as shown by rhodamine efflux within 5 hours compared with untreated spheroids, which retained rhodamine for longer than 12 hours. Neonatal bile duct explants treated with the toxin showed lumen obstruction with increased subepithelial staining for α-smooth muscle actin and collagen, consistent with fibrosis. Biliatresone caused a rapid and transient decrease in GSH, which was both necessary and sufficient to mediate its effects in cholangiocyte spheroid and bile duct explant systems. It also caused a significant decrease in cholangiocyte levels of SOX17, and Sox17 knockdown in cholangiocyte spheroids mimicked the effects of biliatresone. CONCLUSION Biliatresone decreases GSH and SOX17 in mouse cholangiocytes. In 3D cell systems, this leads to cholangiocyte monolayer damage and increased permeability; in extrahepatic bile duct explants, it leads to disruption of the extrahepatic biliary tree and subepithelial fibrosis. This mechanism may be important in understanding human biliary atresia. (Hepatology 2016;64:880-893).
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Affiliation(s)
- Orith Waisbourd‐Zinman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Hong Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Department of PediatricsYonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's HospitalSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Shannon Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Pierre‐Marie Lavrut
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Christine Dang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA,Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of the SciencesPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Michael Pack
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Jeff Cave
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and ResourcesGovernment of VictoriaVictoriaAustralia
| | - Mark Hawes
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and ResourcesGovernment of VictoriaVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kyung A. Koo
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of the SciencesPhiladelphiaPA
| | - John R. Porter
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of the SciencesPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Rebecca G. Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
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105
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Tanimizu N, Mitaka T. Morphogenesis of liver epithelial cells. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:964-76. [PMID: 26785307 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian liver is a physiologically important organ performing various types of metabolism, producing serum proteins, detoxifying bilirubin and ammonia, and protecting the body from infection. Those physiological functions are achieved with the 3D tissue architecture of liver epithelial cells. The liver contains two types of epithelial cells, namely, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. They split from hepatoblasts (embryonic liver stem cells) in mid-gestation and differentiate into structurally and functionally mature cells. Analyses of mutant mice showing abnormal liver organogenesis have identified genes involved in liver development. In vitro culture systems have been used to examine the mechanism in which each molecule or signaling pathway regulates the morphogenesis and functional differentiation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In addition, liver epithelial cells as well as mesenchymal, sinusoidal endothelial and hematopoietic cells can be purified from developing livers, which enables us to perform genome-wide screening to identify novel genes regulating epithelial morphogenesis in the liver. By combining these in vivo and in vitro systems, the liver could be a unique and suitable model for revealing a principle, governing epithelial morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the understanding of the development of liver epithelial tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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106
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FTIR Spectroscopic and Molecular Analysis during Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Pancreatic Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6709714. [PMID: 27651798 PMCID: PMC5019938 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6709714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the greatest challenges in stem cells (SCs) biology and regenerative medicine are differentiation control of SCs and ensuring the purity of differentiated cells. In this work, we differentiated mouse pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) toward pancreatic cells characterizing this differentiation process by molecular and spectroscopic technics. Both mPSCs and Differentiated Pancreatic Cells (DPCs) were subjected to a genetic, phenotypic, and biochemical analysis by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), immunocytochemistry, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cultured mPCSs expressed pluripotent genes and proteins (Nanog and SOX2). DPCs expressed endodermal genes (SOX17 and Pdx1) at day 11, an inductor gene of embryonic pancreas development (Pdx1) at day 17 and pancreas genes and proteins (Insulin and Glucagon) at day 21 of differentiation. Likewise, FTIR spectra of mPSCs and DPCs at different maturation stages (11, 17, and 21 days) were obtained and showed absorption bands related with different types of biomolecules. These FTIR spectra exhibited significant spectral changes agreeing with the differentiation process, particularly in proteins and nucleic acids bands. In conclusion, the obtained DPCs passed through the chronological stages of embryonic pancreas development and FTIR spectra provide a new biophysical parameter based on molecular markers indicating the differentiation process of mPSCs to specialized cells.
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107
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Yin C. Molecular mechanisms of Sox transcription factors during the development of liver, bile duct, and pancreas. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:68-78. [PMID: 27552918 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are the prime digestive and metabolic organs in the body. After emerging from the neighboring domains of the foregut endoderm, they turn on distinct differentiation and morphogenesis programs that are regulated by hierarchies of transcription factors. Members of SOX family of transcription factors are expressed in the liver and pancreas throughout development and act upstream of other organ-specific transcription factors. They play key roles in maintaining stem cells and progenitors. They are also master regulators of cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of SOX transcription factors in mediating liver and pancreas development. We discuss their contribution to adult organ function, homeostasis and injury responses. We also speculate how the knowledge of SOX transcription factors can be applied to improve therapies for liver diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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108
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Lanzoni G, Cardinale V, Carpino G. The hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic network of stem/progenitor cell niches in humans: A new reference frame for disease and regeneration. Hepatology 2016; 64:277-86. [PMID: 26524612 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem/progenitors for liver, biliary tree, and pancreas exist at early stages of development in the definitive ventral endoderm forming the foregut. In humans, they persist postnatally as part of a network, with evidence supporting their contributions to hepatic and pancreatic organogenesis throughout life. Multiple stem cell niches persist in specific anatomical locations within the human biliary tree and pancreatic ducts. In liver and pancreas, replication of mature parenchymal cells ensures the physiological turnover and the restoration of parenchyma after minor injuries. Although actively debated, multiple observations indicate that stem/progenitor cells contribute to repair pervasive, chronic injuries. The most primitive of the stem/progenitor cells, biliary tree stem cells, are found in peribiliary glands within extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary tree stem cells are comprised of multiple subpopulations with traits suggestive of maturational lineage stages and yet capable of self-replication and multipotent differentiation, being able to differentiate to mature liver cells (hepatocytes, cholangiocytes) and mature pancreatic cells (including functional islet endocrine cells). Hepatic stem cells are located within canals of Hering and bile ductules and are capable of differentiating to hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages. The existence, phenotype, and anatomical location of stem/progenitors in the adult pancreas are actively debated. Ongoing studies suggest that pancreatic stem cells reside within the biliary tree, primarily the hepatopancreatic common duct, and are rare in the pancreas proper. Pancreatic ducts and pancreatic duct glands harbor committed pancreatic progenitors. CONCLUSION The hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic network of stem/progenitor cell niches should be considered as a framework for understanding liver and pancreatic regeneration after extensive or chronic injuries and for the study of human chronic diseases affecting these organs. (Hepatology 2016;64:277-286).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
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109
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Tsai YH, Hill DR, Kumar N, Huang S, Chin AM, Dye BR, Nagy MS, Verzi MP, Spence JR. LGR4 and LGR5 Function Redundantly During Human Endoderm Differentiation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:648-662.e8. [PMID: 28078320 PMCID: PMC5042889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Lgr family of transmembrane proteins (Lgr4, 5, 6) act as functional receptors for R-spondin proteins (Rspo 1, 2, 3, 4), and potentiate Wnt signaling in different contexts. Lgr5 is arguably the best characterized of the Lgr family members in a number of adult and embryonic contexts in mice. However, the function of LGR family members in early embryonic development is unclear, and has not been explored during human development or tissue differentiation in detail. METHODS We interrogated the function and expression of LGR family members using human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissues including definitive endoderm, mid/hindgut, and intestinal organoids. We performed embryonic lineage tracing in Lgr5-GFP-IRES-CreERT2 mice. RESULTS We show that LGR5 is part of the human definitive endoderm (DE) gene signature, and LGR5 transcripts are induced robustly when human pluripotent stem cells are differentiated into DE. Our results show that LGR4 and 5 are functionally required for efficient human endoderm induction. Consistent with data in human DE, we observe Lgr5 reporter (eGFP) activity in the embryonic day 8.5 mouse endoderm, and show the ability to lineage trace these cells into the adult intestine. However, gene expression data also suggest that there are human-mouse species-specific differences at later time points of embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LGR5 is induced during DE differentiation, LGR receptors are functionally required for DE induction, and that they function to potentiate WNT signaling during this process.
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Key Words
- CDX2, caudal type homeobox2
- ChIPseq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
- Ct, cycle threshold
- DE, definitive endoderm
- E, embryonic day
- Endoderm
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- Intestine
- LGR5
- Organoid
- Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Rspo, R-spondin protein
- WNT
- creER, cre recombinase protein fused to estrogen receptor
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David R. Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Namit Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sha Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alana M. Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Briana R. Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Melinda S. Nagy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jason R. Spence, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. fax: (734) 763-4686.Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan 48109
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110
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Housset C, Chrétien Y, Debray D, Chignard N. Functions of the Gallbladder. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1549-77. [PMID: 27347902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. Gallbladder motor function is regulated by bile acids via the membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5, and by neurohormonal signals linked to digestion, for example, cholecystokinin and FGF15/19 intestinal hormones, which trigger gallbladder emptying and refilling, respectively. The cycle of gallbladder filling and emptying controls the flow of bile into the intestine and thereby the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The gallbladder also largely contributes to the regulation of bile composition by unique absorptive and secretory capacities. The gallbladder epithelium secretes bicarbonate and mucins, which both provide cytoprotection against bile acids. The reversal of fluid transport from absorption to secretion occurs together with bicarbonate secretion after feeding, predominantly in response to an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway triggered by neurohormonal factors, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mucin secretion in the gallbladder is stimulated predominantly by calcium-dependent pathways that are activated by ATP present in bile, and bile acids. The gallbladder epithelium has the capacity to absorb cholesterol and provides a cholecystohepatic shunt pathway for bile acids. Changes in gallbladder motor function not only can contribute to gallstone disease, but also subserve protective functions in multiple pathological settings through the sequestration of bile acids and changes in the bile acid composition. Cholecystectomy increases the enterohepatic recirculation rates of bile acids leading to metabolic effects and an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and small-intestine carcinoid, independently of cholelithiasis. Among subjects with gallstones, cholecystectomy remains a priority in those at risk of gallbladder cancer, while others could benefit from gallbladder-preserving strategies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1549-1577, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Yues Chrétien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Medical-Surgical Center, Hepatology and Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
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111
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Touboul T, Chen S, To CC, Mora-Castilla S, Sabatini K, Tukey RH, Laurent LC. Stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway enhances differentiation of hESCs into hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1315-26. [PMID: 26921690 PMCID: PMC5010388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to overcome the shortage of primary hepatocytes for clinical use and drug development. Many strategies for this process have been reported, but the functionality of the resulting cells is incomplete. We hypothesize that the functionality of hPSC-derived hepatocytes might be improved by making the differentiation method more similar to normal in vivo hepatic development. METHODS We tested combinations of growth factors and small molecules targeting candidate signaling pathways culled from the literature to identify optimal conditions for differentiation of hESCs to hepatocytes, using qRT-PCR for stage-specific markers to identify the best conditions. Immunocytochemistry was then used to validate the selected conditions. Finally, induction of expression of metabolic enzymes in terminally differentiated cells was used to assess the functionality of the hESC-derived hepatocytes. RESULTS Optimal differentiation of hESCs was attained using a 5-stage protocol. After initial induction of definitive endoderm (stage 1), we showed that inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin pathway during the 2nd and 3rd stages of differentiation was required to specify first posterior foregut, and then hepatic gut cells. In contrast, during the 4th stage of differentiation, we found that activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway allowed generation of proliferative bipotent hepatoblasts, which then were efficiently differentiated into hepatocytes in the 5th stage by dual inhibition of TGF-β and NOTCH signaling. CONCLUSION Here, we show that stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway results in improved differentiation of hESCs to functional hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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112
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Guimarães-Young A, Neff T, Dupuy AJ, Goodheart MJ. Conditional deletion of Sox17 reveals complex effects on uterine adenogenesis and function. Dev Biol 2016; 414:219-27. [PMID: 27102016 PMCID: PMC5521196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of canonical Wnt signaling to murine uterine development is well established. Mouse models in which uterine-specific Wnt ligands, β-catenin, or Lef1 are disrupted result in failure of postnatal endometrial gland development. Sox17 is a transcription factor characterized in numerous tissues as an antagonist of Wnt signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that conditional ablation of Sox17 would lead to hyperproliferation of endometrial glands in mice. Contrary to our prediction, disruption of Sox17 in epithelial and stromal compartments led to inhibition of endometrial adenogenesis and a loss of reproductive capacity. Epithelium-specific Sox17 disruption resulted in normal adenogenesis although reproductive capacity remained impaired. These findings suggest that non-epithelial, Sox17-positive cells are necessary for adenogenesis and that glands require Sox17 to properly function. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to implicate Sox17 in endometrial gland formation and reproductive success. The data presented herein underscore the importance of studying Sox17 in uterine homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Guimarães-Young
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Traci Neff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adam J Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Goodheart
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Carpino G, Puca R, Cardinale V, Renzi A, Scafetta G, Nevi L, Rossi M, Berloco PB, Ginanni Corradini S, Reid LM, Maroder M, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Peribiliary Glands as a Niche of Extrapancreatic Precursors Yielding Insulin-Producing Cells in Experimental and Human Diabetes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1332-42. [PMID: 26850087 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peribiliary glands (PBGs) are niches in the biliary tree and containing heterogeneous endodermal stem/progenitors cells that can differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, toward pancreatic islets. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in experimental and human diabetes, proliferation of cells in PBGs and differentiation of the biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (BTSCs) toward insulin-producing cells. Diabetes was generated in mice by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 200 mg/kg (N = 12) or 120 mg/kg (N = 12) of streptozotocin. Liver, pancreas, and extrahepatic biliary trees were en bloc dissected and examined. Cells in PBGs proliferated in experimental diabetes, and their proliferation was greatest in the PBGs of the hepatopancreatic ampulla, and inversely correlated with the pancreatic islet area. In rodents, the cell proliferation in PBGs was characterized by the expansion of Sox9-positive stem/progenitor cells that gave rise to insulin-producing cells. Insulin-producing cells were located mostly in PBGs in the portion of the biliary tree closest to the duodenum, and their appearance was associated with upregulation of MafA and Gli1 gene expression. In patients with type 2 diabetes, PBGs at the level of the hepatopancreatic ampulla contained cells showing signs of proliferation and pancreatic fate commitment. In vitro, high glucose concentrations induced the differentiation of human BTSCs cultures toward pancreatic beta cell fates. The cells in PBGs respond to diabetes with proliferation and differentiation towards insulin-producing cells indicating that PBG niches may rescue pancreatic islet impairment in diabetes. These findings offer important implications for the pathophysiology and complications of this disease. Stem Cells 2016;34:1332-1342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale B Berloco
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ginanni Corradini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marella Maroder
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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114
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Xu J, Cui J, Del Campo A, Shin CH. Four and a Half LIM Domains 1b (Fhl1b) Is Essential for Regulating the Liver versus Pancreas Fate Decision and for β-Cell Regeneration. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005831. [PMID: 26845333 PMCID: PMC4741517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver and pancreas originate from overlapping embryonic regions, and single-cell lineage tracing in zebrafish has shown that Bone morphogenetic protein 2b (Bmp2b) signaling is essential for determining the fate of bipotential hepatopancreatic progenitors towards the liver or pancreas. Despite its pivotal role, the gene regulatory networks functioning downstream of Bmp2b signaling in this process are poorly understood. We have identified four and a half LIM domains 1b (fhl1b), which is primarily expressed in the prospective liver anlage, as a novel target of Bmp2b signaling. fhl1b depletion compromised liver specification and enhanced induction of pancreatic cells from endodermal progenitors. Conversely, overexpression of fhl1b favored liver specification and inhibited induction of pancreatic cells. By single-cell lineage tracing, we showed that fhl1b depletion led lateral endodermal cells, destined to become liver cells, to become pancreatic cells. Reversely, when fhl1b was overexpressed, medially located endodermal cells, fated to differentiate into pancreatic and intestinal cells, contributed to the liver by directly or indirectly modulating the discrete levels of pdx1 expression in endodermal progenitors. Moreover, loss of fhl1b increased the regenerative capacity of β-cells by increasing pdx1 and neurod expression in the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Altogether, these data reveal novel and critical functions of Fhl1b in the hepatic versus pancreatic fate decision and in β-cell regeneration. Lineage-specific multipotent progenitors play crucial roles in embryonic development, regeneration in adult tissues, and diseases such as cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is critical for regulating the cell fate choice of liver versus pancreas, two essential organs of body metabolism. Through transcriptome profiling of endodermal tissues exposed to increased or decreased Bmp2b signaling, we have discovered the zebrafish gene four and a half LIM domains 1b (fhl1b) as a novel target of Bmp2b signaling. fhl1b is primarily expressed in the prospective liver anlage. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses indicate that Fhl1b suppresses specification of the pancreas and induces the liver. By single-cell lineage tracing, we showed that depletion of fhl1b caused a liver-to-pancreas fate switch, while fhl1b overexpression redirected pancreatic progenitors to become liver cells. At later stages, Fhl1b regulates regeneration of insulin-secreting β-cells by directly or indirectly modulating pdx1 and neurod expression in the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Therefore, our work provides a novel paradigm of how Bmp signaling regulates the hepatic versus pancreatic fate decision and β-cell regeneration through its novel target Fhl1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jiaxi Cui
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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115
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Guo J, Xie K, Zheng S. Molecular Biomarkers of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Their Implications in Early Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention of Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:292-301. [PMID: 26929736 PMCID: PMC4753158 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of early detection and effective interventions is a major reason for the poor prognosis and dismal survival rates for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is the most common precursor of invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Each stage in the progression from PanIN to PDAC is well characterized by multiple significant genetic alterations affecting signaling pathways. Understanding the biological behavior and molecular alterations in the progression from PanIN to PDAC is crucial to the identification of noninvasive biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis and the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for control of pancreatic cancer progression. This review focuses on molecular biomarkers of PanIN and their important roles in early detection and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Guo
- 1. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Haikou 571199, People's Republic of China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keping Xie
- 2. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- 1. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Haikou 571199, People's Republic of China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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116
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Human pancreatic beta-like cells converted from fibroblasts. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10080. [PMID: 26733021 PMCID: PMC4729817 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are of great interest for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Here we show the conversion of human fibroblasts towards an endodermal cell fate by employing non-integrative episomal reprogramming factors in combination with specific growth factors and chemical compounds. On initial culture, converted definitive endodermal progenitor cells (cDE cells) are specified into posterior foregut-like progenitor cells (cPF cells). The cPF cells and their derivatives, pancreatic endodermal progenitor cells (cPE cells), can be greatly expanded. A screening approach identified chemical compounds that promote the differentiation and maturation of cPE cells into functional pancreatic beta-like cells (cPB cells) in vitro. Transplanted cPB cells exhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and protect mice from chemically induced diabetes. In summary, our study has important implications for future strategies aimed at generating high numbers of functional beta cells, which may help restoring normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.
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117
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Baiting for Cancer: Using the Zebrafish as a Model in Liver and Pancreatic Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:391-410. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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118
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Abstract
Lineage tracing studies have revealed that transcription factors play a cardinal role in pancreatic development, differentiation and function. Three transitions define pancreatic organogenesis, differentiation and maturation. In the primary transition, when pancreatic organogenesis is initiated, there is active proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells. During the secondary transition, defined by differentiation, there is growth, branching, differentiation and pancreatic cell lineage allocation. The tertiary transition is characterized by differentiated pancreatic cells that undergo further remodeling, including apoptosis, replication and neogenesis thereby establishing a mature organ. Transcription factors function at multiple levels and may regulate one another and auto-regulate. The interaction between extrinsic signals from non-pancreatic tissues and intrinsic transcription factors form a complex gene regulatory network ultimately culminating in the different cell lineages and tissue types in the developing pancreas. Mutations in these transcription factors clinically manifest as subtypes of diabetes mellitus. Current treatment for diabetes is not curative and thus, developmental biologists and stem cell researchers are utilizing knowledge of normal pancreatic development to explore novel therapeutic alternatives. This review summarizes current knowledge of transcription factors involved in pancreatic development and β-cell differentiation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Dassaye
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Strini Naidoo
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Marlon E Cerf
- b Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa
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119
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Sox9 expression in carcinogenesis and its clinical significance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:1067-75. [PMID: 26341967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas develop through a multi-step carcinogenesis. Precancerous lesions are defined as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex determining region Y-box9 (Sox9) is required for the normal differentiation of the biliary tract. AIMS To evaluate the Sox9 expression in carcinogenesis and its correlation with clinicopathological features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Sox9 expression in normal epithelium, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were investigated immunohistochemically using 43 specimens of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sox9 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was compared with the clinicopathological features. The molecular effects of Sox9 were investigated by gene transfection to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS Sox9 expression was decreased from the normal epithelium to the biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in a stepwise fashion. In 51.2% (22/43) of the patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Sox9 expression was positive, and Sox9 expression was significantly associated with the biliary infiltration (P=0.034) and poor overall survival (P=0.039). Upregulation of Sox9 promoted the cell migration and invasion, and decreased the E-cadherin expression and increased the vimentin and α-SMA expression in cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Decreased Sox9 expression may be related to the early stage of the carcinogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sox9 overexpression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is related to biliary infiltration and poorer prognosis, and it promotes cell migration and invasion, via the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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120
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Abstract
Although similar, mouse and human pancreatic development and beta cell physiology have significant differences. For this reason, mouse models present shortcomings that can obscure the understanding of human diabetes pathology. Progress in the field of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation now makes it possible to derive unlimited numbers of human beta cells in vitro. This constitutes an invaluable approach to gain insight into human beta cell development and physiology and to generate improved disease models. Here we summarize the main differences in terms of development and physiology of the pancreatic endocrine cells between mouse and human, and describe the recent progress in modeling diabetes using hPSC. We highlight the need of developing more physiological hPSC-derived beta cell models and anticipate the future prospects of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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121
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Developmental Pathways Direct Pancreatic Cancer Initiation from Its Cellular Origin. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9298535. [PMID: 26681957 PMCID: PMC4670687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9298535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis, since it is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. In order to employ tools for early detection, a better understanding of the early stages of PDA development from its main precursors, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is needed. Recent studies on murine PDA models have identified a different exocrine origin for PanINs and IPMNs. In both processes, developmental pathways direct the initiation of PDA precursors from their cellular ancestors. In this review, the current understanding of early PDA development is summarized.
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122
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Abstract
The mammalian liver is one of the most regenerative tissues in the body, capable of fully recovering mass and function after a variety of injuries. This factor alone makes the liver unusual among mammalian tissues, but even more atypical is the widely held notion that the method of repair depends on the manner of injury. Specifically, the liver is believed to regenerate via replication of existing cells under certain conditions and via differentiation from specialized cells--so-called facultative stem cells--under others. Nevertheless, despite the liver's dramatic and unique regenerative response, the cellular and molecular features of liver homeostasis and regeneration are only now starting to come into relief. This review provides an overview of normal liver function and development and focuses on the evidence for and against various models of liver homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Z Stanger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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123
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Abstract
The liver is a central regulator of metabolism, and liver failure thus constitutes a major health burden. Understanding how this complex organ develops during embryogenesis will yield insights into how liver regeneration can be promoted and how functional liver replacement tissue can be engineered. Recent studies of animal models have identified key signaling pathways and complex tissue interactions that progressively generate liver progenitor cells, differentiated lineages and functional tissues. In addition, progress in understanding how these cells interact, and how transcriptional and signaling programs precisely coordinate liver development, has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this complexity. Here, we review the lineage relationships, signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that orchestrate hepatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Cardinale V, Puca R, Carpino G, Scafetta G, Renzi A, De Canio M, Sicilia F, Nevi L, Casa D, Panetta R, Berloco PB, Reid LM, Federici G, Gaudio E, Maroder M, Alvaro D. Adult Human Biliary Tree Stem Cells Differentiate to β-Pancreatic Islet Cells by Treatment with a Recombinant Human Pdx1 Peptide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134677. [PMID: 26252949 PMCID: PMC4529196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of β-pancreatic cells represents a major goal in research. The aim of this study was to explore a protein-based strategy to induce differentiation of human biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs) towards β-pancreatic cells. A plasmid containing the sequence of the human pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) has been expressed in E. coli. Epithelial-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule positive hBTSCs or mature human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, were grown in medium to which Pdx1 peptide was added. Differentiation toward pancreatic islet cells were evaluated by the expression of the β-cell transcription factors, Pdx1 and musculoapo-neurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A, and of the pancreatic hormones, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, investigated by real time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, light microscopy and immunofluorescence. C-peptide secretion in response to high glucose was also measured. Results indicated how purified Pdx1 protein corresponding to the primary structure of the human Pdx1 by mass spectroscopy was efficiently produced in bacteria, and transduced into hBTSCs. Pdx1 exposure triggered the expression of both intermediate and mature stage β-cell differentiation markers only in hBTSCs but not in HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, hBTSCs exposed to Pdx1 showed up-regulation of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin genes and formation of 3-dimensional islet-like structures intensely positive for insulin and glucagon. Finally, Pdx1-induced islet-like structures exhibited glucose-regulated C-peptide secretion. In conclusion, the human Pdx1 is highly effective in triggering hBTSC differentiation toward functional β-pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele De Canio
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Casa
- Italian Federation of Juvenile Diabetes (FDG), Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Panetta
- Italian Federation of Juvenile Diabetes (FDG), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lola M. Reid
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Federici
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marella Maroder
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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125
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Hrycaj SM, Dye BR, Baker NC, Larsen BM, Burke AC, Spence JR, Wellik DM. Hox5 Genes Regulate the Wnt2/2b-Bmp4-Signaling Axis during Lung Development. Cell Rep 2015; 12:903-12. [PMID: 26235626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes are required for proper anteroposterior axial patterning and the development of several organ systems. Here, we show that all three Hox5 paralogous genes play redundant roles in the developing lung. Hoxa5;Hoxb5;Hoxc5 triple-mutant embryos develop severely hypoplastic lungs with reduced branching and proximal-distal patterning defects. Hox5 genes are exclusively expressed in the lung mesoderm; however, defects are observed in both lung mesenchyme and endodermally derived epithelium, demonstrating that Hox5 genes act to regulate mesodermal-epithelial crosstalk during development. We show that Hox5 loss of function leads to loss of Wnt2/2b expression in the distal lung mesenchyme and the downregulation of previously identified downstream targets of Wnt2/2b signaling, including Lef1, Axin2, and Bmp4. Wnt2/2b-enriched media rescue proper Sox2/Sox9 patterning and restore Bmp4 expression in Hox5 triple-mutant lung explants. Taken together, these data show that Hox5 genes are key upstream mesenchymal regulators of the Wnt2/2b-Bmp4-signaling axis critical for proper lung patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Hrycaj
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas C Baker
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Brian M Larsen
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ann C Burke
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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126
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Novel surface markers directed against adult human gallbladder. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:172-81. [PMID: 26079872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel cell surface-reactive monoclonal antibodies generated against extrahepatic biliary cells were developed for the isolation and characterization of different cell subsets from normal adult human gallbladder. Eleven antigenically distinct gallbladder subpopulations were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. They were classified into epithelial, mesenchymal, and pancreatobiliary (PDX1(+)SOX9(+)) subsets based on gene expression profiling. These antigenically distinct human gallbladder cell subsets could potentially also reflect different functional properties in regards to bile physiology, cell renewal and plasticity. Three of the novel monoclonal antibodies differentially labeled archival sections of primary carcinoma of human gallbladder relative to normal tissue. The novel monoclonal antibodies described herein enable the identification and characterization of antigenically diverse cell subsets within adult human gallbladder and are putative tumor biomarkers.
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127
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Finkbeiner SR, Hill DR, Altheim CH, Dedhia PH, Taylor MJ, Tsai YH, Chin AM, Mahe MM, Watson CL, Freeman JJ, Nattiv R, Thomson M, Klein OD, Shroyer NF, Helmrath MA, Teitelbaum DH, Dempsey PJ, Spence JR. Transcriptome-wide Analysis Reveals Hallmarks of Human Intestine Development and Maturation In Vitro and In Vivo. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:S2213-6711(15)00122-8. [PMID: 26050928 PMCID: PMC4471827 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are a tissue culture model in which small intestine-like tissue is generated from pluripotent stem cells. By carrying out unsupervised hierarchical clustering of RNA-sequencing data, we demonstrate that HIOs most closely resemble human fetal intestine. We observed that genes involved in digestive tract development are enriched in both fetal intestine and HIOs compared to adult tissue, whereas genes related to digestive function and Paneth cell host defense are expressed at higher levels in adult intestine. Our study also revealed that the intestinal stem cell marker OLFM4 is expressed at very low levels in fetal intestine and in HIOs, but is robust in adult crypts. We validated our findings using in vivo transplantation to show that HIOs become more adult-like after transplantation. Our study emphasizes important maturation events that occur in the intestine during human development and demonstrates that HIOs can be used to model fetal-to-adult maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R Finkbeiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David R Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher H Altheim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Carey L Watson
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jennifer J Freeman
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Thomson
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA; Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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128
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Dye BR, Hill DR, Ferguson MAH, Tsai YH, Nagy MS, Dyal R, Wells JM, Mayhew CN, Nattiv R, Klein OD, White ES, Deutsch GH, Spence JR. In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25803487 PMCID: PMC4370217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures for many organ systems have led to new physiologically complex in vitro models to study human development and disease. Here, we report the step-wise differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) (embryonic and induced) into lung organoids. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways hPSCs generate ventral-anterior foregut spheroids, which are then expanded into human lung organoids (HLOs). HLOs consist of epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the lung, organized with structural features similar to the native lung. HLOs possess upper airway-like epithelium with basal cells and immature ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle and myofibroblasts as well as an alveolar-like domain with appropriate cell types. Using RNA-sequencing, we show that HLOs are remarkably similar to human fetal lung based on global transcriptional profiles, suggesting that HLOs are an excellent model to study human lung development, maturation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Michael A H Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rachel Dyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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129
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Manohar R, Li Y, Fohrer H, Guzik L, Stolz DB, Chandran UR, LaFramboise WA, Lagasse E. Identification of a candidate stem cell in human gallbladder. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:258-69. [PMID: 25765520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no reports of identification of stem cells in human gallbladder. The differences between human gallbladder and intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) cells have also not been explored. The goals of this study were to evaluate if human fetal gallbladder contains a candidate stem cell population and if fetal gallbladder cells are distinct from fetal IHBD cells. We found that EpCAM+CD44+CD13+ cells represent the cell population most enriched for clonal self-renewal from primary gallbladder. Primary EpCAM+CD44+CD13+ cells gave rise to EpCAM+CD44+CD13+ and EpCAM+CD44+CD13- cells in vitro, and gallbladder cells expanded in vitro exhibited short-term engraftment in vivo. Last, we found that CD13, CD227, CD66, CD26 and CD49b were differentially expressed between gallbladder and IHBD cells cultured in vitro indicating clear phenotypic differences between the two cell populations. Microarray analyses of expanded cultures confirmed that both cell types have unique transcriptional profiles with predicted functional differences in lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid and drug metabolism. In conclusion, we have isolated a distinct clonogenic population of epithelial cells from primary human fetal gallbladder with stem cell characteristics and found it to be unique compared to IHBD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Manohar
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Yaming Li
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Helene Fohrer
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Lynda Guzik
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Center for Biological Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - William A LaFramboise
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Clinical Genomics Facility, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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130
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Uemura M, Igarashi H, Ozawa A, Tsunekawa N, Kurohmaru M, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y. Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite-stage embryos. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:587-91. [PMID: 25648459 PMCID: PMC4478739 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the
budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during
early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic
progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder
progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using
whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority
of gallbladder progenitors in 9–11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most
domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the
anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to
understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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131
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Liu Y, Kaneda R, Leja TW, Subkhankulova T, Tolmachov O, Minchiotti G, Schwartz RJ, Barahona M, Schneider MD. Hhex and Cer1 mediate the Sox17 pathway for cardiac mesoderm formation in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1515-26. [PMID: 24585688 PMCID: PMC4260090 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle differentiation in vivo is guided by sequential growth factor signals, including endoderm-derived diffusible factors, impinging on cardiogenic genes in the developing mesoderm. Previously, by RNA interference in AB2.2 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), we identified the endodermal transcription factor Sox17 as essential for Mesp1 induction in primitive mesoderm and subsequent cardiac muscle differentiation. However, downstream effectors of Sox17 remained to be proven functionally. In this study, we used genome-wide profiling of Sox17-dependent genes in AB2.2 cells, RNA interference, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter genes to dissect this pathway. Sox17 was required not only for Hhex (a second endodermal transcription factor) but also for Cer1, a growth factor inhibitor from endoderm that, like Hhex, controls mesoderm patterning in Xenopus toward a cardiac fate. Suppressing Hhex or Cer1 blocked cardiac myogenesis, although at a later stage than induction of Mesp1/2. Hhex was required but not sufficient for Cer1 expression. Over-expression of Sox17 induced endogenous Cer1 and sequence-specific transcription of a Cer1 reporter gene. Forced expression of Cer1 was sufficient to rescue cardiac differentiation in Hhex-deficient cells. Thus, Hhex and Cer1 are indispensable components of the Sox17 pathway for cardiopoiesis in mESCs, acting at a stage downstream from Mesp1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Institute for Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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132
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Willet SG, Hale MA, Grapin-Botton A, Magnuson MA, MacDonald RJ, Wright CVE. Dominant and context-specific control of endodermal organ allocation by Ptf1a. Development 2015; 141:4385-94. [PMID: 25371369 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The timing and gene regulatory logic of organ-fate commitment from within the posterior foregut of the mammalian endoderm is largely unexplored. Transient misexpression of a presumed pancreatic-commitment transcription factor, Ptf1a, in embryonic mouse endoderm (Ptf1a(EDD)) dramatically expanded the pancreatic gene regulatory network within the foregut. Ptf1a(EDD) temporarily suppressed Sox2 broadly over the anterior endoderm. Pancreas-proximal organ territories underwent full tissue conversion. Early-stage Ptf1a(EDD) rapidly expanded the endogenous endodermal Pdx1-positive domain and recruited other pancreas-fate-instructive genes, thereby spatially enlarging the potential for pancreatic multipotency. Early Ptf1a(EDD) converted essentially the entire glandular stomach, rostral duodenum and extrahepatic biliary system to pancreas, with formation of many endocrine cell clusters of the type found in normal islets of Langerhans. Sliding the Ptf1a(EDD) expression window through embryogenesis revealed differential temporal competencies for stomach-pancreas respecification. The response to later-stage Ptf1a(EDD) changed radically towards unipotent, acinar-restricted conversion. We provide strong evidence, beyond previous Ptf1a inactivation or misexpression experiments in frog embryos, for spatiotemporally context-dependent activity of Ptf1a as a potent gain-of-function trigger of pro-pancreatic commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G Willet
- Program in Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael A Hale
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Raymond J MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Program in Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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133
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Farr RJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA. Circulating microRNAs in Diabetes Progression: Discovery, Validation, and Research Translation. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2015; 106:215-244. [PMID: 26608206 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0955-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, in all of its forms, is a disease state that demonstrates wide ranging pathological effects throughout the body. Until now, the only method of diagnosing and monitoring the progression of diabetes was through the measurement of blood glucose. Unfortunately, beta cell dysfunction initiates well before the clinical onset of diabetes, and so the development of an effective biomarker signature is of paramount importance to predict and monitor the progression of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small (18-22 nucleotide) noncoding (nc)RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate endogenous gene expression by targeted inhibition or degradation of messenger (m)RNA. Recently, miRNAs have shown great promise as biomarkers as some exhibit differential expression in multiple disease states, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D). Furthermore, miRNAs are quite stable in circulation, resistant to freeze-thaw and pH-mediated degradation, and are relatively easy to detect using quantitative (q)PCR. Here, we discuss microRNAs that may form a diabetes biomarker signature. To identify these transcripts we outline miRNAs that play a central role in pancreas development and diabetes, as well as previously identified miRNAs with differential expression in individuals with T1D and T2D. Validation and refinement of a miRNA biomarker signature for diabetes would allow identification and intervention of individuals at risk of this disease, as well as stratification and monitoring of patients with established diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Farr
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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134
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Thompson JM, Di Gregorio A. Insulin-like genes in ascidians: findings in Ciona and hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of the pancreas. Genesis 2014; 53:82-104. [PMID: 25378051 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin plays an extensively characterized role in the control of sugar metabolism, growth and homeostasis in a wide range of organisms. In vertebrate chordates, insulin is mainly produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas, while in non-chordate animals insulin-producing cells are mainly found in the nervous system and/or scattered along the digestive tract. However, recent studies have indicated the notochord, the defining feature of the chordate phylum, as an additional site of expression of insulin-like peptides. Here we show that two of the three insulin-like genes identified in Ciona intestinalis, an invertebrate chordate with a dual life cycle, are first expressed in the developing notochord during embryogenesis and transition to distinct areas of the adult digestive tract after metamorphosis. In addition, we present data suggesting that the transcription factor Ciona Brachyury is involved in the control of notochord expression of at least one of these genes, Ciona insulin-like 2. Finally, we review the information currently available on insulin-producing cells in ascidians and on pancreas-related transcription factors that might control their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Thompson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York
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135
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Semeraro R, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Gentile R, Napoli C, Venere R, Gatto M, Brunelli R, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. The fetal liver as cell source for the regenerative medicine of liver and pancreas. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:13. [PMID: 25332958 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by liver diseases and diabetes mellitus are in need for sources of new cells to enable a better transition into clinic programs of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In this setting, fetal liver is becoming the most promising and available source of cells. Fetal liver displays unique characteristics given the possibility to isolate cell populations with a wide spectrum of endodermal differentiation and, the co-existence of endodermal and mesenchymal-derived cells. Thus, the fetal liver is a unique and highly available cell source contemporarily candidate for the regenerative medicine of both liver and pancreas. The purpose of this review is to revise the recent literature on the different stem cells populations isolable from fetal liver and candidate to cell therapy of liver diseases and diabetes and to discuss advantages and limitation with respect to other cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Semeraro
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Gentile
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Napoli
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Venere
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Gatto
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Jonatan D, Spence JR, Method AM, Kofron M, Sinagoga K, Haataja L, Arvan P, Deutsch GH, Wells JM. Sox17 regulates insulin secretion in the normal and pathologic mouse β cell. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104675. [PMID: 25144761 PMCID: PMC4140688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX17 is a key transcriptional regulator that can act by regulating other transcription factors including HNF1β and FOXA2, which are known to regulate postnatal β cell function. Given this, we investigated the role of SOX17 in the developing and postnatal pancreas and found a novel role for SOX17 in regulating insulin secretion. Deletion of the Sox17 gene in the pancreas (Sox17-paLOF) had no observable impact on pancreas development. However, Sox17-paLOF mice had higher islet proinsulin protein content, abnormal trafficking of proinsulin, and dilated secretory organelles suggesting that Sox17-paLOF adult mice are prediabetic. Consistant with this, Sox17-paLOF mice were more susceptible to aged-related and high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes. Overexpression of Sox17 in mature β cells using Ins2-rtTA driver mice resulted in precocious secretion of proinsulin. Transcriptionally, SOX17 appears to broadly regulate secretory networks since a 24-hour pulse of SOX17 expression resulted in global transcriptional changes in factors that regulate hormone transport and secretion. Lastly, transient SOX17 overexpression was able to reverse the insulin secretory defects observed in MODY4 animals and restored euglycemia. Together, these data demonstrate a critical new role for SOX17 in regulating insulin trafficking and secretion and that modulation of Sox17-regulated pathways might be used therapeutically to improve cell function in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva Jonatan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Method
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Matthew Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Katie Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gail H. Deutsch
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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137
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Sox17 regulates liver lipid metabolism and adaptation to fasting. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104925. [PMID: 25141153 PMCID: PMC4139292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is a major regulator of lipid metabolism and adaptation to fasting, a process involving PPARalpha activation. We recently showed that the Vnn1 gene is a PPARalpha target gene in liver and that release of the Vanin-1 pantetheinase in serum is a biomarker of PPARalpha activation. Here we set up a screen to identify new regulators of adaptation to fasting using the serum Vanin-1 as a marker of PPARalpha activation. Mutagenized mice were screened for low serum Vanin-1 expression. Functional interactions with PPARalpha were investigated by combining transcriptomic, biochemical and metabolic approaches. We characterized a new mutant mouse in which hepatic and serum expression of Vanin-1 is depressed. This mouse carries a mutation in the HMG domain of the Sox17 transcription factor. Mutant mice display a metabolic phenotype featuring lipid abnormalities and inefficient adaptation to fasting. Upon fasting, a fraction of the PPARα-driven transcriptional program is no longer induced and associated with impaired fatty acid oxidation. The transcriptional phenotype is partially observed in heterozygous Sox17+/− mice. In mutant mice, the fasting phenotype but not all transcriptomic signature is rescued by the administration of the PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate. These results identify a novel role for Sox17 in adult liver as a modulator of the metabolic adaptation to fasting.
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138
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Conrad E, Stein R, Hunter CS. Revealing transcription factors during human pancreatic β cell development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:407-14. [PMID: 24831984 PMCID: PMC4167784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing cell-based diabetes therapies requires examining transcriptional mechanisms underlying human β cell development. However, increased knowledge is hampered by low availability of fetal pancreatic tissue and gene targeting strategies. Rodent models have elucidated transcription factor roles during islet organogenesis and maturation, but differences between mouse and human islets have been identified. The past 5 years have seen strides toward generating human β cell lines, the examination of human transcription factor expression, and studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and human embryonic stem (hES) cells to generate β-like cells. Nevertheless, much remains to be resolved. We present current knowledge of developing human β cell transcription factor expression, as compared to rodents. We also discuss recent studies employing transcription factor or epigenetic modulation to generate β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Conrad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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139
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Cano DA, Soria B, Martín F, Rojas A. Transcriptional control of mammalian pancreas organogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2383-402. [PMID: 24221136 PMCID: PMC11113897 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of pancreas development has markedly expanded over the last decade, significantly advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control pancreas organogenesis. This growth has been fueled, in part, by the need to generate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diabetes. The creation of sophisticated genetic tools in mice has been instrumental in this progress. Genetic manipulation involving activation or inactivation of genes within specific cell types has allowed the identification of many transcription factors (TFs) that play critical roles in the organogenesis of the pancreas. Interestingly, many of these TFs act at multiple stages of pancreatic development, and adult organ function or repair. Interaction with other TFs, extrinsic signals, and epigenetic regulation are among the mechanisms by which TFs may play context-dependent roles during pancreas organogenesis. Many of the pancreatic TFs directly regulate each other and their own expression. These combinatorial interactions generate very specific gene regulatory networks that can define the different cell lineages and types in the developing pancreas. Here, we review recent progress made in understanding the role of pancreatic TFs in mouse pancreas formation. We also summarize our current knowledge of human pancreas development and discuss developmental pancreatic TFs that have been associated with human pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Cano
- Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n., Parque Científico Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n., Parque Científico Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n., Parque Científico Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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140
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Li J, Razumilava N, Gores GJ, Walters S, Mizuochi T, Mourya R, Bessho K, Wang YH, Glaser SS, Shivakumar P, Bezerra JA. Biliary repair and carcinogenesis are mediated by IL-33-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3241-51. [PMID: 24892809 DOI: 10.1172/jci73742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the biliary epithelium triggers inflammation and fibrosis, which can result in severe liver diseases and may progress to malignancy. Development of a type 1 immune response has been linked to biliary injury pathogenesis; however, a subset of patients with biliary atresia, the most common childhood cholangiopathy, exhibit increased levels of Th2-promoting cytokines. The relationship among different inflammatory drivers, epithelial repair, and carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we determined that the Th2-activating cytokine IL-33 is elevated in biliary atresia patient serum and in the livers and bile ducts of mice with experimental biliary atresia. Administration of IL-33 to WT mice markedly increased cholangiocyte proliferation and promoted sustained cell growth, resulting in dramatic and rapid enlargement of extrahepatic bile ducts. The IL-33-dependent proliferative response was mediated by an increase in the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which released high levels of IL-13 that in turn promoted cholangiocyte hyperplasia. Induction of the IL-33/ILC2/IL-13 circuit in a murine biliary injury model promoted epithelial repair; however, induction of this circuit in mice with constitutive activation of AKT and YAP in bile ducts induced cholangiocarcinoma with liver metastases. These findings reveal that IL-33 mediates epithelial proliferation and suggest that activation of IL-33/ILC2/IL-13 may improve biliary repair and disruption of the circuit may block progression of carcinogenesis.
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141
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Wang Y, Lanzoni G, Carpino G, Cui CB, Dominguez-Bendala J, Wauthier E, Cardinale V, Oikawa T, Pileggi A, Gerber D, Furth ME, Alvaro D, Gaudio E, Inverardi L, Reid LM. Biliary tree stem cells, precursors to pancreatic committed progenitors: evidence for possible life-long pancreatic organogenesis. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1966-79. [PMID: 23847135 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peribiliary glands (PBGs) in bile duct walls, and pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) associated with pancreatic ducts, in humans of all ages, contain a continuous, ramifying network of cells in overlapping maturational lineages. We show that proximal (PBGs)-to-distal (PDGs) maturational lineages start near the duodenum with cells expressing markers of pluripotency (NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2), proliferation (Ki67), self-replication (SALL4), and early hepato-pancreatic commitment (SOX9, SOX17, PDX1, and LGR5), transitioning to PDG cells with no expression of pluripotency or self-replication markers, maintenance of pancreatic genes (PDX1), and expression of markers of pancreatic endocrine maturation (NGN3, MUC6, and insulin). Radial-axis lineages start in PBGs near the ducts' fibromuscular layers with stem cells and end at the ducts' lumens with cells devoid of stem cell traits and positive for pancreatic endocrine genes. Biliary tree-derived cells behaved as stem cells in culture under expansion conditions, culture plastic and serum-free Kubota's Medium, proliferating for months as undifferentiated cells, whereas pancreas-derived cells underwent only approximately 8-10 divisions, then partially differentiated towards an islet fate. Biliary tree-derived cells proved precursors of pancreas' committed progenitors. Both could be driven by three-dimensional conditions, islet-derived matrix components and a serum-free, hormonally defined medium for an islet fate (HDM-P), to form spheroids with ultrastructural, electrophysiological and functional characteristics of neoislets, including glucose regulatability. Implantation of these neoislets into epididymal fat pads of immunocompromised mice, chemically rendered diabetic, resulted in secretion of human C-peptide, regulatable by glucose, and able to alleviate hyperglycemia in hosts. The biliary tree-derived stem cells and their connections to pancreatic committed progenitors constitute a biological framework for life-long pancreatic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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142
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Lee SH, Lee S, Yang H, Song S, Kim K, Saunders TL, Yoon JK, Koh GY, Kim I. Notch pathway targets proangiogenic regulator Sox17 to restrict angiogenesis. Circ Res 2014; 115:215-26. [PMID: 24755984 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Notch pathway stabilizes sprouting angiogenesis by favoring stalk cells over tip cells at the vascular front. Because tip and stalk cells have different properties in morphology and function, their transcriptional regulation remains to be distinguished. Transcription factor Sox17 is specifically expressed in endothelial cells, but its expression and role at the vascular front remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To specify the role of Sox17 and its relationship with the Notch pathway in sprouting angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial-specific Sox17 deletion reduces sprouting angiogenesis in mouse embryonic and postnatal vascular development, whereas Sox17 overexpression increases it. Sox17 promotes endothelial migration by destabilizing endothelial junctions and rearranging cytoskeletal structure and upregulates expression of several genes preferentially expressed in tip cells. Interestingly, Sox17 expression is suppressed in stalk cells in which Notch signaling is relatively high. Notch activation by overexpressing Notch intracellular domain reduces Sox17 expression both in primary endothelial cells and in retinal angiogenesis, whereas Notch inhibition by delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) blockade increases it. The Notch pathway regulates Sox17 expression mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, endothelial Sox17 ablation rescues vascular network from excessive tip cell formation and hyperbranching under Notch inhibition in developmental and tumor angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the Notch pathway restricts sprouting angiogenesis by reducing the expression of proangiogenic regulator Sox17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Lee
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Sungsu Lee
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Hanseul Yang
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Sukhyun Song
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Kangsan Kim
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Jeong K Yoon
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Gou Young Koh
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
| | - Injune Kim
- From the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering (S.-H.L., S.L., H.Y., S.S., K.K., G.Y.K., I.K.) and Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program (S.-H.L., G.Y.K., I.K.), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (S.L.); Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (T.L.S.); and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (J.K.Y.)
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144
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Seth A, Ye J, Yu N, Guez F, Bedford DC, Neale GA, Cordi S, Brindle PK, Lemaigre FP, Kaestner KH, Sosa-Pineda B. Prox1 ablation in hepatic progenitors causes defective hepatocyte specification and increases biliary cell commitment. Development 2014; 141:538-47. [PMID: 24449835 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver has multiple functions that preserve homeostasis. Liver diseases are debilitating, costly and often result in death. Elucidating the developmental mechanisms that establish the liver's architecture or generate the cellular diversity of this organ should help advance the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatic diseases. We previously reported that migration of early hepatic precursors away from the gut epithelium requires the activity of the homeobox gene Prox1. Here, we show that Prox1 is a novel regulator of cell differentiation and morphogenesis during hepatogenesis. Prox1 ablation in bipotent hepatoblasts dramatically reduced the expression of multiple hepatocyte genes and led to very defective hepatocyte morphogenesis. As a result, abnormal epithelial structures expressing hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers or resembling ectopic bile ducts developed in the Prox1-deficient liver parenchyma. By contrast, excessive commitment of hepatoblasts into cholangiocytes, premature intrahepatic bile duct morphogenesis, and biliary hyperplasia occurred in periportal areas of Prox1-deficient livers. Together, these abnormalities indicate that Prox1 activity is necessary to correctly allocate cell fates in liver precursors. These results increase our understanding of differentiation anomalies in pathological conditions and will contribute to improving stem cell protocols in which differentiation is directed towards hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Seth
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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145
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Bailey JM, DelGiorno KE, Crawford HC. The secret origins and surprising fates of pancreas tumors. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1436-40. [PMID: 24583923 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is especially deadly due to its recalcitrance to current therapies. One of the unique qualities of PDA that may contribute to this resistance is a striking plasticity of differentiation states starting at tumor formation and continuing throughout tumor progression, including metastasis. Here, we explore the earliest steps of tumor formation and neoplastic progression and how this results in a fascinating cellular heterogeneity that is probably critical for tumor survival and progression. We hypothesize that reinforcing differentiation pathways run awry or targeting morphologically and molecularly distinct tumor stem-like cells may hold promise for future treatments of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kathleen E DelGiorno
- Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA and
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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146
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Etiology of biliary atresia as a developmental anomaly: recent advances. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2014; 20:459-64. [PMID: 23567964 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-013-0604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative cholangiopathy affecting the extra- and intrahepatic biliary tree to various degrees and resulting in obstructive bile flow, cholestasis and icterus in neonates. It is the most common cause of pediatric liver transplantation. The etiology of BA is still unclear, although there is some evidence pointing to viral, toxic, and multiple genetic factors. For new therapeutic options other than liver transplantation to be developed, a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of BA is indispensable. The fact that the pathology of BA develops during a period of biliary growth and remodeling suggests an involvement of developmental anomalies. Recent studies indicate an association of the etiology of BA with some genetic factors such as laterality genes, epigenetic regulation and/or microRNA function. In this paper, we present an overview of recent advances in the understanding of the disease focusing on bile duct developmental anomaly.
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147
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Nissim S, Sherwood RI, Wucherpfennig J, Saunders D, Harris JM, Esain V, Carroll KJ, Frechette GM, Kim AJ, Hwang KL, Cutting CC, Elledge S, North TE, Goessling W. Prostaglandin E2 regulates liver versus pancreas cell-fate decisions and endodermal outgrowth. Dev Cell 2014; 28:423-37. [PMID: 24530296 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas arise from common endodermal progenitors. How these distinct cell fates are specified is poorly understood. Here we describe prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a regulator of endodermal fate specification during development. Modulating PGE2 activity has opposing effects on liver versus pancreas specification in zebrafish embryos as well as mouse endodermal progenitors. The PGE2 synthetic enzyme cox2a and receptor ep2a are patterned such that cells closest to PGE2 synthesis acquire a liver fate, whereas more distant cells acquire a pancreas fate. PGE2 interacts with the bmp2b pathway to regulate fate specification. At later stages of development, PGE2 acting via the ep4a receptor promotes outgrowth of both the liver and pancreas. PGE2 remains important for adult organ growth, as it modulates liver regeneration. This work provides in vivo evidence that PGE2 may act as a morphogen to regulate cell-fate decisions and outgrowth of the embryonic endodermal anlagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Nissim
- Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Diane Saunders
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James M Harris
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Virginie Esain
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kelli J Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory M Frechette
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Kim
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katie L Hwang
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claire C Cutting
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susanna Elledge
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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148
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Xie W, Lynch TJ, Liu X, Tyler SR, Yu S, Zhou X, Luo M, Kusner DM, Sun X, Yi Y, Zhang Y, Goodheart MJ, Parekh KR, Wells JM, Xue HH, Pevny LH, Engelhardt JF. Sox2 modulates Lef-1 expression during airway submucosal gland development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L645-60. [PMID: 24487391 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00157.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheobronchial submucosal glands (SMGs) are derived from one or more multipotent glandular stem cells that coalesce to form a placode in surface airway epithelium (SAE). Wnt/β-catenin-dependent induction of lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef-1) gene expression during placode formation is an early event required for SMG morphogenesis. We discovered that Sox2 expression is repressed as Lef-1 is induced within airway SMG placodes. Deletion of Lef-1 did not activate Sox2 expression in SMG placodes, demonstrating that Lef-1 activation does not directly inhibit Sox2 expression. Repression of Sox2 protein in SMG placodes occurred posttranscriptionally, since the activity of its endogenous promoter remained unchanged in SMG placodes. Thus we hypothesized that Sox2 transcriptionally represses Lef-1 expression in the SAE and that suppression of Sox2 in SMG placodes activates Wnt/β-catenin-dependent induction of Lef-1 during SMG morphogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, transcriptional reporter assays, ChIP analyses, and DNA-protein binding studies revealed a functional Sox2 DNA binding site in the Lef-1 promoter that is required for suppressing β-catenin-dependent transcription. In polarized primary airway epithelium, Wnt induction enhanced Lef-1 expression while also inhibiting Sox2 expression. Conditional deletion of Sox2 also enhanced Lef-1 expression in polarized primary airway epithelium, but this induction was significantly augmented by Wnt stimulation. Our findings provide the first evidence that Sox2 acts as a repressor to directly modulate Wnt-responsive transcription of the Lef-1 gene promoter. These studies support a model whereby Wnt signals and Sox2 dynamically regulate the expression of Lef-1 in airway epithelia and potentially also during SMG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Xie
- Rm. 1-111 BSB, Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Univ. of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA 52242.
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Nakanuma Y, Sato Y. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is pathologically similar to pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma: suggestions of similar background and development. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2014; 21:441-7. [PMID: 24446421 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Routine experiences suggest that cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) show different clinicopathological behaviors along the biliary tree, and hilar CCA apparently resembles pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Herein, the backgrounds for these similarities were reviewed. While all cases of PDAC, hilar CCA, intrahepatic CCA (ICCA) and CCA components of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHC-CCA) were adenocarcinomas, micropapillary patterns and columnar carcinoma cells were common in PDAC and hilar CCA, and trabecular components and cuboidal carcinoma cells were common in ICCA and CCA components of cHC-CCA. Anterior gradient protein-2 and S100P were frequently expressed in perihilar CCA and PDAC, while neural cell adhesion molecule and luminal epithelial membrane antigen were common in CCA components of c-HC-CCA. Pdx1 and Hes1 were frequently and markedly expressed aberrantly in PDAC and perihilar CCA, although their expression was rare and mild in CCA components in cHC-CCA and ICCA. Hilar CCA showed a similar postoperative prognosis to PDAC but differed from ICCA and cHC-CCA. Taken together, hilar CCA may differ from ICCA and CCA components of cHC-CCA but have a similar development to PDAC. These similarities may be explained by the unique anatomical, embryological and reactive nature of the pancreatobiliary tract. Further studies of these intractable malignancies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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150
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Lange AW, Haitchi HM, LeCras TD, Sridharan A, Xu Y, Wert SE, James J, Udell N, Thurner PJ, Whitsett JA. Sox17 is required for normal pulmonary vascular morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 387:109-20. [PMID: 24418654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-box containing transcription factor Sox17 is required for endoderm formation and vascular morphogenesis during embryonic development. In the lung, Sox17 is expressed in mesenchymal progenitors of the embryonic pulmonary vasculature and is restricted to vascular endothelial cells in the mature lung. Conditional deletion of Sox17 in splanchnic mesenchyme-derivatives using Dermo1-Cre resulted in substantial loss of Sox17 from developing pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and caused pulmonary vascular abnormalities before birth, including pulmonary vein varices, enlarged arteries, and decreased perfusion of the microvasculature. While survival of Dermo1-Cre;Sox17Δ/Δ mice (herein termed Sox17Δ/Δ) was unaffected at E18.5, most Sox17Δ/Δ mice died by 3 weeks of age. After birth, the density of the pulmonary microvasculature was decreased in association with alveolar simplification, biventricular cardiac hypertrophy, and valvular regurgitation. The severity of the postnatal cardiac phenotype was correlated with the severity of pulmonary vasculature abnormalities. Sox17 is required for normal formation of the pulmonary vasculature and postnatal cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Lange
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Hans Michael Haitchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D LeCras
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Susan E Wert
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Jeanne James
- Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Nicholas Udell
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States.
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