101
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Asuthkar S, Velpula KK, Elustondo PA, Demirkhanyan L, Zakharian E. TRPM8 channel as a novel molecular target in androgen-regulated prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17221-36. [PMID: 25980497 PMCID: PMC4627303 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cold and menthol receptor TRPM8 is highly expressed in prostate and prostate cancer (PC). Recently, we identified that TRPM8 is as an ionotropic testosterone receptor. The TRPM8 mRNA is expressed in early prostate tumors with high androgen levels, while anti-androgen therapy greatly reduces its expression. Here, from the chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, we found that an androgen response element (ARE) mediates androgen regulation of trpm8. Furthermore, using immunofluorescence, calcium-imaging and planar lipid bilayers, we identified that TRPM8 channel is functionally regulated by androgens in the prostate. Although TRPM8 mRNA is expressed at high levels, we found that the TRPM8 protein undergoes ubiquitination and degradation in PC cells. The mass-spectrometry analysis of TRPM8, immunoprecipitated from LNCaP cells identified ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 (UBA1). PYR-41, a potent inhibitor of initial enzyme in the ubiquitination cascade, UBA1, increased TRPM8 activity on the plasma membrane (PM) of LNCaP cells. Furthermore, PYR-41-mediated PMTRPM8 activity was accompanied by enhanced activation of p53 and Caspase-9. Interestingly, we found that the trpm8 promoter possesses putative binding sites for p53 and that the overexpression of p53 increased the TRPM8 mRNA levels. In addition to the genomic regulation of TRPM8 by AR and p53, our findings indicate that the testosterone-induced PMTRPM8 activity elicits Ca2+ uptake, subsequently causing apoptotic cell death. These findings support the strategy of rescuing PMTRPM8 expression as a new therapeutic application through the regulation of PC cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Asuthkar
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Velpula
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Lusine Demirkhanyan
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Eleonora Zakharian
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Peoria, IL, USA
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102
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Domińska K, Ochędalski T, Kowalska K, Matysiak-Burzyńska ZE, Płuciennik E, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Interaction between angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in the progress of growth and spread of prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2619-28. [PMID: 27035428 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of locally secreted hormones, such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and relaxin 2 (RLN2), has been linked to a higher risk of select cancers or a poor prognosis in patients. In this study, for the first time a common effect of Ang II and RLN2 in relation to various aspects of prostate cancer development and metastasis are presented. Four independent colorimetric assays were used to analyze cell viability and proliferation. The changes of cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and invasion/aggressiveness ability of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC3) before and after peptides treatment, were also investigated. The findings suggest that the both investigated systems, have an impact on cell growth/division or spread, to some degree via overlapping signal transduction pathways. Intermediate or sometimes poorer results were achieved by using a combination of both hormones than when each was used individually. It seems that Ang II and RLN2 can play a significant role in increasing the aggressiveness of prostate tumors by up-regulating BIRC5 expression and MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion. In addition, we speculate that Ang II and RLN2 are involved in the transition from the androgen-dependent to the androgen-independent phenotype via modulation of the expression of androgen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Domińska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ochędalski
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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103
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Afsar T, Trembley JH, Salomon CE, Razak S, Khan MR, Ahmed K. Growth inhibition and apoptosis in cancer cells induced by polyphenolic compounds of Acacia hydaspica: Involvement of multiple signal transduction pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23077. [PMID: 26975752 PMCID: PMC4791679 DOI: 10.1038/srep23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acacia hydaspica R. Parker is known for its medicinal uses in multiple ailments. In this study, we performed bioassay-guided fractionation of cytotoxic compounds from A. hydaspica and investigated their effects on growth and signaling activity in prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Four active polyphenolic compounds were identified as 7-O-galloyl catechin (GC), catechin (C), methyl gallate (MG), and catechin-3-O-gallate (CG). The four compounds inhibited prostate cancer PC-3 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas CG and MG inhibited breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell growth. All tested compounds inhibited cell survival and colony growth in both cell lines, and there was evidence of chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies. Further, acridine orange, ethidium bromide, propidium iodide and DAPI staining demonstrated that cell death occurred partly via apoptosis in both PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In PC-3 cells treatment repressed the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin, coupled with down-regulation of signaling pathways AKT, NFκB, ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT. In MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment induced reduction of CK2α, Bcl-xL, survivin and xIAP protein expression along with suppression of NFκB, JAK/STAT and PI3K pathways. Our findings suggest that certain polyphenolic compounds derived from A. hydaspica may be promising chemopreventive/therapeutic candidates against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry Research Laboratory (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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104
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Zarif JC, Lamb LE, Schulz VV, Nollet EA, Miranti CK. Androgen receptor non-nuclear regulation of prostate cancer cell invasion mediated by Src and matriptase. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6862-76. [PMID: 25730905 PMCID: PMC4466655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancers still depend on nuclear androgen receptor (AR) function despite their lack of dependence on exogenous androgen. Second generation anti-androgen therapies are more efficient at blocking nuclear AR; however resistant tumors still develop. Recent studies indicate Src is highly active in these resistant tumors. By manipulating AR activity in several different prostate cancer cell lines through RNAi, drug treatment, and the use of a nuclear-deficient AR mutant, we demonstrate that androgen acting on cytoplasmic AR rapidly stimulates Src tyrosine kinase via a non-genomic mechanism. Cytoplasmic AR, acting through Src enhances laminin integrin-dependent invasion. Active Matriptase, which cleaves laminin, is elevated within minutes after androgen stimulation, and is subsequently shed into the medium. Matriptase activation and shedding induced by cytoplasmic AR is dependent on Src. Concomitantly, CDCP1/gp140, a Matriptase and Src substrate that controls integrin-based migration, is activated. However, only inhibition of Matriptase, but not CDCP1, suppresses the AR/Src-dependent increase in invasion. Matriptase, present in conditioned medium from AR-stimulated cells, is sufficient to enhance invasion in the absence of androgen. Thus, invasion is stimulated by a rapid but sustained increase in Src activity, mediated non-genomically by cytoplasmic AR, leading to rapid activation and shedding of the laminin protease Matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelani C Zarif
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Laura E Lamb
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health System - Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Veronique V Schulz
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Eric A Nollet
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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105
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Azakami D, Nakahira R, Kato Y, Michishita M, Kobayashi M, Onozawa E, Bonkobara M, Kobayashi M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Ishioka K, Sako T, Ochiai K, Omi T. The canine prostate cancer cell line CHP-1 shows over-expression of the co-chaperone small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:557-562. [PMID: 26762899 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although androgen therapy resistance and poor clinical outcomes are seen in most canine prostate cancer cases, there are only a few tools for analysing canine prostate cancer by using a cell biological approach. Therefore, to evaluate androgen-independent neoplastic cell growth, a new canine prostate cancer cell line (CHP-1) was established in this study. CHP-1 over-expressed the co-chaperone small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α (SGTA), which is over-expressed in human androgen-independent prostate cancer. The CHP-1 xenograft also showed SGTA over-expression. Although CHP-1 shows poor androgen receptor (AR) signalling upon dihydrotestosterone stimulation, forced expression of AR enabled evaluation of AR signalling. Taken together, these results suggest that CHP-1 will be a useful model for investigating the pathogenesis of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent canine prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Azakami
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Nakahira
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kato
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Onozawa
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Bonkobara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - K Ishioka
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Sako
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ochiai
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Omi
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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106
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Archibald M, Pritchard T, Nehoff H, Rosengren RJ, Greish K, Taurin S. A combination of sorafenib and nilotinib reduces the growth of castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:179-200. [PMID: 26811677 PMCID: PMC4712974 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable due to the lack of effective therapies. Several tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and growth of CRPC, as such targeting these kinases may offer an alternative therapeutic strategy. We established the combination of two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), sorafenib and nilotinib, as the most cytotoxic. In addtion, to improve their bioavailability and reduce their metabolism, we encapsulated sorafenib and nilotinib into styrene-co-maleic acid micelles. The micelles' charge, size, and release rate were characterized. We assessed the effect of the combination on the cytotoxicity, cell cycle, apoptosis, protein expression, tumor spheroid integrity, migration, and invasion. The micelles exhibited a mean diameter of 100 nm, a neutral charge, and appeared highly stable. The micellar TKIs promoted greater cytotoxicity, decreased cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis relative to the free TKIs. In addition, the combination reduced the expression and activity of several tyrosine kinases and reduced tumor spheroid integrity and metastatic potential of CRPC cell lines more efficiently than the single treatments. The combination increased the therapeutic potential and demonstrated the relevance of a targeted combination therapy for the treatment of CRPC. In addition, the efficacy of the encapsulated drugs provides the basis for an in vivo preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Archibald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tara Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hayley Nehoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Khaled Greish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Aljawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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107
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Molecular cloning of canine co-chaperone small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α (SGTA) and investigation of its ability to suppress androgen receptor signalling in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Vet J 2015; 206:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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108
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Cyanidin induces apoptosis and differentiation in prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1303-10. [PMID: 26315029 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several natural antioxidants, including anthocyanins, have been reported to have chemotherapeutic activity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of the present study was to delineate the anti-proliferative activity and the cytodifferentiation properties mediated by cyanidin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (C3G) treatment in the DU145 and LnCap human prostatic cancer cell lines. C3G produced anti-proliferative effects through activation of caspase-3 and induction of p21 protein expression. The reduced cell viability was associated with a clear increase of DNA fragmentation in both cell lines after C3G treatment. Since LnCap and DU145 exhibited differences in sensitivity to C3G treatment, the redox state of these cells was further investigated by estimating the levels of ROS and GSH. C3G antioxidant activity was confirmed only in DU145 cell line. Treatment with C3G increased the levels of tumor suppressor P75NGFR, indicating a possible role of C3G in the acquisition of a normal-like cell phenotype. Results reported in the present study demonstrate that C3G, the most abundant anthocyanin in diet, may represent a new approach and highly effective strategy in reducing carcinogenesis. C3G may be considered a new therapeutic agent with both anti-proliferative and pro-differentiation properties.
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109
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Sánchez-González C, Ciudad CJ, Noé V, Izquierdo-Pulido M. Walnut polyphenol metabolites, urolithins A and B, inhibit the expression of the prostate-specific antigen and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Food Funct 2015; 5:2922-30. [PMID: 25214070 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Walnuts have been gathering attention for their health-promoting properties. They are rich in polyphenols, mainly ellagitannins (ETs) that after consumption are hydrolyzed to release ellagic acid (EA). EA is further metabolized by microbiota to form urolithins, such as A and B, which are absorbed. ETs, EA and urolithins have shown to slow the proliferation and growth of different types of cancer cells but the mechanisms remain unclear. We investigate the role of urolithins in the regulatory mechanisms in prostate cancer, specifically those related to the androgen receptor (AR), which have been linked to the development of this type of cancer. In our study, urolithins down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of both prostate specific antigen (PSA) and AR in LNCaP cells. The luciferase assay performed with a construct containing three androgen response elements (AREs) showed that urolithins inhibit AR-mediated PSA expression at the transcriptional level. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that urolithins decreased AR binding to its consensus response element. Additionally, urolithins induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells, and this effect correlated with a decrease in Bcl-2 protein levels. In summary, urolithins attenuate the function of the AR by repressing its expression, causing a down-regulation of PSA levels and inducing apoptosis. Our results suggest that a diet rich in ET-containing foods, such as walnuts, could contribute to the prevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sánchez-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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110
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Rapozzi V, Ragno D, Guerrini A, Ferroni C, della Pietra E, Cesselli D, Castoria G, Di Donato M, Saracino E, Benfenati V, Varchi G. Androgen Receptor Targeted Conjugate for Bimodal Photodynamic Therapy of Prostate Cancer in Vitro. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1662-71. [PMID: 26108715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) represents the most common type of cancer among males and is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in Western society. Current options for PC therapy remain unsatisfactory, since they often produce uncomfortable long-term side effects, such as impotence (70%) and incontinence (5-20%) even in the first stages of the disease. Light-triggered therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, have the potential to provide important advances in the treatment of localized and partially metastasized prostate cancer. We have designed a novel molecular conjugate (DR2) constituted of a photosensitizer (pheophorbide a, Pba), connected to a nonsteroidal anti-androgen molecule through a small pegylated linker. This study aims at investigating whether DR2 represents a valuable approach for PC treatment based on light-induced production of single oxygen and nitric oxide (NO) in vitro. Besides being able to efficiently bind the androgen receptor (AR), the 2-trifluoromethylnitrobenzene ring on the DR2 backbone is able to release cytotoxic NO under the exclusive control of light, thus augmenting the general photodynamic effect. Although DR2 is similarly internalized in cells expressing different levels of androgen receptor, the AR ligand prevents its efflux through the ABCG2-pump. In vitro phototoxicity experiments demonstrated the ability of DR2 to kill cancer cells more efficiently than Pba, while no dark toxicity was observed. Overall, the presented approach is very promising for further development of AR-photosensitizer conjugates in the multimodal photodynamic treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rapozzi
- ‡Department of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe, 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- ∥Department of Chemistry University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- †Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- †Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilia della Pietra
- ‡Department of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe, 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- ‡Department of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe, 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- §Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology - II University of Naples , Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- §Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology - II University of Naples , Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- ⊥Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- †Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- †Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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111
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Campana C, Pezzi V, Rainey WE. Cell-based assays for screening androgen receptor ligands. Semin Reprod Med 2015; 33:225-34. [PMID: 26036905 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1552989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR, NR3C4) mediates the majority of androgen effects on target cells. The AR is activated following ligand binding that result is enhanced of target gene transcription. Several cell-based model systems have been developed that allow sensitive detection and monitoring of steroids or other compounds with AR bioactivity. Most cell-based AR reporter models use transgenic gene constructs that include an androgen response element that controls reporter gene expression. The DNA cis-regulatory elements that respond to AR share sequence similarity with cis-regulatory elements for glucocorticoid (GR, NR3C1), mineralocorticoid (MR, NR3C2), and progesterone (PGR, NR3C3) receptors, which has compromised AR selectivity for some models. In recent years, the sensitivity and selectivity of AR bioassays have been significantly improved through careful selection of cell models, utilization of improved reporter genes, and the use of yeast two-hybrid AR systems. This review summarizes and compares the currently available androgen-responsive cell model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Campana
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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112
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Aminomethylphosphonic acid and methoxyacetic acid induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11750-65. [PMID: 26006246 PMCID: PMC4463728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and its parent compound herbicide glyphosate are analogs to glycine, which have been reported to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of cancer cells, but not normal cells. Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) is the active metabolite of ester phthalates widely used in industry as gelling, viscosity and stabilizer; its exposure is associated with developmental and reproductive toxicities in both rodents and humans. MAA has been reported to suppress prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis. However, it is unknown whether AMPA and MAA can inhibit cancer cell growth. In this study, we found that AMPA and MAA inhibited cell growth in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2B, PC-3 and DU-145) through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Importantly, the AMPA-induced apoptosis was potentiated with the addition of MAA, which was due to downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat containing 2 (BIRC2), leading to activation of caspases 7 and 3. These results demonstrate that the combination of AMPA and MAA can promote the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, suggesting that they can be used as potential therapeutic drugs in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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113
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Zhou ZW, Li XX, He ZX, Pan ST, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chow K, Yang T, Qiu JX, Zhou Q, Tan J, Wang D, Zhou SF. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via sirtuin1- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated pathways by plumbagin in human prostate cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1511-54. [PMID: 25834399 PMCID: PMC4366042 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s75976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plumbagin (PLB) has been shown to have anticancer activities in animal models, but the role of PLB in prostate cancer treatment is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PLB on apoptosis and autophagy and the underlying mechanisms in human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145. Our study has shown that PLB had potent pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic effects on PC-3 and DU145 cells. PLB induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in concentration- and time-dependent manners in both PC-3 and DU145 cells. PLB induced inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and activation of 5′-AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) as indicated by their altered phosphorylation, contributing to the pro-autophagic activity of PLB. Modulation of autophagy altered basal and PLB-induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Furthermore, PLB downregulated sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), and inhibition of Sirt1 enhanced autophagy, whereas the induction of Sirt1 abolished PLB-induced autophagy in PC-3 and DU145 cells. In addition, PLB downregulated pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor/visfatin, and the inhibition of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor/visfatin significantly enhanced basal and PLB-induced apoptosis and autophagy in both cell lines. Moreover, reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level attenuated the apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing effects of PLB on both PC-3 and DU145 cells. These findings indicate that PLB promotes apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer cells via Sirt1- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated pathways with contribution from AMPK-, p38 MAPK-, visfatin-, and ROS-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Xiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinxue Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan City, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kevin Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jia-Xuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Silver Child Development Center, Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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114
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Han G, Kortylewicz ZP, Enke T, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J. Co-targeting androgen receptor and DNA for imaging and molecular radiotherapy of prostate cancer: in vitro studies. Prostate 2014; 74:1634-46. [PMID: 25214432 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) axis, the key growth and survival pathway in prostate cancer, remains a prime target for drug development. 5-Radioiodo-3'-O-(17β-succinyl-5α-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridin-5'-yl phosphate (RISAD-P) is the AR-seeking reagent developed for noninvasive assessment of AR and proliferative status, and for molecular radiotherapy of prostate cancer with Auger electron-emitting radionuclides. METHODS RISAD-P radiolabeled with 123I, 124I, and 125I were synthesized using a common stannylated precursor. The cellular uptake, subcellular distribution, and radiotoxicity of 123I-, 124I-, and (125) IRISAD-P were measured in LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 cell lines expressing various levels of AR. RESULTS The uptake of RISAD-P by prostate cancer cells is proportional to AR levels and independent of the radionuclide. The intracellular accumulation of radioactivity is directly proportional to the extracellular concentration of RISAD-P and the duration of exposure. Initially, RISAD-P is trapped in the cytoplasm. Within 24 hr, radioactivity is associated exclusively with DNA. The RISAD-P radiotoxicity is determined by the radionuclide; however, the cellular responses are directly proportional to the AR expression levels. LNCaP cells expressing high levels of AR are killed at the rate of up to 60% per day after a brief 1 hr RISAD-P treatment. For the first time, the AR expression in PC-3 and DU 145 cells, generally reported as AR-negative, was quantitated by the ultra sensitive RISAD-P-based method. CONCLUSIONS RISAD-P is a theranostic drug, which targets AR. Its subcellular metabolite participates in DNA synthesis. RISAD-P is a promising candidate for imaging of the AR expression and tumor proliferation as well as molecular radiotherapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henriksen Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska
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115
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Martínez TF, Phillips JW, Karanja KK, Polaczek P, Wang CM, Li BC, Campbell JL, Dervan PB. Replication stress by Py-Im polyamides induces a non-canonical ATR-dependent checkpoint response. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11546-59. [PMID: 25249630 PMCID: PMC4191428 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrole–imidazole polyamides targeted to the androgen response element were cytotoxic in multiple cell lines, independent of intact androgen receptor signaling. Polyamide treatment induced accumulation of S-phase cells and of PCNA replication/repair foci. Activation of a cell cycle checkpoint response was evidenced by autophosphorylation of ATR, the S-phase checkpoint kinase, and by recruitment of ATR and the ATR activators RPA, 9-1-1, and Rad17 to chromatin. Surprisingly, ATR activation was accompanied by only a slight increase in single-stranded DNA, and the ATR targets RPA2 and Chk1, a cell cycle checkpoint kinase, were not phosphorylated. However, ATR activation resulted in phosphorylation of the replicative helicase subunit MCM2, an ATR effector. Polyamide treatment also induced accumulation of monoubiquitinated FANCD2, which is recruited to stalled replication forks and interacts transiently with phospho-MCM2. This suggests that polyamides induce replication stress that ATR can counteract independently of Chk1 and that the FA/BRCA pathway may also be involved in the response to polyamides. In biochemical assays, polyamides inhibit DNA helicases, providing a plausible mechanism for S-phase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Martínez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John W Phillips
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kenneth K Karanja
- Braun Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Piotr Polaczek
- Braun Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chieh-Mei Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin C Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Judith L Campbell
- Braun Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Peter B Dervan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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116
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Krasavin M, Sosnov AV, Karapetian R, Konstantinov I, Soldatkina O, Godovykh E, Zubkov F, Bai R, Hamel E, Gakh AA. Antiproliferative 4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamides, a new tubulin inhibitor chemotype. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4477-4481. [PMID: 25155551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a new chemical class of antiproliferative agents, 4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamides. SAR-guided optimization of the two distinct terminal fragments yielded a compound with 120 nM potency in an antiproliferative assay. Biological activity profile studies (COMPARE analysis) demonstrated that 4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamides act as tubulin inhibitors, and this conclusion was confirmed via biochemical assays with pure tubulin and demonstration of increased numbers of mitotic cells following treatment of a leukemia cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Krasavin
- Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhof 198504, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Sosnov
- ORCHIMED, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Ruben Karapetian
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Igor Konstantinov
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Olga Soldatkina
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Elena Godovykh
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Fedor Zubkov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrei A Gakh
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; The Discovery Chemistry Project, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA.
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117
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Sharma NL, Massie CE, Butter F, Mann M, Bon H, Ramos-Montoya A, Menon S, Stark R, Lamb AD, Scott HE, Warren AY, Neal DE, Mills IG. The ETS family member GABPα modulates androgen receptor signalling and mediates an aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6256-69. [PMID: 24753418 PMCID: PMC4041454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PC), the androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor at all disease stages, including the advanced stage of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the present study, we show that GABPα, an ETS factor that is up-regulated in PC, is an AR-interacting transcription factor. Expression of GABPα enables PC cell lines to acquire some of the molecular and cellular characteristics of CRPC tissues as well as more aggressive growth phenotypes. GABPα has a transcriptional role that dissects the overlapping cistromes of the two most common ETS gene fusions in PC: overlapping significantly with ETV1 but not with ERG target genes. GABPα bound predominantly to gene promoters, regulated the expression of one-third of AR target genes and modulated sensitivity to AR antagonists in hormone responsive and castrate resistant PC models. This study supports a critical role for GABPα in CRPC and reveals potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Sharma
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Charlie E Massie
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Falk Butter
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Helene Bon
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rory Stark
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Helen E Scott
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine (Norway), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo N-0349, Norway Department of Cancer Prevention and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0349, Norway
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118
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Jacob S, Nayak S, Fernandes G, Barai RS, Menon S, Chaudhari UK, Kholkute SD, Sachdeva G. Androgen receptor as a regulator of ZEB2 expression and its implications in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:473-86. [PMID: 24812058 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box-binding protein 2 (ZEB2) is known to help mediate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and thereby it facilitates cancer metastasis. This study was initiated to explore whether ZEB2 expression differs in prostate cancer (PCa, n=7) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, n=7) tissues. In PCa tissues, the levels of both immunoreactive ZEB2 and androgen receptor (AR) were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared with BPH tissues. Co-regulation of AR and ZEB2 prompted us to investigate the role of androgenic stimuli in ZEB2 expression. ZEB2 expression was found to be significantly (P<0.05) upregulated after androgen stimulation and downregulated following AR silencing in LNCaP cells, an androgen-dependent PCa cell line. This finding suggested AR as a positive regulator of ZEB2 expression in androgen-dependent cells. Paradoxically, androgen-independent (AI) cell lines PC3 and DU145, known to possess low AR levels, showed significantly (P<0.05) higher expression of ZEB2 compared with LNCaP cells. Furthermore, forced expression of AR in PC3 (PC3-AR) and DU145 (DU-AR) cells led to reductions in ZEB2 expression, invasiveness, and migration. These cells also exhibited an increase in the levels of E-cadherin (a transcriptional target of ZEB2). Co-transfection of AR and ZEB2 cDNA constructs prevented the decline in invasiveness and migration to a significant extent. Additionally, ZEB2 downregulation was associated with an increase in miR200a/miR200b levels in PC3-AR cells and with a decrease in miR200a/miR200b levels in AR-silenced LNCaP cells. Thus, AR acts as a positive regulator of ZEB2 expression in androgen-dependent cells and as a negative regulator in AI PCa cells.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wound Healing
- Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Jacob
- Primate Biology Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research, JM Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India The Centre for Medical Bioinformatics, NIRRH, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai 400012, India
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119
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Li B, Lu W, Yang Q, Yu X, Matusik RJ, Chen Z. Skp2 regulates androgen receptor through ubiquitin-mediated degradation independent of Akt/mTOR pathways in prostate cancer. Prostate 2014; 74:421-32. [PMID: 24347472 PMCID: PMC4062570 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intervention of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) in patients has been commonly depending on androgen deprivation therapy. Despite of tremendous research efforts, however, molecular mechanisms on AR regulation remain poorly understood, particularly for castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Targeting AR and associated factors is considered an effective strategy in PCa treatment. METHODS Human prostate cancer cells were used in this study. Manipulations of Skp2 expression were achieved by Skp2 shRNA/siRNA or overexpression of plasmids. Dual luciferase reporter assay was applied for AR activity assessment. Western blot, ubiquitination assay, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence were applied to detect the proteins. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that Skp2 directly involves the regulation of AR expression through ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Skp2 interacted with AR protein in PCa cells, and enforced expression of Skp2 resulted in a decreased level and activity of AR. By contrast, Skp2 knockdown increased the protein accumulation and activity of AR. Importantly, changes of AR contributed by Skp2 led to subsequent alterations of PSA level in PCa cells. AR ubiquitination was significantly increased upon Skp2 overexpression but greatly reduced upon Skp2 knockdown. AR mutant at K847R abrogated Skp2-mediated ubiquitination of AR. NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, remarkably inhibited Skp2 level with a striking elevation of AR. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Skp2 is an E3 ligase for proteasome-dependent AR degradation, and K847 on AR is the recognition site for Skp2-mediated ubiquitination. Our findings reveal an essential role of Skp2 in AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wenfu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence to: Dr. Zhenbang Chen, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208.
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120
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Membrane androgen receptor sensitive Na+/H+ exchanger activity in prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1571-9. [PMID: 24607544 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are expressed in several tumors. mAR activation by testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC) suppresses tumor growth and migration. mAR signaling involves phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). PI3K stimulates serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1, which in turn activates Na(+)/H(+)-exchangers (NHE). In prostate cancer cells cytosolic pH (pHi) was determined utilizing 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein-fluorescence and NHE-activity utilizing Na(+)-dependent cytosolic realkalinization following an ammonium pulse. TAC (100 nM) significantly increased pHi and NHE-activity, effects abrogated by NHE1-inhibitor cariporide (10 μM), SGK1-inhibitors EMD638683 (50 μM) and GSK650349 (10 μM) and ROCK-inhibitors Y-27632 (10 μM) and fasudil (100 μM). TAC treatment rapidly and significantly increased cell volume and actin polymerization, effects abolished in the presence of cariporide. Thus, mAR-activation activates cariporide-sensitive Na(+)/H(+)-exchangers, an effect requiring SGK1 and ROCK activity.
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121
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Finasteride inhibits human prostate cancer cell invasion through MMP2 and MMP9 downregulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84757. [PMID: 24386413 PMCID: PMC3875555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) finasteride and dutasteride for prostate cancer prevention is still under debate. The FDA recently concluded that the increased prevalence of high-grade tumors among 5-ARI-treated patients must not be neglected, and they decided to disallow the use of 5-ARIs for prostate cancer prevention. This study was conducted to verify the effects of finasteride on prostate cell migration and invasion and the related enzymes/proteins in normal human and tumoral prostatic cell lines. Materials and Methods RWPE-1, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 cells were cultivated to 60% confluence and exposed for different periods to either 10 µM or 50 µM finasteride that was diluted in culture medium. The conditioned media were collected and concentrated, and MMP2 and MMP9 activities and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein expression were determined. Cell viability, migration and invasion were analyzed, and the remaining cell extracts were submitted to androgen receptor (AR) detection by western blotting techniques. Experiments were carried out in triplicate. Results Cell viability was not significantly affected by finasteride exposure. Finasteride significantly downregulated MMP2 and MMP9 activities in RWPE-1 and PC3 cells and MMP2 in DU145 cells. TIMP-2 expression in RWPE-1 cells was upregulated after exposure. The cell invasion of all four tested cell lines was inhibited by exposure to 50 µM of finasteride, and migration inhibition only occurred for RWPE-1 and LNCaP cells. AR was expressed by LNCaP, RWPE-1 and PC3 cells. Conclusions Although the debate on the higher incidence of high-grade prostate cancer among 5-ARI-treated patients remains, our findings indicate that finasteride may attenuate tumor aggressiveness and invasion, which could vary depending on the androgen responsiveness of a patient’s prostate cells.
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122
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Frank SB, Miranti CK. Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:273. [PMID: 24199173 PMCID: PMC3813973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the foremost problems in the prostate cancer (PCa) field is the inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, which leads to difficult prognoses and thousands of unnecessary surgeries. This limitation stems from the fact that the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the prostate are poorly understood. Some genetic alterations are commonly reported in prostate tumors, including upregulation of Myc, fusion of Ets genes to androgen-regulated promoters, and loss of Pten. However, the specific roles of these aberrations in tumor initiation and progression are poorly understood. Likewise, the cell of origin for PCa remains controversial and may be linked to the aggressive potential of the tumor. One important clue is that prostate tumors co-express basal and luminal protein markers that are restricted to their distinct cell types in normal tissue. Prostate epithelium contains layer-specific stem cells as well as rare bipotent cells, which can differentiate into basal or luminal cells. We hypothesize that the primary oncogenic cell of origin is a transient-differentiating bipotent cell. Such a cell must maintain tight temporal and spatial control of differentiation pathways, thus increasing its susceptibility for oncogenic disruption. In support of this hypothesis, many of the pathways known to be involved in prostate differentiation can be linked to genes commonly altered in PCa. In this article, we review what is known about important differentiation pathways (Myc, p38MAPK, Notch, PI3K/Pten) in the prostate and how their misregulation could lead to oncogenesis. Better understanding of normal differentiation will offer new insights into tumor initiation and may help explain the functional significance of common genetic alterations seen in PCa. Additionally, this understanding could lead to new methods for classifying prostate tumors based on their differentiation status and may aid in identifying more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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Liu C, Wang C, Wang K, Liu L, Shen Q, Yan K, Sun X, Chen J, Liu J, Ren H, Liu H, Xu Z, Hu S, Xu D, Fan Y. SMYD3 as an oncogenic driver in prostate cancer by stimulation of androgen receptor transcription. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1719-28. [PMID: 24174655 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) is critical for prostate tumorigenesis and is frequently overexpressed during prostate cancer (PC) progression. However, few studies have addressed the epigenetic regulation of AR expression. METHODS We analyzed SMYD3 expression in human PC with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. SMYD3 expression was knocked down using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis analyses and xenograft transplantation were performed to evaluate the impact of SMYD3 depletion on PC cells. AR expression and promoter activity were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and luciferase reporter assay. AR promoter association with Sp1, SMYD3, and histone modifications was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Differences in AR mRNA abundance and promoter activity were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, SMYD3 expression was analyzed using with Mann-Whitney U tests for unpaired samples, and tumor weight was analyzed with Student t test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The upregulation of SMYD3 protein expression was observed in seven of eight prostate tumor specimens, compared with matched normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a strong SMYD3 staining in the nuclei of PC tissues in eight of 25 (32%) cases and in the cytoplasm in 23 out of 25 (92%) cases, whereas benign prostate tissue exhibited weak immunostaining. Depletion of SMYD3 by siRNA or shRNA inhibited PC cell proliferation (72 hours relative to 24 hours: control shRNA vs SMYD3 shRNA 1: mean fold change = 2.76 vs 1.68; difference = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = 0.78 to 1.38, P < .001), colony formation, cell migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor formation. Two functional SMYD3-binding motifs were identified in the AR promoter region. CONCLUSIONS SMYD3 promotes prostate tumorigenesis and mediates epigenetic upregulation of AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Urology (CL, CW, KW, KY, JC, JL, HR, HL, ZX, YF), Department of General Surgery (LL, SH), and School of Nursing (LL), Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Research Laboratory of Shandong University Second Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China (DX); Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (QS); Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (XS); Department of Medicine, Division of Haematology and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (CW, DX)
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124
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Ma W, Hu S, Yao G, Xie S, Ni M, Liu Q, Gao X, Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang Y. An androgen receptor-microrna-29a regulatory circuitry in mouse epididymis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29369-81. [PMID: 23960076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in a number of cellular processes; thus, their deregulation is usually apt to the occurrence of diverse diseases. Previous studies indicate that abnormally up-regulated miR-29a is associated with several diseases, such as human acute myeloid leukemia and diabetes; therefore, the proper level of miR-29a is critical for homeostasis. Herein, we observed that miR-29a was repressed by androgen/androgen receptor signaling in mouse epididymis by targeting a conserved androgen response element located 8 kb upstream of miR-29b1a loci. It is well known that multiple regulatory programs often form a complicated network. Here, we found that miR-29a reversibly suppressed androgen receptor and its target genes by targeting IGF1 and p53 pathways. miR-29b1a-overexpressing transgenic mice displayed epididymis hypoplasia partially similar to the phenotype of those mice with an impaired androgen-androgen receptor signal system. Taken together, the results demonstrated that there is a regulatory circuitry between the androgen signaling pathway and miR-29a in mouse epididymis that may be vital for epididymal development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Ma
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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125
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Gilloteaux J, Eze N, Jamison JM, McGuire K, Summers JL. A rare, human prostate oncocyte cell originates from the prostatic carcinoma (DU145) cell line. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:440-8. [PMID: 23957452 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.814739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells are typically poorly differentiated and contain only scantily distributed organelles. However, among numerous tumor cells randomly examined by electron microscopy out of in vitro cultivation, a peculiar, rare oncocyte-like cell type has been observed whose nucleus appears to be of small dimension and with a cytoplasm almost entirely filled with often distorted mitochondria. A few small, dispersed lysosomal bodies, small cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and a few glycogen patches can be found among highly osmiophilic contrasted, cytosolic spaces filled by innumerable ribonucleoproteins. The excessive population of mitochondria may have arisen from a more populated tumor cell type wherein the altered mitochondria are found to appear burgeoning into a spherical-like size progeny crowding the tumor cells. Literature cited between 1950 and the present suggests that this rare, oncocytic, benign prostatic tumor cell type is likely appear epigenetically, stemming from an original secretory cell, which is confirmed by the origin of the cell line originally maintained as cell line out of a brain metastatic, adenocarcinoma niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St Georges' University International School of Medicine, K. B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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126
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Kortenhorst MSQ, Wissing MD, Rodríguez R, Kachhap SK, Jans JJM, Van der Groep P, Verheul HMW, Gupta A, Aiyetan PO, van der Wall E, Carducci MA, Van Diest PJ, Marchionni L. Analysis of the genomic response of human prostate cancer cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors. Epigenetics 2013; 8:907-20. [PMID: 23880963 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as important targets for cancer treatment. HDAC-inhibitors (HDACis) are well tolerated in patients and have been approved for the treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). To improve the clinical benefit of HDACis in solid tumors, combination strategies with HDACis could be employed. In this study, we applied Analysis of Functional Annotation (AFA) to provide a comprehensive list of genes and pathways affected upon HDACi-treatment in prostate cancer cells. This approach provides an unbiased and objective approach to high throughput data mining. By performing AFA on gene expression data from prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 (an HDACi-sensitive cell line) and PC3 (a relatively HDACi-resistant cell line) treated with HDACis valproic acid or vorinostat, we identified biological processes that are affected by HDACis and are therefore potential treatment targets for combination therapy. Our analysis revealed that HDAC-inhibition resulted among others in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and deregulation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint by downregulation of genes involved in mitosis. These findings were confirmed by AFA on publicly available data sets from HDACi-treated prostate cancer cells. In total, we analyzed 375 microarrays with HDACi treated and non-treated (control) prostate cancer cells. All results from this extensive analysis are provided as an online research source (available at the journal's website and at http://luigimarchionni.org/HDACIs.html). By publishing this data, we aim to enhance our understanding of the cellular changes after HDAC-inhibition, and to identify novel potential combination strategies with HDACis for the treatment of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S Q Kortenhorst
- Department of Gynecology; Catharina Hospital Eindhoven; Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Prostate Cancer Program; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
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127
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Anagnostopoulou V, Pediaditakis I, Alkahtani S, Alarifi SA, Schmidt EM, Lang F, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I, Stournaras C. Differential effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in prostate and colon cancer cell apoptosis: the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2446-56. [PMID: 23696568 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is fostered by inhibition of cell death, which involves the receptiveness of tumor to growth factors and hormones. We have recently shown that testosterone exerts proapoptotic effects in prostate and colon cancer cells through a membrane-initiated mechanism. In addition, we have recently reported that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can control cell fate, activating nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors, namely tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk)A and p75 neurotrophin receptor, in primary neurons and in PC12 tumoral cells. NGF was recently involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In the present study, we explored the cross talk between androgens (testosterone and DHEA) and NGF in regulating apoptosis of prostate and colon cancer cells. DHEA and NGF strongly blunted serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas testosterone induced apoptosis of both cancer cell lines. The antiapoptotic effect of both DHEA and NGF was completely reversed by testosterone. In line with this, DHEA or NGF up-regulated, whereas testosterone down-regulated, the expression of TrkA receptor. The effects of androgens were abolished in both cell lines in the presence of TrkA inhibitor. DHEA induced the phosphorylation of TrkA and the interaction of p75 neurotrophin receptor with its effectors, Rho protein GDP dissociation inhibitor and receptor interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. Conversely, testosterone was unable to activate both receptors. Testosterone acted as a DHEA and NGF antagonist, by blocking the activation of both receptors by DHEA or NGF. Our findings suggest that androgens may influence hormone-sensitive tumor cells via their cross talk with NGF receptors. The interplay between steroid hormone and neurotrophins signaling in hormone-dependent tumors offers new insights in the pathophysiology of these neoplasias.
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128
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Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C. Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:951-63. [PMID: 23746222 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade androgen actions that are originated from non-genomic, rapid signaling have been described in a large number of cell models and tissues. These effects are initiated through the stimulation of membrane androgen-binding sites or receptors (mAR). Although the molecular identity of mARs remains elusive, their activation is known to trigger multiple non-genomic signaling cascades and to regulate numerous cell responses. In recent years specific interest is being paid to the role of mARs in tumors. Specifically, it was demonstrated that mAR activation by non-permeable testosterone conjugates induced potent anti-tumorigenic responses in prostate, breast, colon and glial tumors. In addition, in vivo animal studies further emphasized the potential clinical importance of these receptors. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mAR-induced non-genomic, rapid androgen actions. It will focus on the molecular signaling pathways governed by mAR activation, discuss latest attempts to elucidate the molecular identity of mAR, address the plethora of cell responses initiated by mAR and evaluate the potential role of mAR and mAR-specific signaling as possible therapeutic targets in tumors. EXPERT OPINION mAR and mAR-induced specific signaling may represent novel therapeutic targets in tumors through the development of specific testosterone analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology, Gmelin Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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129
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Pappa EV, Zompra AA, Diamantopoulou Z, Spyranti Z, Pairas G, Lamari FN, Katsoris P, Spyroulias GA, Cordopatis P. Structure-activity studies of lGnRH-III through rational amino acid substitution and NMR conformational studies. Biopolymers 2013. [PMID: 23203758 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone type III (lGnRH-III) is an isoform of GnRH isolated from the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) with negligible endocrine activity in mammalian systems. Data concerning the superior direct anticancer activity of lGnRH-III have been published, raising questions on the structure-activity relationship. We synthesized 21 lGnRH-III analogs with rational amino acid substitutions and studied their effect on PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell proliferation. Our results question the importance of the acidic charge of Asp⁶ for the antiproliferative activity and indicate the significance of the stereochemistry of Trp in positions 3 and 7. Furthermore, conjugation of an acetyl-group to the side chain of Lys⁸ or side chain cyclization of amino acids 1-8 increased the antiproliferative activity of lGnRH-III demonstrating that the proposed salt bridge between Asp⁶ and Lys⁸ is not crucial. Conformational studies of lGnRH-III were performed through NMR spectroscopy, and the solution structure of GnRH-I was solved. In solution, lGnRH-III adopts an extended backbone conformation in contrast to the well-defined β-turn conformation of GnRH-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni V Pappa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece.
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130
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Chen YY, Wu HC, Sun JS, Dong GC, Wang TW. Injectable and thermoresponsive self-assembled nanocomposite hydrogel for long-term anticancer drug delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3721-3729. [PMID: 23441993 DOI: 10.1021/la400268p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop an injectable thermoresponsive hydrogel system that can undergo sol-gel phase transition by the stimulation of body temperature with improved mechanical stability and biocompatibility as a controlled drug delivery carrier for cancer therapy. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was introduced into Pluronic F127 as a chain extender to improve the mechanical stability. HDI-Pluronic F127 copolymer was then incorporated with hyaluronic acid to develop a thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogel system. The physiochemical properties were characterized. The anticancer drug release profile and effect to inhibit tumor cells growth were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that HDI-Pluronic F127/hyaluronic acid thermoresponsive hydrogel could undergo sol-gel transition as temperature increased to 37 °C. The nanocomposite polymer can spontaneously self-assemble into micellar structure with size of 100-200 nm. The release of doxorubicin (DOX) from HDI-PF127/HA composite hydrogel was a zero-order profile and maintained sustained release for over 28 days. The viability of tumor cells and size of tumor significantly decreased with incubation time, indicating the potential to have a therapeutic effect for cancer therapy. The injectable thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogel system was biocompatible and degradable and had the slow controlled release property for anticancer drugs with potential applications in the field of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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131
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Patra N, De U, Kim TH, Lee YJ, Ahn MY, Kim ND, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Moon HR, Lee BM, Kim HS. A novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MHY219 induces apoptosis via up-regulation of androgen receptor expression in human prostate cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:407-15. [PMID: 23583193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new class of anticancer agents that act by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. To investigate the anticancer effect of a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MHY219, its efficacy was compared to that of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in human prostate cancer cells. The anticancer effects of MHY219 on cell viability, HDAC enzyme activity, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and other biological assays were performed. MHY219 was shown to enhance the cytotoxicity on DU145 cells (IC₅₀, 0.36 μM) when compared with LNCaP (IC₅₀, 0.97 μM) and PC3 cells (IC₅₀, 5.12 μM). MHY219 showed a potent inhibition of total HDAC activity when compared with SAHA. MHY219 increased histone H3 hyperacetylation and reduced the expression of class I HDACs (1, 2 and 3) in prostate cancer cells. MHY219 effectively increased the sub-G1 fraction of cells through p21 and p27 dependent pathways in DU145 cells. MHY219 significantly induced a G2/M phase arrest in DU145 and PC3 cells and arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, MHY219 effectively increased apoptosis in DU145 and LNCaP cells, but not PC3 cells, according to Annexin V/PI staining and Western blot analysis. These results indicate that MHY219 is a potent HDAC inhibitor that targets regulating multiple aspects of cancer cell death and might have preclinical value in human prostate cancer chemotherapy, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Patra
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeung-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Ranasinghe WKB, Xiao L, Kovac S, Chang M, Michiels C, Bolton D, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, Patel O. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in determining the properties of castrate-resistant prostate cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54251. [PMID: 23342109 PMCID: PMC3546972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal condition in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer (PC). Despite numerous studies showing the expression of HIF1α protein under normoxia in PC cell lines, the role of this normoxic HIF1α expression in chemo-resistance and migration has not been investigated previously. As no method is currently available to determine which tumors will progress to CRPC, the role of HIF1α in PC and its potential for predicting the development of CRPC was also investigated. METHODS The effect of HIF1α protein knockdown on chemo-resistance and migration of PC3 cells was assessed by cell counting and Transwell assays, respectively. Translation efficiency of HIF1α mRNA was determined in PC cells using a HIF1α 5'UTR-luciferase construct. Clinical outcomes were correlated following the staining of 100 prostate tumors for HIF1α expression. RESULTS The CRPC-like cell lines (PC3 and DU145) expressed more HIF1α protein than an androgen sensitive cell line (LNCaP). Migration rate and chemo-resistance were higher in the PC3 cells and both were decreased when HIF1α expression was reduced. Increased translation of HIF1α mRNA may be responsible for HIF1α overexpression in PC3 cells. Patients whose tumors expressed HIF1α had significantly decreased metastasis-free survival and the patients who were on androgen-deprivation therapy had decreased CRPC-free survival on Kaplan-Meier analysis. On multivariate analysis HIF1α was an independent risk factor for progression to metastatic PC (Hazard ratio (HR) 9.8, p = 0.017) and development of CRPC (HR 10.0, p = 0.021) in patients on androgen-deprivation therapy. Notably the tumors which did not express HIF1α did not metastasize or develop CRPC. CONCLUSIONS HIF1α is likely to contribute to metastasis and chemo-resistance of CRPC and targeted reduction of HIF1α may increase the responsiveness of CRPCs to chemotherapy. Expression of HIF1α may be a useful screening tool for development of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weranja K B Ranasinghe
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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133
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Gupta A, Mehta R, Alimirah F, Peng X, Murillo G, Wiehle R, Mehta RG. Efficacy and mechanism of action of Proellex, an antiprogestin in aromatase overexpressing and Letrozole resistant T47D breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 133:30-42. [PMID: 22939887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are considered as a first line therapy for ER+PR+ breast cancers. However, many patients acquire resistance to AI. In this study, we determined the response of antiprogestin CDB-4124 (Proellex) on the aromatase overexpressing and Letrozole resistant cell lines and also studies its mechanism of action in inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. For these studies we generated aromatase overexpressing T47D (T47Darom) and respective control (T47Dcon) breast cancer cell lines by stable transfection with plasmid containing CYP19A1 gene, or empty vector respectively. Letrozole resistant cell line (T47DaromLR) was generated by incubating T47Darom for 75 weeks in the presence of 10 μM Letrozole. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT or crystal violet assays. Gene expressions were quantified by QRT-PCR whereas proteins were identified by western blot analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Aromatase activity was determined by estradiol ELISA. The effects of Proellex on the anchorage independent growth were measured by soft agar colony formation. Statistical differences between the various groups were determined by Student's 't' test or ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results showed that T47Darom and T47DaromLR cell lines had significantly higher aromatase expression (mRNA; 80-90 fold and protein) and as a result exhibited increased aromatization of testosterone to estradiol as compared to T47Dcon. Both these cell lines showed enhanced growth in the presence of Testosterone (50-60%). In T47DaromLR cells increased PR-B and EGFR expression as compared to T47Dcon cells was observed. Proellex and other known aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole, Anastrozole, and Exemestane) inhibited testosterone induced cell proliferation and anchorage independent growth of T47Darom cells. Cell growth inhibition was significantly greater when cells were treated with Proellex alone or in combination with other AIs as compared to AIs alone. Proellex inhibited mRNA and protein levels of PR-B, reduced PRB/p300 complex formation in the nuclei and significantly reduced EGFR expression in T47Darom cells. Our results in the present study indicate that antiproliferative effect of Proellex is probably due to PR-B/EGFR modulation in ER+PR+, aromatase expressing cells. Overall these results suggest that antiprogestin, Proellex can be developed as a possible treatment strategy for aromatase overexpressing ER+/PR+ breast cancer patients as well as for aromatase inhibitor resistant breast cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Aromatase/genetics
- Aromatase/metabolism
- Aromatase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, erbB-1/drug effects
- Humans
- Letrozole
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Norpregnadienes/pharmacology
- Progestins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Promegestone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Testosterone/pharmacology
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Gupta
- Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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134
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O'Connell K, Prencipe M, O'Neill A, Corcoran C, Rani S, Henry M, Dowling P, Meleady P, O'Driscoll L, Watson W, O'Connor R. The use of LC-MS to identify differentially expressed proteins in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Proteomics 2012; 12:2115-26. [PMID: 22623417 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel is a taxane-derived chemotherapy drug that has been approved for treatment of prostate cancer. While docetaxel is frequently used as a treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer, a subset of patients either do not respond to this treatment or those that do respond eventually become resistant to the drug over time. Resistance to docetaxel is complex and multi-factoral and further understanding of the cellular biochemistry underlying resistance is vital to improve treatment efficacy. To identify proteins altered in the resistant phenotype, three parental cell lines DU145, 22RV1 and PC-3, as well as their docetaxel resistant sub-lines, were subjected to quantitative label-free LC-MS proteomic profiling. A total of 189 significant (p < 0.05) protein abundance changes were identified in the DU145 resistant sub-lines, 254 in the 22RV1 sub-lines, and 51 and 72 in the 8 and 12 nM resistant PC-3 sub-lines, respectively. From these, 29 proteins demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) fold change across two or more resistant variants. These included proteins indicative of an epithelial-to-mesenchemyl transition as well as altered heat shock response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen O'Connell
- MTCI, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, DCU, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
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135
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Ferreira LB, Palumbo A, de Mello KD, Sternberg C, Caetano MS, de Oliveira FL, Neves AF, Nasciutti LE, Goulart LR, Gimba ERP. PCA3 noncoding RNA is involved in the control of prostate-cancer cell survival and modulates androgen receptor signaling. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:507. [PMID: 23130941 PMCID: PMC3544699 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCA3 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that is highly expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, but its functional role is unknown. To investigate its putative function in PCa biology, we used gene expression knockdown by small interference RNA, and also analyzed its involvement in androgen receptor (AR) signaling. METHODS LNCaP and PC3 cells were used as in vitro models for these functional assays, and three different siRNA sequences were specifically designed to target PCA3 exon 4. Transfected cells were analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR and cell growth, viability, and apoptosis assays. Associations between PCA3 and the androgen-receptor (AR) signaling pathway were investigated by treating LNCaP cells with 100 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and with its antagonist (flutamide), and analyzing the expression of some AR-modulated genes (TMPRSS2, NDRG1, GREB1, PSA, AR, FGF8, CdK1, CdK2 and PMEPA1). PCA3 expression levels were investigated in different cell compartments by using differential centrifugation and qRT-PCR. RESULTS LNCaP siPCA3-transfected cells significantly inhibited cell growth and viability, and increased the proportion of cells in the sub G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and the percentage of pyknotic nuclei, compared to those transfected with scramble siRNA (siSCr)-transfected cells. DHT-treated LNCaP cells induced a significant upregulation of PCA3 expression, which was reversed by flutamide. In siPCA3/LNCaP-transfected cells, the expression of AR target genes was downregulated compared to siSCr-transfected cells. The siPCA3 transfection also counteracted DHT stimulatory effects on the AR signaling cascade, significantly downregulating expression of the AR target gene. Analysis of PCA3 expression in different cell compartments provided evidence that the main functional roles of PCA3 occur in the nuclei and microsomal cell fractions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the ncRNA PCA3 is involved in the control of PCa cell survival, in part through modulating AR signaling, which may raise new possibilities of using PCA3 knockdown as an additional therapeutic strategy for PCa control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bueno Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional do Câncer/Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular and Programa de Pós Graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal DR, Summers JL, Taper HS. Xenotransplanted Human Prostate Carcinoma (DU145) Cells Develop into Carcinomas and Cribriform Carcinomas: Ultrastructural Aspects. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 36:294-311. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.708472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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137
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Hu W, Zheng RR, Cui HX, Yue D, Wang Y, Jiang YH. Effects of bortezomib in sensitizing human prostate cancer cell lines to NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:695-702. [PMID: 22902909 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, has been demonstrated to sensitize tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. Natural killer (NK) cells represent potent antitumor effector cells. They also express TRAIL. Therefore, we investigated whether bortezomib could sensitize tumor cells to NK cell-mediated killing, and have the same effect in human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and DU145). We found that bortezomib strongly inhibits proliferation in both cell lines. Furthermore, compared with LNCaP cells, DU145 cells are more sensitive to bortezomib-induced apoptosis. However, bortezomib is unable to sensitize these two cell lines to NK cell-mediated killing in short-term assays. In long-term assays, we found that killing mediated by activated NK cells following bortezomib treatment leads to greater antitumor effects than either treatment alone. In addition, treatment with bortezomib causes these cells to upregulate apoptosis-related mRNA as well as death receptors and downregulate the major histocompatibility class (MHC)-I molecule on the cell surface of DU145 cells. In contrast, LNCaP cells are not sensitized by this treatment. Death receptors and the MHC-I molecule did not change in this cell line. These data suggest that bortezomib can be used to sensitize prostate cancer cells to NK cell-mediated killing and improve current cancer therapies. This therapeutic strategy may be more effective in patients with androgen-insensitive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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138
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Imamura Y, Sakamoto S, Endo T, Utsumi T, Fuse M, Suyama T, Kawamura K, Imamoto T, Yano K, Uzawa K, Nihei N, Suzuki H, Mizokami A, Ueda T, Seki N, Tanzawa H, Ichikawa T. FOXA1 promotes tumor progression in prostate cancer via the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42456. [PMID: 22879989 PMCID: PMC3411739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fork-head box protein A1 (FOXA1) is a "pioneer factor" that is known to bind to the androgen receptor (AR) and regulate the transcription of AR-specific genes. However, the precise role of FOXA1 in prostate cancer (PC) remains unknown. In this study, we report that FOXA1 plays a critical role in PC cell proliferation. The expression of FOXA1 was higher in PC than in normal prostate tissues (P = 0.0002), and, using immunohistochemical analysis, we found that FOXA1 was localized in the nucleus. FOXA1 expression levels were significantly correlated with both PSA and Gleason scores (P = 0.016 and P = 0.031, respectively). Moreover, FOXA1 up-regulation was a significant factor in PSA failure (P = 0.011). Depletion of FOXA1 in a prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibited AR activity, led to cell-growth suppression, and induced G0/G1 arrest. The anti-proliferative effect of FOXA1 siRNA was mediated through insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). An increase in IGFBP-3, mediated by depletion of FOXA1, inhibited phosphorylation of MAPK and Akt, and increased expression of the cell cycle regulators p21 and p27. We also found that the anti-proliferative effect of FOXA1 depletion was significantly reversed by simultaneous siRNA depletion of IGFBP-3. These findings provide direct physiological and molecular evidence for a role of FOXA1 in controlling cell proliferation through the regulation of IGFBP-3 expression in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takumi Endo
- Department of Urology, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takanobu Utsumi
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miki Fuse
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahito Suyama
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Kawamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Imamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kojiro Yano
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Nihei
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizokami
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueda
- Prostate Center and Division of Urology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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139
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Pozzobon A, Schneider L, Brum IS. Androgen-modulated p21 and p53 gene expression in human non-transformed epithelial prostatic cells in primary cultures. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:967-73. [PMID: 22859066 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate gland is under androgen control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of two genes that are regulators of the cell cycle, the p53 and p21 genes, in human non-transformed epithelial prostatic cells (HNTEPs) treated with different concentrations of hormones. Samples of prostate tissue were obtained from 10 patients between 60 and 77 years of age. HNTEP cells were grown in basal medium and treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in different conditions for 4 h. A low concentration of DHT resulted in a significant increase in cell growth; this effect was eradicated by addition of the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide. Furthermore, the low concentration of DHT induced lower mRNA levels in the p53 and p21 genes in HNTEP cells. In turn, high DHT concentrations induced a significant increase in the expression of the p53 and p21 genes. The present data suggest that the p53 and p21 genes play a role in the control of responsiveness and androgen dose-dependent cell proliferation in HNTEP cells. Further studies are required to assess the intracellular signaling pathway regulated by p53 and p21 under the influence of androgens and its implications for the pathophysiology of prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pozzobon
- Center for Health Sciences, University Center Univates, Lajeado, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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140
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Windus LCE, Kiss DL, Glover T, Avery VM. In vivo biomarker expression patterns are preserved in 3D cultures of Prostate Cancer. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2507-19. [PMID: 22841689 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that Prostate Cancer (PCa) cell-lines DU145, PC3, LNCaP and RWPE-1 grown in 3D matrices in contrast to conventional 2D monolayers, display distinct differences in cell morphology, proliferation and expression of important biomarker proteins associated with cancer progression. Consistent with in vivo growth rates, in 3D cultures, all PCa cell-lines were found to proliferate at significantly lower rates in comparison to their 2D counterparts. Moreover, when grown in a 3D matrix, metastatic PC3 cell-lines were found to mimic more precisely protein expression patterns of metastatic tumour formation as found in vivo. In comparison to the prostate epithelial cell-line RWPE-1, metastatic PC3 cell-lines exhibited a down-regulation of E-cadherin and α6 integrin expression and an up-regulation of N-cadherin, Vimentin and β1 integrin expression and re-expressed non-transcriptionally active AR. In comparison to the non-invasive LNCaP cell-lines, PC3 cells were found to have an up-regulation of chemokine receptor CXCR4, consistent with a metastatic phenotype. In 2D cultures, there was little distinction in protein expression between metastatic, non-invasive and epithelial cells. These results suggest that 3D cultures are more representative of in vivo morphology and may serve as a more biologically relevant model in the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa C E Windus
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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141
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Inhibition of Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel ANO1/TMEM16A expression suppresses tumor growth and invasiveness in human prostate carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 326:41-51. [PMID: 22820160 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of prostatic adenocarcinoma remains unclear. Prostate cancer cells of varying metastatic potential and apoptotic resistance show altered expression of plasma membrane ion channels and unbalanced Ca2+ homeostasis. Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels (CaCCs) are robustly expressed in epithelial cells and function to regulate epithelial secretion and cell volume for maintenance of ion and tissue homeostasis in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. ANO1/TMEM16A was recently identified as a CaCC, and it is of interest to determine whether ANO1 plays a role in development and metastasis of prostate carcinoma. Here we show that ANO1 mRNA and protein are highly expressed in human metastatic prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells by quantitative analysis of real-time PCR and Western blot. These findings were confirmed by whole-cell patch clamp recording of LNCaP and PC-3 cells with increased current density of ANO1 channels. Immunohistochemistry staining further revealed overexpression of ANO1 in human prostate cancer tissues, which correlated with the clinical TNM stage and Gleason score. Experiments with small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting human ANO1 resulted in a significant reduction of proliferation, metastasis and invasion of PC-3 cells using WST-8, colony formation, wound-healing and transwell assays. Moreover, intratumoral injection of ANO1 shRNA completely inhibited established tumor growth and survival in orthotopic nude mice implanted with PC-3 cells. Our findings provide compelling evidence that upregulation of CaCC ANO1 is involved in the proliferation, progression and pathogenesis of metastatic prostate cancer. Membrane ANO1 protein may therefore serve as a biomarker, and inhibition of overexpressed ANO1 has potential for use in prostate cancer therapy.
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142
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Dreaden EC, Gryder BE, Austin LA, Tene Defo BA, Hayden SC, Pi M, Quarles LD, Oyelere AK, El-Sayed MA. Antiandrogen gold nanoparticles dual-target and overcome treatment resistance in hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1507-12. [PMID: 22768914 DOI: 10.1021/bc300158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the developed countries.(1) One in six males in the U.S.(2) and one in nine males in the U.K.(3) will develop the disease at some point during their lifetime. Despite advances in prostate cancer screening, more than a quarter of a million men die from the disease every year(1) due primarily to treatment-resistance and metastasis. Colloidal nanotechnologies can provide tremendous enhancements to existing targeting/treatment strategies for prostate cancer to which malignant cells are less sensitive. Here, we show that antiandrogen gold nanoparticles--multivalent analogues of antiandrogens currently used in clinical therapy for prostate cancer--selectively engage two distinct receptors, androgen receptor (AR), a target for the treatment of prostate cancer, as well as a novel G-protein coupled receptor, GPRC6A, that is also upregulated in prostate cancer. These nanoparticles selectively accumulated in hormone-insensitive and chemotherapy-resistant prostate cancer cells, bound androgen receptor with multivalent affinity, and exhibited greatly enhanced drug potency versus monovalent antiandrogens currently in clinical use. Further, antiandrogen gold nanoparticles selectively stimulated GPRC6A with multivalent affinity, demonstrating that the delivery of nanoscale antiandrogens can also be facilitated by the transmembrane receptor in order to realize increasingly selective, increasingly potent therapy for treatment-resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Dreaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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143
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Guan M, Fousek K, Chow WA. Nelfinavir inhibits regulated intramembrane proteolysis of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and activating transcription factor 6 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. FEBS J 2012; 279:2399-411. [PMID: 22540830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nelfinavir induces apoptosis in liposarcoma by inhibiting site-2 protease (S2P) activity, which leads to suppression of regulated intramembrane proteolysis. We postulate similar effects in castration-resistant prostate cancer because it exhibits a lipogenic phenotype. Nelfinavir inhibited androgen receptor activation in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer and the nuclear translocation of the fusion proteins sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1)-enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)-EGFP in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, viewed under confocal microscopy. Nelfinavir and site-1 protease (S1P) and S2P small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) reduced the proliferation of castration-resistant prostate cancer and induced apoptosis, which was opposed by autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy with hydroxychloroquine was additive to the apoptotic effect of nelfinavir. Western blotting of S1P and S2P siRNA knockdown and/or nelfinavir-treated cells confirmed the accumulation of precursor SREBP-1 and ATF6. 3,4-Dichloroisocoumarin, an S1P inhibitor, did not affect SREBP-1 processing. In contrast, 1,10-phenanthroline, an S2P inhibitor, reproduced the nelfinavir-treated molecular and biological phenotype. Nelfinavir-mediated inhibition of regulated intramembrane proteolysis led to the accumulation of unprocessed SREBP-1 and ATF6. This resulted in sequential endoplasmic reticulum stress, inhibition of the unfolded protein response, reduced fatty acid synthase expression and apoptosis, which was countered by autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy was at least additive to this pro-apoptotic effect. These findings provide new insights into nelfinavir-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and cancer cell death, and lead us to propose investigating its clinical activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer. This report validates S2P as a therapeutic target in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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144
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Yeung ED, Morrison A, Plumeri D, Wang J, Tong C, Yan X, Li J. Alternol exerts prostate-selective antitumor effects through modulations of the AMPK signaling pathway. Prostate 2012; 72:165-72. [PMID: 21538425 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternol is an original compound purified from the fermentation products of Alternaria alternata var. monosporus, a microorganism from the bark of the yew tree. It has been reported that Alternol can inhibit proliferation of mouse leukemia cells and human gastric carcinoma cells, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Alternol on prostate cancer cells in comparison to prostate cells. METHODS The MTT assay was utilized to assess cell viability. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. Protein expression levels were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Alternol treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the viability of prostate cancer cells but had lesser effects on prostate cells. Alternol inhibited AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in prostate cancer C4-2 cells but stimulated AMPK phosphorylation in prostate RWPE-1 cells. Inhibition of p27 phosphorylation was observed in C4-2 cells whereas a promotion of p27 phosphorylation was seen in RWPE-1 cells. Alternol treatment resulted in a profound increase in the LC3II/LC3I protein ratio in RWPE-1 cells but not in C4-2 cells. A dose-dependent down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein was detected in C4-2 cells but not in RWPE-1 cells. Pretreatment of cells with Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) before Alternol treatment abolished the selective antitumor effect of Alternol. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal for the first time that Alternol exerts a selective antitumor effect on prostate cancer cells when compared with RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells. In addition, the AMPK signaling pathway is responsible for the selective antitumor effects of Alternol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie D Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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145
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Decursin from Angelica gigas Nakai induces apoptosis in RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary human prostate cancer cells via a mitochondria-related caspase pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2517-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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146
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Pappa EV, Zompra AA, Spyranti Z, Diamantopoulou Z, Pairas G, Lamari FN, Katsoris P, Spyroulias GA, Cordopatis P. Enzymatic stability, solution structure, and antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells of leuprolide and new gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptide analogs. Biopolymers 2011; 96:260-72. [PMID: 20632397 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of GnRH, including [DLeu6, desGly1o]-GnRH-NHEt (leuprolide, commercial product), have been widely used in oncology to induce reversible chemical castration. Several studies have provided evidence that, besides their pituitary effects, GnRH analogs may exert direct antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. To study the effect of modifications in positions 4 and 6 of leuprolide on prostate cancer cell proliferation, we synthesized 12 new leuprolide analogs. All GnRH analogs lacked the carboxy-terminal Gly10-amide of GnRH, and an ethylamide residue was added to Pro9. Gly6 was substituted by DLys, Nepsilon-modified DLys, Glu, and DGlu. To improve the enzymatic stability, NMeSer was incorporated in position 4, and the rate of hydrolysis by alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin was investigated. Our results demonstrate that this incorporation increases enzymatic stability in all analogs of GnRH, whereas the antiproliferative effect on PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells is similar to that of leuprolide. Conformational studies were performed to elucidate structural changes occurring on substitution of native residues and to study structure-activity relationship for these analogs. The solution models of [DLeu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt (leuprolide), [NMeSer4, DGlu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt, [Glu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt, and [DGIu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt peptides were determined through two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dimethylsulfoxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance data provide experimental evidence for the U-turn-like structure appeared in all four analogs, which could be characterized as beta-hairpin conformation. The most stable analog [NMeSer4, DGlu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt against proteolytic cleavage forms a second extra backbone turn observed for residues 1-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni V Pappa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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147
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Fletcher S, Page BDG, Zhang X, Yue P, Li ZH, Sharmeen S, Singh J, Zhao W, Schimmer AD, Trudel S, Turkson J, Gunning PT. Antagonism of the Stat3-Stat3 protein dimer with salicylic acid based small molecules. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1459-70. [PMID: 21618433 PMCID: PMC3192013 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 new inhibitors of the oncogenic Stat3 protein were identified through a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study based on the previously identified inhibitor S3I-201 (IC₅₀ =86 μM, K(i) >300 μM). A key structural feature of these inhibitors is a salicylic acid moiety, which, by acting as a phosphotyrosine mimetic, is believed to facilitate binding to the Stat3 SH2 domain. Several of the analogues exhibit higher potency than the lead compound in inhibiting Stat3 DNA binding activity, with an in vitro IC₅₀ range of 18.7-51.9 μM, and disruption of Stat3-pTyr peptide interactions with K(i) values in the 15.5-41 μM range. One agent in particular exhibited potent inhibition of Stat3 phosphorylation in both breast and multiple myeloma tumor cells, suppressed the expression of Stat3 target genes, and induced antitumor effects in tumor cells harboring activated Stat3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6 (Canada)
| | - Brent D. G. Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6 (Canada)
| | - Xialoei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826 (USA)
| | - Peibin Yue
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826 (USA)
| | - Zhi Hua Li
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, McLaughlin Centre of Molecular Medicine, 620 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1 (Canada)
| | - Sumaiya Sharmeen
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 (Canada)
| | - Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6 (Canada)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826 (USA)
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 (Canada)
| | - Suzanne Trudel
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, McLaughlin Centre of Molecular Medicine, 620 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1 (Canada)
| | - James Turkson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826 (USA)
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6 (Canada)
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148
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Shahani VM, Yue P, Fletcher S, Sharmeen S, Sukhai MA, Luu DP, Zhang X, Sun H, Zhao W, Schimmer AD, Turkson J, Gunning PT. Design, synthesis, and in vitro characterization of novel hybrid peptidomimetic inhibitors of STAT3 protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1823-38. [PMID: 21216604 PMCID: PMC3151534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of oncogenic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein signaling pathways has been extensively implicated in human cancers. Given STAT3's prominent dysregulatory role in malignant transformation and tumorigenesis, there has been a significant effort to discover STAT3-specific inhibitors as chemical probes for defining the aberrant STAT3-mediated molecular events that support the malignant phenotype. To identify novel, STAT3-selective inhibitors suitable for interrogating STAT3 signaling in tumor cells, we explored the design of hybrid molecules by conjugating a known STAT3 inhibitory peptidomimetic, ISS610 to the high-affinity STAT3-binding peptide motif derived from the ILR/gp-130. Several hybrid molecules were examined in in vitro biophysical and biochemical studies for inhibitory potency against STAT3. Lead inhibitor 14aa was shown to strongly bind to STAT3 (K(D)=900 nM), disrupt STAT3:phosphopeptide complexes (K(i)=5 μM) and suppress STAT3 activity in in vitro DNA binding activity/electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Moreover, lead STAT3 inhibitor 14aa induced a time-dependent inhibition of constitutive STAT3 activation in v-Src transformed mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3/v-Src), with 80% suppression of constitutively-active STAT3 at 6h following treatment of NIH3T3/v-Src. However, STAT3 activity recovered at 24h after treatment of cells, suggesting potential degradation of the compound. Results further showed a suppression of aberrant STAT3 activity in NIH3T3/v-Src by the treatment with compound 14aa-OH, which is the non-pTyr version of compound 14aa. The effect of compounds 14aa and 14aa-OH are accompanied by a moderate loss of cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Shahani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 (Canada)
| | - Peibin Yue
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32826 (USA)
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 (Canada)
| | - Sumaiya Sharmeen
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON M5G 2M9 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 416-946-6546,
| | - Mahadeo A. Sukhai
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON M5G 2M9 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 416-946-6546,
| | - Diana P. Luu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 (Canada)
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32826 (USA)
| | - Hong Sun
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON M5G 2M9 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 416-946-6546,
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32826 (USA)
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON M5G 2M9 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 416-946-6546,
| | - James Turkson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32826 (USA)
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 (Canada)
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149
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150
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Pharmacological and functional properties of TRPM8 channels in prostate tumor cells. Pflugers Arch 2010; 461:99-114. [PMID: 21052713 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a major health problem in adult males. TRPM8, a cationic TRP channel activated by cooling and menthol is upregulated in PC. However, the precise role of TRPM8 in PC is still unclear. Some studies hypothesized that TRPM8-mediated transmembrane Ca(2+) fluxes play a key role in cellular proliferation of PC cells. In contrast, other findings suggest that high TRPM8 levels may reduce the metastatic potential of PC cells. A detailed understanding of the response of TRPM8 channels to pharmacological modulators of their activity is relevant when considering potential therapies, targeting this ion channel to treat PC. We characterized the pharmacological and functional properties of native TRPM8 channels in four human prostate cell lines, PNT1A, LNCaP, DU145, and PC3, commonly used as experimental models of PC. PNT1A is a non-tumoral prostate cell line while the other three correspond to different stages of PC. Here, we show that cold- and agonist-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) responses in PC cells are much less sensitive to well-characterized agonists (menthol and icilin) and antagonists (BCTC, clotrimazole, and DD01050) of TRPM8 channels, compared to TRPM8 channels in other tissues, suggesting a different molecular composition and/or spatial organization. In addition, the forced overexpression of human TRPM8 facilitated the trafficking of TRPM8 channels residing in the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, leading to a marked potentiation in the efficacy of the different blockers. These results predict that blockers of canonical TRPM8 channels may be less effective in halting proliferation of PC cells than expected.
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