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The role of antibody in parasitic helminth infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:1-26. [PMID: 25253025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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102
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B-lymphocytes as key players in chemical-induced asthma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83228. [PMID: 24349469 PMCID: PMC3862726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are key players in allergic asthma, with B-lymphocytes producing antigen-specific immunoglobulins E (IgE). We used a mouse model of chemical-induced asthma and transferred B-lymphocytes from sensitized animals into naïve wild type mice, B-lymphocyte knock-out (B-KO) mice or severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. On days 1 and 8, BALB/c mice were dermally sensitized with 0.3% toluene diisocyanate (TDI) (20µl/ear). On day 15, mice were euthanized and the auricular lymph nodes isolated. B-lymphocytes (CD19+) were separated from the whole cell suspension and 175,000 cells were injected in the tail vein of naïve wild type, B-KO or SCID mice. Three days later, the mice received a single oropharyngeal challenge with 0.01% TDI (20µl) or vehicle (acetone/olive oil (AOO)) (controls). Airway reactivity to methacholine and total and differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured 24 hours after challenge. B-lymphocytes of AOO or TDI-sensitized mice were characterized for the expression of surface markers and production of cytokines. We found that transfer of B-cells obtained from mice dermally sensitized to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) into naïve wild type mice, B-KO mice or SCID mice led, within three days, to an acute asthma-like phenotype after an airway challenge with TDI. This response was specific and independent of IgE. These B-lymphocytes showed antigen presenting capacities (CD80/CD86 and CD40) and consisted of B effector (Be)2- (IL-4) and Be1-lymphocytes (IFN-γ). The transferred B-lymphocytes were visualized near large airways, 24 hours after TDI challenge. Thus, B-lymphocytes can provoke an asthmatic response without the action of T-lymphocytes and without major involvement of IgE.
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103
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Doll KL, Butler NS, Harty JT. CD8 T cell independent immunity after single dose infection-treatment-vaccination (ITV) against Plasmodium yoelii. Vaccine 2013; 32:483-91. [PMID: 24321740 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sporozoite vaccination of both humans and rodents elicits potent anti-malarial immunity, but the dose of sporozoites and the number of immunizations required varies with vaccination approach. Here we examine the immunological basis for superior protection afforded from single-dose vaccination with virulent sporozoites administered under prophylatic chloroquine-cover, referred to as infection-treatment-vaccination (ITV), compared to the well-studied approach of administering radiation-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites (RAS). Earlier rodent studies utilizing ITV and RAS vaccination suggested a major role of CD8 T cells in reducing liver parasite burden after sporozoite challenge in a BALB/c mouse model. Consistent with this, we find that in C57Bl/6 mice ITV elicits substantially higher parasite-specific CD8 T cell responses than RAS vaccination and enhances immunity against P. yoelii infection. However, we show ITV-induced CD8 T cells are not necessary for protection following liver-stage sporozoite or blood-stage parasite challenge. Mechanistically, we found protection afforded from single-dose ITV is associated with low grade, transient parasitemia shortly following cessation of chloroquine treatment and generation of potent antibody responses to blood-stage parasites. Collectively, our data show the mechanistic basis for enhanced protective immunity against P. yoelli elicited by ITV in highly susceptible C57Bl/6 mice is independent of CD8 T cells. These studies may be relevant in understanding the potent immunity observed with ITV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Doll
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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104
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Identification of IFN-γ-producing innate B cells. Cell Res 2013; 24:161-76. [PMID: 24296781 PMCID: PMC3915900 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although B cells play important roles in the humoral immune response and the regulation of adaptive immunity, B cell subpopulations with unique phenotypes, particularly those with non-classical immune functions, should be further investigated. By challenging mice with Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, vesicular stomatitis virus and Toll-like receptor ligands, we identified an inducible CD11a(hi)FcγRIII(hi) B cell subpopulation that is significantly expanded and produces high levels of IFN-γ during the early stage of the immune response. This subpopulation of B cells can promote macrophage activation via generating IFN-γ, thereby facilitating the innate immune response against intracellular bacterial infection. As this new subpopulation is of B cell origin and exhibits the phenotypic characteristics of B cells, we designated these cells as IFN-γ-producing innate B cells. Dendritic cells were essential for the inducible generation of these innate B cells from the follicular B cells via CD40L-CD40 ligation. Increased Bruton's tyrosine kinase activation was found to be responsible for the increased activation of non-canonical NF-κB pathway in these innate B cells after CD40 ligation, with the consequent induction of additional IFN-γ production. The identification of this new population of innate B cells may contribute to a better understanding of B cell functions in anti-infection immune responses and immune regulation.
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105
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Esser-von Bieren J, Mosconi I, Guiet R, Piersgilli A, Volpe B, Chen F, Gause WC, Seitz A, Verbeek JS, Harris NL. Antibodies trap tissue migrating helminth larvae and prevent tissue damage by driving IL-4Rα-independent alternative differentiation of macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003771. [PMID: 24244174 PMCID: PMC3828184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the world's population suffers from chronic helminth infections with no effective vaccines currently available. Antibodies and alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) form crucial components of protective immunity against challenge infections with intestinal helminths. However, the mechanisms by which antibodies target these large multi-cellular parasites remain obscure. Alternative activation of macrophages during helminth infection has been linked to signaling through the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Rα), but the potential effects of antibodies on macrophage differentiation have not been explored. We demonstrate that helminth-specific antibodies induce the rapid trapping of tissue migrating helminth larvae and prevent tissue necrosis following challenge infection with the natural murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp). Mice lacking antibodies (JH−/−) or activating Fc receptors (FcRγ−/−) harbored highly motile larvae, developed extensive tissue damage and accumulated less Arginase-1 expressing macrophages around the larvae. Moreover, Hp-specific antibodies induced FcRγ- and complement-dependent adherence of macrophages to larvae in vitro, resulting in complete larval immobilization. Antibodies together with helminth larvae reprogrammed macrophages to express wound-healing associated genes, including Arginase-1, and the Arginase-1 product L-ornithine directly impaired larval motility. Antibody-induced expression of Arginase-1 in vitro and in vivo occurred independently of IL-4Rα signaling. In summary, we present a novel IL-4Rα-independent mechanism of alternative macrophage activation that is antibody-dependent and which both mediates anti-helminth immunity and prevents tissue disruption caused by migrating larvae. Intestinal helminths present a pressing problem in developing countries with approximately 2 billion people suffering from chronic infection. To date no successful vaccines are available and a detailed mechanistic understanding of anti-helminth immunity is urgently needed to improve strategies for prevention and therapy. Antibodies form a crucial component of protective immunity against challenge infections with intestinal helminths. However, the exact mechanisms by which antibodies target these large multi-cellular parasites have remained obscure. We now demonstrate that helminth-specific antibodies induce the rapid trapping of tissue migrating helminth larvae by activating phagocytes. In the absence of antibodies or their receptors, helminth-infected mice developed extensive tissue damage, revealing a novel role for antibodies in limiting parasite-caused tissue disruption. Furthermore, helminth-specific antibodies reprogrammed macrophages to express wound-healing factors such as the arginine-metabolizing enzyme Arginase-1. Interestingly, the Arginase-1 product L-ornithine directly impaired the motility of helminth larvae. In summary, our study provides detailed mechanistic insights into how antibodies can modulate phagocyte function to provide protection against a large multi-cellular parasite. Our findings suggest that novel anti-helminth vaccines should target the larval surface and activate wound-healing macrophages to provide rapid protection against tissue-disruptive larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Mosconi
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Guiet
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Beatrice Volpe
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - William C. Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Arne Seitz
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola L. Harris
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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106
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Mollo SB, Zajac AJ, Harrington LE. Temporal requirements for B cells in the establishment of CD4 T cell memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6052-9. [PMID: 24218454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cell memory generation is shaped by a number of factors, including the strength and duration of TCR signaling, as well as the priming environment, all of which can be modified by B cells. Studies using B cell-deficient mice indicate B cells play a critical role in generating effector and memory CD4 T cells; however, when and how B cells are acting to promote these responses has not yet been ascertained. In this study, we use anti-CD20 Ab depletion of B cells at different times following Listeria monocytogenes infection to show that B cells are necessary for the induction of optimal CD4 T cell memory, but not for the transition and maintenance of this population. Importantly, the prerequisite of B cells early postinfection is partially dependent on their expression of MHC class II. B cells are not only required during the priming phase, but also necessary for the initiation of robust secondary responses by memory CD4 T cells. Interestingly, the requirement during the recall response is independent of B cell Ag presentation. Overall, these studies demonstrate the temporally and functionally distinct roles for B cells in regulating CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Mollo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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107
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IL-4Rα-associated antigen processing by B cells promotes immunity in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003662. [PMID: 24204255 PMCID: PMC3812011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, B cell function in protective TH2 immunity against N. brasiliensis infection was investigated. Protection against secondary infection depended on IL-4Rα and IL-13; but not IL-4. Protection did not associate with parasite specific antibody responses. Re-infection of B cell-specific IL-4Rα−/− mice resulted in increased worm burdens compared to control mice, despite their equivalent capacity to control primary infection. Impaired protection correlated with reduced lymphocyte IL-13 production and B cell MHC class II and CD86 surface expression. Adoptive transfer of in vivo N. brasiliensis primed IL-4Rα expressing B cells into naïve BALB/c mice, but not IL-4Rα or IL-13 deficient B cells, conferred protection against primary N. brasiliensis infection. This protection required MHC class II compatibility on B cells suggesting cognate interactions by B cells with CD4+ T cells were important to co-ordinate immunity. Furthermore, the rapid nature of these protective effects by B cells suggested non-BCR mediated mechanisms, such as via Toll Like Receptors, was involved, and this was supported by transfer experiments using antigen pulsed Myd88−/− B cells. These data suggest TLR dependent antigen processing by IL-4Rα-responsive B cells producing IL-13 contribute significantly to CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against N. brasiliensis infection. Parasitic nematode infections are an extremely important global public health problem. Infections by hookworms and roundworms for example cause anemia, widespread developmental problems and devalued immunity against bacterial infections such as salmonella and tuberculosis. Although treatable with drugs, parasitic nematode re-infections occur as humans do not develop protective immunity. Ultimately, the public health burden caused by these infections will be best controlled by the development of vaccines against nematode infections. For these to be effective, it is important to understand how the various components of the immune system can respond to infection. In this study, we show that B cells, which typically protect against infection by producing antibodies, can also protect against an experimental hookworm like nematode infection by additional mechanisms. This form of protection instead depended on B cells producing cytokines associated with parasitic nematode expulsion and also by providing T cells with specific instruction. Together, these B cell driven responses lead to a rapid resolution of the infection. These important findings indicate that vaccination strategies against nematode parasites such as hookworms need to understand immune responses other than antibody to be optimally protective.
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108
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B cell production of tumor necrosis factor in response to Pneumocystis murina infection in mice. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4252-60. [PMID: 24002064 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00744-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that induce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by alveolar macrophages. Here we report that B cells from the draining lymph nodes as well as lung CD4(+) T cells are important producers of TNF upon Pneumocystis murina infection. To determine the importance of B cell-derived TNF in the primary response to P. murina, we generated bone marrow chimeras whose B cells were unable to produce TNF. The lung P. murina burden at 10 days postinfection in TNF knockout (TNFKO) chimeras was significantly higher than that in wild-type (WT) chimeras, which corresponded to reduced numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells in the lungs at this early time point. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells isolated from P. murina-infected TNFKO chimeras were unable to stimulate clearance of P. murina upon adoptive transfer to recombinase-deficient (RAG1KO) hosts. Together, these data indicate that B cell-derived TNF plays an important function in promoting CD4(+) T cell expansion and production of TNF and facilitating protection against P. murina infection.
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109
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Cho SH, Raybuck A, Wei M, Erickson J, Nam KT, Cox RG, Trochtenberg A, Thomas JW, Williams J, Boothby M. B cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic regulation of antibody responses by PARP14, an intracellular (ADP-ribosyl)transferase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3169-78. [PMID: 23956424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to achieve sufficient concentrations of Ag-specific Ab of the appropriate isotypes is a critical component of immunity that requires efficient differentiation and interactions of Ag-specific B and Th cells along with dendritic cells. Numerous bacterial toxins catalyze mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of mammalian proteins to influence cell physiology and adaptive immunity. However, little is known about biological functions of intracellular mammalian mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, such as any ability to regulate Ab responses. poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 14 (PARP14), an intracellular protein highly expressed in lymphoid cells, binds to STAT6 and encodes a catalytic domain with mammalian mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase activity. In this article, we show that recall IgA as well as the STAT6-dependent IgE Ab responses are impaired in PARP14-deficient mice. Whereas PARP14 regulation of IgE involved a B cell-intrinsic process, the predominant impact on IgA was B cell extrinsic. Of note, PARP14 deficiency reduced the levels of Th17 cells and CD103⁺ DCs, which are implicated in IgA regulation. PARP14 enhanced the expression of RORα, Runx1, and Smad3 after T cell activation, and, importantly, its catalytic activity of PARP14 promoted Th17 differentiation. Collectively, the findings show that PARP14 influences the class distribution, affinity repertoire, and recall capacity of Ab responses in mice, as well as provide direct evidence of the requirement for protein mono-ADP-ribosylation in Th cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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110
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Torrado E, Fountain JJ, Robinson RT, Martino CA, Pearl JE, Rangel-Moreno J, Tighe M, Dunn R, Cooper AM. Differential and site specific impact of B cells in the protective immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61681. [PMID: 23613902 PMCID: PMC3627912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses are known to be critical for control of mycobacterial infections whereas the role of B cells and humoral immunity is unclear. B cells can modulate immune responses by secretion of immunoglobulin, production of cytokines and antigen-presentation. To define the impact of B cells in the absence of secreted immunoglobulin, we analyzed the progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in mice that have B cells but which lack secretory immunoglobulin (AID(-/-)µS(-/-)mice). AID(-/-)µS(-/-) mice accumulated a population of activated B cells in the lungs when infected and were more susceptible to aerosol Mtb when compared to wild type (C57BL/6) mice or indeed mice that totally lack B cells. The enhanced susceptibility of AID(-/-)µS(-/-) mice was not associated with defective T cell activation or expression of a type 1 immune response. While delivery of normal serum to AID(-/-)µS(-/-) mice did not reverse susceptibility, susceptibility in the spleen was dependent upon the presence of B cells and susceptibility in the lungs of AID(-/-)µS(-/-)mice was associated with elevated expression of the cytokines IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-10 and molecules made by alternatively activated macrophages. Blocking of IL-10 signaling resulted in reversal of susceptibility in the spleens and lungs of AID(-/-)µS(-/-) mice. These data support the hypothesis that B cells can modulate immunity to Mtb in an organ specific manner via the modulation of cytokine production and macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egídio Torrado
- Trudeau Institute Inc., Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Cynthia A. Martino
- Trudeau Institute Inc., Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - John E. Pearl
- Trudeau Institute Inc., Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Tighe
- Trudeau Institute Inc., Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Dunn
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, and San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Trudeau Institute Inc., Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
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111
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Tjota MY, Williams JW, Lu T, Clay BS, Byrd T, Hrusch CL, Decker DC, de Araujo CA, Bryce PJ, Sperling AI. IL-33-dependent induction of allergic lung inflammation by FcγRIII signaling. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2287-97. [PMID: 23585480 DOI: 10.1172/jci63802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs generally marked by excessive Th2 inflammation. The role of allergen-specific IgG in asthma is still controversial; however, a receptor of IgG-immune complexes (IgG-ICs), FcγRIII, has been shown to promote Th2 responses through an unknown mechanism. Herein, we demonstrate that allergen-specific IgG-ICs, formed upon reexposure to allergen, promoted Th2 responses in two different models of IC-mediated inflammation that were independent of a preformed T cell memory response. Development of Th2-type airway inflammation was shown to be both FcγRIII and TLR4 dependent, and T cells were necessary and sufficient for this process to occur, even in the absence of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. We sought to identify downstream targets of FcγRIII signaling that could contribute to this process and demonstrated that bone marrow-derived DCs, alveolar macrophages, and respiratory DCs significantly upregulated IL-33 when activated through FcγRIII and TLR4. Importantly, IC-induced Th2 inflammation was dependent on the ST2/IL-33 pathway. Our results suggest that allergen-specific IgG can enhance secondary responses by ligating FcγRIII on antigen-presenting cells to augment development of Th2-mediated responses in the lungs via an IL-33-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Tjota
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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112
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Labuda LA, Ateba-Ngoa U, Feugap EN, Heeringa JJ, van der Vlugt LEPM, Pires RBA, Mewono L, Kremsner PG, van Zelm MC, Adegnika AA, Yazdanbakhsh M, Smits HH. Alterations in peripheral blood B cell subsets and dynamics of B cell responses during human schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2094. [PMID: 23505586 PMCID: PMC3591311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses are thought to play an important role in control of Schistosoma infections, yet little is known about the phenotype and function of B cells in human schistosomiasis. We set out to characterize B cell subsets and B cell responses to B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor 9 stimulation in Gabonese schoolchildren with Schistosoma haematobium infection. Frequencies of memory B cell (MBC) subsets were increased, whereas naive B cell frequencies were reduced in the schistosome-infected group. At the functional level, isolated B cells from schistosome-infected children showed higher expression of the activation marker CD23 upon stimulation, but lower proliferation and TNF-α production. Importantly, 6-months after 3 rounds of praziquantel treatment, frequencies of naive B cells were increased, MBC frequencies were decreased and with the exception of TNF-α production, B cell responsiveness was restored to what was seen in uninfected children. These data show that S. haematobium infection leads to significant changes in the B cell compartment, both at the phenotypic and functional level. Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people and especially children in developing countries. It causes general hyporesponsiveness of the immune system, which until now has predominantly been described for various T cell subsets as well as dendritic cells. B cells in this context have not yet been investigated. To address this question, we phenotyped B cell subsets present in peripheral blood from S. haematobium infected and uninfected schoolchildren living in an endemic area in Lambaréné, Gabon. Children with schistosomiasis had an increased frequency of various memory B cell subsets, including subsets associated with B cell exhaustion, and a concomitant decrease in naive B cells. To study the effect of Schistosoma infection on B cells in more detail we isolated peripheral blood B cells and found that B cells from infected children had a reduced capacity to proliferate and produce TNF-α in response to both B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor stimulation. These results provide new insights into the role of B cells in the host immune response to schistosomiasis and may provide a novel target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucja A. Labuda
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulysse Ateba-Ngoa
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eliane Ngoune Feugap
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jorn J. Heeringa
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Regina B. A. Pires
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludovic Mewono
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ayola A. Adegnika
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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113
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Protective immunity against Echinostoma caproni in rats is induced by Syphacia muris infection. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:453-63. [PMID: 23399418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Syphacia muris (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) is a ubiquitous nematode that commonly infects rats in the laboratory and can interfere with the development of unrelated biological assays. In this context, we analysed the effect of a patent S. muris infection in Wistar rats on a superimposed infection with the intestinal trematode, Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). The results indicate that in the rats, infection with S. muris induces an immunity against a subsequent infection with E. caproni, although each parasite occupies different niches in the host. Echinostoma caproni worm recovery was significantly decreased in the rats primarily infected with S. muris and, at 3 and 4 weeks post-primary infection, the rats primarily infected with S. muris were refractory to the challenge infection with E. caproni. We observed that the main alterations induced by S. muris in the niche of E. caproni (ileum) that may be the cause of the resistance are: (i) a local antibody response with elevated levels of mucosal IgA, IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a that cross-react with E. caproni antigens; (ii) development of a biased Th17/Th2 phenotype; and (iii) changes in the glycosylation of ileal mucins. This indicates that S. muris induces distant alterations to the ileum of rats affecting the development of other helminth species. Apart from the interest of these results in the study of the interactions between helminths in a single host, it has been demonstrated that pinworm infections may interfere in non-related experiments.
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114
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Lugo-Villarino G, Hudrisier D, Benard A, Neyrolles O. Emerging trends in the formation and function of tuberculosis granulomas. Front Immunol 2013; 3:405. [PMID: 23308074 PMCID: PMC3538282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The granuloma is an elaborated aggregate of immune cells found in non-infectious as well as infectious diseases. It is a hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Predominantly thought as a host-driven strategy to constrain the bacilli and prevent dissemination, recent discoveries indicate the granuloma can also be modulated into an efficient tool to promote microbial pathogenesis. The aim of future studies will certainly focus on better characterization of the mechanisms driving the modulation of the granuloma functions. Here, we provide unique perspectives from both the innate and adaptive immune system in the formation and the role of the TB granuloma. As macrophages (Mϕs) comprise the bulk of granulomas, we highlight the emerging concept of Mϕ polarization and its potential impact in the microbicide response, and other activities, that may ultimately shape the fate of granulomas. Alternatively, we shed light on the ability of B-cells to influence inflammatory status within the granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
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115
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Kozakiewicz L, Phuah J, Flynn J, Chan J. The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:225-50. [PMID: 23468112 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious threat to public health, causing 2 million deaths annually world-wide. The control of TB has been hindered by the requirement of long duration of treatment involving multiple chemotherapeutic agents, the increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the HIV-infected population, and the development of multi-drug resistant and extensively resistant strains of tubercle bacilli. An efficacious and cost-efficient way to control TB is the development of effective anti-TB vaccines. This measure requires thorough understanding of the immune response to M. tuberculosis. While the role of cell-mediated immunity in the development of protective immune response to the tubercle bacillus has been well established, the role of B cells in this process is not clearly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that B cells and humoral immunity can modulate the immune response to various intracellular pathogens, including M. tuberculosis. These lymphocytes form conspicuous aggregates in the lungs of tuberculous humans, non-human primates, and mice, which display features of germinal center B cells. In murine TB, it has been shown that B cells can regulate the level of granulomatous reaction, cytokine production, and the T cell response. This chapter discusses the potential mechanisms by which specific functions of B cells and humoral immunity can shape the immune response to intracellular pathogens in general, and to M. tuberculosis in particular. Knowledge of the B cell-mediated immune response to M. tuberculosis may lead to the design of novel strategies, including the development of effective vaccines, to better control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kozakiewicz
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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116
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Reynolds LA, Filbey KJ, Maizels RM. Immunity to the model intestinal helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:829-46. [PMID: 23053394 PMCID: PMC3496515 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heligmosomoides polygyrus is a natural intestinal parasite of mice, which offers an excellent model of the immunology of gastrointestinal helminth infections of humans and livestock. It is able to establish long-term chronic infections in many strains of mice, exerting potent immunomodulatory effects that dampen both protective immunity and bystander reactions to allergens and autoantigens. Immunity to the parasite develops naturally in some mouse strains and can be induced in others through immunization; while the mechanisms of protective immunity are not yet fully defined, both antibodies and a host cellular component are required, with strongest evidence for a role of alternatively activated macrophages. We discuss the balance between resistance and susceptibility in this model system and highlight new themes in innate and adaptive immunity, immunomodulation, and regulation of responsiveness in helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
| | - Kara J. Filbey
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
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117
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Maizels RM, Hewitson JP, Murray J, Harcus YM, Dayer B, Filbey KJ, Grainger JR, McSorley HJ, Reynolds LA, Smith KA. Immune modulation and modulators in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:76-89. [PMID: 21875581 PMCID: PMC6485391 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri exerts widespread immunomodulatory effects on both the innate and adaptive immune system of the host. Infected mice adopt an immunoregulated phenotype, with abated allergic and autoimmune reactions. At the cellular level, infection is accompanied by expanded regulatory T cell populations, skewed dendritic cell and macrophage phenotypes, B cell hyperstimulation and multiple localised changes within the intestinal environment. In most mouse strains, these act to block protective Th2 immunity. The molecular basis of parasite interactions with the host immune system centres upon secreted products termed HES (H. polygyrus excretory-secretory antigen), which include a TGF-β-like ligand that induces de novo regulatory T cells, factors that modify innate inflammatory responses, and molecules that block allergy in vivo. Proteomic and transcriptomic definition of parasite proteins, combined with biochemical identification of immunogenic molecules in resistant mice, will provide new candidate immunomodulators and vaccine antigens for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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118
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Taylor JJ, Jenkins MK, Pape KA. Heterogeneity in the differentiation and function of memory B cells. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:590-7. [PMID: 22920843 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies have led to the eradication of small pox and have severely reduced the prevalence of many other infections. However, even the most successful vaccines do not induce protective antibodies in all individuals, and can fail to induce lifelong immunity. A key to remedying these shortcomings may lie in a better understanding of long-lived memory B cells. Recent studies have revealed novel insights into the differentiation and function of these cells, and have shown that the memory B cell pool is much more heterogeneous than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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119
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120
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León B, Ballesteros-Tato A, Misra RS, Wojciechowski W, Lund FE. Unraveling effector functions of B cells during infection: the hidden world beyond antibody production. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:213-21. [PMID: 22394173 PMCID: PMC4517595 DOI: 10.2174/187152612800564437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies made by B cells are critically important for immune protection to a variety of infectious agents. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that B cells do more than make antibodies and that B cells can both enhance and suppress immune responses. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that B cells modulate cellular immune responses by antibody dependent and independent mechanisms. Although we have a good understanding of the roles played by antibody- secreting effector B cells during immune responses, we know very little about the Ab independent "effector" functions of B cells in either health or disease. Given the recent data suggesting that B cells may contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis via an antibody independent mechanism and the increasing use of B cell depletion therapy in autoimmune patients, investigators are beginning to reassess the multiple roles for B cells during immune responses. In this article, we review data describing how B cells mediate protection to pathogens independently of antibody production. In particular, we will focus on the role that B cells play in facilitating dendritic cell and T cell interactions in lymph nodes, the importance of antigen-presenting B cells in sustaining effector T cell and T follicular helper responses to pathogens and the relevance of cytokine-producing effector and regulatory B cells in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- University of Alabama, Dept. of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
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121
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Regulation of T(H)2 development by CXCR5+ dendritic cells and lymphotoxin-expressing B cells. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:681-90. [PMID: 22634865 PMCID: PMC3548431 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cognate encounters between CCR7-expressing antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) and CCR7+ naïve T cells take place within the T cell zone of lymph nodes, it is unknown whether co-localization of the DCs and T cells within the T cell area is obligate for effector generation. Here, we show that, following nematode infection, antigen-bearing DCs and CD4+ T cells upregulate CXCR5 and co-localize in a CXCL13, B cell and lymphotoxin-dependent fashion outside of the T zone. Importantly, lymphotoxin-expressing B cells, CXCL13 and CXCR5-expressing DCs and T cells are also necessary for development of interleukin 4 (IL-4) producing TH2 cells, suggesting that TH2 differentiation can initiate outside of the T cell zone.
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122
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Wilson HL. B cells contribute to MS pathogenesis through antibody-dependent and antibody-independent mechanisms. Biologics 2012; 6:117-23. [PMID: 22690126 PMCID: PMC3363029 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s24734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For many years, central dogma defined multiple sclerosis (MS) as a T cell-driven autoimmune disorder; however, over the past decade there has been a burgeoning recognition that B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of certain MS disease subtypes. B cells may contribute to MS pathogenesis through production of autoantibodies (or antibodies directed at foreign bodies, which unfortunately cross-react with self-antigens), through promotion of T cell activation via antigen presentation, or through production of cytokines. This review highlights evidence for antibody-dependent and antibody-independent B cell involvement in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, Saskatchewan, Canada
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123
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Hoehlig K, Shen P, Lampropoulou V, Roch T, Malissen B, O'Connor R, Ries S, Hilgenberg E, Anderton SM, Fillatreau S. Activation of CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells proceeds normally in the absence of B cells during EAE. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1164-73. [PMID: 22539290 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells can both facilitate remission from experimental auto immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) used as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Considering that B-cell-depletion therapy (BCDT) is used to treat MS patients, we asked whether Treg-cell activation depended on B cells during EAE. Treg-cell proliferation, accumulation in CNS, and augmentation of suppressive activity in the CNS were normal in B-cell-deficient mice, indicating that B cells are not essential for activation of the protective Treg-cell response and thus provide an independent layer of regulation. This function of B cells involved early suppression of the encephalitogenic CD4(+) T-cell response, which was enhanced in B-cell-deficient mice. CD4(+) T-cell depletion was sufficient to intercept the transition from acute-to-chronic EAE when applied to B-cell-deficient animals that just reached the peak of disease severity. Intriguingly, this treatment did not improve disease when applied later, implying that chronic disability was ultimately maintained independently of pathogenic CD4(+) T cells. Collectively, our data indicate that BCDT is unlikely to impair Treg-cell function, yet it might produce undesirable effects on T-cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hoehlig
- Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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124
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Rudulier CD, Kroeger DR, Bretscher PA. Distinct roles of dendritic and B cells in the activation of naive CD4+ T cells. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:355-7. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Rudulier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David R Kroeger
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Peter A Bretscher
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, A305–107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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125
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Ballesteros-Tato A, León B, Graf BA, Moquin A, Adams PS, Lund FE, Randall TD. Interleukin-2 inhibits germinal center formation by limiting T follicular helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2012; 36:847-56. [PMID: 22464171 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote T cell-dependent humoral immune responses by providing T cell help to B cells and by promoting germinal center (GC) formation and long-lived antibody responses. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control Tfh cell differentiation in vivo are incompletely understood. Here we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) administration impaired influenza-specific GCs, long-lived IgG responses, and Tfh cells. IL-2 did not directly inhibit GC formation, but instead suppressed the differentiation of Tfh cells, thereby hindering the maintenance of influenza-specific GC B cells. Our data demonstrate that IL-2 is a critical factor that regulates successful Tfh and B cell responses in vivo and regulates Tfh cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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126
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Bankoti R, Gupta K, Levchenko A, Stäger S. Marginal zone B cells regulate antigen-specific T cell responses during infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3961-71. [PMID: 22412197 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Marginal zone B cells (MZB) participate in the early immune response to several pathogens. In this study, we show that in μMT mice infected with Leishmania donovani, CD8 T cells displayed a greater cytotoxic potential and generated more effector memory cells compared with infected wild type mice. The frequency of parasite-specific, IFN-γ(+) CD4 T cells was also increased in μMT mice. B cells were able to capture parasites, which was associated with upregulation of surface IgM and MyD88-dependent IL-10 production. Moreover, MZB presented parasite Ags to CD4 T cells in vitro. Depletion of MZB also enhanced T cell responses and led to a decrease in the parasite burden but did not alter the generation of effector memory T cells. Thus, MZB appear to suppress protective T cell responses during the early stages of L. donovani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Bankoti
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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127
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Adame-Gallegos JR, Shi J, McIntosh RS, Pleass RJ. The generation and evaluation of two panels of epitope-matched mouse IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibodies specific for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1-19 (MSP1(19)). Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:384-93. [PMID: 22343045 PMCID: PMC3336205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays an important role in mediating protective immune responses to malaria. We still know relatively little about which IgG subclasses protect against this disease in mouse models, although IgG2a and IgG2b are considered to be the most potent and dominate in successful passive transfer experiments in rodent malarias. To explore the mechanism(s) by which the different mouse IgG subclasses may mediate a protective effect, we generated mouse IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 specific for the C-terminal 19-kDa region of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP119), and to the homologous antigen from Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii), both major targets of protective immune responses. This panel of eight IgGs bound antigen with an affinity comparable to that seen for their epitope-matched parental monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from which they were derived, although for reasons of yield, we were only able to explore the function of mouse IgG1 recognizing PfMSP119 in detail, both in vitro and in vivo. Murine IgG1 was as effective as the parental human IgG from which it was derived at inducing NADPH-mediated oxidative bursts and degranulation from neutrophils. Despite showing efficacy in in vitro functional assays with neutrophils, the mouse IgG1 failed to protect against parasite challenge in vivo. The lack of protection afforded by MSP119-specific IgG1 against parasite challenge in wild type mice suggests that this Ab class does not play a major role in the control of infection with mouse malaria in the Plasmodium berghei transgenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R Adame-Gallegos
- Lab C4, Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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128
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Kobie JJ, Zheng B, Bryk P, Barnes M, Ritchlin CT, Tabechian DA, Anandarajah AP, Looney RJ, Thiele RG, Anolik JH, Coca A, Wei C, Rosenberg AF, Feng C, Treanor JJ, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Decreased influenza-specific B cell responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R209. [PMID: 22177419 PMCID: PMC3334662 DOI: 10.1186/ar3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a group, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients exhibit increased risk of infection, and those treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy are at further risk. This increased susceptibility may result from a compromised humoral immune response. Therefore, we asked if short-term effector (d5-d10) and memory (1 month or later) B cell responses to antigen were compromised in RA patients treated with anti-TNF therapy. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were obtained from RA patients, including a subset treated with anti-TNF, and from healthy controls to examine influenza-specific responses following seasonal influenza vaccination. Serum antibody was measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. The frequency of influenza vaccine-specific antibody secreting cells and memory B cells was measured by EliSpot. Plasmablast (CD19+IgD-CD27hiCD38hi) induction was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, RA patients treated with anti-TNF exhibited significantly decreased influenza-specific serum antibody and memory B cell responses throughout multiple years of the study. The short-term influenza-specific effector B cell response was also significantly decreased in RA patients treated with anti-TNF as compared with healthy controls, and correlated with decreased influenza-specific memory B cells and serum antibody present at one month following vaccination. CONCLUSIONS RA patients treated with anti-TNF exhibit a compromised immune response to influenza vaccine, consisting of impaired effector and consequently memory B cell and antibody responses. The results suggest that the increased incidence and severity of infection observed in this patient population could be a consequence of diminished antigen-responsiveness. Therefore, this patient population would likely benefit from repeat vaccination and from vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kobie
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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129
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Butler NS, Moebius J, Pewe LL, Traore B, Doumbo OK, Tygrett LT, Waldschmidt TJ, Crompton PD, Harty JT. Therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 rapidly clears established blood-stage Plasmodium infection. Nat Immunol 2011; 13:188-95. [PMID: 22157630 PMCID: PMC3262959 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium infection of erythrocytes induces clinical malaria. Parasite-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with reduced parasite burdens and severity of human malaria, and are required to control blood-stage infection in mice. However, the characteristics of CD4+ T cells that determine protection or parasite persistence remain unknown. Here we show that P. falciparum infection of humans increased expression of an inhibitory receptor (PD-1) associated with T cell dysfunction. In vivo blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 restored CD4+ T cell function, amplified T follicular helper cell and germinal center B cell and plasmablast numbers, enhanced protective antibodies and rapidly cleared blood-stage malaria in mice. Thus, chronic malaria drives specific T cell dysfunction, which can be rescued to enhance parasite control using inhibitory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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130
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Frasca D, Romero M, Diaz A, Alter-Wolf S, Ratliff M, Landin AM, Riley RL, Blomberg BB. A molecular mechanism for TNF-α-mediated downregulation of B cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:279-86. [PMID: 22116831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cell function with age is decreased in class switch recombination (CSR), activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and stability of E47 mRNA. The latter is regulated, at least in part, by tristetraprolin (TTP), which is increased in aged B cells and also negatively regulates TNF-α. In this study, we investigated whether B cells produce TNF-α, whether this changes with age, and how this affects their function upon stimulation. Our hypothesis is that in aging there is a feedback mechanism of autocrine inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) that lowers the expression of AID and CSR. Our results showed that unstimulated B cells from old BALB/c mice make significantly more TNF-α mRNA and protein than do B cells from young mice, but after stimulation the old make less than the young; thus, they are refractory to stimulation. The increase in TNF-α made by old B cells is primarily due to follicular, but not minor, subsets of B cells. Incubation of B cells with TNF-α before LPS stimulation decreased both young and old B cell responses. Importantly, B cell function was restored by adding anti-TNF-α Ab to cultured B cells. To address a molecular mechanism, we found that incubation of B cells with TNF-α before LPS stimulation induced TTP, a physiological regulator of mRNA stability of the transcription factor E47, which is crucial for CSR. Finally, anti-TNF-α given in vivo increased B cell function in old, but not in young, follicular B cells. These results suggest new molecular mechanisms that contribute to reduced Ab responses in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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131
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Crosstalk between B lymphocytes, microbiota and the intestinal epithelium governs immunity versus metabolism in the gut. Nat Med 2011; 17:1585-93. [PMID: 22101768 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using a systems biology approach, we discovered and dissected a three-way interaction between the immune system, the intestinal epithelium and the microbiota. We found that, in the absence of B cells, or of IgA, and in the presence of the microbiota, the intestinal epithelium launches its own protective mechanisms, upregulating interferon-inducible immune response pathways and simultaneously repressing Gata4-related metabolic functions. This shift in intestinal function leads to lipid malabsorption and decreased deposition of body fat. Network analysis revealed the presence of two interconnected epithelial-cell gene networks, one governing lipid metabolism and another regulating immunity, that were inversely expressed. Gene expression patterns in gut biopsies from individuals with common variable immunodeficiency or with HIV infection and intestinal malabsorption were very similar to those of the B cell-deficient mice, providing a possible explanation for a longstanding enigmatic association between immunodeficiency and defective lipid absorption in humans.
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. Aging impairs murine B cell differentiation and function in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. Aging Dis 2011; 2:361-373. [PMID: 22396888 PMCID: PMC3295082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in humoral immunity are responsible for the reduced vaccine responses observed in elderly individuals. Although aging has been shown to affect T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages and these effects significantly impact humoral responses, intrinsic alterations in B cells also occur. We here provide an overview of age-related changes in mouse B cells. In particular, we summarize data from the literature showing age-related changes in B cell differentiation in the bone marrow, in B cell marker expression and cell survival in the periphery and in the ability to make specific antibodies in both splenic and mucosal tissues. Moreover, we summarize the results from our studies showing that the ability to undergo class switch recombination, the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase and the transcription factor E47 are all decreased in stimulated B cells from old mice. The defects presented in this review for aged B cells should allow the discovery of strategies for improvement of humoral immune responses in both humans and mice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Bonnie B. Blomberg, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33101, USA.
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133
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Voehringer D. Basophils in immune responses against helminths. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:881-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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134
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Hewitson JP, Filbey KJ, Grainger JR, Dowle AA, Pearson M, Murray J, Harcus Y, Maizels RM. Heligmosomoides polygyrus elicits a dominant nonprotective antibody response directed against restricted glycan and peptide epitopes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4764-77. [PMID: 21964031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heligmosomoides polygyrus is a widely used gastrointestinal helminth model of long-term chronic infection in mice, which has not been well-characterized at the antigenic level. We now identify the major targets of the murine primary Ab response as a subset of the secreted products in H. polygyrus excretory-secretory (HES) Ag. An immunodominant epitope is an O-linked glycan (named glycan A) carried on three highly expressed HES glycoproteins (venom allergen Ancylostoma-secreted protein-like [VAL]-1, -2, and -5), which stimulates only IgM Abs, is exposed on the adult worm surface, and is poorly represented in somatic parasite extracts. A second carbohydrate epitope (glycan B), present on both a non-protein high molecular mass component and a 65-kDa molecule, is widely distributed in adult somatic tissues. Whereas the high molecular mass component and 65-kDa molecules bear phosphorylcholine, the glycan B epitope itself is not phosphorylcholine. Class-switched IgG1 Abs are found to glycan B, but the dominant primary IgG1 response is to the polypeptides of VAL proteins, including also VAL-3 and VAL-4. Secondary Ab responses include the same specificities while also recognizing VAL-7. Although vaccination with HES conferred complete protection against challenge H. polygyrus infection, mAbs raised against each of the glycan epitopes and against VAL-1, VAL-2, and VAL-4 proteins were unable to do so, even though these specificities (with the exception of VAL-2) are also secreted by tissue-phase L4 larvae. The primary immune response in susceptible mice is, therefore, dominated by nonprotective Abs against a small subset of antigenic epitopes, raising the possibility that these act as decoy specificities that generate ineffective humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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135
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Ploquin MJY, Eksmond U, Kassiotis G. B cells and TCR avidity determine distinct functions of CD4+ T cells in retroviral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3321-30. [PMID: 21841129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The T cell-dependent B cell response relies on cognate interaction between B cells and CD4(+) Th cells. However, the consequences of this interaction for CD4(+) T cells are not entirely known. B cells generally promote CD4(+) T cell responses to pathogens, albeit to a variable degree. In contrast, CD4(+) T cell responses to self- or tumor Ags are often suppressed by B cells. In this study, we demonstrated that interaction with B cells dramatically inhibited the function of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells in retroviral infection. We have used Friend virus infection of mice as a model for retroviral infection, in which the behavior of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells was monitored according to their TCR avidity. We report that avidity for Ag and interaction with B cells determine distinct aspects of the primary CD4(+) T cell response to Friend virus infection. Virus-specific CD4(+) T cells followed exclusive Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation. High avidity for Ag facilitated expansion during priming and enhanced the capacity for IFN-γ and IL-21 production. In contrast, Tfh differentiation was not affected by avidity for Ag. By reducing or preventing B cell interaction, we found that B cells promoted Tfh differentiation, induced programmed death 1 expression, and inhibited IFN-γ production by virus-specific CD4(+) T cells. Ultimately, B cells protected hosts from CD4(+) T cell-mediated immune pathology, at the detriment of CD4(+) T cell-mediated protective immunity. Our results suggest that B cell presentation of vaccine Ags could be manipulated to direct the appropriate CD4(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël J-Y Ploquin
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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136
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Abstract
The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth infections has been a powerful force in shaping not only how immunity is initiated and maintained, but also how the body self-regulates and controls untoward immune responses to minimize overall harm. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in defining the immune cell types and molecules that are mobilized in response to helminth infection. Finally, we more broadly consider how these immunological players are blended and regulated in order to accommodate persistent infection or to mount a vigorous protective response and achieve sterile immunity.
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137
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138
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Patakas A, Platt AM, Butcher JP, Maffia P, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P, Benson RA. Putative existence of reciprocal dialogue between Tfh and B cells and its impact on infectious and autoimmune disease. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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139
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Sullivan NL, Eickhoff CS, Zhang X, Giddings OK, Lane TE, Hoft DF. Importance of the CCR5-CCL5 axis for mucosal Trypanosoma cruzi protection and B cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1358-68. [PMID: 21715689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease. Previous work has shown that the chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a role in systemic T. cruzi protection. We evaluated the importance of CCR5 and CCL5 for mucosal protection against natural oral and conjunctival T. cruzi challenges. T. cruzi-immune CCR5(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were generated by repeated infectious challenges with T. cruzi. CCR5(-/-) and wild-type mice developed equivalent levels of cellular, humoral, and protective mucosal responses. However, CCR5(-/-)-immune mice produced increased levels of CCL5 in protected gastric tissues, suggesting compensatory signaling through additional receptors. Neutralization of CCL5 in CCR5(-/-)-immune mice resulted in decreased mucosal inflammatory responses, reduced T. cruzi-specific Ab-secreting cells, and significantly less mucosal T. cruzi protection, confirming an important role for CCL5 in optimal immune control of T. cruzi replication at the point of initial mucosal invasion. To investigate further the mechanism responsible for mucosal protection mediated by CCL5-CCR5 signaling, we evaluated the effects of CCL5 on B cells. CCL5 enhanced proliferation and IgM secretion in highly purified B cells triggered by suboptimal doses of LPS. In addition, neutralization of endogenous CCL5 inhibited B cell proliferation and IgM secretion during stimulation of highly purified B cells, indicating that B cell production of CCL5 has important autocrine effects. These findings demonstrate direct effects of CCL5 on B cells, with significant implications for the development of mucosal adjuvants, and further suggest that CCL5 may be important as a general B cell coactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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140
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Hewitson JP, Harcus Y, Murray J, van Agtmaal M, Filbey KJ, Grainger JR, Bridgett S, Blaxter ML, Ashton PD, Ashford DA, Curwen RS, Wilson RA, Dowle AA, Maizels RM. Proteomic analysis of secretory products from the model gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus reveals dominance of venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1573-94. [PMID: 21722761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal helminth parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri offers a tractable experimental model for human hookworm infections such as Ancylostoma duodenale and veterinary parasites such as Haemonchus contortus. Parasite excretory-secretory (ES) products represent the major focus for immunological and biochemical analyses, and contain immunomodulatory molecules responsible for nematode immune evasion. In a proteomic analysis of adult H. polygyrus secretions (termed HES) matched to an extensive transcriptomic dataset, we identified 374 HES proteins by LC-MS/MS, which were distinct from those in somatic extract HEx, comprising 446 identified proteins, confirming selective export of ES proteins. The predominant secreted protein families were proteases (astacins and other metalloproteases, aspartic, cysteine and serine-type proteases), lysozymes, apyrases and acetylcholinesterases. The most abundant products were members of the highly divergent venom allergen-like (VAL) family, related to Ancylostoma secreted protein (ASP); 25 homologues were identified, with VAL-1 and -2 also shown to be associated with the parasite surface. The dominance of VAL proteins is similar to profiles reported for Ancylostoma and Haemonchus ES products. Overall, this study shows that the secretions of H. polygyrus closely parallel those of clinically important GI nematodes, confirming the value of this parasite as a model of helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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141
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Harris NL. Advances in helminth immunology: optimism for future vaccine design? Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:288-93. [PMID: 21531626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths infect approximately 2 billion people worldwide. Worm burdens correlate with disease morbidity and children generally harbor the largest numbers. The majority of intestinal helminths do not replicate within their host, and worm burdens increase through constant reinfection. Current strategies of worm control involve drug administration to school-aged children. Yet the rapid rate of reinfection and the appearance of drug resistant strains in livestock raise concerns over the sustainable nature of this strategy. A combined strategy of drug treatment for the expulsion of adult worms and vaccination designed to halt reinfection would offer the most effective means of control. Before successful vaccines can be developed our knowledge of the initiation and implementation of host immunity must be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Harris
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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142
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Abstract
B cells are now acknowledged to play multiple roles in the immune response, in addition to making antibodies. Their role in regulating T-cell responses during inflammation has come into focus recently. Thus, IL-10 production by B cells has been shown to be important in limiting auto-reactive and pathogen-driven immune pathology; however, the exact identity of the regulatory B cells remains elusive; do they belong to a committed subset or can all B cells regulate given the appropriate inducing stimuli? A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology provides insight into the IL-10-producing B cells in humans, suggesting that many B cells have the capacity to make IL-10 when optimally stimulated via the BCR and TLR9. Despite producing significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines as well, these B cells suppress T-cell proliferation. This Commentary places this study in the context of what we think we know about regulatory B cells and more importantly highlights the questions we still need to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Labs, Edinburgh, UK.
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143
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Harris N, Gause WC. To B or not to B: B cells and the Th2-type immune response to helminths. Trends Immunol 2010; 32:80-8. [PMID: 21159556 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Similar T helper (Th)2-type immune responses are generated against different helminth parasites, but the mechanisms that initiate Th2 immunity, and the specific immune components that mediate protection against these parasites, can vary greatly. B cells are increasingly recognized as important during the Th2-type immune response to helminths, and B cell activation might be a target for effective vaccine development. Antibody production is a function of B cells during helminth infection and understanding how polyclonal and antigen-specific antibodies contribute should provide important insights into how protective immunity develops. In addition, B cells might also contribute to the host response against helminths through antibody-independent functions including, antigen presentation, as well as regulatory and effector activity. In this review, we examine the role of B cells during Th2-type immune response to these multicellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Harris
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland
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144
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King IL, Mohrs K, Mohrs M. A nonredundant role for IL-21 receptor signaling in plasma cell differentiation and protective type 2 immunity against gastrointestinal helminth infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6138-45. [PMID: 20926797 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific Ab production following infection with the gut-dwelling roundworm Heligmosomoides polygyrus is critical for protective immunity against reinfection. However, the factors required for productive T cell-B cell interactions in the context of a type 2-dominated immune response are not well defined. In the present study, we identify IL-21R signaling as a critical factor in driving pathogen-specific plasma cell differentiation and protective immunity against H. polygyrus in mice. We show that B cells require direct IL-21R signals to differentiate into CD138(+) plasma cells. In contrast, IL-21R signaling is dispensable for germinal center formation, isotype class switching, and Th2 and T follicular helper cell differentiation. Our studies demonstrate a selective role for IL-21 in plasma cell differentiation in the context of protective antiparasitic type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irah L King
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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145
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Barr TA, Brown S, Mastroeni P, Gray D. TLR and B cell receptor signals to B cells differentially program primary and memory Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2783-9. [PMID: 20675594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protective Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica do not develop in the absence of B cells. Using chimeric mice, we dissect the early (innate) and late (cognate) contributions of B cells to Th programming. B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling is required for primary effector Th1 development, whereas Ag-specific BCR-mediated Ag presentation is necessary for the development of memory Th1 populations. Programming of the primary T cell response is BCR/B cell MHC II independent, but requires MyD88-dependent secretion of cytokines by B cells. Chimeras in which B cells lack IFN-gamma or IL-6 genes make impaired Th1 or Th17 responses to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Barr
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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146
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Wilson MS, Taylor MD, O'Gorman MT, Balic A, Barr TA, Filbey K, Anderton SM, Maizels RM. Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1682-96. [PMID: 20306466 PMCID: PMC3179601 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous population studies and experimental models suggest that helminth infections can ameliorate immuno-inflammatory disorders such as asthma and autoimmunity. Immunosuppressive cell populations associated with helminth infections include Treg and alternatively-activated macrophages. In previous studies, we showed that both CD4+CD25+ Treg, and CD4– MLN cells from Heligmosomoides polygyus-infected C57BL/6 mice were able to transfer protection against allergic airway inflammation to sensitized but uninfected animals. We now show that CD4–CD19+ MLN B cells from infected, but not naïve, mice are able to transfer a down-modulatory effect on allergy, significantly suppressing airway eosinophilia, IL-5 secretion and pathology following allergen challenge. We further demonstrate that the same cell population can alleviate autoimmune-mediated inflammatory events in the CNS, when transferred to uninfected mice undergoing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(p35–55)-induced EAE. In both allergic and autoimmune models, reduction of disease was achieved with B cells from helminth-infected IL-10−/− donors, indicating that donor cell-derived IL-10 is not required. Phenotypically, MLN B cells from helminth-infected mice expressed uniformly high levels of CD23, with follicular (B2) cell surface markers. These data expand previous observations and highlight the broad regulatory environment that develops during helminth infections that can abate diverse inflammatory disorders in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Wilson
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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147
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Liu Q, Kreider T, Bowdridge S, Liu Z, Song Y, Gaydo AG, Urban JF, Gause WC. B cells have distinct roles in host protection against different nematode parasites. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5213-23. [PMID: 20357259 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells can mediate protective responses against nematode parasites by supporting Th2 cell development and/or by producing Abs. To examine this, B cell-deficient mice were inoculated with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus. B cell-deficient and wild type mice showed similar elevations in Th2 cytokines and worm expulsion after N. brasiliensis inoculation. Worm expulsion was inhibited in H. polygyrus-inoculated B cell-deficient mice, although Th2 cytokine elevations in mucosal tissues were unaffected. Impaired larval migration and development was compromised as early as day 4 after H. polygyrus challenge, and administration of immune serum restored protective immunity in B cell-deficient mice, indicating a primary role for Ab. Immune serum even mediated protective effects when administered to naive mice prior to inoculation. This study suggests variability in the importance of B cells in mediating protection against intestinal nematode parasites, and it indicates an important role for Ab in resistance to tissue-dwelling parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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148
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Lund FE, Randall TD. Effector and regulatory B cells: modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:236-47. [PMID: 20224569 DOI: 10.1038/nri2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4(+) T cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient depletion of B cells potently influences the induction, maintenance and reactivation of CD4(+) T cells, with the recent identification of antibody-independent functions of B cells, have reinvigorated interest in the many roles of B cells in both infectious and autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we discuss recent data showing how effector and regulatory B cells modulate CD4(+) T cell responses to pathogens and autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Lund
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
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149
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Frasca D, Romero M, Landin AM, Diaz A, Riley RL, Blomberg BB. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is increased in old murine B cells and mediates p38 MAPK/tristetraprolin dephosphorylation and E47 mRNA instability. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:306-14. [PMID: 20219523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor E47, which regulates immunoglobulin class switch in murine splenic B cells, is down-regulated in aged B cells due to reduced mRNA stability. Part of the decreased stability of E47 mRNA is mediated by tristetraprolin (TTP), a physiological regulator of mRNA stability. We have previously shown that TTP mRNA and protein expression are higher in old B cells, and the protein is less phosphorylated in old B cells, both of which lead to more binding of TTP to the 3'-UTR of E47 mRNA, thereby decreasing its stability. PP2A is a protein phosphatase that plays an important role in the regulation of a number of major signaling pathways. Herein we show that not only the amount but also the activity of PP2A is increased in old B cells. As a consequence of this higher phosphatase activity in old B cells, p38 MAPK and TTP (either directly or indirectly by PP2A) are less phosphorylated as compared with young B cells. PP2A dephosphorylation of p38 MAPK and/or TTP likely generates more binding of the hypophosphorylated TTP to the E47 mRNA, inducing its degradation. This mechanism may be at least in part responsible for the age-related decrease in class switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL 33101, USA
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150
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Perona-Wright G, Mohrs K, Mayer KD, Mohrs M. Differential regulation of IL-4Ralpha expression by antigen versus cytokine stimulation characterizes Th2 progression in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:615-23. [PMID: 20018622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 promotes Th2 differentiation and provides immunity to helminth infections but is also associated with allergy and asthma. This suggests that precise adjustment of IL-4 responsiveness is needed to correctly balance immune responses. The IL-4Ralpha chain is an essential component of the IL-4 receptor and signals via STAT6. In this study, we show that infection with a helminth pathogen elicited broad upregulation of IL-4Ralpha on bystander CD4+ T cells in the draining lymph node, while simultaneously resulting in the loss of IL-4Ralpha expression on activated Th2 cells. IL-4Ralpha upregulation was restricted to the reactive lymph node, occurred within 4 d of infection, and was driven by an IL-4- and STAT6-dependent mechanism. Mice heterozygous for Stat6 exhibited reduced IL-4Ralpha upregulation and a correspondingly attenuated Th2 response. Indeed, the enhanced IL-4Ralpha upregulation in BALB/c mice, compared with that in C57BL6 mice, predicted their stronger Th2 response. The selective downregulation of IL-4Ralpha on highly activated Th cells was triggered by antigenic stimulation, was accompanied by loss of IL-7Ralpha, and rendered the cells unresponsive to IL-4. Together these data reveal a tightly controlled program of changing IL-4 responsiveness that characterizes the initiation, amplification, and restriction of a Th2 response in vivo.
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