101
|
IL-17C: A Unique Epithelial Cytokine with Potential for Targeting across the Spectrum of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1467-1469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
102
|
Vandeghinste N, Klattig J, Jagerschmidt C, Lavazais S, Marsais F, Haas JD, Auberval M, Lauffer F, Moran T, Ongenaert M, Van Balen M, Dupont S, Lepescheux L, Garcia T, Härtle S, Eyerich K, Fallon PG, Brys R, Steidl S. Neutralization of IL-17C Reduces Skin Inflammation in Mouse Models of Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1555-1563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
103
|
An Interleukin-25-Mediated Autoregulatory Circuit in Keratinocytes Plays a Pivotal Role in Psoriatic Skin Inflammation. Immunity 2018; 48:787-798.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
104
|
Abstract
IL-25, also known as IL-17E, is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family mostly produced by epithelial cells and innate immune cells. After binding to the IL-17RB/IL-17RA complex, IL-25 induces downstream signaling responses in epithelial cells and type 2 lymphocytes, which initiates, propagates, and sustains type 2 immunity. The function of IL-25 in allergic diseases such as asthma has been well established, and now also is extended to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. This review summarizes the literature on IL-25 and discusses the unsolved questions. Our knowledge on IL-25 will pave the pathway for targeting this cytokine in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
The TLR9 agonist MGN1703 triggers a potent type I interferon response in the sigmoid colon. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:449-461. [PMID: 28766555 PMCID: PMC5796873 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists are being developed for treatment of colorectal and other cancers, yet the impact of these drugs on human intestines remains unknown. This, together with the fact that there are additional potential indications for TLR9 agonist therapy (e.g., autoimmune and infectious diseases), led us to investigate the impact of MGN1703 (Lefitolimod) on intestinal homeostasis and viral persistence in HIV-positive individuals. Colonic sigmoid biopsies were collected (baseline and week four) from 11 HIV+ individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, who received MGN1703 (60 mg s.c.) twice weekly for 4 weeks in a single-arm, phase 1b/2a study. Within sigmoid mucosa, global transcriptomic analyses revealed 248 modulated genes (false discovery rate<0.05) including many type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes. MGN1703 increased the frequencies of cells exhibiting MX1 (P=0.001) and ISG15 (P=0.014) protein expression. No changes were observed in neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase; P=0.97). No systematic effect on fecal microbiota structure was observed (analysis of similarity Global R=-0.105; P=0.929). TLR9 expression at baseline was inversely proportional to the change in integrated HIV DNA during MGN1703 treatment (P=0.020). In conclusion, MGN1703 induced a potent type I IFN response, without a concomitant general inflammatory response, in the intestines.
Collapse
|
106
|
Krohn S, Nies JF, Kapffer S, Schmidt T, Riedel JH, Kaffke A, Peters A, Borchers A, Steinmetz OM, Krebs CF, Turner JE, Brix SR, Paust HJ, Stahl RAK, Panzer U. IL-17C/IL-17 Receptor E Signaling in CD4 + T Cells Promotes T H17 Cell-Driven Glomerular Inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1210-1222. [PMID: 29483158 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-17 cytokine family and the cognate receptors thereof have a unique role in organ-specific autoimmunity. Most studies have focused on the founding member of the IL-17 family, IL-17A, as the central mediator of diseases. Indeed, although pathogenic functions have been ascribed to IL-17A and IL-17F in the context of immune-mediated glomerular diseases, the specific functions of the other IL-17 family members in immunity and inflammatory kidney diseases is largely unknown. Here, we report that compared with healthy controls, patients with acute Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA)-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) had significantly elevated serum levels of IL-17C (but not IL-17A, F, or E). In mouse models of crescentic GN (nephrotoxic nephritis) and pristane-induced lupus nephritis, deficiency in IL-17C significantly ameliorated the course of GN in terms of renal tissue injury and kidney function. Deficiency of the unique IL-17C receptor IL-17 receptor E (IL-17RE) provided similar protection against crescentic GN. These protective effects associated with a reduced TH17 response. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that IL-17C is produced by tissue-resident cells, but not by lymphocytes. Finally, IL-17RE was highly expressed by CD4+ TH17 cells, and loss of this expression prevented the TH17 responses and subsequent tissue injury in crescentic GN. Our findings indicate that IL-17C promotes TH17 cell responses and immune-mediated kidney disease via IL-17RE expressed on CD4+ TH17 cells. Targeting the IL-17C/IL-17RE pathway may present an intriguing therapeutic strategy for TH17-induced autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krohn
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasper F Nies
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kapffer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schmidt
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Riedel
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kaffke
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anett Peters
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Borchers
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver M Steinmetz
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Krebs
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Eric Turner
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke R Brix
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Paust
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf A K Stahl
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Sayad A, Salmani T, Hemmesi MK, Ganji M, Ghafouri-Fard S, Hatami M, Soudyab M, Taheri M. Down-regulation of RORA gene expression in the blood of multiple sclerosis patients. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:219-224. [PMID: 29889063 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent episodes of demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes. The demyelination process is caused by various subsets of CD4+ T cells with a Th1 and Th17 phenotype. The retinoid acid-related orphan receptor A (RORA) is expressed in Th17 cells and promote Th17 differentiation. In this study, we compared the expression level of RORA gene in the blood of 50 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients who were treated with IFN-β and 50 healthy controls by TaqMan Quantitative Real-Time PCR.We found that RORA expression was significantly down-regulated in MS patients compared with controls (P= 0.006). However, there was no significant correlation between RORA gene expression and Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Our findings suggest a possible contribution of IFN-β in the downregulation of RORA. In addition, RORA downregulation may be a potential indicator of positive response to interferon beta treatment of multiple sclerosis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebali Salmani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maziar Ganji
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hatami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soudyab
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Jodeleit H, Palamides P, Beigel F, Mueller T, Wolf E, Siebeck M, Gropp R. Design and validation of a disease network of inflammatory processes in the NSG-UC mouse model. J Transl Med 2017; 15:265. [PMID: 29282132 PMCID: PMC5745765 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a highly progressive inflammatory disease that requires the interaction of epithelial, immune, endothelial and muscle cells and fibroblasts. Previous studies suggested two inflammatory conditions in UC-patients: ‘acute’ and ‘remodeling’ and that the design of a disease network might improve the understanding of the inflammatory processes. The objective of the study was to design and validate a disease network in the NOD-SCID IL2rγnull (NSG)-UC mouse model to get a better understanding of the inflammatory processes. Methods Leukocytes were isolated from the spleen of NSG-UC mice and subjected to flow cytometric analysis. RT-PCR and RNAseq analysis were performed from distal parts of the colon. Based on these analyses and the effects of interleukins, chemokines and growth factors described in the literature, a disease network was designed. To validate the disease network the effect of infliximab and pitrakinra was tested in the NSG-UC model. A clinical- and histological score, frequencies of human leukocytes isolated from spleen and mRNA expression levels from distal parts of the colon were determined. Results Analysis of leukocytes isolated from the spleen of challenged NSG-UC mice corroborated CD64, CD163 and CD1a expressing CD14+ monocytes, CD1a expressing CD11b+ macrophages and HGF, TARC, IFNγ and TGFß1 mRNA as inflammatory markers. The disease network suggested that a proinflammatory condition elicited by IL-17c and lipids and relayed by cytotoxic T-cells, Th17 cells and CD1a expressing macrophages and monocytes. Conversely, the remodeling condition was evoked by IL-34 and TARC and promoted by Th2 cells and M2 monocytes. Mice benefitted from treatment with infliximab as indicated by the histological- and clinical score. As predicted by the disease network infliximab reduced the proinflammatory response by suppressing M1 monocytes and CD1a expressing monocytes and macrophages and decreased levels of IFNγ, TARC and HGF mRNA. As predicted by the disease network inflammation aggravated in the presence of pitrakinra as indicated by the clinical and histological score, elevated frequencies of CD1a expressing macrophages and TNFα and IFNγ mRNA levels. Conclusions The combination of the disease network and the NSG-UC animal model might be developed into a powerful tool to predict efficacy or in-efficacy and potential mechanistic side effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-017-1368-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrika Jodeleit
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Pia Palamides
- Department of Medicinal Microbiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Beigel
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Julius von Sachs Institute, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Siebeck
- Department of General- Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 20, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Gropp
- Department of General- Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 20, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
IL-13 regulates IL-17C expression by suppressing NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation in airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1534-1540. [PMID: 29203240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-17C is highly expressed in epithelial tissues and involved in innate immune responses; however, the regulation of IL-17C expression in the airways remains poorly understood. Here, we show that IL-1β strongly induces both IL-17C mRNA and protein expression in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Conversely, IL-13 significantly reduced the IL-1β-induced IL-17C expression. Attenuation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB-signaling pathway using an NF-κB-subunit p65-specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA), reduced IL-1β-induced IL-17C expression, demonstrating the importance of NF-κB signaling in IL-17C regulation. The inhibitory effects of IL-13 on IL-17C expression were abolished when the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-signaling pathway was impaired, using either the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib or a STAT6-specific siRNA. Western blot analysis demonstrated that IL-1β promoted both IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation, and p65 nuclear translocation. Although IL-13 induced STAT6 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, it did not affect the activation of the IL-1β-mediated NF-κB-pathway. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we confirmed that IL-1β enhanced p65 binding to regions within the IL-17C promoter that flank putative NF-κB-binding sites (-130/-120 and -157/-147). Interestingly, IL-13 treatment reduced the IL-1β-mediated p65 binding to these regions. These findings demonstrate that NF-κB-mediated transcriptional mechanisms are critically involved in the IL-1β-mediated IL-17C induction, and that IL-13 negatively regulates this induction by suppressing NF-κB-based transcriptional activation.
Collapse
|
110
|
Guo Y, MacIsaac KD, Chen Y, Miller RJ, Jain R, Joyce-Shaikh B, Ferguson H, Wang IM, Cristescu R, Mudgett J, Engstrom L, Piers KJ, Baltus GA, Barr K, Zhang H, Mehmet H, Hegde LG, Hu X, Carter LL, Aicher TD, Glick G, Zaller D, Hawwari A, Correll CC, Jones DC, Cua DJ. Inhibition of RORγT Skews TCRα Gene Rearrangement and Limits T Cell Repertoire Diversity. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3206-3218. [PMID: 28009290 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have elucidated the molecular mechanism of RORγT transcriptional regulation of Th17 differentiation and function. RORγT was initially identified as a transcription factor required for thymopoiesis by maintaining survival of CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes. While RORγ antagonists are currently being developed to treat autoimmunity, it remains unclear how RORγT inhibition may impact thymocyte development. In this study, we show that in addition to regulating DP thymocytes survival, RORγT also controls genes that regulate thymocyte migration, proliferation, and T cell receptor (TCR)α selection. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of RORγ skews TCRα gene rearrangement, limits T cell repertoire diversity, and inhibits development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, targeting RORγT not only inhibits Th17 cell development and function but also fundamentally alters thymic-emigrant recognition of self and foreign antigens. The analysis of RORγ inhibitors has allowed us to gain a broader perspective of the diverse function of RORγT and its impact on T cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kenzie D MacIsaac
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Renu Jain
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Heidi Ferguson
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Ming Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Razvan Cristescu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John Mudgett
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Laura Engstrom
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle J Piers
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gretchen A Baltus
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth Barr
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huseyin Mehmet
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Xiao Hu
- Lycera Corp, 2600 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laura L Carter
- Lycera Corp, 2600 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Gary Glick
- Lycera Corp, 2600 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dennis Zaller
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abbas Hawwari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code 520, P.O. Box 6664, Al Hasa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig C Correll
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dallas C Jones
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Cyclic AMP-Responsive Element-Binding Protein (CREB) is Critical in Autoimmunity by Promoting Th17 but Inhibiting Treg Cell Differentiation. EBioMedicine 2017; 25:165-174. [PMID: 29050947 PMCID: PMC5704088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that govern differential T cell development into pro-inflammatory Th17 vs. regulatory T (Treg) cells remain unclear. Here, we show that selective deletion of CREB in T cells or Th17 cells impaired Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo, and led to resistance to autoimmune diseases. Mechanistically, CREB, activated by CD3-PKC-ϴ signaling, plays a key role in regulating Th17 cell differentiation, at least in part through directly binding to the Il17-Il17f gene locus. Unexpectedly, although dispensable for FOXP3 expression and for the homeostasis and suppressive function of thymus-derived Treg cells, CREB negatively regulates the survival of TGF-β-induced Treg cells, and deletion of CREB resulted in increased FOXP3 + Treg cells in the intestine and protection in a colitis model. Thus, CREB is critical in autoimmune diseases by promoting Th17 cell and inhibiting de novo Treg cell generation. CREB is critical for autoimmunity. CREB plays a T cell- and Th17 cell-instrinsic role in controlling IL-17 expression and Th17 cell differentiation. CREB is dispensable for FOXP3 expression and the homeostasis of nTreg cells. CREB negatively regulates the survival of iTreg cells.
The balance of Th17 and Treg cells dictates development of numerous autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and targeting Th17 cell-related pathways has been proved to be effective in treatment of related diseases. Here, we identified CREB as a critical transcription factor in regulating the differentiation of Th17 cells and survival of Treg cells in both in vitro experimental systems and mouse models of autoimmune diseases. The findings in this study might be useful for developing therapeutics against Th17 cell-related immune diseases.
Collapse
|
112
|
Interleukin-17C in Human Helicobacter pylori Gastritis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00389-17. [PMID: 28739826 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00389-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of cytokines (IL-17A to IL-17F) is involved in many inflammatory diseases. Although IL-17A is recognized as being involved in the pathophysiology of Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases, the role of other IL-17 cytokine family members remains unclear. Microarray analysis of IL-17 family cytokines was performed in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric biopsy specimens. IL-17C mRNA was upregulated approximately 4.5-fold in H. pylori-infected gastric biopsy specimens. This was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR in infected and uninfected gastric mucosa obtained from Bhutan and from the Dominican Republic. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that IL-17C expression in H. pylori-infected gastric biopsy specimens was predominantly localized to epithelial and chromogranin A-positive endocrine cells. IL-17C mRNA levels were also significantly greater among cagA-positive than cagA-negative H. pylori infections (P = 0.012). In vitro studies confirmed an increase in IL-17C mRNA and protein levels in cells infected with cagA-positive infections compared to cells infected with either cagA-negative or cag pathogenicity island (PAI) mutant. Chemical inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK), mitogen-activated protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK), and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibited induction of IL-17C proteins in infected cells, whereas p38 inhibition had no effect on IL-17C protein secretion. In conclusion, H. pylori infection was associated with a significant increase in IL-17C expression in human gastric mucosa. The role of IL-17C in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-induced diseases remains to be determined.
Collapse
|
113
|
Blauvelt A. IL-6 Differs from TNF-α: Unpredicted Clinical Effects Caused by IL-6 Blockade in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:541-542. [PMID: 28235443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that is elevated in serum and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis. Anti-IL-6 therapies, however, which are effective for rheumatoid arthritis, are either ineffective for psoriasis or can induce new-onset psoriasis-like disease. Fritz et al. provide a potential explanation for these clinical observations by examining IL-17C-driven psoriasis-like disease in mice with an IL-6-deficient genetic background. These mice displayed slower onset skin disease initially, but then worsened over time, suggesting that a lack of IL-6 led to compensatory proinflammatory effects by other cytokines, which eventually worsened the psoriatic inflammation.
Collapse
|
114
|
Biological therapies for the treatment of Behçet’s disease-related uveitis beyond TNF-alpha blockade: a narrative review. Rheumatol Int 2017; 38:25-35. [PMID: 28752230 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
115
|
Peng T, Chanthaphavong RS, Sun S, Trigilio JA, Phasouk K, Jin L, Layton ED, Li AZ, Correnti CE, De van der Schueren W, Vazquez J, O'Day DR, Glass IA, Knipe DM, Wald A, Corey L, Zhu J. Keratinocytes produce IL-17c to protect peripheral nervous systems during human HSV-2 reactivation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2315-2329. [PMID: 28663436 PMCID: PMC5551564 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation, peripheral nerve destruction and sensory anesthesia are rare. We discovered that skin biopsies obtained during asymptomatic human HSV-2 reactivation exhibit a higher density of nerve fibers relative to biopsies during virological and clinical quiescence. We evaluated the effects of HSV infection on keratinocytes, the initial target of HSV replication, to better understand this observation. Keratinocytes produced IL-17c during HSV-2 reactivation, and IL-17RE, an IL-17c-specific receptor, was expressed on nerve fibers in human skin and sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia. In ex vivo experiments, exogenous human IL-17c provided directional guidance and promoted neurite growth and branching in microfluidic devices. Exogenous murine IL-17c pretreatment reduced apoptosis in HSV-2-infected primary neurons. These results suggest that IL-17c is a neurotrophic cytokine that protects peripheral nerve systems during HSV reactivation. This mechanism could explain the lack of nerve damage from recurrent HSV infection and may provide insight to understanding and treating sensory peripheral neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James A Trigilio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvason Z Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Julio Vazquez
- Shared Resources Scientific Imaging, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Diana R O'Day
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Nirula A, Nilsen J, Klekotka P, Kricorian G, Erondu N, Towne JE, Russell CB, Martin DA, Budelsky AL. Effect of IL-17 receptor A blockade with brodalumab in inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 55:ii43-ii55. [PMID: 27856660 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 cytokines are expressed by a variety of cells and mediate host defence against extracellular pathogens. IL-17 is upregulated at sites of inflammation and can synergize with other cytokines, such as TNF-α, to amplify the inflammatory response. Activation of these signalling pathways has been hypothesized to contribute to the underlying pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, RA, PsA and asthma. Thus the IL-17 signalling pathway is an attractive target for the development of therapeutic agents to modulate aberrant inflammatory responses. This review of the clinical development of therapeutic agents that target IL-17 signalling pathways in inflammatory diseases focuses on brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor A mAb. The cumulative findings of early clinical studies with anti-IL-17 agents, including brodalumab, secukinumab and ixekizumab, provide strong evidence for the role of IL-17 signalling in the pathophysiology of certain inflammatory diseases and support the potential use of these agents in treating these diseases.
Collapse
|
117
|
Galluzzo M, Talamonti M, D’adamio S, Bianchi L. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of brodalumab for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:679-691. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1325874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Galluzzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Talamonti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy
| | - S. D’adamio
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Bianchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Buckley KM, Ho ECH, Hibino T, Schrankel CS, Schuh NW, Wang G, Rast JP. IL17 factors are early regulators in the gut epithelium during inflammatory response to Vibrio in the sea urchin larva. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28447937 PMCID: PMC5457136 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL17 cytokines are central mediators of mammalian immunity. In vertebrates, these factors derive from diverse cellular sources. Sea urchins share a molecular heritage with chordates that includes the IL17 system. Here, we characterize the role of epithelial expression of IL17 in the larval gut-associated immune response. The purple sea urchin genome encodes 10 IL17 subfamilies (35 genes) and 2 IL17 receptors. Most of these subfamilies are conserved throughout echinoderms. Two IL17 subfamilies are sequentially strongly upregulated and attenuated in the gut epithelium in response to bacterial disturbance. IL17R1 signal perturbation results in reduced expression of several response genes including an IL17 subtype, indicating a potential feedback. A third IL17 subfamily is activated in adult immune cells indicating that expression in immune cells and epithelia is divided among families. The larva provides a tractable model to investigate the regulation and consequences of gut epithelial IL17 expression across the organism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23481.001 To protect themselves from the constant invasion of harmful microbes, animals have evolved complex immune systems. The gut is one of the most active sites of the immune system and plays a key role in regulating immune responses. In mammals, cells lining the gut wall can sense the presence of harmful bacteria and communicate this information to tissues across the body by producing specialized proteins called Interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 proteins are important for regulating inflammation and are thought to activate specific immune cells in an infected area. Some aspects of immune systems are similar between different animal species, which can provide clues of how immunity evolved and how it is regulated. For example, sea urchins, which evolved 400-600 million years ago, begin life as simple larvae consisting of a few thousand cells. As oceans harbor a multitude of bacteria and viruses, sea urchin larvae need an efficient immune system to defend themselves. These larvae can respond to specific types of bacteria within a few hours after the microbes have entered their gut by modifying gene expression in distant cells. As these changes occur in cells that are removed from the bacteria, it is thought that the gut cells that initially sense the bacteria, somehow communicate this information. Now, Buckley et al. exposed sea urchin larvae to a marine bacterium and measured the responses of the cells and their gene expression. The infection affected several types of cells, and in the first 24 hours, a subset of immune cells changed shape and started migrating to the gut wall. In addition, IL-17 gene expression changed significantly in gut cells in the early phases of the larval immune response. Buckley et al. identified three types of IL-17 proteins involved in sea urchin immunity: two that are important for the immune response in the gut during the larval stage, and a third that is only present in adults. These findings suggest that IL-17 signaling is an ancient and central element of gut-associated immune response, which even exists in animals that evolved long before humans. These findings demonstrate that the sea urchin larva represents a unique and ideal experimental model to study immune responses in a living organism that is more closely related to mammals than some other models, like fruit flies or worms. By understanding the fundamental mechanisms that mediate gut health, this work may highlight new drug targets to treat conditions like Crohn’s disease and colon cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23481.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Chun Hei Ho
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Taku Hibino
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine S Schrankel
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas W Schuh
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Alinejad V, Dolati S, Motallebnezhad M, Yousefi M. The role of IL17B-IL17RB signaling pathway in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:795-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
120
|
Jungnickel C, Schmidt LH, Bittigkoffer L, Wolf L, Wolf A, Ritzmann F, Kamyschnikow A, Herr C, Menger MD, Spieker T, Wiewrodt R, Bals R, Beisswenger C. IL-17C mediates the recruitment of tumor-associated neutrophils and lung tumor growth. Oncogene 2017; 36:4182-4190. [PMID: 28346430 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer and an aberrant microbiota of the lung. Microbial colonization contributes to chronic neutrophilic inflammation in COPD. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is frequently found in lungs of stable COPD patients and is the major pathogen triggering exacerbations. The epithelial cytokine interleukin-17C (IL-17C) promotes the recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of IL-17C in the pulmonary tumor microenvironment. We subjected mice deficient for IL-17C (IL-17C-/-) and mice double deficient for Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR-2/4-/-) to a metastatic lung cancer model. Tumor proliferation and growth as well as the number of tumor-associated neutrophils was significantly decreased in IL-17C-/- and TLR-2/4-/- mice exposed to NTHi. The NTHi-induced pulmonary expression of IL-17C was dependent on TLR-2/4. In vitro, IL-17C increased the NTHi- and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced expression of the neutrophil chemokines keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 in lung cancer cells but did not affect proliferation. Human lung cancer samples stained positive for IL-17C, and in non-small cell lung cancer patients with lymph node metastasis, IL-17C was identified as a negative prognostic factor. Our data indicate that epithelial IL-17C promotes neutrophilic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and suggest that IL-17C links a pathologic microbiota, as present in COPD patients, with enhanced tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jungnickel
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - L H Schmidt
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - L Bittigkoffer
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - L Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - F Ritzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Kamyschnikow
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - C Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - T Spieker
- Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - R Wiewrodt
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - R Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - C Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Fritz Y, Klenotic PA, Swindell WR, Yin ZQ, Groft SG, Zhang L, Baliwag J, Camhi MI, Diaconu D, Young AB, Foster AM, Johnston A, Gudjonsson JE, McCormick TS, Ward NL. Induction of Alternative Proinflammatory Cytokines Accounts for Sustained Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation in IL-17C+IL-6KO Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:696-705. [PMID: 27984037 PMCID: PMC5326585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 inhibition has been unsuccessful in treating psoriasis, despite high levels of tissue and serum IL-6 in patients. In addition, de novo psoriasis onset has been reported after IL-6 blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To explore mechanisms underlying these clinical observations, we backcrossed an established psoriasiform mouse model (IL-17C+ mice) with IL-6-deficient mice (IL-17C+KO) and examined the cutaneous phenotype. IL-17C+KO mice initially exhibited decreased skin inflammation; however, this decrease was transient and reversed rapidly, concomitant with increases in skin Tnf, Il36α/β/γ, Il24, Epgn, and S100a8/a9 to levels higher than those found in IL-17C+ mice. A comparison of IL-17C+ and IL-17C+KO mouse skin transcriptomes with that of human psoriasis skin revealed significant correlation among transcripts of skin of patients with psoriasis and IL-17C+KO mouse skin, and confirmed an exacerbation of the inflammatory signature in IL-17C+KO mice that aligns closely with human psoriasis. Transcriptional analyses of IL-17C+ and IL-17C+KO primary keratinocytes confirmed increased expression of proinflammatory molecules, suggesting that in the absence of IL-6, keratinocytes increase production of numerous additional proinflammatory cytokines. These preclinical findings may provide insight into why patients with arthritis being treated with IL-6 inhibitors develop new onset psoriasis and why IL-6 blockade for the treatment of psoriasis has not been clinically effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fritz
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip A Klenotic
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhi Qiang Yin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sarah G Groft
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaymie Baliwag
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maya I Camhi
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Doina Diaconu
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew B Young
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander M Foster
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Thomas S McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Murdough Family Center for Psoriasis, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole L Ward
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Murdough Family Center for Psoriasis, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Molin CJ, Westerberg E, Punga AR. Profile of upregulated inflammatory proteins in sera of Myasthenia Gravis patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39716. [PMID: 28045063 PMCID: PMC5206650 DOI: 10.1038/srep39716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes specific patterns of elevated inflammatory proteins in clinical subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. MG is a chronic, autoimmune neuromuscular disease with antibodies most commonly targeting the acetylcholine receptors (AChRab), which causes fluctuating skeletal muscle fatigue. MG pathophysiology includes a strong component of inflammation, and a large proportion of patients with early onset MG additionally present thymus hyperplasia. Due to the fluctuating nature and heterogeneity of the disease, there is a great need for objective biomarkers as well as novel potential inflammatory targets. We examined the sera of 45 MG patients (40 AChRab seropositive and 5 AChRab seronegative), investigating 92 proteins associated with inflammation. Eleven of the analysed proteins were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls, out of which the three most significant were: matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP-10; p = 0.0004), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α; p = 0.0017) and extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end-products binding protein (EN-RAGE) (also known as protein S100-A12; p = 0.0054). Further, levels of MMP-10, C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) differed between early and late onset MG. These novel targets provide valuable additional insight into the systemic inflammatory response in MG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Johan Molin
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, BMC, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Westerberg
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, BMC, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Rostedt Punga
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, BMC, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Huang J, Yuan Q, Zhu H, Yin L, Hong S, Dong Z, Jin W, Dong C. IL-17C/IL-17RE Augments T Cell Function in Autoimmune Hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:669-680. [PMID: 27956525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a worldwide health problem and significant cause of mortality. However, the disease etiology is largely unknown, which accounts for ineffective treatment and uncontrolled disease progression. In this study, we demonstrated the functional importance of the IL-17C/IL-17RE axis in Con A-induced hepatitis. Elevated IL-17C expression was detected in liver samples of both human and mouse autoimmune hepatitis. IL-17C, produced by hepatocytes, and its specific receptor IL-17RE on liver-resident T cells were both found to be required in Con A-induced liver damage. Mechanistically, IL-17C augmented the expression of IL-2 by intrahepatic CD4+ T cells to promote NK cell activation and liver damage. To our knowledge, our findings thus for the first time defined the indispensable role of IL-17C/IL-17RE in autoimmune hepatitis; this axis may serve as a novel drug target for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Huang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Organ Transplantation Center, Organ Transplantation Institute, 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai 201058, China; and
| | - Lan Yin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shanjuan Hong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; .,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; .,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with bacterial and fungal infections due to inherited IL-17RA deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8277-E8285. [PMID: 27930337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is defined as recurrent or persistent infection of the skin, nails, and/or mucosae with commensal Candida species. The first genetic etiology of isolated CMC-autosomal recessive (AR) IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) deficiency-was reported in 2011, in a single patient. We report here 21 patients with complete AR IL-17RA deficiency, including this first patient. Each patient is homozygous for 1 of 12 different IL-17RA alleles, 8 of which create a premature stop codon upstream from the transmembrane domain and have been predicted and/or shown to prevent expression of the receptor on the surface of circulating leukocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Three other mutant alleles create a premature stop codon downstream from the transmembrane domain, one of which encodes a surface-expressed receptor. Finally, the only known missense allele (p.D387N) also encodes a surface-expressed receptor. All of the alleles tested abolish cellular responses to IL-17A and -17F homodimers and heterodimers in fibroblasts and to IL-17E/IL-25 in leukocytes. The patients are currently aged from 2 to 35 y and originate from 12 unrelated kindreds. All had their first CMC episode by 6 mo of age. Fourteen patients presented various forms of staphylococcal skin disease. Eight were also prone to various bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. Human IL-17RA is, thus, essential for mucocutaneous immunity to Candida and Staphylococcus, but otherwise largely redundant. A diagnosis of AR IL-17RA deficiency should be considered in children or adults with CMC, cutaneous staphylococcal disease, or both, even if IL-17RA is detected on the cell surface.
Collapse
|
125
|
Monin L, Gudjonsson JE, Childs EE, Amatya N, Xing X, Verma AH, Coleman BM, Garg AV, Killeen M, Mathers A, Ward NL, Gaffen SL. MCPIP1/Regnase-1 Restricts IL-17A- and IL-17C-Dependent Skin Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:767-775. [PMID: 27920272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The IL-17 family cytokines IL-17A and IL-17C drive the pathogenesis of psoriatic skin inflammation, and anti-IL-17A Abs were recently approved to treat human psoriasis. Little is known about mechanisms that restrain IL-17 cytokine-mediated signaling, particularly IL-17C. In this article, we show that the endoribonuclease MCP-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1; also known as regnase-1) is markedly upregulated in human psoriatic skin lesions. Similarly, MCPIP1 was overexpressed in the imiquimod (IMQ)-driven mouse model of cutaneous inflammation. Mice with an MCPIP1 deficiency (Zc3h12a+/-) displayed no baseline skin inflammation, but they showed exacerbated pathology following IMQ treatment. Pathology in Zc3h12a+/- mice was associated with elevated expression of IL-17A- and IL-17C-dependent genes, as well as with increased accumulation of neutrophils in skin. However, IL-17A and IL-17C expression was unaltered, suggesting that the increased inflammation in Zc3h12a+/- mice was due to enhanced downstream IL-17R signaling. Radiation chimeras demonstrated that MCPIP1 in nonhematopoietic cells is responsible for controlling skin pathology. Moreover, Zc3h12a+/-Il17ra-/- mice given IMQ showed almost no disease. To identify which IL-17RA ligand was essential, Zc3h12a+/-Il17a-/- and Zc3h12a+/-Il17c-/- mice were given IMQ; these mice had reduced but not fully abrogated pathology, indicating that MCPIP1 inhibits IL-17A and IL-17C signaling. Confirming this hypothesis, Zc3h12a-/- keratinocytes showed increased responsiveness to IL-17A and IL-17C stimulation. Thus, MCPIP1 is a potent negative regulator of psoriatic skin inflammation through IL-17A and IL-17C. Moreover, to our knowledge, MCPIP1 is the first described negative regulator of IL-17C signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Monin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Erin E Childs
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Nilesh Amatya
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Akash H Verma
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Abhishek V Garg
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Meaghan Killeen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; and
| | - Alicia Mathers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; and
| | - Nicole L Ward
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260;
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Wu N, Song YL, Wang B, Zhang XY, Zhang XJ, Wang YL, Cheng YY, Chen DD, Xia XQ, Lu YS, Zhang YA. Fish gut-liver immunity during homeostasis or inflammation revealed by integrative transcriptome and proteome studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36048. [PMID: 27808112 PMCID: PMC5093735 DOI: 10.1038/srep36048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue, connected with liver via bile and blood, constructs a local immune environment of both defense and tolerance. The gut-liver immunity has been well-studied in mammals, yet in fish remains largely unknown, even though enteritis as well as liver and gallbladder syndrome emerged as a limitation in aquaculture. In this study, we performed integrative bioinformatic analysis for both transcriptomic (gut and liver) and proteomic (intestinal mucus and bile) data, in both healthy and infected tilapias. We found more categories of immune transcripts in gut than liver, as well as more adaptive immune in gut meanwhile more innate in liver. Interestingly reduced differential immune transcripts between gut and liver upon inflammation were also revealed. In addition, more immune proteins in bile than intestinal mucus were identified. And bile probably providing immune effectors to intestinal mucus upon inflammation was deduced. Specifically, many key immune transcripts in gut or liver as well as key immune proteins in mucus or bile were demonstrated. Accordingly, we proposed a hypothesized profile of fish gut-liver immunity, during either homeostasis or inflammation. Current data suggested that fish gut and liver may collaborate immunologically while keep homeostasis using own strategies, including potential unique mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu-Long Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,Demorgen Bioinformation Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Yin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Ding Y, Ai C, Mu Y, Ao J, Chen X. Molecular characterization and evolution analysis of five interleukin-17 receptor genes in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:332-339. [PMID: 27633682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17s (IL-17s) play critical roles in inflammatory response and host defense against extracellular pathogens. IL-17s induce the immune response signaling through the specific IL-17 receptors (IL-17Rs) that consist of five members (IL-17RA to E). In the present work, we have identified the five IL-17R orthologs (LycIL-17Rs) from large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. The deduced protein of each LycIL-17R exhibits a typical IL-17R domain architecture, including a signal peptide, the extracellular FNIII domain (IL-17RA/RB/RD) or IL-17_R_N domain (IL-17RC/RE), a transmembrane domain, and a SEFIR domain in cytoplasmic region. In particular, the extracellular regions of teleost IL-17RB are much shorter than those in mammals and lack an FNIII domain (FN2). Phylogenetic tree shows that IL-17Rs are classified into two main groups: IL-17RA/RB/RD group and IL-17RC/RE group, which is distinct from previous proposal that grouped IL-17RB into IL-17RC/RE. The surrounding genes of IL-17Rs are conservatively aligned in genomes between teleosts and mammals. The five LycIL-17Rs were constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, but with different expression patterns. Aeromonas hydrophila infection significantly upregulated LycIL-17RA, RC, RD and RE in both mucosal tissue (gills) and systemic immune tissues (head kidney and spleen), while the increase of LycIL-17RB expression could be detected in gills, indicating that LycIL-17Rs may be involved in host defense against bacterial infection. Thus, these results suggest that teleost IL-17Rs may function in mediating immune response as their mammalian orthologs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular characterization of the five IL-17Rs (IL-17RA/RB/RD and IL-17RC/RE) in teleost fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Schulten HJ, Hussein D, Al-Adwani F, Karim S, Al-Maghrabi J, Al-Sharif M, Jamal A, Bakhashab S, Weaver J, Al-Ghamdi F, Baeesa SS, Bangash M, Chaudhary A, Al-Qahtani M. Microarray expression profiling identifies genes, including cytokines, and biofunctions, as diapedesis, associated with a brain metastasis from a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2140-2161. [PMID: 27822408 PMCID: PMC5088282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastatic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are afflicted with unfavorable prognosis; however, the underlying molecular genetics of these rare metastases are virtually unknown. In this study, we compared whole transcript microarray expression profiles of a BRAF mutant, brain metastasis from a PTC, including its technical replicate (TR), with eight non-brain metastatic PTCs and eight primary brain tumors. The top 95 probe sets (false discovery rate (FDR) p-value < 0.05 and fold change (FC) > 2) that were differentially expressed between the brain metastatic PTC, including the TR, and both, non-brain metastatic PTCs and primary brain tumors were in the vast majority upregulated and comprise, e.g. ROS1, MYBPH, SLC18A3, HP, SAA2-SAA4, CP, CCL20, GFAP, RNU1-120P, DMBT1, XDH, CXCL1, PI3, and NAPSA. Cytokines were represented by 10 members in the top 95 probe sets. Pathway and network analysis (p-value < 0.05 and FC > 2) identified granulocytes adhesion and diapedesis as top canonical pathway. Most significant upstream regulators were lipopolysaccharide, TNF, NKkB (complex), IL1A, and CSF2. Top networks categorized under diseases & functions were entitled migration of cells, cell movement, cell survival, apoptosis, and proliferation of cells. Probe sets that were significantly shared between the brain metastatic PTC, the TR, and primary brain tumors include CASP1, CASP4, C1R, CC2D2B, RNY1P16, WDR72, LRRC2, ZHX2, CITED1, and the noncoding transcript AK128523. Taken together, this study identified a set of candidate genes and biofunctions implicated in, so far nearly uncharacterized, molecular processes of a brain metastasis from a PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Al-Adwani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CenterJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Al-Sharif
- Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Jamal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jolanta Weaver
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Wolf L, Sapich S, Honecker A, Jungnickel C, Seiler F, Bischoff M, Wonnenberg B, Herr C, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM, Bals R, Beisswenger C. IL-17A-mediated expression of epithelial IL-17C promotes inflammation during acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1015-L1022. [PMID: 27694471 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells are suggested to promote pathogen-induced pulmonary inflammation by the release of chemokines, resulting in enhanced recruitment of circulating leukocytes. Recent studies have shown that the interleukin-17C (IL-17C) regulates innate immune functions of epithelial cells in an autocrine manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of IL-17C to pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Infection with P. aeruginosa resulted in an increased expression of IL-17C in lung tissue of wild-type mice. Numbers of neutrophils and the expression of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokines keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 were significantly decreased in lungs of IL-17C-deficient (IL-17C-/-) mice infected with P. aeruginosa at 24 h. Systemic concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly decreased in infected IL-17C-/- mice at 24 h and the survival of IL-17C-/- mice was significantly increased at 48 h. The expression of IL-17C was reduced in infected mice deficient for interleukin-17A (IL-17A), whereas pulmonary concentrations of IL-17A were not affected by the deficiency for IL-17C. Stimulation of primary alveolar epithelial cells with IL-17A resulted in a significantly increased expression of IL-17C in vitro. Our data suggest that IL-17A-mediated expression of epithelial IL-17C amplifies the release of chemokines by epithelial cells and thereby contributes to the recruitment of neutrophils and systemic inflammation during acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Sapich
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany; and
| | - Anja Honecker
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Jungnickel
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Seiler
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Wonnenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany; and
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany; and.,Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Kim BS, Park YJ, Chung Y. Targeting IL-17 in autoimmunity and inflammation. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1537-1547. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
131
|
Lee YJ, Starrett GJ, Lee ST, Yang R, Henzler CM, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Lineage-Specific Effector Signatures of Invariant NKT Cells Are Shared amongst γδ T, Innate Lymphoid, and Th Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1460-70. [PMID: 27385777 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells differentiate into three predominant effector lineages in the steady state. To understand these lineages, we sorted undifferentiated invariant NK T progenitor cells and each effector population and analyzed their transcriptional profiles by RNAseq. Bioinformatic comparisons were made to effector subsets among other lymphocytes, specifically Th cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC), and γδ T cells. Myc-associated signature genes were enriched in NKT progenitors, like in other hematopoietic progenitors. Only NKT1 cells, but not NKT2 and NKT17 cells, had transcriptome similarity to NK cells and were also similar to other IFN-γ-producing lineages such as Th1, ILC1, and intraepithelial γδ T cells. NKT2 and NKT17 cells were similar to their analogous subsets of γδ T cells and ILCs, but surprisingly, not to Th2 and Th17 cells. We identified a set of genes common to each effector lineage regardless of Ag receptor specificity, suggesting the use of conserved regulatory cores for effector function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Jeong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Seungeun Thera Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rendong Yang
- Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christine M Henzler
- Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Butcher MJ, Waseem TC, Galkina EV. Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived Interleukin-17C Plays an Atherogenic Role via the Recruitment of Proinflammatory Interleukin-17A+ T Cells to the Aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1496-506. [PMID: 27365405 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is characterized by frequent communication between infiltrating leukocytes and vascular cells, through chemokine and cytokine networks. Interleukin-17C (IL-17C) is detectable within atherosclerotic lesions; however, the potential involvement of this cytokine has not been examined. Thus, we sought to investigate the role of IL-17C in atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS The expression of IL-17 cytokines was profiled within aortas of apolipoprotein E double knockout (Apoe(-/-)) mice, and Il17c expression was elevated. Flow cytometry experiments revealed a major population of aortic IL-17C-producing smooth muscle cells. Next, we generated Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice and demonstrated that atherosclerotic lesion and collagen content was diminished within Western diet-fed Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) aortas and aortic roots in comparison to Apoe(-/-) controls. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were mainly responsible for the reduced Col1A1 expression in the aorta of Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. Importantly, IL-17C-treated Apoe(-/-) aortas showed upregulated Col1A1 expression ex vivo. Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice displayed a proportional reduction in aortic macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, T helper 1 cells, and T regulatory cells, without corresponding changes in the peripheral immune composition. Examination of aortic IL-17A(+) T-cell receptor γδ T cells and Th17 cells demonstrated a stark reduction in the percentage and number of these subsets within Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) versus Apoe(-/-) mice. Explanted 12-week Western diet-fed Apoe(-/-) aortas treated with IL-17C resulted in the induction of multiple vascular chemokines and cytokines. Th17 cells demonstrated attenuated migration toward supernatants from cultures of Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) smooth muscle cells, and short-term homing experiments revealed diminished recruitment of Th17 cells to the aorta of Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) recipients. CONCLUSIONS Smooth muscle cell-derived IL-17C plays a proatherogenic role by supporting the recruitment of Th17 cells to atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butcher
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Elena V Galkina
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Zeichner JA, Armstrong A. The Role of IL-17 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Psoriasis. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2016; 9:S3-S6. [PMID: 28439340 PMCID: PMC5395242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
|
134
|
The roles and functional mechanisms of interleukin-17 family cytokines in mucosal immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:418-31. [PMID: 27018218 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system serves as our front-line defense against pathogens. It also tightly maintains immune tolerance to self-symbiotic bacteria, which are usually called commensals. Sensing both types of microorganisms is modulated by signalling primarily through various pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on barrier epithelial cells or immune cells. After sensing, proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines are released by these cells to mediate either defensive or tolerant responses. The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family members belong to a newly characterized cytokine subset that is critical for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the diverse functions and signals of this family of cytokines at different mucosal edges.
Collapse
|
135
|
Espada A, Broughton H, Jones S, Chalmers MJ, Dodge JA. A Binding Site on IL-17A for Inhibitory Macrocycles Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2255-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Espada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly, SA, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Howard Broughton
- Centro de Investigación Lilly, SA, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Spencer Jones
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael J. Chalmers
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Dodge
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Chi H, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA, Zhang W, Hu YH. Th17 master transcription factors RORα and RORγ regulate the expression of IL-17C, IL-17D and IL-17F in Cynoglossus semilaevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:169-178. [PMID: 26547017 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. In this study, we examined the regulatory properties of RORα (CsRORα) and RORγ (CsRORγ) in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsRORα and CsRORγ expression was detected in major lymphoid organs and altered to significant extents after bacterial and viral infection. CsRORα enhanced the activities of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F promoters, which contain CsRORα and CsRORγ binding sites. CsRORγ also upregulated the promoter activities of CsIL-17D and CsIL-17F but not CsIL-17C. CsRORα and CsRORγ proteins were detected in the nucleus, and overexpression of CsRORα in tongue sole significantly increased the expression of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F, whereas overexpression of CsRORγ significantly increased the expression of CsIL-17C and CsIL-17F but no CsIL-17D. These results indicate that RORα and RORγ in teleost regulate the expression of IL-17 members in different manners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jarl Bøgwald
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Roy Ambli Dalmo
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yong-hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Shi ZF, Fang QB, Limu S, Jiareke T, Ge XH. Association Between Three SNPs and Thromboangiitis Obliterans in Xinjiang Uyghur Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:55-62. [PMID: 26829209 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), also called Buerger's disease, is a chronic peripheral vascular occlusive disease. It is an obliterative vasculitis characterized by arterial thrombosis and strongly associated with tobacco exposure. The pathogenesis and etiology of TAO are not well understood, but genetic factors may be important in its development. A case-control study was undertaken to identify genetic factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of TAO in a Xinjiang Uyghur population of China, where TAO is common. METHODS We ascertained 177 TAO patients by clinical screening and 86 healthy individuals from the HAPMAP database. The genotypes of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the participants were identified using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 to perform a genome wide association study (GWAS). The association between the SNPs and incidence of TAO was quantified using race stratification exposure. RESULTS Through a case-control GWAS study 26 SNPs were significantly associated with incidence of TAO following a Bonferroni correction. However, after genomic control correction for population stratification only three of these SNPS were highly significantly associated with TAO: rs376511 in IL17RC (OR = 24.4, 95% CI:8.68 - 68.62, p < 0.0001), rs7632505 in SEMA5B (OR = 29.47, 95% CI:7.16 - 121.3, p < 0.0001), and rs10178082 (OR = 18.09, 95% CI: 6.56 - 49.92, p < 0.0001) showed a significant risk of TAO in the Uyghur population. CONCLUSIONS This study shows an association between these 3 SNPs and susceptibility to TAO in the Uyghur population, suggesting that polymorphisms in the IL-17RC and Sema 5B genes may pre-dispose individuals in this population to development of TAO. These findings require replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Shi
- 1 Xinjiang Medical University , Xinjiang, China .,2 Department of Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing-Bo Fang
- 2 Department of Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sai Limu
- 2 Department of Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tang Jiareke
- 2 Department of Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Ge
- 2 Department of Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region , Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Regulation of Interleukin-17 Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:139-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
139
|
Volpe E, Battistini L, Borsellino G. Advances in T Helper 17 Cell Biology: Pathogenic Role and Potential Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:475158. [PMID: 26770017 PMCID: PMC4685148 DOI: 10.1155/2015/475158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the T helper (Th) 17 lineage, involved in the protection against fungal and extracellular bacterial infections, has profoundly revolutionized our current understanding of T cell-mediated responses in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, recent data demonstrate the pathogenic role of Th17 cells in autoimmune disorders. In particular, studies in MS and in its animal model (EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) have revealed a crucial role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelinating diseases in both mice and humans. Over the past years, several important aspects concerning Th17 cells have been elucidated, such as the factors which promote or inhibit their differentiation and the effector cytokines which mediate their responses. The identification of the features endowing Th17 cells with high pathogenicity in MS is of particular interest, and discoveries in Th17 cell biology and function could lead to the design of new strategies aimed at modulating the immune response in MS. Here, we will discuss recent advances in this field, with particular focus on the mechanisms conferring pathogenicity in MS and their potential modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Volpe
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Han Q, Das S, Hirano M, Holland SJ, McCurley N, Guo P, Rosenberg CS, Boehm T, Cooper MD. Characterization of Lamprey IL-17 Family Members and Their Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5440-51. [PMID: 26491201 PMCID: PMC4655163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is an ancient cytokine implicated in a variety of immune defense reactions. We identified five members of the sea lamprey IL-17 family (IL-17D.1, IL-17D.2, IL-17E, IL-17B, and IL-17C) and six IL-17R genes (IL-17RA.1, IL-17RA.2, IL-17RA.3, IL-17RF, IL-17RE/RC, and IL-17RD), determined their relationship with mammalian orthologs, and examined their expression patterns and potential interactions to explore their roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The most highly expressed IL-17 family member is IL-17D.1 (mammalian IL-17D like), which was found to be preferentially expressed by epithelial cells of skin, intestine, and gills and by the two types of lamprey T-like cells. IL-17D.1 binding to rIL-17RA.1 and to the surface of IL-17RA.1-expressing B-like cells and monocytes of lamprey larvae was demonstrated, and treatment of lamprey blood cells with rIL-17D.1 protein enhanced transcription of genes expressed by the B-like cells. These findings suggest a potential role for IL-17 in coordinating the interactions between T-like cells and other cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems in jawless vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Han
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Peng Guo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Charles S Rosenberg
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Chi H, Sun L. Comparative study of four interleukin 17 cytokines of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis: Genomic structure, expression pattern, and promoter activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:321-330. [PMID: 26364740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-17 cytokine family participates in the regulation of many cellular functions. In the present study, we analyzed the genomic structure, expression, and promoter activity of four IL-17 members from the teleost fish tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), i.e. CsIL-17C CsIL-17D, CsIL-17F, and IL-17F like (IL-17Fl). We found that CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, CsIL-17F, and CsIL-17Fl share 21.2%-28.6% overall sequence identities among themselves and 31.5%-71.2% overall sequence identities with their counterparts in other teleost. All four CsIL-17 members possess an IL-17 domain and four conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analysis classified the four CsIL-17 members into three clusters. Under normal physiological conditions, the four CsIL-17 expressed in multiple tissues, especially non-immune tissues. Bacterial infection upregulated the expression of all four CsIL-17, while viral infection upregulated the expression of CsIL-17D and CsIL-17Fl but downregulated the expression of CsIL-17C and CsIL-17F. The 1.2 kb 5'-flanking regions of the four CsIL-17 exhibited apparent promoter activity and contain a number of putative transcription factor-binding sites. Furthermore, the promoter activities of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F, but not CsIL-17Fl, were modulated to significant extents by lipopolysaccharide, PolyI:C, and PMA. This study provides the first evidence that in teleost, different IL-17 members differ in expression pattern and promoter activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Liu SQ, Ma XL, Qin G, Liu Q, Li YC, Wu YH. Trans-system mechanisms against ischemic myocardial injury. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:167-92. [PMID: 25589268 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mammalian organism possesses a hierarchy of naturally evolved protective mechanisms against ischemic myocardial injury at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. These mechanisms comprise regional protective processes, including upregulation and secretion of paracrine cell-survival factors, inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and resident stem cell-based cardiomyocyte regeneration. There are also interactive protective processes between the injured heart, circulation, and selected remote organs, defined as trans-system protective mechanisms, including upregulation and secretion of endocrine cell-survival factors from the liver and adipose tissue as well as mobilization of bone marrow, splenic, and hepatic cells to the injury site to mediate myocardial protection and repair. The injured heart and activated remote organs exploit molecular and cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, mobilization, and/or extracellular matrix production, to establish protective mechanisms. Both regional and trans-system cardioprotective mechanisms are mediated by paracrine and endocrine messengers and act in coordination and synergy to maximize the protective effect, minimize myocardial infarction, and improve myocardial function, ensuring the survival and timely repair of the injured heart. The concept of the trans-system protective mechanisms may be generalized to other organ systems-injury in one organ may initiate regional as well as trans-system protective responses, thereby minimizing injury and ensuring the survival of the entire organism. Selected trans-system processes may serve as core protective mechanisms that can be exploited by selected organs in injury. These naturally evolved protective mechanisms are the foundation for developing protective strategies for myocardial infarction and injury-induced disorders in other organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Q Liu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, China Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
IL-17C is required for lethal inflammation during systemic fungal infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:474-83. [PMID: 26166766 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of cytokines, IL-17A is known to be critical in the host defense against fungal infections; however, the function of the other IL-17 family members in anti-fungal immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we show that IL-17C expression was highly induced in kidney epithelial cells after fungal infection. Mice that lacked IL-17C exhibited increased survival and attenuated kidney tissue damage, although they had similar fungal loads. IL-17C deficiency resulted in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression compared with wild-type control mice. Additionally, IL-17C directly acted on renal epithelial cells in vitro to promote pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IL-17C is a critical factor that potentiates inflammatory responses and causes host injury during fungal infection.
Collapse
|
144
|
Intestinal neuroendocrine cells and goblet cells are mediators of IL-17A-amplified epithelial IL-17C production in human inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:943-58. [PMID: 25492478 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17C is a novel member of the IL-17 cytokine family. Its function in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains elusive as its role in colonic inflammation is entirely derived from murine models. We aimed to analyze the role of IL-17C in human IBD, focusing on T helper type 17 (Th17) cell- and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-dependent mechanisms. IL-17C mRNA (P=0.005), serum levels (P=0.008), and colonic staining intensity (P=0.004) is increased in active IBD. Serum IL-17C levels are modified by IL23R genotypes and IL-17C mRNA correlates (r>0.5, P<0.001) with IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and IL-23 mRNA in the inflamed colon of IBD patients. In the inflamed colon, IL-17C is produced by enteroendocrine and goblet cells, with contrary polar cytosolic localization of IL-17C within the cellular axis. In these two cell types, IL-17A strongly amplifies TNF-α-induced IL-17C production. On the molecular level, IL-17C production in IECs is dependent on TNF-α-activated nuclear factor-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and p38, and IL-17A-activated Akt, monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1, and C/EBPδ. IL-17C upregulates the Th17 chemoattractant CCL20 in IECs. In summary, our findings support the involvement of IL-17A-amplified IL-17C production by enteroendocrine and goblet cells in the pathogenesis of active IBD, revealing an interaction between the neuroendocrine system and the Th17 pathway in human IBD.
Collapse
|
145
|
Sharma J, Balakrishnan L, Datta KK, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Khan AA, Sahu A, Singhal A, Getnet D, Raju R, Chatterjee A, Gowda H, Keshava Prasad TS, Shankar S, Pandey A. A knowledgebase resource for interleukin-17 family mediated signaling. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:291-6. [PMID: 26077014 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) belongs to a relatively new family of cytokines that has garnered attention as the signature cytokine of Th17 cells. This cytokine family consists of 6 ligands, which bind to 5 receptor subtypes and induce downstream signaling. Although the receptors are ubiquitously expressed, cellular responses to ligands vary across tissues. The cytokine family is associated with various autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and psoriasis in addition to being implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. In addition, this family plays a role in host defense against bacterial and fungal infections. The signaling mechanisms of the IL-17 family of proinflammatory cytokines are not well explored. In this study, we present a resource of literature-annotated reactions induced by IL-17. The reactions are catalogued under 5 categories, namely; molecular association, catalysis, transport, activation/inhibition and gene regulation. A total of 93 molecules and 122 reactions have been annotated. The IL-17 pathway is freely available through NetPath, a resource of signal transduction pathways previously developed by our group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Lavanya Balakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | | | - Aafaque Ahmad Khan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Apeksha Sahu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Anish Singhal
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India. .,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, 575001, India.
| | - Derese Getnet
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Computational Biology Group, Cancer Research Program-9, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Kerala, 695014, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India. .,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Wang T, Sun X, Zhao J, Zhang J, Zhu H, Li C, Gao N, Jia Y, Xu D, Huang FP, Li N, Lu L, Li ZG. Regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis showed increased plasticity toward Th17 but retained suppressive function in peripheral blood. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:1293-301. [PMID: 24521740 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) with the plasticity of producing proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 have been demonstrated under normal and pathogenic conditions. However, it remains unclear whether IL-17-producing Tregs lose their suppressive functions because of their plasticity toward Th17 in autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-17-producing Tregs from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and characterise their regulatory capacity and clinical significance. METHODS Foxp3 and IL-17 coexpression were evaluated in CD4 T lymphocytes from RA patients. An in vitro T cell polarisation assay was performed to investigate the role of proinflammatory cytokines in IL-17-producing Treg polarisation. The suppressive function of IL-17-producing Tregs in RA was assessed by an in vitro suppression assay. The relationship between this Treg subset and clinical features in RA patients was analysed using Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS A higher frequency of IL-17-producing Tregs was present in the peripheral blood of RA patients compared with healthy subjects. These cells from peripheral blood showed phenotypic characteristics of Th17 and Treg cells, and suppressed T cell proliferation in vitro. Tregs in RA synovial fluid lost suppressive function. The Th17 plasticity of Tregs could be induced by IL-6 and IL-23. An increased ratio of this Treg subset was associated with decreased levels of inflammatory markers, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level, in patients with RA. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of IL-17-producing Tregs were identified in RA patients. This Treg subset with Th17 plasticity in peripheral blood retained suppressive functions and was associated with milder inflammatory conditions, suggesting that this Treg population works as a negative regulator in RA, but in RA synovial site it may be pathogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqun Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dakang Xu
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Division of Immunology & Inflammation (Rheumatology Section), Department of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ningli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhan-Guo Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Clinical Immunology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Kanemaru K, Matsuyuki A, Nakamura Y, Fukami K. Obesity exacerbates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like epidermal hyperplasia and interleukin-17 and interleukin-22 production in mice. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:436-42. [PMID: 25777289 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is accompanied by an imbalance between the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. A number of studies have suggested an association between obesity and severe psoriasis; however, it remains to be clarified whether obesity exacerbates psoriasis. To address this unsolved question, we induced psoriasiform dermatitis in mouse models for obesity. We found that obesity exaggerated the severity of psoriasiform dermatitis induced by topical application of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist, imiquimod. Ear swelling and epidermal hyperplasia were more prominent in the obese mice than in the control mice. When compared to imiquimod-treated control mice, imiquimod-treated obese mice expressed higher levels of psoriasis mediators, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-22 in the skin. Food intake restriction partially abrogated enhanced ear swelling and cytokine overproduction in obese mice. Furthermore, the obesity environment and imiquimod treatment synergistically induced an IL-17A downstream molecule, regenerating islet-derived 3γ (Reg3γ), which is a critical molecule for psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia. Palmitic acid, one of the fatty acids released by subcutaneous adipocytes, increased the expression of REG3A (a human homologue of mouse Reg3γ) in both the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line and normal human keratinocytes. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that obesity exacerbates psoriasiform dermatitis in mice by upregulating IL-17A, IL-22 and Reg3γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST-JST, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayano Matsuyuki
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST-JST, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST-JST, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
The role of IL-17 in CNS diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:625-37. [PMID: 25716179 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the IL-17 family are uniquely placed on the border between immune cells and tissue. Although IL-17 was originally found to induce the activation and mobilization of neutrophils to sites of inflammation, its tissue-specific function is not yet fully understood. The best-studied IL-17 family members, IL-17A and IL-17F, are both typically produced by immune cells such as Th17, γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells group 3. However, the cells that respond to these cytokines are mostly found in inflamed tissue. As seen in psoriatic skin lesions or in joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients, high levels of IL-17 have been detected in the central nervous system (CNS) during inflammatory responses. Here, we provide a general review of the molecular function of IL-17 and its role in the CNS in particular. Of the different inflammatory conditions of the CNS, we found multiple sclerosis (MS) to be the one most associated with the presence of Th17 cells and IL-17. In particular, many studies using the murine model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, found a clear association of Th17 and IL-17 with disease severity and progression. We summarize the recent advances made in correlating the presence of IL-17 with impaired blood-brain barrier integrity as well as the activation of astrocytes and microglia and the consequences for disease progression. There is also evidence that IL-17 plays a pathogenic role in the post-ischemic phase of stroke as well as its experimental model. We review the limited but promising data on the sources of post-stroke IL-17 production and its effects on CNS-resident target cells. In addition to MS and stroke, there is also evidence linking high levels of IL-17 to depression, as a frequent comorbidity of several inflammatory diseases, as well as to different types of infections of the CNS. The evidence we supply here suggests that inhibiting the function of the IL-17 cytokine family could have a beneficial effect on pathogenic conditions in the CNS.
Collapse
|
149
|
Abstract
The discovery that the IL-23-IL-17 immune pathway is involved in many models of autoimmune disease has changed the concept of the role of T-helper cell subsets in the development of autoimmunity. In addition to TH17 cells, IL-17 is also produced by other T cell subsets and innate immune cells; which of these IL-17-producing cells have a role in tissue inflammation, and the timing, location and nature of their role(s), is incompletely understood. The current view is that innate and adaptive immune cells expressing the IL-23 receptor become pathogenic after exposure to IL-23, but further investigation into the role of IL-23 and IL-17 at different stages in the development and progression of chronic (destructive) inflammatory diseases is needed. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) are the two most common forms of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis, and the IL-23-IL-17 axis is thought to have a critical role in both. This Review discusses the basic mechanisms of these cytokines in RA and SpA on the basis of findings from disease-specific animal models as well as human ex vivo studies. Promising therapeutic applications to modulate this immune pathway are in development or have already been approved. Blockade of IL-17 and/or TH17-cell activity in combination with anti-TNF therapy might be a successful approach to achieving stable remission or even prevention of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
150
|
Reynolds JM, Lee YH, Shi Y, Wang X, Angkasekwinai P, Nallaparaju KC, Flaherty S, Chang SH, Watarai H, Dong C. Interleukin-17B Antagonizes Interleukin-25-Mediated Mucosal Inflammation. Immunity 2015; 42:692-703. [PMID: 25888259 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of cytokines has emerged as a critical player in inflammatory diseases. Among them, IL-25 has been shown to be important in allergic inflammation and protection against parasitic infection. Here we have demonstrated that IL-17B, a poorly understood cytokine, functions to inhibit IL-25-driven inflammation. IL-17B and IL-25, both binding to the interleukin-17 receptor B (IL-17RB), were upregulated in their expression after acute colonic inflammation. Individual inhibition of these cytokines revealed opposing functions in colon inflammation: IL-25 was pathogenic but IL-17B was protective. Similarly opposing phenotypes were observed in Citrobacter rodentium infection and allergic asthma. Moreover, IL-25 was found to promote IL-6 production from colon epithelial cells, which was inhibited by IL-17B. Therefore, our data demonstrate that IL-17B is an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the IL-17 family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kalyan C Nallaparaju
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Stephanie Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Seon Hee Chang
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hiroshi Watarai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|