101
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Wu X, Stenson M, Abeykoon J, Nowakowski K, Zhang L, Lawson J, Wellik L, Li Y, Krull J, Wenzl K, Novak AJ, Ansell SM, Bishop GA, Billadeau DD, Peng KW, Giles F, Schmitt DM, Witzig TE. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 for therapeutic benefit in lymphoma. Blood 2019; 134:363-373. [PMID: 31101621 PMCID: PMC6659256 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018874560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the B-cell receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR signaling pathways has shown meaningful, but incomplete, antitumor activity in lymphoma. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) α and β are 2 homologous and functionally overlapping serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate multiple protein substrates in several key signaling pathways. To date, no agent targeting GSK3 has been approved for lymphoma therapy. We show that lymphoma cells abundantly express GSK3α and GSK3β compared with normal B and T lymphocytes at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Utilizing a new GSK3 inhibitor 9-ING-41 and by genetic deletion of GSK3α and GSK3β genes using CRISPR/CAS9 knockout, GSK3 was demonstrated to be functionally important to lymphoma cell growth and proliferation. GSK3β binds to centrosomes and microtubules, and lymphoma cells treated with 9-ING-41 become arrested in mitotic prophase, supporting the notion that GSK3β is necessary for the progression of mitosis. By analyzing recently published RNA sequencing data on 234 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients, we found that higher expression of GSK3α or GSK3β correlates well with shorter overall survival. These data provide rationale for testing GSK3 inhibitors in lymphoma patient trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
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102
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Taylor A, Rudd CE. Commentary: Small Molecule Inhibition of PD-1 Transcription is an Effective Alternative to Antibody Blockade in Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:9-12. [PMID: 31111120 PMCID: PMC6525092 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3009/2019/1.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, LEEDS LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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103
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Guo Q, Huang F, Goncalves C, Del Rincón SV, Miller WH. Translation of cancer immunotherapy from the bench to the bedside. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 143:1-62. [PMID: 31202357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous success of immune checkpoint blockades has revolutionized cancer management. Our increased understanding of the cell types that compose the tumor microenvironment (TME), including those of the innate and adaptive immune system, has helped to shape additional immune modulatory strategies in cancer care. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations targeting novel checkpoint interactions and key pathways that regulate cancer immunity continue to increase rapidly. Various combinatorial drug regimens are being tested in attempt to achieve durable response and survival rates of patients with cancer. This review provides an overview of specific components of the TME, an introduction to novel immune checkpoints, followed by a survey of present day and future combination immune modulatory therapies. The idea that the immune system can recognize and destroy tumor cells was first described in the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis of Burnet and Thomas. However, early experimental evidence failed to support the concept. It was not until the late 1990s when seminal papers clearly showed the existence of cancer immunosurveillance, leading to the cancer immunoediting hypothesis. In this century, progress in the understanding of negative regulators of the immune response led to the discovery that inhibition of these regulators in patients with cancer could lead to dramatic and durable remissions. Drs. Tasuku Honjo and James P. Allison were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018 for their pioneering work in this field. We now see rapid advances in cancer immunology and emerging effective therapies revolutionizing cancer care across tumor types in the clinic, while pre-clinical research is moving from a focus on the malignant cells themselves to dissect the highly heterogenic and complex multi-cellular tumor microenvironment (TME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Guo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fan Huang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Goncalves
- Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V Del Rincón
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Montreal, QC, Canada; Rossy Cancer Network, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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104
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Sahin I, Eturi A, De Souza A, Pamarthy S, Tavora F, Giles FJ, Carneiro BA. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors as novel cancer treatments and modulators of antitumor immune responses. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:1047-1056. [PMID: 30975030 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1595283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a kinase at the crossroads of numerous metabolic and cell growth signaling pathways, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) is a highly desirable therapeutic target in cancer. Despite its involvement in pathways associated with the pathogenesis of several malignancies, no selective GSK-3β inhibitor has been approved for the treatment of cancer. The regulatory role of GSK-3β in apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA repair, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis reflects the therapeutic relevance of this target and provides the rationale for drug combinations. Emerging data on GSK-3β as a mediator of anticancer immune response also highlight the potential clinical applications of novel selective GSK-3β inhibitors that are entering clinical studies. This manuscript reviews the preclinical and early clinical results with GSK-3β inhibitors and delineates the developmental therapeutics landscape for this potentially important target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Sahin
- a Lifespan Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Aditya Eturi
- b Department of Medicine , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Andre De Souza
- a Lifespan Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Sahithi Pamarthy
- c Atrin Pharmaceuticals , Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center , Doylestown , PA , USA
| | - Fabio Tavora
- d Argos Laboratory/Messejana Heart and Lung Hospital , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | - Francis J Giles
- e Developmental Therapeutics Consortium , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- a Lifespan Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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105
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Cellular therapy approaches harnessing the power of the immune system for personalized cancer treatment. Semin Immunol 2019; 42:101306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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106
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Small Molecule Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:225-233. [PMID: 31576552 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has proved successful in the immunotherapeutic treatment of various human cancers. Despite its success, most patients are still not cured while immunogenic cold cancers are still poorly responsive. There is a need for novel clinical interventions in immunotherapy, either alone or in conjunction with ICB. Here, we outline our recent discovery that the intracellular signaling kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a central regulator of PD-1 in T-cells. We demonstrate the application of small molecule inhibitor (SMI) approaches to down-regulate PD-1 in tumor immunotherapy. GSK-3 SMIs were found as effective as anti-PD-1 in the elimination of melanoma in mouse models. We propose the development of novel SMIs to target co-receptors for the future of immunotherapy.
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107
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Galluzzi L, Spranger S, Fuchs E, López-Soto A. WNT Signaling in Cancer Immunosurveillance. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:44-65. [PMID: 30220580 PMCID: PMC7001864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated WNT signaling has been shown to favor malignant transformation, tumor progression, and resistance to conventional cancer therapy in a variety of preclinical and clinical settings. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant WNT signaling may also subvert cancer immunosurveillance, hence promoting immunoevasion and resistance to multiple immunotherapeutics, including immune checkpoint blockers. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which WNT signaling influences cancer immunosurveillance and present potential therapeutic avenues to harness currently available WNT modulators for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Stefani Spranger
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Inmunología, Universidad de Oviedo. Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (IISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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108
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Klement JD, Paschall AV, Redd PS, Ibrahim ML, Lu C, Yang D, Celis E, Abrams SI, Ozato K, Liu K. An osteopontin/CD44 immune checkpoint controls CD8+ T cell activation and tumor immune evasion. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5549-5560. [PMID: 30395540 DOI: 10.1172/jci123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite breakthroughs in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy, not all human cancers respond to ICI immunotherapy and a large fraction of patients with the responsive types of cancers do not respond to current ICI immunotherapy. This clinical conundrum suggests that additional immune checkpoints exist. We report here that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) deficiency led to impairment of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation and allograft tumor tolerance. However, analysis of chimera mice with competitive reconstitution of WT and IRF8-KO bone marrow cells as well as mice with IRF8 deficiency only in T cells indicated that IRF8 plays no intrinsic role in CTL activation. Instead, IRF8 functioned as a repressor of osteopontin (OPN), the physiological ligand for CD44 on T cells, in CD11b+Ly6CloLy6G+ myeloid cells and OPN acted as a potent T cell suppressor. IRF8 bound to the Spp1 promoter to repress OPN expression in colon epithelial cells, and colon carcinoma exhibited decreased IRF8 and increased OPN expression. The elevated expression of OPN in human colon carcinoma was correlated with decreased patient survival. Our data indicate that myeloid and tumor cell-expressed OPN acts as an immune checkpoint to suppress T cell activation and confer host tumor immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy V Paschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohammed L Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Esteban Celis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott I Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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109
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Chatterjee S, Chakraborty P, Daenthanasanmak A, Iamsawat S, Andrejeva G, Luevano LA, Wolf M, Baliga U, Krieg C, Beeson CC, Mehrotra M, Hill EG, Rathmell JC, Yu XZ, Kraft AS, Mehrotra S. Targeting PIM Kinase with PD1 Inhibition Improves Immunotherapeutic Antitumor T-cell Response. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1036-1049. [PMID: 30327305 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) of cancer, which involves the infusion of ex vivo-engineered tumor epitope reactive autologous T cells into the tumor-bearing host, is a potential treatment modality for cancer. However, the durable antitumor response following ACT is hampered either by loss of effector function or survival of the antitumor T cells. Therefore, strategies to improve the persistence and sustain the effector function of the antitumor T cells are of immense importance. Given the role of metabolism in determining the therapeutic efficacy of T cells, we hypothesize that inhibition of PIM kinases, a family of serine/threonine kinase that promote cell-cycle transition, cell growth, and regulate mTORC1 activity, can improve the potency of T cells in controlling tumor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The role of PIM kinases in T cells was studied either by genetic ablation (PIM1-/-PIM2-/-PIM3-/-) or its pharmacologic inhibition (pan-PIM kinase inhibitor, PimKi). Murine melanoma B16 was established subcutaneously and treated by transferring tumor epitope gp100-reactive T cells along with treatment regimen that involved inhibiting PIM kinases, anti-PD1 or both. RESULTS With inhibition of PIM kinases, T cells had significant reduction in their uptake of glucose, and upregulated expression of memory-associated genes that inversely correlate with glycolysis. In addition, the expression of CD38, which negatively regulates the metabolic fitness of the T cells, was also reduced in PimKi-treated cells. Importantly, the efficacy of antitumor T-cell therapy was markedly improved by inhibiting PIM kinases in tumor-bearing mice receiving ACT, and further enhanced by adding anti-PD1 antibody to this combination. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential therapeutic significance of combinatorial strategies where ACT and inhibition of signaling kinase with checkpoint blockade could improve tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpak Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Paramita Chakraborty
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Anusara Daenthanasanmak
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Supinya Iamsawat
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gabriela Andrejeva
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Libia A Luevano
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Melissa Wolf
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Uday Baliga
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Meenal Mehrotra
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Elizabeth G Hill
- Department of Public Health, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jeffery C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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110
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B-cell receptor-mediated NFATc1 activation induces IL-10/STAT3/PD-L1 signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018; 132:1805-1817. [PMID: 30209121 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-841015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and its regulation in B-cell lymphoma cells is limited. Investigating mechanisms that control PD-L1 expression in B-cell lymphoma cells might identify biomarkers that predict the efficacy of immunotherapy with anti-programmed death-1/PD-L1 antibodies. In addition, identification of mechanisms that regulate PD-L1 may identify molecules that can be targeted to improve the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we used proteomic approaches and patient-derived B-cell lymphoma cell lines to investigate mechanisms that regulate PD-L1 expression. We found that PD-L1 expression, particularly in nongerminal center B cell-derived diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), is controlled and regulated by several interactive signaling pathways, including the B-cell receptor (BCR) and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. We found that that BCR-mediated NFATc1 activation upregulates IL-10 chemokine expression in PD-L1+ B-cell lymphoma cells. Released IL-10 activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, leading to STAT3-induced PD-L1 expression. IL-10 antagonist antibody abrogates IL-10/STAT3 signaling and PD-L1 protein expression. We also found that BCR pathway inhibition by BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and BGB-3111) blocks NFATc1 and STAT3 activation, thereby inhibiting IL-10 and PD-L1 expression. Finally, we validated the PD-L1 signaling network in 2 primary DLBCL cohorts consisting of 428 and 350 cases and showed significant correlations among IL-10, STAT3, and PD-L1. Thus, our findings reveal a complex signaling network regulating PD-L1 expression in B-cell lymphoma cells and suggest that PD-L1 expression can be modulated by small molecule inhibitors to potentiate immunotherapies.
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111
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Sabzevary-Ghahfarokhi M, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Ghatreh-Samani M, Shohan M. The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Creating T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:267-273. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Sabzevary-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghatreh-Samani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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112
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De Sousa Linhares A, Leitner J, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Steinberger P. Not All Immune Checkpoints Are Created Equal. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1909. [PMID: 30233564 PMCID: PMC6127213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block T cell inhibition via the immune checkpoints CTLA-4 and PD-1 have revolutionized cancer therapy during the last 15 years. T cells express additional inhibitory surface receptors that are considered to have potential as targets in cancer immunotherapy. Antibodies against LAG-3 and TIM-3 are currently clinically tested to evaluate their effectiveness in patients suffering from advanced solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. In addition, blockade of the inhibitory BTLA receptors on human T cells may have potential to unleash T cells to effectively combat cancer cells. Much research on these immune checkpoints has focused on mouse models. The analysis of animals that lack individual inhibitory receptors has shed some light on the role of these molecules in regulating T cells, but also immune responses in general. There are current intensive efforts to gauge the efficacy of antibodies targeting these molecules called immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in different combinations in preclinical models of cancer. Differences between mouse and human immunology warrant studies on human immune cells to appreciate the potential of individual pathways in enhancing T cell responses. Results from clinical studies are not only highlighting the great benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors for treating cancer but also yield precious information on their role in regulating T cells and other cells of the immune system. However, despite the clinical relevance of CTLA-4 and PD-1 and the high potential of the emerging immune checkpoints, there are still substantial gaps in our understanding of the biology of these molecules, which might prevent the full realization of their therapeutic potential. This review addresses PD-1, CTLA-4, BTLA, LAG-3, and TIM-3, which are considered major inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on T cells. It provides summaries of our current conception of the role of these molecules in regulating T cell responses, and discussions about major ambiguities and gaps in our knowledge. We emphasize that each of these molecules harbors unique properties that set it apart from the others. Their distinct functional profiles should be taken into account in therapeutic strategies that aim to exploit these pathways to enhance immune responses to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika De Sousa Linhares
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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113
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Redd PS, Lu C, Klement JD, Ibrahim ML, Zhou G, Kumai T, Celis E, Liu K. H3K4me3 mediates the NF-κB p50 homodimer binding to the pdcd1 promoter to activate PD-1 transcription in T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1483302. [PMID: 30228953 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1483302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1 is a co-repressive receptor that curbs T cell activation and thereby serves as a protection mechanism against autoimmunity under physiological conditions. Under pathological conditions, tumor cells express PD-L1 as an adaptive resistant mechanism to suppress PD-1+ T cells to evade host immunosurveillance. PD-1 therefore is a key target in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the extensive studies of PD-1 expression regulation, the pdcd1 transcription machinery and regulatory mechanisms are still not fully understood. We report here that the NF-κB p50 homodimer is a transcription regulator of PD-1 in activated T cells. A putative κB sequence exists at the pdcd1 promoter. All five NF-κB Rel subunits are activated in activated T cells. However, only the p50 homodimer directly binds to the κB sequence at the pccd1 promoter in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Deficiency in p50 results in reduced PD-1 expression in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Using an in vivo mixed bone marrow chimera mouse model, we show that p50 regulates PD-1 expression in a cell-intrinsic way and p50 deficiency leads to decreased PD-1 expression in both antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. The expression levels of H3K4me3-specific histone methyltransferase increased significantly, resulting in a significant increase in H3K4me3 deposition at the pdcd1 promoter in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Inhibition of H3K4me3 significantly decreased p50 binding to the pdcd1 promoter and PD-1 expression in a T cell line. Our findings determine that the p50-H3K4me3 axis regulates pdcd1 transcription activation in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed L Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gang Zhou
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban Celis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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114
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Bhat SA, Vedpathak DM, Chiplunkar SV. Checkpoint Blockade Rescues the Repressive Effect of Histone Deacetylases Inhibitors on γδ T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1615. [PMID: 30072989 PMCID: PMC6060239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are one of the key epigenetic modifiers that control chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Their role in tumorigenesis is well established and HDAC inhibitors have emerged as an effective treatment modality. HDAC inhibitors have been investigated for their specific antitumor activities and also clinically evaluated in treatment of various malignancies. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of HDAC inhibitors on the effector functions of human γδ T cells. HDAC inhibitors inhibit the antigen-specific proliferative response of γδ T cells and cell cycle progression. In antigen-activated γδ T cells, the expression of transcription factors (Eomes and Tbet) and effector molecules (perforin and granzyme B) were decreased upon treatment with HDAC inhibitors. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors attenuated the antitumor cytotoxic potential of γδ T cells, which correlated with the enhanced expression of immune checkpoints programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 in γδ T cells. Interestingly, PD-1 blockade improves the antitumor effector functions of HDAC inhibitor-treated γδ T cells, which is reflected in the increased expression of Granzyme B and Lamp-1. This study provides a rationale for designing HDAC inhibitor and immune check point blockade as a combinatorial treatment modality for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A Bhat
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,HomiBhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Disha Mohan Vedpathak
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,HomiBhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shubhada V Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,HomiBhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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115
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Urothelial bladder cancer may suppress perforin expression in CD8+ T cells by an ICAM-1/TGFβ2 mediated pathway. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200079. [PMID: 29966014 PMCID: PMC6028111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a significant role in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) progression, with CD8+ T cells being capable to directly kill tumor cells using perforin and granzymes. However, tumors avoid immune recognition by escape mechanisms. In this study, we aim to demonstrate tumor immune escape mechanisms that suppress CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity. 42 patients diagnosed with UBC were recruited. CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood (PB), sentinel nodes (SN), and tumor were analyzed in steady state and in vitro-stimulated conditions by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and ELISA. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used for identification of proteins from UBC cell line culture supernatants. Perforin was surprisingly found to be low in CD8+ T cells from SN, marked by 1.8-fold decrease of PRF1 expression, with maintained expression of granzyme B. The majority of perforin-deficient CD8+ T cells are effector memory T (TEM) cells with exhausted Tc2 cell phenotype, judged by the presence of PD-1 and GATA-3. Consequently, perforin-deficient CD8+ T cells from SN are low in T-bet expression. Supernatant from muscle invasive UBC induces perforin deficiency, a mechanism identified by MS where ICAM-1 and TGFβ2 signaling were causatively validated to decrease perforin expression in vitro. Thus, we demonstrate a novel tumor escape suppressing perforin expression in CD8+ T cells mediated by ICAM-1 and TGFβ2, which can be targeted in combination for cancer immunotherapy.
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116
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Sengupta S, Katz SC, Sengupta S, Sampath P. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition lowers PD-1 expression, promotes long-term survival and memory generation in antigen-specific CAR-T cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:131-139. [PMID: 29959057 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Successful remission in hematological cancers by CAR-T cell immunotherapy has yet to be replicated in solid tumors like GBM. A significant impediment of CAR-T immunotherapy in solid tumors is poor exposure of T cells to tumor antigens resulting in suboptimal CAR-T cell activation, which ultimately fails to induce a robust anti-tumor immune response. Costimulatory moieties in advanced-generation CARs, along with additional IL2 therapy has been shown to be insufficient to overcome this hurdle and have its cytotoxic limitations. GSK3 is constitutively active in naïve T cells and is transiently inactivated during T cell activation resulting in rapid T cell proliferation. Pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3 in GBM-specific CAR-T cells reduced FasL expression, increased T cell proliferation and reduced exhaustion by lowering PD-1 levels resulting in the development of CAR-T effector memory phenotype. Treatment with GSK3-inhibited CAR-T cells resulted in 100% tumor elimination during the tumor-rechallenge experiment in GBM-bearing animals and increased accumulation of memory CAR-T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. These adjuvant-like effects of GSK3 inhibition on activated CAR-T cells may be a valuable adjunct to a successful implementation of CAR-T immunotherapy against GBM and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhak Sengupta
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Steven C Katz
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Prakash Sampath
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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117
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Okada M, Chikuma S, Kondo T, Hibino S, Machiyama H, Yokosuka T, Nakano M, Yoshimura A. Blockage of Core Fucosylation Reduces Cell-Surface Expression of PD-1 and Promotes Anti-tumor Immune Responses of T Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1017-1028. [PMID: 28768188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is highly expressed on exhausted T cells and inhibits T cell activation. Antibodies that block the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand prevent this inhibitory signal and reverse T cell dysfunction, providing beneficial anti-tumor responses in a substantial number of patients. Mechanisms for the induction and maintenance of high PD-1 expression on exhausted T cells have not been fully understood. Utilizing a genome-wide loss-of-function screening method based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we identified genes involved in the core fucosylation pathway as positive regulators of cell-surface PD-1 expression. Inhibition of Fut8, a core fucosyltransferase, by genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition reduced cell-surface expression of PD-1 and enhanced T cell activation, leading to more efficient tumor eradication. Taken together, our findings suggest that blocking core fucosylation of PD-1 can be a promising strategy for improving anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Chikuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kondo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sana Hibino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Machiyama
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokosuka
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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118
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Morris G, Puri BK, Walder K, Berk M, Stubbs B, Maes M, Carvalho AF. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Neuroprogressive Diseases: Emerging Pathophysiological Role and Translational Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8765-8787. [PMID: 29594942 PMCID: PMC6208857 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main cellular organelle involved in protein synthesis, assembly and secretion. Accumulating evidence shows that across several neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive diseases, ER stress ensues, which is accompanied by over-activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Although the UPR could initially serve adaptive purposes in conditions associated with higher cellular demands and after exposure to a range of pathophysiological insults, over time the UPR may become detrimental, thus contributing to neuroprogression. Herein, we propose that immune-inflammatory, neuro-oxidative, neuro-nitrosative, as well as mitochondrial pathways may reciprocally interact with aberrations in UPR pathways. Furthermore, ER stress may contribute to a deregulation in calcium homoeostasis. The common denominator of these pathways is a decrease in neuronal resilience, synaptic dysfunction and even cell death. This review also discusses how mechanisms related to ER stress could be explored as a source for novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive diseases. The design of randomised controlled trials testing compounds that target aberrant UPR-related pathways within the emerging framework of precision psychiatry is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, SA15 2LW, UK
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England, W12 0HS, UK.
| | - Ken Walder
- The Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
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119
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He QF, Xu Y, Li J, Huang ZM, Li XH, Wang X. CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in cancer: mechanisms and new area for cancer immunotherapy. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 18:99-106. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Li
- Nanjing Medical University
| | | | - Xiu-Hui Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University
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120
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Wu X, Witzig TE. A new tool in the cancer immunotherapy toolbox? ANNALS OF LYMPHOMA 2018; 2:2. [PMID: 34263259 PMCID: PMC8277117 DOI: 10.21037/aol.2018.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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121
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Zhang JY, Zhao YL, Lv YP, Cheng P, Chen W, Duan M, Teng YS, Wang TT, Peng LS, Mao FY, Liu YG, Fu XL, Yu PW, Luo P, Zhang WJ, Zou QM, Zhuang Y. Modulation of CD8 + memory stem T cell activity and glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition enhances anti-tumoral immunity in gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1412900. [PMID: 29632726 PMCID: PMC5889281 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1412900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential contributions of CD8+ memory stem T cells to anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy responses in gastric cancer has not been demonstrated. We found that CD8+ memory stem T cell frequencies were increased in the peripheral blood of gastric cancer patients compared to healthy donors and declined in frequency with disease progression. Despite minimal in vitro cytotoxic activity, the adoptive transfer of CD8+ memory stem T cells into Rag1-/- tumor bearing mice enhanced tumor regression compared to CD8+ central or effector memory T cell counterparts. This effect was associated with an increase in splenic, draining lymph node and tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cell numbers and the development of an altered CD8+ T cell phenotype not seen during homeostasis. GSK-3β inhibition is known to promote memory stem T cell accumulation by arresting effector T cell differentiation in vivo. Surprisingly however, GSK-3β inhibition conversely increased the cytotoxic capacity of CD8+ memory stem T cells in vitro, and this was associated with the induction of effector T cell-associated effector proteins including FasL. Finally, FasL neutralization following GSK-3β inhibition directly attenuated the anti-tumoral capacity of CD8+ memory stem T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our findings identify the therapeutic potential of modulating CD8+ memory stem T cells for improved anti-tumoral responses against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Centre of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Pin Lv
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mubin Duan
- School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yong-Sheng Teng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu-Sheng Peng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Mao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Fu
- Department of General Surgery and Centre of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Centre of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Luo
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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122
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Taylor A, Rudd CE. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inactivation Compensates for the Lack of CD28 in the Priming of CD8 + Cytotoxic T-Cells: Implications for anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1653. [PMID: 29312284 PMCID: PMC5732207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rescue of exhausted CD8+ cytolytic T-cells (CTLs) by anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 (anti-PD-1) blockade has been found to require CD28 expression. At the same time, we have shown that the inactivation of the serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β with small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) specifically down-regulates PD-1 expression for enhanced CD8+ CTL function and clearance of tumors and viral infections. Despite this, it has been unclear whether the GSK-3α/β pathway accounts for CD28 costimulation of CD8+ CTL function. In this article, we show that inactivation of GSK-3α/β through siRNA or by SMIs during priming can substitute CD28 co-stimulation in the potentiation of cytotoxic CD8+ CTL function against the EL-4 lymphoma cells expressing OVA peptide. The effect was seen using several structurally distinct GSK-3 SMIs and was accompanied by an increase in Lamp-1 and GZMB expression. Conversely, CD28 crosslinking obviated the need for GSK-3α/β inhibition in its enhancement of CTL function. Our findings support a model where GSK-3 is the central cosignal for CD28 priming of CD8+ CTLs in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Cell Signalling Section, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Immune Venture Ltd., London, United Kingdom
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123
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124
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Taylor A, Rothstein D, Rudd CE. Small-Molecule Inhibition of PD-1 Transcription Is an Effective Alternative to Antibody Blockade in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2017; 78:706-717. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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125
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Okoye IS, Houghton M, Tyrrell L, Barakat K, Elahi S. Coinhibitory Receptor Expression and Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Maintaining a Balance in CD8 + T Cell Responses to Chronic Viral Infections and Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1215. [PMID: 29033936 PMCID: PMC5626929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer and chronic viral infections, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen stimulation. This results in expression of multiple inhibitory receptors also called “immune checkpoints” by T cells. Although these inhibitory receptors under normal conditions maintain self-tolerance and prevent immunopathology, their sustained expression deteriorates T cell function: a phenomenon called exhaustion. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy involve blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed cell death 1 in order to reverse T cell exhaustion and reinvigorate immunity, which has translated to dramatic clinical remission in many cases of metastatic melanoma and lung cancer. With the paucity of therapeutic vaccines against chronic infections such as HIV, HPV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, such adjunct checkpoint blockade strategies are required including the blockade of other inhibitory receptors such as T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains, T cell Ig and mucin-domain containing-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3, and V-domain Ig-containing suppressor of T cell activation. The nature of different chronic viral infections and cancers is likely to influence the level, composition, and pattern of inhibitory receptors expressed by responding T cells. This will have implications for checkpoint antibody blockade strategies employed for treating tumors and chronic viral infections. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer insight into the role of coinhibitory receptor expression in T cell exhaustion and reveal novel antibody-blockade therapeutic targets for chronic viral infections and cancer. Understanding the mechanism of T cell exhaustion in response to chronic virus infections and cancer as well as the nature of restored T cell responses will contribute to further improvement of immune checkpoint blockade strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Okoye
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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126
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Cichocki F, Valamehr B, Bjordahl R, Zhang B, Rezner B, Rogers P, Gaidarova S, Moreno S, Tuininga K, Dougherty P, McCullar V, Howard P, Sarhan D, Taras E, Schlums H, Abbot S, Shoemaker D, Bryceson YT, Blazar BR, Wolchko S, Cooley S, Miller JS. GSK3 Inhibition Drives Maturation of NK Cells and Enhances Their Antitumor Activity. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5664-5675. [PMID: 28790065 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of human natural killer (NK) cells as defined by accumulation of cell-surface expression of CD57 is associated with increased cytotoxic character and TNF and IFNγ production upon target-cell recognition. Notably, multiple studies point to a unique role for CD57+ NK cells in cancer immunosurveillance, yet there is scant information about how they mature. In this study, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3 kinase in peripheral blood NK cells expanded ex vivo with IL15 greatly enhances CD57 upregulation and late-stage maturation. GSK3 inhibition elevated the expression of several transcription factors associated with late-stage NK-cell maturation including T-BET, ZEB2, and BLIMP-1 without affecting viability or proliferation. When exposed to human cancer cells, NK cell expanded ex vivo in the presence of a GSK3 inhibitor exhibited significantly higher production of TNF and IFNγ, elevated natural cytotoxicity, and increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In an established mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer, adoptive transfer of NK cells conditioned in the same way also displayed more robust and durable tumor control. Our findings show how GSK3 kinase inhibition can greatly enhance the mature character of NK cells most desired for effective cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5664-75. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Paul Rogers
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Katie Tuininga
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Phillip Dougherty
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Valarie McCullar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter Howard
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dhifaf Sarhan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emily Taras
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Sarah Cooley
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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127
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Delineation of an immunosuppressive gradient in hepatocellular carcinoma using high-dimensional proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5900-E5909. [PMID: 28674001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706559114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of immunotherapy as a cancer treatment has proved effective over recent years, but the precise dynamics between the tumor microenvironment (TME), nontumor microenvironment (NTME), and the systemic immune system remain elusive. Here, we interrogated these compartments in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using high-dimensional proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. By time-of-flight mass cytometry, we found that the TME was enriched in regulatory T cells (Tregs), tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRMs), resident natural killer cells (NKRs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This finding was also validated with immunofluorescence staining on Foxp3+CD4+ and PD-1+CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, Tregs and TRMs isolated from the TME expressed multiple markers for T-cell exhaustion, including PD-1, Lag-3, and Tim-3 compared with Tregs and TRMs isolated from the NTME. We found PD-1+ TRMs were the predominant T-cell subset responsive to anti-PD-1 treatment and significantly reduced in number with increasing HCC tumor progression. Furthermore, T-bet was identified as a key transcription factor, negatively correlated with PD-1 expression on memory CD8+ T cells, and the PD-1:T-bet ratio increased upon exposure to tumor antigens. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues identified a chemotactic gradient for recruitment of TAMs and NKRs via CXCR3/CXCL10 and CCR6/CCL20 pathways, respectively. Taken together, these data confirm the existence of an immunosuppressive gradient across the TME, NTME, and peripheral blood in primary HCC that manipulates the activation status of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and renders them immunocompromised against tumor cells. By understanding the immunologic composition of this gradient, more effective immunotherapeutics for HCC may be designed.
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128
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Ugolkov A, Qiang W, Bondarenko G, Procissi D, Gaisina I, James CD, Chandler J, Kozikowski A, Gunosewoyo H, O'Halloran T, Raizer J, Mazar AP. Combination Treatment with the GSK-3 Inhibitor 9-ING-41 and CCNU Cures Orthotopic Chemoresistant Glioblastoma in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:669-678. [PMID: 28672195 PMCID: PMC5496477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major challenge in the treatment of human glioblastoma (GBM). Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a positive regulator of NF-κB–mediated survival and chemoresistance of cancer cells, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in human GBM. Our objective was to determine the antitumor effect of GSK-3 inhibitor 9-ING-41 in combination with chemotherapy in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human GBM. We utilized chemoresistant PDX models of GBM, GBM6 and GBM12, to study the effect of 9-ING-41 used alone and in combination with chemotherapy on tumor progression and survival. GBM6 and GBM12 were transfected by reporter constructs to enable bioluminescence imaging, which was used to stage animals prior to treatment and to follow intracranial GBM tumor growth. Immunohistochemical staining, apoptosis assay, and immunoblotting were used to assess the expression of GSK-3β and the effects of treatment in these models. We found that 9-ING-41 significantly enhanced 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) antitumor activity in staged orthotopic GBM12 (no response to CCNU) and GBM6 (partial response to CCNU) PDX models, as indicated by a decrease in tumor bioluminescence in mouse brain and a significant increase in overall survival. Treatment with the combination of CCNU and 9-ING-41 resulted in histologically confirmed cures in these studies. Our results demonstrate that the GSK-3 inhibitor 9-ING-41, a clinical candidate currently in Investigational New Drug (IND)-enabling development, significantly enhances the efficacy of CCNU therapy for human GBM and warrants consideration for clinical evaluation in this difficult-to-treat patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Ugolkov
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 E Huron Street, Galter Suite 3-150, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wenan Qiang
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Gennadiy Bondarenko
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair Street, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Irina Gaisina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - James Chandler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan Kozikowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Thomas O'Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jeffrey Raizer
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 12-140, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Searle 8-510, Searle Medical Research Building, 320 E Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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129
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Pereira RM, Hogan PG, Rao A, Martinez GJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of T cell hyporesponsiveness. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:601-615. [PMID: 28606939 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ri0317-097r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into effector and memory cytolytic T cells (CTLs) during an acute infection. In contrast, in scenarios of persistent antigen stimulation, such as chronic infections and cancer, antigen-specific CTLs show a gradual decrease in effector function, a phenomenon that has been termed CD8+ T cell "exhaustion" or "dysfunction." Another hyporesponsive state, termed "anergy", is observed when T cells are activated in the absence of positive costimulatory signals. Among the many negative regulators induced in hyporesponsive T cells are inhibitory cell-surface receptors, such as PD-1, LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIM-3; "checkpoint blockade" therapies that involve treatment of patients with cancer with blocking antibodies to those receptors show considerable promise in the clinic because the blocking antibodies can mitigate hyporesponsiveness and promote tumor rejection. In this review, we describe recent advances in our molecular understanding of these hyporesponsive states. We review evidence for the involvement of diverse transcription factors, metabolic programs, and chromatin accessibility changes in hyporesponsive T cells, and we discuss how checkpoint blockade therapies affect the molecular program of CD8+ T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Pereira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Patrick G Hogan
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, California, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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130
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Jope RS, Cheng Y, Lowell JA, Worthen RJ, Sitbon YH, Beurel E. Stressed and Inflamed, Can GSK3 Be Blamed? Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:180-192. [PMID: 27876551 PMCID: PMC5336482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress has a pervasive influence on our lives. In many cases adapting to stress strengthens organisms, but chronic or severe stress is usually harmful. One surprising outcome of psychological stress is the activation of an inflammatory response that resembles inflammation caused by infection or trauma. Excessive psychological stress and the consequential inflammation in the brain can increase susceptibility to psychiatric diseases, such as depression, and impair learning and memory, including in some patients with cognitive deficits. An emerging target to control detrimental outcomes of stress and inflammation is glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). GSK3 promotes inflammation, partly by regulating key transcription factors in the inflammation signaling pathway, and GSK3 can impair learning by promoting inflammation and by inhibiting long-term potentiation (LTP). Drugs inhibiting GSK3 may prove beneficial for controlling mood and cognitive impairments caused by excessive stress and the associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Lowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ryan J Worthen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yoel H Sitbon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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131
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Walz A, Ugolkov A, Chandra S, Kozikowski A, Carneiro BA, O'Halloran TV, Giles FJ, Billadeau DD, Mazar AP. Molecular Pathways: Revisiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β as a Target for the Treatment of Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:1891-1897. [PMID: 28053024 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a complex regulator of numerous cellular functions. GSK-3β is a unique kinase which is constitutively active in resting and nonstimulated cells. GSK-3β has been implicated in a wide range of diseases including neurodegeneration, inflammation and fibrosis, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and cancer. It is a regulator of NF-κB-mediated survival of cancer cells, which provided a rationale for the development of GSK-3 inhibitors targeting malignant tumors. Recent studies, many of them reported over the past decade, have identified GSK-3β as a potential therapeutic target in more than 15 different types of cancer. Whereas only active GSK-3β is expressed in cancer cell nucleus, aberrant nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β has been identified as a hallmark of cancer cells in malignant tumors of different origin. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical development of GSK-3 inhibitors and the potential therapeutic impact of targeting GSK-3β in human cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1891-7. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Walz
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrey Ugolkov
- Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan Kozikowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas V O'Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis J Giles
- Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Monopar Therapeutics, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois
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132
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Jayashankar L, Hafner R. Adjunct Strategies for Tuberculosis Vaccines: Modulating Key Immune Cell Regulatory Mechanisms to Potentiate Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:577. [PMID: 28018344 PMCID: PMC5159487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat of alarming proportions, resulting in 1.5 million deaths worldwide. The only available licensed vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, does not confer lifelong protection against active TB. To date, development of an effective vaccine against TB has proven to be elusive, and devising newer approaches for improved vaccination outcomes is an essential goal. Insights gained over the last several years have revealed multiple mechanisms of immune manipulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected macrophages and dendritic cells that support disease progression and block development of protective immunity. This review provides an assessment of the known immunoregulatory mechanisms altered by Mtb, and how new interventions may reverse these effects. Examples include blocking of inhibitory immune cell coreceptor checkpoints (e.g., programed death-1). Conversely, immune mechanisms that strengthen immune cell effector functions may be enhanced by interventions, including stimulatory immune cell coreceptors (e.g., OX40). Modification of the activity of key cell “immunometabolism” signaling pathway molecules, including mechanistic target of rapamycin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, wnt/β-catenin, adenosine monophosophate-activated protein kinase, and sirtuins, related epigenetic changes, and preventing induction of immune regulatory cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) are powerful new approaches to improve vaccine responses. Interventions to favorably modulate these components have been studied primarily in oncology to induce efficient antitumor immune responses, often by potentiation of cancer vaccines. These agents include antibodies and a rapidly increasing number of small molecule drug classes that have contributed to the dramatic immune-based advances in treatment of cancer and other diseases. Because immune responses to malignancies and to Mtb share many similar mechanisms, studies to improve TB vaccine responses using interventions based on “immuno-oncology” are needed to guide possible repurposing. Understanding the regulation of immune cell functions appropriated by Mtb to promote the imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune responses may guide the development of innovative drug-based adjunct approaches to substantially enhance the clinical efficacy of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Columbus Technologies, Inc., Contractor to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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133
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Palomo V, Martinez A. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors: a patent update (2014-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:657-666. [PMID: 27828716 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1259412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates more than one hundred different sequences within proteins in a variety of different pathways. It is a key component of a remarkably large number of cellular processes and diseases. Imbalance of GSK-3 activity is involved in various prevalent pathological diseases, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Understanding its role in different disorders has been central in the last several decades and there has been a significantly large development of GSK-3 inhibitors, some of which, show promising results for the treatment of these devastating diseases. Areas covered: This review covers patent literature on GSK-3 inhibitors and their applications published and/or granted between 2014 and 2015. Expert opinion: GSK-3 inhibitors have gained a prominent role in regenerative medicine based in their ability to modulate stem cells. Moreover, some allosteric modulators of GSK-3 emerge as safe compounds for chronic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Palomo
- a Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC , Translational Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Laboratory , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- a Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC , Translational Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Laboratory , Madrid , Spain
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