101
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Steeg S, Bojanić L, Tilston G, Williams R, Jenkins DA, Carr MJ, Peek N, Ashcroft DM, Kapur N, Voorhees J, Webb RT. Temporal trends in primary care-recorded self-harm during and beyond the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: Time series analysis of electronic healthcare records for 2.8 million patients in the Greater Manchester Care Record. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101175. [PMID: 34746726 PMCID: PMC8557994 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance of temporal trends in clinically treated self-harm is an important component of suicide prevention in the dynamic context of COVID-19. There is little evidence beyond the initial months following the onset of the pandemic, despite national and regional restrictions persisting to mid-2021. METHODS Descriptive time series analysis utilizing de-identified, primary care health records of 2.8 million patients from the Greater Manchester Care Record. Frequencies of self-harm episodes between 1st January 2019 and 31st May 2021 were examined, including stratification by sex, age group, ethnicity, and index of multiple deprivation quintile. FINDINGS There were 33,444 episodes of self-harm by 13,148 individuals recorded during the study period. Frequency ratios of incident and all episodes of self-harm were 0.59 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.69) and 0.69 (CI 0.63 to 0.75) respectively in April 2020 compared to February 2020. Between August 2020 and May 2021 frequency ratios were 0.92 (CI 0.88 to 0.96) for incident episodes and 0.86 (CI 0.84 to 0.88) for all episodes compared to the same months in 2019. Reductions were largest among men and people living in the most deprived neighbourhoods, while an increase in all-episode self-harm was observed for adolescents aged 10-17. INTERPRETATION Reductions in primary care-recorded self-harm persisted to May 2021, though they were less marked than in April 2020 during the first national lockdown. The observed reductions could represent longer term reluctance to seek help from health services. Our findings have implications for the ability for services to offer recommended care for patients who have harmed themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Steeg
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lana Bojanić
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - George Tilston
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Williams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Jenkins
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Carr
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Peek
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Darren M. Ashcroft
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nav Kapur
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Voorhees
- National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roger T. Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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102
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Meltzer GY, Chang VW, Lieff SA, Grivel MM, Yang LH, Des Jarlais DC. Behavioral Correlates of COVID-19 Worry: Stigma, Knowledge, and News Source. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11436. [PMID: 34769952 PMCID: PMC8583421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-adherence to COVID-19 guidelines may be attributable to low levels of worry. This study assessed whether endorsing COVID-19-stigmatizing restrictions, COVID-19 knowledge, and preferred news source were associated with being 'very worried' versus 'not at all' or 'somewhat' worried about contracting COVID-19. Survey data were collected in July-August 2020 from N = 547 New York State (NYS) and N = 504 national Amazon MTurk workers. Respondents who endorsed COVID-19 stigmatizing restrictions (NYS OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.31, 2.92; national OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.06, 3.08) and consumed commercial news (NYS OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.21, 2.96; national OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.24, 3.00) were more likely to be very worried. National respondents who consumed The New York Times (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.00, 2.29) were more likely to be very worried, while those with little knowledge (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.13, 0.43) were less likely to be very worried. NYS (OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.77, 4.00) and national (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.95, 5.16) respondents with probable depression were also more likely to be very worried. These characteristics can help identify those requiring intervention to maximize perceived threat to COVID-19 and encourage uptake of protective behaviors while protecting psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Y. Meltzer
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (V.W.C.); (S.A.L.); (M.M.G.); (L.H.Y.)
| | - Virginia W. Chang
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (V.W.C.); (S.A.L.); (M.M.G.); (L.H.Y.)
- Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sarah A. Lieff
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (V.W.C.); (S.A.L.); (M.M.G.); (L.H.Y.)
| | - Margaux M. Grivel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (V.W.C.); (S.A.L.); (M.M.G.); (L.H.Y.)
| | - Lawrence H. Yang
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (V.W.C.); (S.A.L.); (M.M.G.); (L.H.Y.)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Don C. Des Jarlais
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
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103
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Gori A, Topino E, Caretti V. The impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on perceived stress: The role of defence mechanisms and coping strategies. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2021. [PMCID: PMC8652453 DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic represents a unique global challenge. To deter its spread, several countries have put lockdown and physical distancing measures in place that could have potentially harmful consequences on people's mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between anxiety and perceived stress in individuals who were experiencing the COVID‐19 lockdown measures, while also analyzing the impact of coping strategies interacting with defence mechanisms. A sample of 1408 individuals (Mage = 34.69; SD = 11.87) completed the Ten Item Perceived Stress Scale, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory—Form X3, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced and Forty‐Item Defense Style Questionnaire, after providing written informed consent. Results highlighted the significant impact of state anxiety levels on perceived stress, both directly and indirectly. The indirect pathways have been explored by performing three mixed serial‐parallel mediation analyses, where significant associations between coping strategies (Social Support, Avoidance Strategies, Positive Attitude, Problem‐solving and Turning to Religion) and mature, neurotic, or immature defences have been found. These findings may contribute to orientate prevention and intervention activity during the several management phases of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Firenze Italy
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences LUMSA University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caretti
- Department of Human Sciences LUMSA University of Rome Rome Italy
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104
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Giorgino R, Maggioni DM, Viganò M, Verdoni F, Pandini E, Balbino C, Manta N, D'Anchise R, Mangiavini L. Knee Pathology before and after SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An Analysis of 1139 Patients. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1311. [PMID: 34682991 PMCID: PMC8544530 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic drastically changed daily life activities and medical practice, leading to a reorganization of healthcare activities. People spent two months in home-isolation, changing their daily habits and undertaking a more sedentary lifestyle. Change in lifestyle is related to important consequences in knee pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outpatient activity for knee pathologies before and after lockdown in terms of incidence, severity, diagnosis, and treatment. METHODS Medical records of patients with knee pathology in outpatient follow-up at IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi in Milan (Italy) were analyzed in the time frame 4 May-4 September 2020 and compared with patients examined between 4 May and 4 September 2019. RESULTS A significant increase of knee diagnoses associated to patellofemoral disorders in 2020 was found (p = 0.004). In addition, physiotherapy was significantly more prescribed in 2020 than in 2019 (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic lockdown did not drastically change knee pathology, but it may have had an impact on it, highlighting a summary worsening of patellofemoral disorders associated with other knee diagnoses. Further studies are required to validate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Giorgino
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Maggioni
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Verdoni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pandini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Manta
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Mangiavini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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105
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Sing Joo G, Owen Devan DM, Shao Qi C, Patil SS. Association between depression, anxiety, stress and perceived quality of life in a Malaysian B40 urban community during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2021; 10:693. [PMID: 38455873 PMCID: PMC10918314 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51924.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In Malaysia, B40 communities are those with a median monthly household earning of under RM 3166. With the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown, the livelihoods of those in these areas has been severely impacted. This has increased their vulnerability to psychological afflictions and has led to a poorer perception of their quality of life (QoL) in comparison to the rest of the population. We investigated the association between perceived levels of depression, anxiety and stress and their impact on quality of life (QoL) among B40 residents in a low-cost urban housing area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2020 and February 2021 in the Seri Pantai housing settlement. The validated Malay versions of the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life, brief (WHOQOL-BREF) were distributed to the participants using Google forms. The statistical significance of the association between subscales of depression, anxiety, stress and QoL domains were assessed using the Pearson's correlation test. Results: Of the 180 participants, the majority were Malays (87.2%) and females (82.2%). The average scores were the highest for stress (5.66 ± 4.59) and the score in the environment domain of QoL (59.27 ± 17.23) was the lowest. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the subscales of DASS-21 and the four domains of the QoL, with the social relationships and psychological domains showing a highly significant association (p < 0.001). The strongest correlation was observed between the psychological domain and depression (r= -.520) followed by psychological domain and stress (r= -.496). Conclusion: The strongest correlation was observed between psychological domain and depression. This suggests a need to address potential devastating mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the QoL of residents in B40 communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Sing Joo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Daniel Mahalingam Owen Devan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chuah Shao Qi
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sapna Shridhar Patil
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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106
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Šuriņa S, Martinsone K, Perepjolkina V, Kolesnikova J, Vainik U, Ruža A, Vrublevska J, Smirnova D, Fountoulakis KN, Rancans E. Factors Related to COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors: A Structural Equation Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:676521. [PMID: 34290652 PMCID: PMC8288024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: While COVID-19 has rapidly spread around the world, and vaccines are not widely available to the general population, the World Health Organization outlines preventive behavior as the most effective way to limit the rapid spread of the virus. Preventive behavior is associated with a number of factors that both encourage and discourage prevention. Aim: The aim of this research was to study COVID-19 threat appraisal, fear of COVID-19, trust in COVID-19 information sources, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and the relationship of socio-demographic variables (gender, age, level of education, place of residence, and employment status) to COVID-19 preventive behavior. Methods: The data originate from a national cross-sectional online survey (N = 2,608) undertaken in July 2020. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: COVID-19 threat appraisal, trust in COVID-19 information sources, and fear of COVID-19 are all significant predictors of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Together they explain 26.7% of the variance of this variable. COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs significantly negatively predict COVID-19 threat appraisal (R 2 = 0.206) and trust in COVID-19 information sources (R 2 = 0.190). COVID-19 threat appraisal contributes significantly and directly to the explanation of the fear of COVID-19 (R 2 = 0.134). Directly, as well as mediated by COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, threat appraisal predicts trust in COVID-19 information sources (R 2 = 0.190). The relationship between COVID-19 threat appraisal and COVID-19 preventive behaviors is partially mediated by fear of COVID-19 (indirect effect 28.6%) and trust in information sources (15.8%). Socio-demographic variables add very little in prediction of COVID-19 preventive behavior. Conclusions: The study results demonstrate that COVID-19 threat appraisal is the most important factor associated with COVID-19 preventive behavior. Those Latvian residents with higher COVID-19 threat appraisal, experienced higher levels of fear of COVID-19, had more trust in COVID-19 information sources, and were more actively involved in following COVID-19 preventive behaviors. COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs negatively predict COVID-19 threat appraisal and trust in COVID-19 information sources, but not the COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Socio-demographic factors do not play an important role here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanita Šuriņa
- Department of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Rīgas Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia,*Correspondence: Sanita Šuriņa
| | - Kristine Martinsone
- Department of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Rīgas Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Jelena Kolesnikova
- Department of Health Psychology and Pedagogy, Rīgas Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Preventive Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aleksejs Ruža
- Department of Psychology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Jelena Vrublevska
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Institute of Public Health, Rīgas Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daria Smirnova
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia,Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,Mental Health Section, Research Institute, Panhellenic Medical Association, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elmars Rancans
- Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Rīgas Stradiš University, Riga, Latvia
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107
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Wang Y, Fu P, Li J, Jing Z, Wang Q, Zhao D, Zhou C. Changes in psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults: the contribution of frailty transitions and multimorbidity. Age Ageing 2021; 50:1011-1018. [PMID: 33710264 PMCID: PMC7989653 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate changes in psychological distress in community-dwelling older adults before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the contribution of frailty transitions and multimorbidity in predicting the psychological distress. METHODS Prospective repeated-measures cohort study on a sample of participants aged 60 and over. A total of 2, 785 respondents at the baseline (May 2019) were followed during the COVID-19 (August 2020). The changes in psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 were assessed using generalised estimation equations with adjusting for sex, age, education, economic status, marital status, tea drinking status, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, sedentary time, sleep quality and activities of daily living. RESULTS The psychological distress of older people has significantly increased in August 2020 compared with May 2019. Both older adults who remained frail and transitioned into frail state reported more psychological distress during the COVID-19. Similarly, both pre-existing multimorbidity and emerging multimorbidity groups were associated with more psychological distress. The group of frailty progression who reported new emerging multimorbidity showed more increase in psychological distress in comparison with those who remained in the non-frail state who reported no multimorbidity. CONCLUSION Psychological distress has increased among the community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, and sustained and progressive frail states as well as multimorbidity were all associated with a greater increase of psychological distress. These findings suggest that future public health measures should take into account the increased psychological distress among older people during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the assessment of frailty and multimorbidity might help in warning of psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peipei Fu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jie Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhengyue Jing
- Centre for Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Centre for Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chengchao Zhou
- Corresponding Author: Tel: (+86) 531 8838 1567 Fax: (+86) 531 8838 2553
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108
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Lever A, Safra L. Rethinking the Epidemiogenic Power of Modern Western Societies. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:638777. [PMID: 34150904 PMCID: PMC8213208 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.638777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lou Safra
- Sciences Po–CEVIPOF, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
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109
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Heo S, Desai MU, Lowe SR, Bell ML. Impact of Changed Use of Greenspace during COVID-19 Pandemic on Depression and Anxiety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5842. [PMID: 34072368 PMCID: PMC8197797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating consequences for health, social, and economic domains, but what has received far less focus is the effect on people's relationship to vital ecological supports, including access to greenspace. We assessed patterns of greenspace use in relation to individual and environmental factors and their relationship with experiencing psychological symptoms under the pandemic. We conducted an online survey recruiting participants from social media for adults in Korea for September-December 2020. The survey collected data on demographics, patterns of using greenspace during the pandemic, and major depression (MD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2) were applied to identify probable cases of MD and GAD. A logistic regression model assessed the association decreased visits to greenspace after the outbreak compared to 2019 and probable MD and GAD. Among the 322 survey participants, prevalence of probable MD and GAD were 19.3% and 14.9%, respectively. High rates of probable MD (23.3%) and GAD (19.4%) were found among persons currently having job-related and financial issues. Of the total participants, 64.9% reported decreased visits to greenspace after the COVID-19 outbreak. Persons with decreased visits to greenspace had 2.06 higher odds (95% CI: 0.91, 4.67, significant at p < 0.10) of probable MD at the time of the survey than persons whose visits to greenspace increased or did not change. Decreased visits to greenspace were not significantly associated with GAD (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 0.63, 3.34). Findings suggest that barriers to greenspace use could deprive people of mental health benefits and affect mental health during pandemic; an alternative explanation is that those experiencing poor mental health may be less likely to visit greenspaces during pandemic. This implies the need of adequate interventions on greenspace uses under an outbreak especially focusing on how low-income populations may be more adversely affected by a pandemic and its policy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulkee Heo
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Miraj U. Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Sarah R. Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
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110
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Okubo R, Yoshioka T, Nakaya T, Hanibuchi T, Okano H, Ikezawa S, Tsuno K, Murayama H, Tabuchi T. Urbanization level and neighborhood deprivation, not COVID-19 case numbers by residence area, are associated with severe psychological distress and new-onset suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2021; 287:89-95. [PMID: 33774320 PMCID: PMC9754685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies indicate an urgent need to take action against mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the association between larger-scale environmental factors such as living conditions and mental health problems during the pandemic is currently unknown. METHODS A nationwide, cross-sectional internet survey was conducted in Japan between August and September 2020 to examine the association between urbanization level and neighborhood deprivation as living conditions and COVID-19 case numbers by prefecture. Prevalence ratios (PRs) for severe psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and new-onset suicidal ideation during the pandemic were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Among 24,819 responses analyzed, the prevalence of mental health problems was 9.2% for severe psychological distress and 3.6% for new-onset suicidal ideation. PRs for severe psychological distress were significantly associated with higher urbanization level (highest PR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08-1.56). PRs for new-onset suicidal ideation were significantly associated with higher urbanization level (highest PR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.37-2.45) and greater neighborhood deprivation (highest PR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.06-1.72). Severe psychological distress and new-onset suicidal ideation were significantly more prevalent when there was higher urbanization plus lower neighborhood deprivation (PR = 1.34 [1.15-1.56], and 1.57 [1.22-2.03], respectively). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that it is not the number of COVID-19 cases by residence area but higher urbanization level and greater neighborhood deprivation (lower neighborhood-level socioeconomic status) that are associated with severe psychological distress and new-onset suicidal ideation during the pandemic. These findings differ in part from evidence obtained before the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okubo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yoshioka
- Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence (CiRC2LE), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakaya
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hanibuchi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okano
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ikezawa
- Endowed Institute for Empowering Gifted Minds, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murayama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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111
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Knolle F, Ronan L, Murray GK. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a comparison between Germany and the UK. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 33892807 PMCID: PMC8064888 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has led to dramatic social and economic changes in daily life. First studies report an impact on mental health of the general population showing increased levels of anxiety, stress and depression. In this study, we compared the impact of the pandemic on two culturally and economically similar European countries: the UK and Germany. METHODS Participants (UK = 241, German = 541) completed an online-survey assessing COVID-19 exposure, impact on financial situation and work, substance and media consumption, mental health using the Symptom-Check-List-27 (SCL-27) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. RESULTS We found distinct differences between the two countries. UK responders reported a stronger direct impact on health, financial situation and families. UK responders had higher clinical scores on the SCL-27, and higher prevalence. Interestingly, German responders were less hopeful for an end of the pandemic and more concerned about their life-stability. CONCLUSION As 25% of both German and UK responders reported a subjective worsening of the general psychological symptoms and 20-50% of German and UK responders reached the clinical cut-off for depressive and dysthymic symptoms as well as anxieties, it specifically shows the need for tailored intervention systems to support large proportions of the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Knolle
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Ronan
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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112
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Khosravani V, Samimi Ardestani SM, Sharifi Bastan F, McKay D, Asmundson GJG. The associations of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions and general severity with suicidal ideation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: The role of specific stress responses to COVID-19. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:1391-1402. [PMID: 33881790 PMCID: PMC8250844 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal ideation is prevalent in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD); but, during COVID‐19, it may be increased. The present study aimed to examine the effects of obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptom dimensions and OCD severity on suicidal ideation by considering the role of stress responses in reaction to COVID‐19 in a clinical sample of patients with OCD. In a cross‐sectional study, 304 patients with OCD completed measures of OC symptom dimensions, OCD severity, general mental health (depression and anxiety), and COVID‐19‐related stress. Results showed that after controlling for depression, anxiety, comorbidity, and lifetime suicide attempts, the OC symptom dimensions of responsibility for harm and unacceptable obsessional thoughts as well as general severity had indirect effects on suicidal ideation through the specific stress responses to COVID‐19, including traumatic stress and compulsive checking. The study shows that OCD patients with specific OC symptom dimensions and severe OCD are more likely to have suicidal ideation during the pandemic. Further, the specific stress responses to COVID‐19 may be an underlying mechanism. Clinicians should carefully assess suicidal ideation in patients with OCD who experience responsibility for harm and unacceptable thoughts, particularly during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Khosravani
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Dean McKay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, USA
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113
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Wilke J, Hollander K, Mohr L, Edouard P, Fossati C, González-Gross M, Sánchez Ramírez C, Laiño F, Tan B, Pillay JD, Pigozzi F, Jimenez-Pavon D, Sattler MC, Jaunig J, Zhang M, van Poppel M, Heidt C, Willwacher S, Vogt L, Verhagen E, Hespanhol L, Tenforde AS. Drastic Reductions in Mental Well-Being Observed Globally During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From the ASAP Survey. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:578959. [PMID: 33842492 PMCID: PMC8032868 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.578959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic have repeatedly restricted public life to control the contagion. However, the health impact of confinement measures is hitherto unclear. We performed a multinational survey investigating changes in mental and physical well-being (MWB/PWB) during the first wave of the pandemic. A total of 14,975 individuals from 14 countries provided valid responses. Compared to pre-restrictions, MWB, as measured by the WHO-5 questionnaire, decreased considerably during restrictions (68.1 ± 16.9 to 51.9 ± 21.0 points). Whereas 14.2% of the participants met the cutoff for depression screening pre-restrictions, this share tripled to 45.2% during restrictions. Factors associated with clinically relevant decreases in MWB were female sex (odds ratio/OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.11-1.29), high physical activity levels pre-restrictions (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.42), decreased vigorous physical activity during restrictions (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05-1.23), and working (partially) outside the home vs. working remotely (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.16-1.44/OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.23-1.47). Reductions, although smaller, were also seen for PWB. Scores in the SF-36 bodily pain subscale decreased from 85.8 ± 18.7% pre-restrictions to 81.3 ± 21.9% during restrictions. Clinically relevant decrements of PWB were associated with female sex (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.50-1.75), high levels of public life restrictions (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.18-1.36), and young age (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19). Study findings suggest lockdowns instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic may have had substantial adverse public health effects. The development of interventions mitigating losses in MWB and PWB is, thus, paramount when preparing for forthcoming waves of COVID-19 or future public life restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Mohr
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unity, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Exercise is Medicine Spain, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Sánchez Ramírez
- School of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Laiño
- Fundación Instituto Superior de Ciencias de la Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benedict Tan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian David Pillay
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - David Jimenez-Pavon
- Exercise is Medicine Spain, Madrid, Spain
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Matteo C. Sattler
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Jaunig
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mandy Zhang
- Department of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mireille van Poppel
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heidt
- Department of Orthopedics, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers—Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luiz Hespanhol
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers—Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam S. Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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From Recession to Depression? Prevalence and Correlates of Depression, Anxiety, Traumatic Stress and Burnout in Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052390. [PMID: 33804505 PMCID: PMC7967750 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to adversely affect the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs). The public healthcare system in Greece was already facing serious challenges at the outset of the outbreak following years of austerity and an escalating refugee crisis. This multi-center, cross-sectional study aims to assess the levels and associated risk factors of anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and burnout of frontline staff in Greece. A total of 464 self-selected HCWs in six reference hospitals completed a questionnaire comprising sociodemographic and work-related information and validated psychometric scales. The proportion of HCWs with symptoms of moderate/severe depression, anxiety and traumatic stress were 30%, 25% and 33%, respectively. Burnout levels were particularly high with 65% of respondents scoring moderate/severe in emotional exhaustion, 92% severe in depersonalization and 51% low/moderate in personal accomplishment. Predictive factors of adverse psychological outcomes included fear, perceived stress, risk of infection, lack of protective equipment and low social support. The psychological burden associated with COVID-19 in healthcare professionals in Greece is considerable, with more than half experiencing at least mild mental health difficulties. Findings signal the need for immediate organizational and individually tailored interventions to enhance resilience and support wellbeing under pandemic conditions.
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115
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Dermitzakis I, Evangelidis N, Evangelidis P, Anestis A. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Greece in September 2020: a cross-sectional web-based survey. Hippokratia 2021; 25:15-21. [PMID: 35221651 PMCID: PMC8877924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreasing the transmission rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is related to people's knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards the novel coronavirus. Our study investigated the above factors aiming at pandemic's successful management. METHODS A web-based survey was conducted among the general Greek population from 11th September to 7th October 2020 after institutional ethics approval, using a non-probability, convenience sampling method. The survey consisted of socio-demographic, knowledge, attitude, and perception questions towards coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Statistical analyses conducted were appropriate according to the type of variable and the research question. RESULTS We collected a total of 9,309 questionnaires with a completeness rate estimated at 98.3 %. The median knowledge score regarding COVID-19 was 72.7 %, exhibiting variation depending on socio-demographic subgroups. Individuals were better informed about coronavirus modes of transmission (86.4 %). The acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among the general population was 25.9 %, while 43 % of participants remained undecided about being vaccinated. A significant part of the respondents experienced a health issue for which they had to visit a hospital, but they did not do so due to the fear of possible infection by SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a moderately high level of knowledge in the Greek population towards COVID-19 at the study time. Educational programs, health actions, and vaccination campaigns are essential for filling knowledge gaps in particular demographic groups, such as the low educated and over 65 years old people. Interventions may be needed for the National Healthcare System to recover citizens' confidence. Measures strengthening individual wellbeing and social solidarity during the pandemic should also be of high priority. HIPPOKRATIA 2021, 25 (1):15-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dermitzakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Evangelidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Evangelidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Anestis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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116
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Larsen EM, Donaldson KR, Liew M, Mohanty A. Conspiratorial Thinking During COVID-19: The Roles of Paranoia, Delusion-Proneness, and Intolerance of Uncertainty. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:698147. [PMID: 34483993 PMCID: PMC8416269 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.698147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic has left many feeling a sense of profound uncertainty about their world, safety, and livelihood. Sources espousing misinformation and conspiracy theories frequently offer information that can help make sense of this uncertainty. Individuals high in intolerance of uncertainty (IU) may be particularly impacted by the impoverished epistemic environment and may thus be more drawn to conspiratorial thinking (CT). In the present work, we show across 2 studies (N = 519) that COVID-19-specific CT is associated with higher levels of IU as well as delusion-proneness, and paranoia. Furthermore, delusion-proneness and paranoia explained the relationship between IU and CT and emerged as independent partial correlates of CT even when controlling for other facets of schizotypy. In contrast, anxiety did not explain the relationship between IU and CT. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of individual differences in IU, delusion-proneness and paranoia in the development of CT in the context of the acute uncertainty of a global crisis, in which conspiracy theories are more prevalent and salient. Informational intervention designs may benefit from leveraging the body of work demonstrating the efficacy of targeting IU to incite meaningful changes in thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett M Larsen
- Neuroscience of Emotion, Cognition, and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Kayla R Donaldson
- Neuroscience of Emotion, Cognition, and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Megan Liew
- Neuroscience of Emotion, Cognition, and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Aprajita Mohanty
- Neuroscience of Emotion, Cognition, and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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