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Zhang X, Bai L, Zhang S, Zhou X, Li Y, Bai J. Trx-1 ameliorates learning and memory deficits in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:380-387. [PMID: 29960099 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), characteristic motor symptoms and cognitive impairment. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a redox protein and protects neurons from various injuries. Our previous study has shown that Trx-1 overexpression attenuates movement disorder in PD. However, whether Trx-1 ameliorates cognitive deficits in PD is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Trx-1 on learning and memory in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model in mice. We demonstrated that deficits in learning and memory were induced by MPTP in mice through the elevated plus-maze test. We found that the retention transfer latency time was shorten, escape latency was decreased and the number of platform crossings was increased in the Morris water maze (MWM) in Trx-1 transgenic (TG) mice when compared with wild type mice. The expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) were decreased by MPTP, which were restored in Trx-1 TG mice. The expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (NR2B), the levels of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus were decreased by MPTP, which were reversed in Trx-1 TG mice. These results suggest that Trx-1 ameliorates learning and memory deficits in MPTP-induced PD model in mice via modulating the D1R and the NMDAR-ERK1/2-CREB pathway. Trx-1 may be a therapy target for learning and memory deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Se Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Sakakibara Y, Sekiya M, Saito T, Saido TC, Iijima KM. Cognitive and emotional alterations in App knock-in mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:46. [PMID: 30055565 PMCID: PMC6064053 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by the progressive deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles. Mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis generated by knock-in (KI) of a humanized Aβ sequence provide distinct advantages over traditional transgenic models that rely on overexpression of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In App-KI mice, three familial AD-associated mutations were introduced into the endogenous mouse App locus to recapitulate Aβ pathology observed in AD: the Swedish (NL) mutation, which elevates total Aβ production; the Beyreuther/Iberian (F) mutation, which increases the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio; and the Arctic (G) mutation, which promotes Aβ aggregation. AppNL-G-F mice harbor all three mutations and develop progressive Aβ amyloidosis and neuroinflammatory response in broader brain areas, whereas AppNL mice carrying only the Swedish mutation exhibit no overt AD-related pathological changes. To identify behavioral alterations associated with Aβ pathology, we assessed emotional and cognitive domains of AppNL-G-F and AppNL mice at different time points, using the elevated plus maze, contextual fear conditioning, and Barnes maze tasks. Results Assessments of emotional domains revealed that, in comparison with wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice, AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibited anxiolytic-like behavior that was detectable from 6 months of age. By contrast, AppNL/NL mice exhibited anxiogenic-like behavior from 15 months of age. In the contextual fear conditioning task, both AppNL/NL and AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibited intact learning and memory up to 15–18 months of age, whereas AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibited hyper-reactivity to painful stimuli. In the Barnes maze task, AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibited a subtle decline in spatial learning ability at 8 months of age, but retained normal memory functions. Conclusion AppNL/NL and AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice exhibit behavioral changes associated with non-cognitive, emotional domains before the onset of definitive cognitive deficits. Our observations consistently indicate that AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice represent a model for preclinical AD. These mice are useful for the study of AD prevention rather than treatment after neurodegeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-018-0446-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Sakakibara
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Michiko Sekiya
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Koichi M Iijima
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan. .,Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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103
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Semple BD, Zamani A, Rayner G, Shultz SR, Jones NC. Affective, neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders associated with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:27-41. [PMID: 30059725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often develop chronic neurological, neurocognitive, psychological, and psychosocial deficits that can have a profound impact on an individual's wellbeing and quality of life. TBI is also a common cause of acquired epilepsy, which is itself associated with significant behavioral morbidity. This review considers the clinical and preclinical evidence that post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) acts as a 'second-hit' insult to worsen chronic behavioral outcomes for brain-injured patients, across the domains of emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Surprisingly, few well-designed studies have specifically examined the relationship between seizures and behavioral outcomes after TBI. The complex mechanisms underlying these comorbidities remain incompletely understood, although many of the biological processes that precipitate seizure occurrence and epileptogenesis may also contribute to the development of chronic behavioral deficits. Further, the relationship between PTE and behavioral dysfunction is increasingly recognized to be a bidirectional one, whereby premorbid conditions are a risk factor for PTE. Clinical studies in this arena are often challenged by the confounding effects of anti-seizure medications, while preclinical studies have rarely examined an adequately extended time course to fully capture the time course of epilepsy development after a TBI. To drive the field forward towards improved treatment strategies, it is imperative that both seizures and neurobehavioral outcomes are assessed in parallel after TBI, both in patient populations and preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Genevieve Rayner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Alfred Health, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Small litter size impairs spatial memory and increases anxiety- like behavior in a strain-dependent manner in male mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11281. [PMID: 30050150 PMCID: PMC6062575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life overfeeding is associated with cognitive decline and anxiety-like behaviors in later life. It is not clear whether there are individual differences in the effects of early life overfeeding and what the underlying mechanistic pathways are. We investigated the long-lasting effects of small litter size, an experimental manipulation to induce neonatal overfeeding, in two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and NMRI. We measured body weight, learning and memory, anxiety-related behaviors, interleukin-(IL)-1β and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus, and both basal and stress corticosterone levels in adult mice which have been nursed in small litters compared with those from control litters. Our findings showed that small litter size led to increased body weight in both strains of mice. Small litter size significantly decreased spatial memory and hippocampal BDNF levels, and increased hippocampal IL-1β, in NMRI mice, but not C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, we found that small litter size resulted in a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors and stress-induced corticosterone in NMRI mice, whereas small litter size reduced anxiety-like symptoms and stress-induced corticosterone levels in C57BL/6 mice. These data show that small litter size, which is life-long associated with increased body weight, affects memory and anxiety-related behaviors in a strain-dependent manner in male mice. This suggests that there are individual differences in the developmental consequences of early life overfeeding.
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105
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Huber CM, Yee C, May T, Dhanala A, Mitchell CS. Cognitive Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid-Beta versus Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:265-281. [PMID: 29154274 PMCID: PMC5734131 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We perform a large-scale meta-analysis of 51 peer-reviewed 3xTg-AD mouse publications to compare Alzheimer’s disease (AD) quantitative clinical outcome measures, including amyloid-β (Aβ), total tau, and phosphorylated tau (pTau), with cognitive performance in Morris water maze (MWM) and Novel Object Recognition (NOR). “High” levels of Aβ (Aβ40, Aβ42) showed significant but weak trends with cognitive decline (MWM: slope = 0.336, R2 = 0.149, n = 259, p < 0.001; NOR: slope = 0.156, R2 = 0.064, n = 116, p < 0.05); only soluble Aβ or directly measured Aβ meaningfully contribute. Tau expression in 3xTg-AD mice was within 10–20% of wild type and not associated with cognitive decline. In contrast, increased pTau is directly and significantly correlated with cognitive decline in MWM (slope = 0.408, R2 = 0.275, n = 371, p < < 0.01) and NOR (slope = 0.319, R2 = 0.176, n = 113, p < 0.05). While a variety of pTau epitopes (AT8, AT270, AT180, PHF-1) were examined, AT8 correlated most strongly with cognition (slope = 0.586, R2 = 0.521, n = 185, p < < 0.001). Multiple linear regression confirmed pTau is a stronger predictor of MWM performance than Aβ. Despite pTau’s lower physical concentration than Aβ, pTau levels more directly and quantitatively correlate with 3xTg-AD cognitive decline. pTau’s contribution to neurofibrillary tangles well after Aβ levels plateau makes pTau a viable treatment target even in late-stage clinical AD. Principal component analysis, which included hyperphosphorylation induced by kinases (pGSK3β, GSK3β, CDK5), identified phosphorylated ser9 GSK3β as the primary contributor to MWM variance. In summary, meta-analysis of cognitive decline in preclinical AD finds tauopathy more impactful than Aβ. Nonetheless, complex AD interactions dictate successful therapeutics harness synergy between Aβ and pTau, possibly through the GSK3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Huber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Connor Yee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taylor May
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Apoorva Dhanala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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106
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Becerril-Villanueva E, Ponce-Regalado MD, Pérez-Sánchez G, Salazar-Juárez A, Arreola R, Álvarez-Sánchez ME, Juárez-Ortega M, Falfán-Valencia R, Hernández-Pando R, Morales-Montor J, Pavón L, Rojas-Espinosa O. Chronic infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium induces alterations in the hippocampus associated with memory loss. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9063. [PMID: 29899533 PMCID: PMC5998074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM), is a chronic disease that closely resembles human leprosy. Even though this disease does not directly involve the nervous system, we investigated a possible effect on working memory during this chronic infection in Balb/c mice. We evaluated alterations in the dorsal region of the hippocampus and measured peripheral levels of cytokines at 40, 80, and 120 days post-infection. To evaluate working memory, we used the T-maze while a morphometric analysis was conducted in the hippocampus regions CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) to measure morphological changes. In addition, a neurochemical analysis was performed by HPLC. Our results show that, at 40 days post-infection, there was an increase in the bacillary load in the liver and spleen associated to increased levels of IL-4, working memory deterioration, and changes in hippocampal morphology, including degeneration in the four subregions analyzed. Also, we found a decrease in neurotransmitter levels at the same time of infection. Although MLM does not directly infect the nervous system, these findings suggest a possible functional link between the immune system and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Dolores Ponce-Regalado
- Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Branch Clinical Research. Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico
| | - Mario Juárez-Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Pathology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dominguez Seccion XVI, 14080, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas AP 70228, México, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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107
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Dunn EN, Ferrara-Bowens TM, Chachich ME, Honnold CL, Rothwell CC, Hoard-Fruchey HM, Lesyna CA, Johnson EA, Cerasoli DM, McDonough JH, Cadieux CL. Evaluating mice lacking serum carboxylesterase as a behavioral model for nerve agent intoxication. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:563-572. [PMID: 29768075 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1476637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mice and other rodents are typically utilized for chemical warfare nerve agent research. Rodents have large amounts of carboxylesterase in their blood, while humans do not. Carboxylesterase nonspecifically binds to and detoxifies nerve agent. The presence of this natural bioscavenger makes mice and other rodents poor models for studies identifying therapeutics to treat humans exposed to nerve agents. To obviate this problem, a serum carboxylesterase knockout (Es1 KO) mouse was created. In this study, Es1 KO and wild type (WT) mice were assessed for differences in gene expression, nerve agent (soman; GD) median lethal dose (MLD) values, and behavior prior to and following nerve agent exposure. No expression differences were detected between Es1 KO and WT mice in more than 34 000 mouse genes tested. There was a significant difference between Es1 KO and WT mice in MLD values, as the MLD for GD-exposed WT mice was significantly higher than the MLD for GD-exposed Es1 KO mice. Behavioral assessments of Es1 KO and WT mice included an open field test, a zero maze, a Barnes maze, and a sucrose preference test (SPT). While sex differences were observed in various measures of these tests, overall, Es1 KO mice behaved similarly to WT mice. The two genotypes also showed virtually identical neuropathological changes following GD exposure. Es1 KO mice appear to have an enhanced susceptibility to GD toxicity while retaining all other behavioral and physiological responses to this nerve agent, making the Es1 KO mouse a more human-like model for nerve agent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Dunn
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Teresa M Ferrara-Bowens
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Mark E Chachich
- b Department of Psychology , Towson University , Towson , MD , USA
| | - Cary L Honnold
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Cristin C Rothwell
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Heidi M Hoard-Fruchey
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Catherine A Lesyna
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Erik A Johnson
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Douglas M Cerasoli
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - John H McDonough
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - C Linn Cadieux
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
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108
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Chemogenetic Activation of Prefrontal Cortex Rescues Synaptic and Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of 16p11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5939-5948. [PMID: 29853627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0149-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdeletion of the human 16p11.2 gene locus has been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability and confers risk for a number of other neurodevelopmental deficits. Transgenic mice carrying 16p11.2 deletion (16p11+/-) display phenotypes reminiscent of those in human patients with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome, but the molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies for these phenotypes remain unknown. In this study, we have found that both male and female 16p11+/- mice exhibit deficient NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region critical for high-level "executive" functions. Elevating the activity of mPFC pyramidal neurons with a CaMKII-driven Gq-DREADD (Gq-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) led to the significant increase of NR2B subunit phosphorylation and the restoration of NMDAR function, as well as the amelioration of cognitive and social impairments in 16p11+/- mice. These results suggest that NMDAR hypofunction in PFC may contribute to the pathophysiology of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome and that restoring PFC activity is sufficient to rescue the behavioral deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The 16p11.2 deletion syndrome is strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Using a mouse model carrying the 16p11.2 deletion, 16p11+/-, we identified NMDA receptor hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Elevating the activity of PFC pyramidal neurons with a chemogenetic tool, Gq-DREADD, led to the restoration of NMDA receptor function and the amelioration of cognitive and social impairments in 16p11+/- mice. These results have revealed a novel route for potential therapeutic intervention of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome.
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109
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Satrom KM, Ennis K, Sweis BM, Matveeva TM, Chen J, Hanson L, Maheshwari A, Rao R. Neonatal hyperglycemia induces CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling and microglial activation and impairs long-term synaptogenesis in the hippocampus and alters behavior in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:82. [PMID: 29544513 PMCID: PMC5856387 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia is common in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGAN) and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, including abnormal neurodevelopment. Hippocampus-mediated cognitive deficits are common in this population, but the specific effects of hyperglycemia on the developing hippocampus are not known. METHODS The objective of this study was to determine the acute and long-term effects of hyperglycemia on the developing hippocampus in neonatal rats using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of hyperglycemia. STZ was injected on postnatal day (P) 2, and littermates in the control group were injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. The acute effects of hyperglycemia on markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, microglial activation, and reactive astrocytosis in the hippocampus were determined in the brain tissue collected on P6. The long-term effects on hippocampus-mediated behavior and hippocampal dendrite structure were determined on P90. RESULTS On P6, the transcript and protein expression of markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, including the CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway, were upregulated in the hyperglycemia group. Histological evaluation revealed microglial activation and astrocytosis. The long-term assessment on P90 demonstrated abnormal performance in Barnes maze neurobehavioral testing and altered dendrite structure in the hippocampus of formerly hyperglycemic rats. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal hyperglycemia induces CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling, microglial activation, and astrocytosis in the rat hippocampus and alters long-term synaptogenesis and behavior. These results may explain the hippocampus-specific cognitive deficits common in ELGAN who experience neonatal hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Satrom
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, PWB 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Kathleen Ennis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, PWB 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brian M Sweis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tatyana M Matveeva
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Elliot Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, PWB 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Leif Hanson
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, PWB 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of South Florida, Tampa General Cir, Suite HMT 450.19, Tampa, Florida, 33606, USA
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, PWB 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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ATP6AP2 over-expression causes morphological alterations in the hippocampus and in hippocampus-related behaviour. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2287-2302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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111
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Sangüesa G, Cascales M, Griñán C, Sánchez RM, Roglans N, Pallàs M, Laguna JC, Alegret M. Impairment of Novel Object Recognition Memory and Brain Insulin Signaling in Fructose- but Not Glucose-Drinking Female Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6984-6999. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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112
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Wu CYC, Lerner FM, Couto E Silva A, Possoit HE, Hsieh TH, Neumann JT, Minagar A, Lin HW, Lee RHC. Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest. J Vis Exp 2018:56694. [PMID: 29364254 PMCID: PMC5908446 DOI: 10.3791/56694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor locomotion after surgery. For example, rats who undergo surgical procedures and are subjected to the Morris water maze may not be able to swim, thus voiding the experiment. New Method: We established a modified behavioral spontaneous alternation T-maze test. The major advantage of the modified T-maze protocol is its relatively simple design that is powerful enough to assess functional learning/memory after ischemia. Additionally, the data analysis is simple and straightforward. We used the T-maze to determine the rats' learning/memory deficits both in the presence or absence of mild to moderate (6 min) asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA). Rats have a natural tendency for exploration and will explore the alternate arms in the T-maze, whereas hippocampal-lesioned rats tend to adopt a side-preference resulting in decreased spontaneous alternation ratios, revealing the hippocampal-related functional learning/memory in the presence or absence of ACA. RESULTS ACA groups have higher side-preference ratios and lower alternations as compared to control. Comparison with Existing Method(s): The Morris water and Barnes maze are more prominent for assessing learning/memory function. However, the Morris water maze is more stressful than other mazes. The Barnes maze is widely used to measure reference (long-term) memory, while ACA-induced neurocognitive deficits are more closely related to working (short-term) memory. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a simple, yet effective strategy to delineate working (short-term) memory via the T-maze in our global cerebral ischemia model (ACA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Y C Wu
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Francesca M Lerner
- Department of Neurology, Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Alexandre Couto E Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Harlee E Possoit
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Jake T Neumann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Hung Wen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Reggie H C Lee
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center;
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Ferrara-Bowens TM, Chandler JK, Guignet MA, Irwin JF, Laitipaya K, Palmer DD, Shumway LJ, Tucker LB, McCabe JT, Wegner MD, Johnson EA. Neuropathological and behavioral sequelae in IL-1R1 and IL-1Ra gene knockout mice after soman (GD) exposure. Neurotoxicology 2017; 63:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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114
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Wimmer ME, Briand LA, Fant B, Guercio LA, Arreola AC, Schmidt HD, Sidoli S, Han Y, Garcia BA, Pierce RC. Paternal cocaine taking elicits epigenetic remodeling and memory deficits in male progeny. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1641-1650. [PMID: 28220045 PMCID: PMC5568460 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paternal environmental perturbations including exposure to drugs of abuse can produce profound effects on the physiology and behavior of offspring via epigenetic modifications. Here we show that adult drug-naive male offspring of cocaine-exposed sires have memory formation deficits and associated reductions in NMDA receptor-mediated hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Reduced levels of the endogenous NMDA receptor co-agonist d-serine were accompanied by increased expression of the d-serine degrading enzyme d-amino acid oxidase (Dao1) in the hippocampus of cocaine-sired male progeny. Increased Dao1 transcription was associated with enrichment of permissive epigenetic marks on histone proteins in the hippocampus of male cocaine-sired progeny, some of which were enhanced near the Dao1 locus. Finally, hippocampal administration of d-serine reversed both the memory formation and synaptic plasticity deficits. Collectively, these results demonstrate that paternal cocaine exposure produces epigenetic remodeling in the hippocampus leading to NMDA receptor-dependent memory formation and synaptic plasticity impairments only in male progeny, which has significant implications for the male descendants of chronic cocaine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- ME Wimmer
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - LA Briand
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Fant
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - LA Guercio
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - AC Arreola
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - HD Schmidt
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Sidoli
- Epigenetic Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Han
- Epigenetic Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - BA Garcia
- Epigenetic Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - RC Pierce
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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115
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Advances toward multifunctional cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1835-1854. [PMID: 28925729 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a multitarget design approach in the development of new potential anti-Alzheimer's disease agents has resulted in the discovery of many multifunctional compounds focusing on various targets. Among them the largest group comprises inhibitors of both cholinesterases, with additional anti-β-amyloid aggregation activity. This review describes recent advances in this research area and presents the most interesting compounds reported over a 2-year span (2015-2016). The majority of hybrids possess heterodimeric structures obtained by linking structurally active fragments interacting with different targets. Multipotent cholinesterase inhibitors with β-amyloid antiaggregating activity may additionally possess antioxidative, neuroprotective or metal-chelating properties or less common features such as anti-β-secretase or τ-antiaggregation activity.
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116
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Schilling J, Kassan A, Mandyam C, Pearn M, Voong A, Grogman G, Risbrough V, Niesman I, Patel H, Patel P, Head B. Inhibition of p75 neurotrophin receptor does not rescue cognitive impairment in adulthood after isoflurane exposure in neonatal mice. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:465-471. [PMID: 28969308 PMCID: PMC6172965 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflurane is widely used for anaesthesia in humans. Isoflurane exposure of rodents prior to post-natal day 7 (PND7) leads to widespread neurodegeneration in laboratory animals. Previous data from our laboratory suggest an attenuation of apoptosis with the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) inhibitor TAT-Pep5. We hypothesized that isoflurane toxicity leads to behavioural and cognitive abnormalities and can be rescued with pre-anaesthesia administration of TAT-Pep5. METHODS Neonatal mouse pups were pretreated with either TAT-Pep5 (25 μl, 10 μM i.p.) or a scrambled control peptide (TAT-ctrl; 25 μl, 10 μM i.p.) prior to isoflurane exposure (1.4%; 4 h) or control ( n = 15-26/group). Three to 5 months after exposure, behavioural testing and endpoint assays [brain volume (stereology) and immunoblotting] were performed. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in open field, T-maze, balance beam or wire-hanging testing. The Barnes maze revealed a significant effect of isoflurane ( P = 0.019) in errors to find the escape tunnel during the day 5 probe trial, a finding indicative of impaired short-term spatial memory. No difference was found for brain volumes or protein expression. TAT-Pep5 treatment did not reverse the effects of isoflurane on neurocognitive behaviour. CONCLUSION A single isoflurane exposure to early post-natal mice caused a hippocampal-dependent memory deficit that was not prevented by pre-administration of TAT-Pep5, although TAT-Pep5, an inhibitor of p75NTR, has been shown to reduce isoflurane-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that neuronal apoptosis is not requisite for the development of cognitive deficits in the adults attendant with neonatal anaesthetic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Schilling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - A. Kassan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - C. Mandyam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M.L. Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - A. Voong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - G.G. Grogman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - V.B. Risbrough
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - I.R. Niesman
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine—Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H.H. Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - P.M. Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - B.P. Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Inhibition of 12/15 LOX ameliorates cognitive and cholinergic dysfunction in mouse model of hypobaric hypoxia via. attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Neuroscience 2017; 359:308-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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118
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Sarubbo F, Ramis MR, Kienzer C, Aparicio S, Esteban S, Miralles A, Moranta D. Chronic Silymarin, Quercetin and Naringenin Treatments Increase Monoamines Synthesis and Hippocampal Sirt1 Levels Improving Cognition in Aged Rats. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:24-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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119
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François JC, Aïd S, Chaker Z, Lacube P, Xu J, Fayad R, Côté F, Even P, Holzenberger M. Disrupting IGF Signaling in Adult Mice Conditions Leanness, Resilient Energy Metabolism, and High Growth Hormone Pulses. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2269-2283. [PMID: 28881863 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulinlike growth factor (IGF) promote aging and age-related pathologies. Inhibiting this pathway by targeting IGF receptor (IGF-1R) is a promising strategy to extend life span, alleviate age-related diseases, and reduce tumor growth. Although anti-IGF-1R agents are being developed, long-term effects of IGF-1R blockade remain unknown. In this study, we used ubiquitous inducible IGF-1R knockout (UBIKOR) to suppress signaling in all adult tissues and screened health extensively. Surprisingly, UBIKOR mice showed no overt defects and presented with rather inconspicuous health, including normal cognition. Endocrine GH and IGF-1 were strongly upregulated without causing acromegaly. UBIKOR mice were strikingly lean with coordinate changes in body composition and organ size. They were insulin resistant but preserved physiological energy expenditure and displayed enhanced fasting metabolic flexibility. Thus, long-term IGF-1R blockade generated beneficial effects on aging-relevant metabolism, but exposed to high GH. This needs to be considered when targeting IGF-1R to protect from neurodegeneration, retard aging, or fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Aïd
- INSERM Research Center Unité 938, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zayna Chaker
- INSERM Research Center Unité 938, 75012 Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Jie Xu
- INSERM Research Center Unité 938, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Racha Fayad
- INSERM Research Center Unité 938, 75012 Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Francine Côté
- Institut Imagine INSERM Unité 1163/CNRS Equipe 8254, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Even
- AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior Unité 914, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM Research Center Unité 938, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
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120
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Basu A, McFarlane HG, Kopchick JJ. Spatial learning and memory in male mice with altered growth hormone action. Horm Behav 2017; 93:18-30. [PMID: 28389277 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has a significant influence on cognitive performance in humans and other mammals. To understand the influence of altered GH action on cognition, we assessed spatial learning and memory using a Barnes maze (BM) comparing twelve-month old, male, bovine GH (bGH) and GH receptor antagonist (GHA) transgenic mice and their corresponding wild type (WT) littermates. During the acquisition training period in the BM, bGH mice showed increased latency, traveled longer path lengths and made more errors to reach the target than WT mice, indicating significantly poorer learning. Short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) trials showed significantly suppressed memory retention in bGH mice when compared to the WT group. Conversely, GHA mice showed significantly better learning parameters (latency, path length and errors) and increased use of an efficient search strategy than WT mice. Our study indicates a negative impact of GH excess and a beneficial effect of the inhibition of GH action on spatial learning and memory and, therefore, cognitive performance in male mice. Further research to elucidate GH's role in brain function will facilitate identifying therapeutic applications of GH or GHA for neuropathological and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Edison Biotechnology Insitute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
| | | | - John J Kopchick
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
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121
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Havolli E, Hill MD, Godley A, Goetghebeur PJ. Spatial recognition test: A novel cognition task for assessing topographical memory in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:653-659. [PMID: 28514890 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117704987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in topographical memory is a core feature of several neurological disorders. There is a large unmet medical need to address learning and memory deficits as a whole in central nervous system disease. There are considerable efforts to identify pro-cognitive compounds but current methods are either lengthy or labour intensive. Our test used a two chamber apparatus and is based on the preference of rodents to explore novel environments. It was used firstly to assess topographical memory in mice at different retention intervals (RI) and secondly to investigate the effect of three drugs reported to be beneficial for cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease, namely: donepezil, memantine and levetiracetam. Animals show good memory performance at all RIs tested under four hours. At the four-hour RI, animals show a significantly poorer memory performance which can be rescued using donepezil, memantine and levetiracetam. Using this test we established and validated a spatial recognition paradigm to address topographical memory in mice by showing a decremental time-induced forgetting response and reversing this decrease in performance using pharmacological tools. The spatial recognition test differs from more commonly used visuospatial laboratory tests in both throughput capability and potentially neuroanatomical substrate. This test has the potential to be used to assess cognitive performance in transgenic animals, disease models and to screen putative cognitive enhancers or depressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Havolli
- Cognition Research Group, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Dw Hill
- Cognition Research Group, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annie Godley
- Cognition Research Group, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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122
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Qu P, Yu JX, Xia L, Chen GH. Cognitive Performance and the Alteration of Neuroendocrine Hormones in Chronic Tension-Type Headache. Pain Pract 2017; 18:8-17. [PMID: 28339138 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qu
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Jin-Xia Yu
- Official Hospital of the People's Government; Hefei Anhui Province China
| | - Lan Xia
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Departments of Neurology and General Practice; The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Psychologic Medical Center of Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
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123
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Influence of chewing behaviour on memory and spatial learning in albino BALB/c mice. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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124
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Busch R, Baldus M, Vogt MA, Berger SM, Bartsch D, Gass P, von Bohlen Und Halbach O. Effects of p75NTR deficiency on cholinergic innervation of the amygdala and anxiety-like behavior. J Neurochem 2017; 141:461-471. [PMID: 28266720 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a low-affinity receptor that is capable of binding neurotrophins. Two different p75NTR knockout mouse lines are available either with a deletion in Exon III (p75NTRExIII-/- ) or in Exon IV (p75NTRExIV-/- ). In p75NTRExIII knockout mice, only the full-length p75NTR is deleted, whereas in p75NTRExIV knockout mice, the full-length as well as the truncated isoform of the receptor is deleted. Deletion of p75NTR has been shown to affect, among others, the septohippocampal cholinergic innervation pattern and neuronal plasticity within the hippocampus. We hypothesize that deletion of p75NTR also alters the morphology and physiology of a further key structure of the limbic system, the amygdala. Our results indicate that deletion of p75NTR also increases cholinergic innervation in the basolateral amygdala in adult as well as aged p75NTRExIII-/- and p75NTRExIV-/- mice. The p75NTRExIV-/- mice did not display altered long-term potentiation (LTP) in the basolateral amygdala as compared to age-matched control littermates. However, p75NTRExIII-/- mice display stronger LTP in the basolateral amygdala compared to age-matched controls. Bath-application of K252a (a trk antagonist) did not inhibit the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdala, but reduced the level of LTP in p75NTRExIII-/- mice to levels seen in respective controls. Moreover, p75NTRExIII-/- mice display altered behavior in the dark/light box. Thus, deletion of p75NTR in mice leads to physiological and morphological changes in the amygdala and altered behavior that is linked to the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Busch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler Straße-23c, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marian Baldus
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler Straße-23c, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Miriam A Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan M Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver von Bohlen Und Halbach
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler Straße-23c, Greifswald, Germany
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125
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Abstract
Disruption of neuronal morphology contributes to the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that postnatal deletion of Cdh1, a cofactor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase in neurons [Cdh1 conditional knockout (cKO)], disrupts dendrite arborization and causes dendritic spine and synapse loss in the cortex and hippocampus, concomitant with memory impairment and neurodegeneration, in adult mice. We found that the dendrite destabilizer Rho protein kinase 2 (Rock2), which accumulates in the brain of AD patients, is an APC/CCdh1 substrate in vivo and that Rock2 protein and activity increased in the cortex and hippocampus of Cdh1 cKO mice. In these animals, inhibition of Rock activity, using the clinically approved drug fasudil, prevented dendritic network disorganization, memory loss, and neurodegeneration. Thus, APC/CCdh1-mediated degradation of Rock2 maintains the dendritic network, memory formation, and neuronal survival, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of aberrantly accumulated Rock2 may be a suitable therapeutic strategy against neurodegeneration.
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126
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Qvist P, Rajkumar AP, Redrobe JP, Nyegaard M, Christensen JH, Mors O, Wegener G, Didriksen M, Børglum AD. Mice heterozygous for an inactivated allele of the schizophrenia associated Brd1 gene display selective cognitive deficits with translational relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:44-52. [PMID: 28341151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating brain disorder characterized by disturbances of emotion, perception and cognition. Cognitive impairments predict functional outcome in schizophrenia and are detectable even in the prodromal stage of the disorder. However, our understanding of the underlying neurobiology is limited and procognitive treatments remain elusive. We recently demonstrated that mice heterozygous for an inactivated allele of the schizophrenia-associated Brd1 gene (Brd1+/- mice) display behaviors reminiscent of schizophrenia, including impaired social cognition and long-term memory. Here, we further characterize performance of these mice by following the preclinical guidelines recommended by the 'Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS)' and 'Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS)' initiatives to maximize translational value. Brd1+/- mice exhibit relational encoding deficits, compromised working and long term memory, as well as impaired executive cognitive functioning with cognitive behaviors relying on medial prefrontal cortex being particularly affected. Akin to patients with schizophrenia, the cognitive deficits displayed by Brd1+/- mice are not global, but selective. Our results underline the value of Brd1+/- mice as a promising tool for studying the neurobiology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Qvist
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark; H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Valby, Denmark
| | - Anto P Rajkumar
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jane H Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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127
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Walters JL, Paule MG. Review of preclinical studies on pediatric general anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 60:2-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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128
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Wu WY, Dai YC, Li NG, Dong ZX, Gu T, Shi ZH, Xue X, Tang YP, Duan JA. Novel multitarget-directed tacrine derivatives as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:572-587. [PMID: 28133981 PMCID: PMC6009885 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is complex and progressive; it has not only threatened the health of elderly people, but also burdened the whole social medical and health system. The available therapy for AD is limited and the efficacy remains unsatisfactory. In view of the prevalence and expected increase in the incidence of AD, the design and development of efficacious and safe anti-AD agents has become a hotspot in the field of pharmaceutical research. Due to the multifactorial etiology of AD, the multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach is promising in search for new drugs for AD. Tacrine, which is the first acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been selected as the ideal active fragment because of its simple structure, clear activity, and its superiority in the structural modification, thus it could be introduced into the overall molecular skeletons of the multi-target-directed anti-AD agents. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances (2012 to the present) in the chemical modification of tacrine, which could provide the reference for the further study of novel multi-target-directed tacrine derivatives to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Chen Dai
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ze-Xi Dong
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ting Gu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,c Department of Organic Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xin Xue
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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129
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Gómez C, Carrasco C, Redolat R. Adolescent and adult mice display differential sensitivity to the effects of bupropion on the acquisition of a water maze task. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:162-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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130
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Sałat K, Podkowa A, Malikowska N, Trajer J. Effect of pregabalin on fear-based conditioned avoidance learning and spatial learning in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:181-190. [PMID: 27996351 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1273426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive deficits are one of the frequent symptoms accompanying epilepsy or its treatment. METHODS In this study, the effect on cognition of intraperitoneally administered antiepileptic drug, pregabalin (10 mg/kg), was investigated in scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mice in the passive avoidance task and Morris water maze task. The effect of scopolamine and pregabalin on animals' locomotor activity was also studied. RESULTS In the retention phase of the passive avoidance task, pregabalin reversed memory deficits induced by scopolamine (p < 0.05). During the acquisition phase of the Morris water maze pregabalin-treated memory-impaired mice performed the test with longer escape latencies than the vehicle-treated mice (significant at p < 0.05 on Day 5, and at p < 0.001 on Day 6). There were no differences in this parameter between the scopolamine-treated control group and pregabalin-treated memory-impaired mice, which indicated that pregabalin had no influence on spatial learning in this task. During the probe trial a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in terms of the mean number of target crossings between vehicle-treated mice and pregabalin-treated memory-impaired mice but there was no difference between the scopolamine-treated control group and mice treated with pregabalin + scopolamine. Pregabalin did not influence locomotor activity increased by scopolamine. DISCUSSION In passive avoidance task, pregabalin reversed learning deficits induced by scopolamine. In the Morris water maze, pregabalin did not influence spatial learning deficits induced by scopolamine. These results are relevant for epileptic patients treated with pregabalin and those who use it for other therapeutic indications (anxiety, pain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałat
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University, Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Adrian Podkowa
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University, Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Natalia Malikowska
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University, Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Jędrzej Trajer
- b Department of Fundamental Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering , Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
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131
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LaDage LD, Cobb Irvin TE, Gould VA. Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117775 DOI: 10.3791/55103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, interest in the cognitive processes of nonmodel species, typically within an ecological context, has also become an emerging field of study. In particular, interest in the cognitive processes in reptiles is growing although experimental studies on reptilian cognition are sparse. The few reptilian studies that have experimentally tested for spatial learning and memory have used rodent paradigms modified for use in reptiles. However, ecologically important aspects of the physiology and behavior of this taxonomic group must be taken into account when testing for spatially based cognition. Here, we describe modifications of the dry land Barnes maze and associated testing protocol that can improve performance when probing for spatial learning and memory ability in small squamate reptiles. The described paradigm and procedures were successfully used with male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), demonstrating that spatial learning and memory can be assessed in this taxonomic group with an ecologically relevant apparatus and protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara D LaDage
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Penn State Altoona;
| | | | - Victoria A Gould
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Penn State Altoona
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132
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Walrave L, Vinken M, Albertini G, De Bundel D, Leybaert L, Smolders IJ. Inhibition of Connexin43 Hemichannels Impairs Spatial Short-Term Memory without Affecting Spatial Working Memory. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:288. [PMID: 28066184 PMCID: PMC5168429 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are active players in higher brain function as they can release gliotransmitters, which are essential for synaptic plasticity. Various mechanisms have been proposed for gliotransmission, including vesicular mechanisms as well as non-vesicular ones, for example by passive diffusion via connexin hemichannels (HCs). We here investigated whether interfering with connexin43 (Cx43) HCs influenced hippocampal spatial memory. We made use of the peptide Gap19 that blocks HCs but not gap junction channels and is specific for Cx43. To this end, we microinfused transactivator of transcription linked Gap19 (TAT-Gap19) into the brain ventricle of male NMRI mice and assessed spatial memory in a Y maze. We found that the in vivo blockade of Cx43 HCs did not affect the locomotor activity or spatial working memory in a spontaneous alternation Y maze task. Cx43 blockade did however significantly impair the spatial short-term memory in a delayed spontaneous alternation Y maze task. These results indicate that Cx43 HCs play a role in spatial short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Walrave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse J Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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133
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Mazumder AG, Sharma P, Patial V, Singh D. Crocin Attenuates Kindling Development and Associated Cognitive Impairments in Mice via Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated NF-κB Activation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 120:426-433. [PMID: 27800651 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crocin is a pharmacologically active carotenoid pigment mainly present in the stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae). It has been well explored in experimental animal models of cognitive impairments, depression, anxiety and epilepsy. This study was designed to understand the effect of crocin on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling development and its associated cognitive deficit in mouse. Crocin treatment at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg p.o. doses showed a marked reduction in severity of PTZ-induced seizures. There was an increase in novel object preference index and discrimination ratio in the crocin-treated groups in the novel object recognition test. Its treatment also increased percentage spontaneous alternations in T-maze test at all the tested doses. Histopathological examination by Nissl staining showed a reduction in dark neurons in the hippocampal pyramidal layer of crocin-treated animals in contrast to vehicle control, indicating a decrease in neuronal damage. Biochemical estimations showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hippocampus of crocin-treated animals. Immunohistochemistry results revealed attenuation in the levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylated NF-κB in the hippocampal sections of crocin-treated animals. The results of this study concluded that crocin treatment increased seizure threshold, thus inhibiting PTZ-induced kindling development and improving cognitive functions. The effect was found to be due to suppression of seizure-induced ROS generation and its linked NF-κB pathway-associated neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghosh Mazumder
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pallavi Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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134
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Miwa S, Czapiewski R, Wan T, Bell A, Hill KN, von Zglinicki T, Saretzki G. Decreased mTOR signalling reduces mitochondrial ROS in brain via accumulation of the telomerase protein TERT within mitochondria. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:2551-2567. [PMID: 27777385 PMCID: PMC5115906 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase in its canonical function maintains telomeres in dividing cells. In addition, the telomerase protein TERT has non-telomeric functions such as shuttling to mitochondria resulting in a decreased oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. TERT protein persists in adult neurons and can co-localise to mitochondria under various stress conditions. We show here that TERT expression decreased in mouse brain during aging while release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the mitochondrial electron transport chain increased. Dietary restriction (DR) caused accumulation of TERT protein in mouse brain mitochondria correlating to decreased ROS release and improved learning and spatial short-term memory. Decreased mTOR signalling is a mediator of DR. Accordingly, feeding mice with rapamycin increased brain mitochondrial TERT and reduced ROS release. Importantly, the beneficial effects of rapamycin on mitochondrial function were absent in brains and fibroblasts from first generation TERT -/- mice, and when TERT shuttling was inhibited by the Src kinase inhibitor bosutinib. Taken together, our data suggests that the mTOR signalling pathway impinges on the mitochondrial localisation of TERT protein, which might in turn contribute to the protection of the brain by DR or rapamycin against age-associated mitochondrial ROS increase and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Miwa
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Rafal Czapiewski
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Tengfei Wan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Amy Bell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Kirsten N. Hill
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
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135
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Neuronal prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 deficiency improves cognitive abilities in a murine model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:93-106. [PMID: 27720797 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Episodes of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia increase the risk of dementia, which is associated with impaired learning and memory. Previous studies in rodent models of dementia indicated a favorable effect of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targets VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and erythropoietin (Epo). In the present study we thus investigated whether activation of the entire adaptive HIF pathway in neurons by cell-specific deletion of the HIF suppressor prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) improves cognitive abilities in young (3months) and old (18-28months) mice suffering from chronic brain hypoperfusion. Mice underwent permanent occlusion of the left common carotid artery, and cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water navigation task. Under conditions of both normal and decreased brain perfusion, neuronal PHD2 deficiency resulted in improved and faster spatial learning in young mice, which was preserved to some extent also in old animals. The loss of PHD2 in neurons resulted in enhanced hippocampal mRNA and protein levels of Epo and VEGF, but did not alter local microvascular density, dendritic spine morphology, or expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus. Instead, better cognitive function in PHD2 deficient animals was accompanied by an increased number of neuronal precursor cells along the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Overall, our current pre-clinical findings indicate an important role for the endogenous oxygen sensing machinery, encompassing PHDs, HIFs and HIF target genes, for proper cognitive function. Thus, pharmacological compounds affecting the PHD-HIF axis might well be suited to treat cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative processes.
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136
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Parrott JM, Redus L, Santana-Coelho D, Morales J, Gao X, O'Connor JC. Neurotoxic kynurenine metabolism is increased in the dorsal hippocampus and drives distinct depressive behaviors during inflammation. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e918. [PMID: 27754481 PMCID: PMC5315555 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism has an important role in mediating the behavioral effects of inflammation, which has implications in understanding neuropsychiatric comorbidity and for the development of novel therapies. Inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prevents the development of many of these inflammation-induced preclinical behaviors. However, dysregulation in the balance of downstream metabolism, where neuroactive kynurenines are generated, is hypothesized to be a functionally important pathogenic feature of inflammation-induced depression. Here we utilized two novel transgenic mouse strains to directly test the hypothesis that neurotoxic kynurenine metabolism causes depressive-like behavior following peripheral immune activation. Wild-type (WT) or kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO)-deficient (KMO-/-) mice were administered either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg kg-1) or saline intraperitoneally. Depressive-like behavior was measured across multiple domains 24 h after immune challenge. LPS precipitated a robust depressive-like phenotype, but KMO-/- mice were specifically protected from LPS-induced immobility in the tail suspension test (TST) and reduced spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze. Direct administration of 3-hydroxykynurenine, the metabolic product of KMO, caused a dose-dependent increase in depressive-like behaviors. Mice with targeted deletion of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase (HAAO), the enzyme that generates quinolinic acid, were similarly challenged with LPS. Similar to KMO-/- mice, LPS failed to increase immobility during the TST. Whereas kynurenine metabolism was generally increased in behaviorally salient brain regions, a distinct shift toward KMO-dependent kynurenine metabolism occurred in the dorsal hippocampus in response to LPS. Together, these results demonstrate that KMO is a pivotal mediator of hippocampal-dependent depressive-like behaviors induced by peripheral LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Parrott
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - L Redus
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Santana-Coelho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - X Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J C O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, 216B Medical Building MC-7764, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. E-mail:
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137
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Scopolamine-induced greater alterations in neurochemical profile and increased oxidative stress demonstrated a better model of dementia: A comparative study. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:234-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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138
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Ran Y, Yan B, Li Z, Ding Y, Shi Y, Le G. Dityrosine administration induces novel object recognition deficits in young adulthood mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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139
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Pan K, Li X, Chen Y, Zhu D, Li Y, Tao G, Zuo Z. Deferoxamine pre-treatment protects against postoperative cognitive dysfunction of aged rats by depressing microglial activation via ameliorating iron accumulation in hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:180-194. [PMID: 27608977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication of elderly patients after surgery. The mechanisms of POCD have not been clarified. Iron accumulation is a feature of neurodegeneration. Recent reports showed that iron content was increased with impaired cognition induced by surgery. We sought to investigate whether iron chelation would attenuate POCD. In this study, male aged (18 months) Sprague-Dawley rats received 100 mg/kg deferoxamine or saline solution (0.9%) for 6 days before exploratory laparotomy. Cognition was evaluated by Morris water maze before and after surgery. Additional rats received deferoxamine or saline were used to determine hippocampal iron content, iron transport-related proteins (transferrin receptor, divalent metal transporter 1, ferroportin 1 and hepcidin), oxidative stress, microglial activation and brain cell apoptosis. It was found that deferoxamine improved postoperative spatial memory in aged rats. Deferoxamine significantly reduced hippocampal iron concentration and ferritin. Surgery increased divalent metal transporter 1 and hepcidin, decreased transferrin receptor and ferroportin 1, and enhanced ferroportin 1 mRNA. However, deferoxamine reversed the changes of these proteins. Furthermore, deferoxamine sharply reduced the hippocampal reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde concentration and OX-42 that is a marker of microglia, which might reduce postoperative brain cell apoptosis. This study showed that deferoxamine may improve postoperative cognition of aged rats by ameliorating oxidative stress induced by hippocampal iron accumulation, microglial activation and brain cell apoptosis. This study suggests a potential therapeutic method for reducing POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Anesthesiology, No. 281 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guocai Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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140
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Marzo A, Galli S, Lopes D, McLeod F, Podpolny M, Segovia-Roldan M, Ciani L, Purro S, Cacucci F, Gibb A, Salinas PC. Reversal of Synapse Degeneration by Restoring Wnt Signaling in the Adult Hippocampus. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2551-2561. [PMID: 27593374 PMCID: PMC5070786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synapse degeneration occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases and correlates strongly with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The molecular mechanisms that trigger synapse vulnerability and those that promote synapse regeneration after substantial synaptic failure remain poorly understood. Increasing evidence suggests a link between a deficiency in Wnt signaling and AD. The secreted Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), which is elevated in AD, contributes to amyloid-β-mediated synaptic failure. However, the impact of Dkk1 at the circuit level and the mechanism by which synapses disassemble have not yet been explored. Using a transgenic mouse model that inducibly expresses Dkk1 in the hippocampus, we demonstrate that Dkk1 triggers synapse loss, impairs long-term potentiation, enhances long-term depression, and induces learning and memory deficits. We decipher the mechanism involved in synapse loss induced by Dkk1 as it can be prevented by combined inhibition of the Gsk3 and RhoA-Rock pathways. Notably, after loss of synaptic connectivity, reactivation of the Wnt pathway by cessation of Dkk1 expression completely restores synapse number, synaptic plasticity, and long-term memory. These findings demonstrate the remarkable capacity of adult neurons to regenerate functional circuits and highlight Wnt signaling as a targetable pathway for neuronal circuit recovery after synapse degeneration. Wnt signaling is required for synapse integrity in the adult hippocampus Dkk1 induces synapse loss and deficits in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory Dkk1 disassembles synapses by activating the Gsk3 and Rock pathways Synapse loss and memory defects are reversible by reactivation of the Wnt pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Marzo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Soledad Galli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Douglas Lopes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Faye McLeod
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marina Podpolny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Lorenza Ciani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Silvia Purro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alasdair Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patricia C Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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141
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Holm TH, Isaksen TJ, Glerup S, Heuck A, Bøttger P, Füchtbauer EM, Nedergaard S, Nyengaard JR, Andreasen M, Nissen P, Lykke-Hartmann K. Cognitive deficits caused by a disease-mutation in the α3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31972. [PMID: 27549929 PMCID: PMC4994072 DOI: 10.1038/srep31972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/K+-ATPases maintain Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane, a prerequisite for electrical excitability and secondary transport in neurons. Autosomal dominant mutations in the human ATP1A3 gene encoding the neuron-specific Na+/K+-ATPase α3 isoform cause different neurological diseases, including rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) with overlapping symptoms, including hemiplegia, dystonia, ataxia, hyperactivity, epileptic seizures, and cognitive deficits. Position D801 in the α3 isoform is a mutational hotspot, with the D801N, D801E and D801V mutations causing AHC and the D801Y mutation causing RDP or mild AHC. Despite intensive research, mechanisms underlying these disorders remain largely unknown. To study the genotype-to-phenotype relationship, a heterozygous knock-in mouse harboring the D801Y mutation (α3+/D801Y) was generated. The α3+/D801Y mice displayed hyperactivity, increased sensitivity to chemically induced epileptic seizures and cognitive deficits. Interestingly, no change in the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the α3+/D801Y mice was observed. The cognitive deficits were rescued by administration of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam, a GABA positive allosteric modulator. Our findings reveal the functional significance of the Na+/K+-ATPase α3 isoform in the control of spatial learning and memory and suggest a link to GABA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hellesøe Holm
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Toke Jost Isaksen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Heuck
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Bøttger
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Steen Nedergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Andreasen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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142
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Walters JL, Chelonis JJ, Fogle CM, Orser BA, Paule MG. Single and repeated exposures to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane do not impair operant performance in aged rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:159-169. [PMID: 27498192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a complication that can occur in the elderly after anesthesia and surgery and is characterized by impairments in information processing, memory, and executive function. Currently, it is unclear whether POCD is due to the effects of surgery, anesthesia, or perhaps some interaction between these or other perioperative variables. Studies in rodents suggest that the development of POCD may be related directly to anesthesia-induced neuroactivity. Volatile anesthetics have been shown to increase cellular inflammation and apoptosis within the hippocampus of aged rodents, while producing corresponding impairments in hippocampal-dependent brain functions. However, it is unclear whether volatile anesthetics can affect additional aspects of cognition that do not primarily depend upon the hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to use established operant tests to examine the effects of isoflurane on aspects of behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation in aged rats. Twenty-one adult Sprague-Dawley rats (11 male, 10 female) were trained to perform fixed consecutive number (FCN), incremental repeated acquisition (IRA), and progressive ratio (PR) tasks for a minimum of 15 months prior to receiving anesthesia. At 23 months of age, rats were exposed to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air for 2h. Initial results revealed that a 2h exposure to isoflurane had no effect on IRA, FCN, or PR performance. Thus, rats received 3 additional exposures to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air: 2, 4 and 6h exposures with 2 weeks elapsing before exposure two, 3 weeks elapsing between exposures two and three, and 2 weeks elapsing between exposures three and four. These additional exposures had no observable effects on performance of any operant task. These results suggest that single and repeated exposures to isoflurane do not impair the performance of aged rats in tasks designed to measure behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation. This lack of significant effect suggests that the impairments associated with isoflurane exposure may not generalize to all aspects of cognition, but may be selective to tasks that primarily measure spatial memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Walters
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
| | - John J Chelonis
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Charles M Fogle
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Beverley A Orser
- University of Toronto, Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3318, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Merle G Paule
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
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143
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Lian Q, Nie Y, Zhang X, Tan B, Cao H, Chen W, Gao W, Chen J, Liang Z, Lai H, Huang S, Xu Y, Jiang W, Huang P. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin on Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1681-1692. [PMID: 27588088 PMCID: PMC4998082 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPA) consists of catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate, which are strong antioxidants that are beneficial to health and may attenuate or prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of GSPA on pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell viability were determined using cell counting kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, whereas apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) were measured via flow cytometry analysis. The effect of GSPA administration on the behavior and memory of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS-1) double transgenic mice was assessed using a Morris water maze. APP Aβ peptides and tau hyperphosphorylation were examined by western blotting; whereas the expression levels of PS-1 were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared with pathological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Congo red. Data from the in vitro experiments demonstrated that GSPA significantly alleviated Aβ25–35 cytotoxicity and LDH leakage ratio, inhibited apoptosis and increased Ψm. The findings from the in vivo experiments showed a significant enhancement in cognition and spatial memory ability, an improvement in the pathology of APP and tau protein and a decrease in PS-1 mRNA expression levels. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that GSPA may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD or may, at the very least, improve the quality of life of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwang Lian
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Nie
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Chen
- BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Gao
- BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Huangling Lai
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Siming Huang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weiwen Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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144
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Sun Q, Ying M, Ma Q, Huang Z, Zou L, Liu J, Zhuang Z, Yang X. Proteomic analysis of hippocampus in mice following long-term exposure to low levels of copper. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1130-1139. [PMID: 30090419 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that copper exposure, even at very low levels, can produce significant toxic effects on the brains of mice. This study is aimed to explore the effects of low levels of copper on the hippocampal proteome of mice. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis was performed on hippocampal homogenate obtained from mice, which were given either drinking water only (control) or water supplemented with 0.13 ppm copper (copper-treated) for a period of 8 months beginning at an age of 3 months. A total of 9 differentially expressed proteins between copper-treated mice and control mice were identified. Protein functional analysis revealed that the altered proteins mainly involved energy metabolism-related proteins, synaptic proteins, molecular chaperones and cellular structural components. Among these differentially expressed proteins, serine racemase (SRR) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were significantly down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, in the hippocampus of copper-treated mice compared with the control mice. SRR was shown to be involved in memory formation. The increased expression of GFAP, an astrocyte marker, indicated that long-term low levels of copper exposure caused activation of the inflammatory response, a process linked to spatial memory impairment. In agreement with the data from proteomic analysis, memory impairment was observed in copper-treated mice as measured by the Morris water maze test. In summary, this study has identified a number of abnormally expressed proteins in the hippocampus of copper-treated mice, and the identified protein, such as SRR, together with inflammatory responses, as evidenced by the increased expression of GFAP, could contribute to memory impairment resulting from copper exposure. Our findings provide insights for a better understanding of copper neurotoxicity at the protein level in response to low levels of copper exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 , Longyuan Road , Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 755 25601914
| | - Ming Ying
- College of Life Sciences , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Quan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 , Longyuan Road , Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 755 25601914
| | - Zhijun Huang
- The Emergency Department , Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) , Jinan University , Shenzhen 518020 , China
| | - Liangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology , Shenzhen People's Hospital , Second Clinical College , Jinan University , Shenzhen , 518020 , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 , Longyuan Road , Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 755 25601914
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 , Longyuan Road , Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 755 25601914
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 , Longyuan Road , Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 755 25601914
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145
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Guo Q, Kim YN, Lee BH. Protective effects of blueberry drink on cognitive impairment induced by chronic mild stress in adult rats. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 11:25-32. [PMID: 28194262 PMCID: PMC5300943 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Stress-induced cognitive impairment is related to the suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis that results from an increase of oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of a blueberry drink, having a high antioxidant power, on the cognitive performance of adult rats exposed to chronic mild stress. MATERIALS/METHODS Twelve-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were randomly divided into four groups: control (CO), stress (ST), control + 5% blueberry drink (CO + B), and stress + 5% blueberry drink (ST + B). After eight weeks, the cognitive performance was assessed using a multiple T-maze water test. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and ascorbic acid were measured in the brain, and catecholamine concentrations were measured in plasma. RESULTS The brain weights of the rats from the ST and ST + B groups were significantly lower than those of the rats from the CO and CO + B groups. The cognitive performance of the ST group was impaired when compared to that of the CO group. This impairment was significantly improved by the blueberry drink supplementation (P < 0.05). The brain SOD and CAT concentrations were not influenced by the stress or by the blueberry drink. However, the brain levels of GPx and ascorbic acid were significantly lower in the ST group than those in the CO group and were increased by the blueberry drink supplementation. The plasma catecholamine concentrations were affected by chronic mild stress and by the blueberry drink. The plasma norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations were decreased by the chronic stress and improved by the blueberry drink supplementation. The plasma epinephrine level was only influenced by the stress. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the blueberry drink may protect against the cognitive impairment induced by chronic mild stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseon-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kim
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea
| | - Bog-Hieu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseon-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea
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146
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Detrimental effects of a high fat/high cholesterol diet on memory and hippocampal markers in aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:294-304. [PMID: 27343935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High fat diets have detrimental effects on cognitive performance, and can increase oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. The aging brain provides a vulnerable environment to which a high fat diet could cause more damage. We investigated the effects of a high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC) diet on cognitive performance, neuroinflammation markers, and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) pathological markers in the hippocampus of Young (4-month old) versus Aged (14-month old) male rats. Young and Aged male Fisher 344 rats were fed a HFHC diet or a normal control diet for 6 months. All animals underwent cognitive testing for 12days in a water radial arm maze to assess spatial and working reference memory. Hippocampal tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for structural changes and inflammation, and Western blot analysis. Young and Aged rats fed the HFHC diet exhibited worse performance on a spatial working memory task. They also exhibited significant reduction of NeuN and calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity as well as an increased activation of microglial cells in the hippocampal formation. Western blot analysis of the hippocampus showed higher levels of p-Tau S202/T205 and T231 in Aged HFHC rats, suggesting abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein following the HFHC diet exposure. This work demonstrates HFHC diet-induced cognitive impairment with aging and a link between high fat diet consumption and pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease.
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147
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Kapadia M, Xu J, Sakic B. The water maze paradigm in experimental studies of chronic cognitive disorders: Theory, protocols, analysis, and inference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:195-217. [PMID: 27229758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An instrumental step in assessing the validity of animal models of chronic cognitive disorders is to document disease-related deficits in learning/memory capacity. The water maze (WM) is a popular paradigm because of its low cost, relatively simple protocol and short procedure time. Despite being broadly accepted as a spatial learning task, inference of generalized, bona fide "cognitive" dysfunction can be challenging because task accomplishment is also reliant on non-cognitive processes. We review theoretical background, testing procedures, confounding factors, as well as approaches to data analysis and interpretation. We also describe an extended protocol that has proven useful in detecting early performance deficits in murine models of neuropsychiatric lupus and Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, we highlight the need for standardization of inferential criteria on "cognitive" dysfunction in experimental rodents and exclusion of preparations of a limited scientific merit. A deeper appreciation for the multifactorial nature of performance in WM may also help to reveal other deficits that herald the onset of neurodegenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minesh Kapadia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Psychology Building Rm. 303, 1280 Main St., West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Josie Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Psychology Building Rm. 303, 1280 Main St., West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Boris Sakic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Psychology Building Rm. 303, 1280 Main St., West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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148
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Morphological and behavioral characterization of adult mice deficient for SrGAP3. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:1-11. [PMID: 27184948 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SrGAP3 belongs to the family of Rho GTPase proteins. These proteins are thought to play essential roles in development and in the plasticity of the nervous system. SrGAP3-deficient mice have recently been created and approximately 10 % of these mice developed a hydrocephalus and died shortly after birth. The others survived into adulthood, but displayed neuroanatomical alteration, including increased ventricular size. We now show that SrGAP3-deficient mice display increased brain weight together with increased hippocampal volume. This increase was accompanied by an increase of the thickness of the stratum oriens of area CA1 as well as of the thickness of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG). Concerning hippocampal adult neurogenesis, we observed no significant change in the number of proliferating cells. The density of doublecortin-positive cells also did not vary between SrGAP3-deficient mice and controls. By analyzing Golgi-impregnated material, we found that, in SrGAP3-deficient mice, the morphology and number of dendritic spines was not altered in the DG. Likewise, a Sholl-analysis revealed no significant changes concerning dendritic complexity as compared to controls. Despite the distinct morphological alterations in the hippocampus, SrGAP3-deficient mice were relatively inconspicuous in their behavior, not only in the open-field, nest building but also in the Morris water-maze. However, the SrGAP3-deficient mice showed little to no interest in burying marbles; a behavior that is seen in some animal models related to autism, supporting the view that SrGAP3 plays a role in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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149
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Oliveira WH, Nunes AK, França MER, Santos LA, Lós DB, Rocha SW, Barbosa KP, Rodrigues GB, Peixoto CA. Effects of metformin on inflammation and short-term memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Brain Res 2016; 1644:149-60. [PMID: 27174003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the action of metformin on short-term memory, glial cell activation and neuroinflammation caused by experimental diabetic encephalopathy in C57BL/6 mice. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of a dose of 90mg/kg of streptozotocin on two successive days. Mice with blood glucose levels ≥200dl/ml were considered diabetic and were given metformin hydrochloride at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg (by gavage, twice daily) for 21 days. On the final day of treatment, the mice underwent a T-maze test. On the 22nd day of treatment all the animals were anesthetized and euthanized. Diabetic animals treated with metformin had a higher spatial memory score. The hippocampus of the diabetic animals presented reactive gliosis, neuronal loss, NF-kB signaling activation, and high levels of IL-1 and VEGF. In addition, the T-maze test scores of these animals were low. Treatment with metformin reduced the expression of GFAP, Iba-1 (astrocyte and microglial markers) and the inflammation markers (p-IKB, IL-1 and VEGF), while enhancing p-AMPK and eNOS levels and increasing neuronal survival (Fox-1 and NeuN). Treatment with metformin also improved the spatial memory scores of diabetic animals. In conclusion, the present study showed that metformin can significantly reduce neuroinflammation and can decrease the loss of neurons in the hippocampus of diabetic animals, which can subsequently promote improvements in spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Helena Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil.
| | - Ana Karolina Nunes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rocha França
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil
| | - Laise Aline Santos
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil
| | - Deniele Bezerra Lós
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Laboratório de Plasticidade Neuromuscular, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil
| | - Sura Wanessa Rocha
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Barros Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil
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150
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Jiang J, Zhu Q, Gendron TF, Saberi S, McAlonis-Downes M, Seelman A, Stauffer JE, Jafar-Nejad P, Drenner K, Schulte D, Chun S, Sun S, Ling SC, Myers B, Engelhardt J, Katz M, Baughn M, Platoshyn O, Marsala M, Watt A, Heyser CJ, Ard MC, De Muynck L, Daughrity LM, Swing DA, Tessarollo L, Jung CJ, Delpoux A, Utzschneider DT, Hedrick SM, de Jong PJ, Edbauer D, Van Damme P, Petrucelli L, Shaw CE, Bennett CF, Da Cruz S, Ravits J, Rigo F, Cleveland DW, Lagier-Tourenne C. Gain of Toxicity from ALS/FTD-Linked Repeat Expansions in C9ORF72 Is Alleviated by Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting GGGGCC-Containing RNAs. Neuron 2016; 90:535-50. [PMID: 27112497 PMCID: PMC4860075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hexanucleotide expansions in C9ORF72 are the most frequent genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Disease mechanisms were evaluated in mice expressing C9ORF72 RNAs with up to 450 GGGGCC repeats or with one or both C9orf72 alleles inactivated. Chronic 50% reduction of C9ORF72 did not provoke disease, while its absence produced splenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, and mild social interaction deficits, but not motor dysfunction. Hexanucleotide expansions caused age-, repeat-length-, and expression-level-dependent accumulation of RNA foci and dipeptide-repeat proteins synthesized by AUG-independent translation, accompanied by loss of hippocampal neurons, increased anxiety, and impaired cognitive function. Single-dose injection of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that target repeat-containing RNAs but preserve levels of mRNAs encoding C9ORF72 produced sustained reductions in RNA foci and dipeptide-repeat proteins, and ameliorated behavioral deficits. These efforts identify gain of toxicity as a central disease mechanism caused by repeat-expanded C9ORF72 and establish the feasibility of ASO-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shahram Saberi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Melissa McAlonis-Downes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda Seelman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer E Stauffer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Kevin Drenner
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Derek Schulte
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seung Chun
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Shuying Sun
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Brian Myers
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Melanie Katz
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Michael Baughn
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oleksandr Platoshyn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 9, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Andy Watt
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Charles J Heyser
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M Colin Ard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Vesalius Research Center, Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven/VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lillian M Daughrity
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chris J Jung
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Arnaud Delpoux
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pieter J de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Maximilians University and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Vesalius Research Center, Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven/VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - C Frank Bennett
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Sandrine Da Cruz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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