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The role of telomerase protein TERT in Alzheimer's disease and in tau-related pathology in vitro. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1659-74. [PMID: 25632141 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2925-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase protein TERT has recently been demonstrated to have a variety of functions both in vitro and in vivo, which are distinct from its canonical role in telomere extension. In different cellular systems, TERT protein has been shown to be protective through its interaction with mitochondria. TERT has previously been found in rodent neurons, and we hypothesize that it might have a protective function in adult human brain. Here, we investigated the expression of TERT at different stages of Alzheimer's disease pathology (Braak Stages I-VI) in situ and the ability of TERT to protect against oxidative damage in an in vitro model of tau pathology. Our data reveal that TERT is expressed in vitro in mouse neurons and microglia, and in vivo in the cytoplasm of mature human hippocampal neurons and activated microglia, but is absent from astrocytes. Intriguingly, hippocampal neurons expressing TERT did not contain hyperphosphorylated tau. Vice versa, neurons that expressed high levels of pathological tau did not appear to express TERT protein. TERT protein colocalized with mitochondria in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease brains (Braak Stage VI), as well as in cultured neurons under conditions of oxidative stress. Our in vitro data suggest that the absence of TERT increases ROS generation and oxidative damage in neurons induced by pathological tau. Together, our findings suggest that TERT protein persists in neurons of the adult human brain, where it may have a protective role against tau pathology.
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102
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Machado A, Herrera AJ, de Pablos RM, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Sarmiento M, Ayala A, Venero JL, Santiago M, Villarán RF, Delgado-Cortés MJ, Argüelles S, Cano J. Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2015; 25:785-804. [PMID: 25178904 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to point out that chronic stress is able to accelerate the appearance of Alzheimer's disease (AD), proposing the former as a risk factor for the latter. Firstly, in the introduction we describe some human epidemiological studies pointing out the possibility that chronic stress could increase the incidence, or the rate of appearance of AD. Afterwards, we try to justify these epidemiological results with some experimental data. We have reviewed the experiments studying the effect of various stressors on different features in AD animal models. Moreover, we also point out the data obtained on the effect of chronic stress on some processes that are known to be involved in AD, such as inflammation and glucose metabolism. Later, we relate some of the processes known to be involved in aging and AD, such as accumulation of β-amyloid, TAU hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress and impairement of mitochondrial function, emphasizing how they are affected by chronic stress/glucocorticoids and comparing with the description made for these processes in AD. All these data support the idea that chronic stress could be considered a risk factor for AD.
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103
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Metabolomics reveals significant impairments in the immune system of the APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:577-87. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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104
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Afshordel S, Hagl S, Werner D, Röhner N, Kögel D, Bazan NG, Eckert GP. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve mitochondrial dysfunction in brain aging--impact of Bcl-2 and NPD-1 like metabolites. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:23-31. [PMID: 24972878 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of orally administered long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on mitochondrial function and processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in brains of young (3 months old) and aged (24 months old) NMRI-mice. Neuroprotective properties of fish oil (FO) (1.6 ml/kg p.o.) were assessed ex vivo after 21 days in dissociated brain cells (DBC) and isolated mitochondria. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were significantly lower in blood and brains of aged mice which were compensated by FO administration. Isolated DBC and mitochondria from aged mice showed significantly lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and reduced activity of complexes I+II and IV of the mitochondrial respiration system, respectively. FO restored the age-related decrease in respiration and improved ATP production. Moreover, FO increased the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Cell membrane fractions isolated from the brain of aged mice exhibited lower membrane fluidity, which was partially improved under FO treatment. In comparison to young animals, levels of neuroprotective sAPPα were significantly lower in the brain of aged mice. However, levels of sAPPα, Aβ and C-terminal APP fragments (CTF) were largely unchanged after FO treatment in aged mice. Neuroprotectin D-1 (NPD-1) represents a neuroprotective compound that is derived from unesterified DHA. Levels of NPD1-like metabolites (NPD1-like) and of unesterified DHA were significantly increased in brains of aged mice. FO treatment further strongly increased NPD1-like levels indicating an accelerated conversion rate of free DHA to NPD1-like. Our findings provide new mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective actions of omega-3 PUFA and identified FO as a promising nutraceutical to delay age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Afshordel
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hagl
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Deborah Werner
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nelli Röhner
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Neuroscience Center, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Neuroscience Center, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- LSU Neuroscience Center And Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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105
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Zhang W, Gu GJ, Shen X, Zhang Q, Wang GM, Wang PJ. Neural stem cell transplantation enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1282-92. [PMID: 25582749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, especially a defect in mitochondrial biogenesis, is an early and prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies demonstrated that the number of mitochondria is significantly reduced in susceptible hippocampal neurons from AD patients. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation in AD-like mice can compensate for the neuronal loss resulting from amyloid-beta protein deposition. The effects of NSC transplantation on mitochondrial biogenesis and cognitive function in AD-like mice, however, are poorly understood. In this study, we injected NSCs or vehicle into 12-month-old amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 transgenic mice, a mouse model of AD-like pathology. The effects of NSC transplantation on cognitive function, the amount of mitochondrial DNA, the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors and mitochondria-related proteins, and mitochondrial morphology were investigated. Our results show that in NSC-injected APP/PS1 (Tg-NSC) mice, the cognitive function, number of mitochondria, and expression of mitochondria-related proteins, specifically the mitochondrial fission factors (dynamin-related protein 1 [Drp1] and fission 1 [Fis1]) and the mitochondrial fusion factor optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), were significantly increased compared with those in age-matched vehicle-injected APP/PS1 (Tg-Veh) mice, whereas the expression of mitochondrial fusion factors mitofusion 1 (Mfn1) and Mfn2 was significantly decreased. These data indicate that NSC transplantation may enhance mitochondria biogenesis and further rescue cognitive deficits in AD-like mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Jun Gu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Department of Radiology, Traditional Chinese Hospital, Kun Shan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gang-Min Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei-Jun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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106
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Momiyama Y. Serum coenzyme Q10 levels as a predictor of dementia in a Japanese general population. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:433-4. [PMID: 25463069 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment and increased oxidative stress are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a component of the electron transport chain localized on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In addition to its bioenergetic activity required for ATP synthesis, CoQ10 also has antioxidant activity in mitochondrial and lipid membranes, which protects against the reactive oxidative species generated during oxidative phosphorylation. Several previous studies had reported no significant differences in serum CoQ10 levels between patients with and without dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. However, in this issue of Atherosclerosis, Yamagishi et al. demonstrate for the first time that a lower serum CoQ10 level is associated with a greater risk of dementia in a Japanese general population. These findings suggest that assessing serum CoQ10 levels could be useful for predicting the development of dementia, rather than as a biomarker for the presence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Momiyama
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan.
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107
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Hiltunen M, Kauppinen A. Krebs cycle dysfunction shapes epigenetic landscape of chromatin: Novel insights into mitochondrial regulation of aging process. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1598-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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108
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Nair S, Traini M, Dawes IW, Perrone GG. Genome-wide analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies cellular processes affecting intracellular aggregation of Alzheimer's amyloid-β42: importance of lipid homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2235-49. [PMID: 24870034 PMCID: PMC4116298 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-04-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ)-containing plaques are a major neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The two major isoforms of Aβ peptide associated with AD are Aβ40 and Aβ42, of which the latter is highly prone to aggregation. Increased presence and aggregation of intracellular Aβ42 peptides is an early event in AD progression. Improved understanding of cellular processes affecting Aβ42 aggregation may have implications for development of therapeutic strategies. Aβ42 fused to green fluorescent protein (Aβ42-GFP) was expressed in ∼4600 mutants of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome-wide deletion library to identify proteins and cellular processes affecting intracellular Aβ42 aggregation by assessing the fluorescence of Aβ42-GFP. This screening identified 110 mutants exhibiting intense Aβ42-GFP-associated fluorescence. Four major cellular processes were overrepresented in the data set, including phospholipid homeostasis. Disruption of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and/or phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism had a major effect on intracellular Aβ42 aggregation and localization. Confocal microscopy indicated that Aβ42-GFP localization in the phospholipid mutants was juxtaposed to the nucleus, most likely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/ER membrane. These data provide a genome-wide indication of cellular processes that affect intracellular Aβ42-GFP aggregation and may have important implications for understanding cellular mechanisms affecting intracellular Aβ42 aggregation and AD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nair
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - M Traini
- Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - I W Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaRamaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - G G Perrone
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 1797, Australia
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109
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Sheng H, Chaparro RE, Sasaki T, Izutsu M, Pearlstein RD, Tovmasyan A, Warner DS. Metalloporphyrins as therapeutic catalytic oxidoreductants in central nervous system disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2437-64. [PMID: 23706004 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metalloporphyrins, characterized by a redox-active transitional metal (Mn or Fe) coordinated to a cyclic porphyrin core ligand, mitigate oxidative/nitrosative stress in biological systems. Side-chain substitutions tune redox properties of metalloporphyrins to act as potent superoxide dismutase mimics, peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts, and redox regulators of transcription factor function. With oxidative/nitrosative stress central to pathogenesis of CNS injury, metalloporphyrins offer unique pharmacologic activity to improve the course of disease. RECENT ADVANCES Metalloporphyrins are efficacious in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, opioid tolerance, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke and have proved to be useful tools in defining roles of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in disease progression. The most substantive recent advance has been the synthesis of lipophilic metalloporphyrins offering improved blood-brain barrier penetration to allow intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral treatment. CRITICAL ISSUES Insufficient preclinical data have accumulated to enable clinical development of metalloporphyrins for any single indication. An improved definition of mechanisms of action will facilitate preclinical modeling to define and validate optimal dosing strategies to enable appropriate clinical trial design. Due to previous failures of "antioxidants" in clinical trials, with most having markedly less biologic activity and bioavailability than current-generation metalloporphyrins, a stigma against antioxidants has discouraged the development of metalloporphyrins as CNS therapeutics, despite the consistent definition of efficacy in a wide array of CNS disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further definition of the metalloporphyrin mechanism of action, side-by-side comparison with "failed" antioxidants, and intense effort to optimize therapeutic dosing strategies are required to inform and encourage clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Sheng
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) , Durham, North Carolina
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110
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Pagano G, Aiello Talamanca A, Castello G, Cordero MD, d'Ischia M, Gadaleta MN, Pallardó FV, Petrović S, Tiano L, Zatterale A. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction across broad-ranging pathologies: toward mitochondria-targeted clinical strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:541230. [PMID: 24876913 PMCID: PMC4024404 DOI: 10.1155/2014/541230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the disorders recognized as mitochondrial diseases, abnormalities in function and/or ultrastructure of mitochondria have been reported in several unrelated pathologies. These encompass ageing, malformations, and a number of genetic or acquired diseases, as diabetes and cardiologic, haematologic, organ-specific (e.g., eye or liver), neurologic and psychiatric, autoimmune, and dermatologic disorders. The mechanistic grounds for mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) along with the occurrence of oxidative stress (OS) have been investigated within the pathogenesis of individual disorders or in groups of interrelated disorders. We attempt to review broad-ranging pathologies that involve mitochondrial-specific deficiencies or rely on cytosol-derived prooxidant states or on autoimmune-induced mitochondrial damage. The established knowledge in these subjects warrants studies aimed at elucidating several open questions that are highlighted in the present review. The relevance of OS and MDF in different pathologies may establish the grounds for chemoprevention trials aimed at compensating OS/MDF by means of antioxidants and mitochondrial nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Cancer Research Centre at Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Aiello Talamanca
- Cancer Research Centre at Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castello
- Cancer Research Centre at Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario D. Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Dental School, Sevilla University, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nicola Gadaleta
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Petrović
- “Vinca” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
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111
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Briones TL, Darwish H. Decrease in age-related tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive improvement following vitamin D supplementation are associated with modulation of brain energy metabolism and redox state. Neuroscience 2014; 262:143-55. [PMID: 24412233 PMCID: PMC4103183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we examined whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce age-related tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairment by enhancing brain energy homeostasis and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, and modulating the redox state. Male F344 rats aged 20 months (aged) and 6 months (young) were randomly assigned to either vitamin D supplementation or no supplementation (control). Rats were housed in pairs and the supplementation group (n=10 young and n=10 aged) received subcutaneous injections of vitamin D (1, α25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for 21 days. Control animals (n=10 young and n=10 aged) received equal volume of normal saline and behavioral testing in the water maze started on day 14 after the initiation of vitamin D supplementation. Tau phosphorylation, markers of brain energy metabolism (ADP/ATP ratio and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) and redox state (levels of reactive oxygen species, activity of superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels) as well as PP2A activity were measured in hippocampal tissues. Our results extended previous findings that: (1) tau phosphorylation significantly increased during aging; (2) markers of brain energy metabolism and redox state are significantly decreased in aging; and (3) aged rats demonstrated significant learning and memory impairment. More importantly, we found that age-related changes in brain energy metabolism, redox state, and cognitive function were attenuated by vitamin D supplementation. No significant differences were seen in tau hyperphosphorylation, markers of energy metabolism and redox state in the young animal groups. Our data suggest that vitamin D ameliorated the age-related tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive decline by enhancing brain energy metabolism, redox state, and PP2A activity making it a potentially useful therapeutic option to alleviate the effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Briones
- Department of Adult Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - H Darwish
- Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
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112
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Heme, an essential nutrient from dietary proteins, critically impacts diverse physiological and pathological processes. Nutrients 2014; 6:1080-102. [PMID: 24633395 PMCID: PMC3967179 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme constitutes 95% of functional iron in the human body, as well as two-thirds of the average person’s iron intake in developed countries. Hence, a wide range of epidemiological studies have focused on examining the association of dietary heme intake, mainly from red meat, with the risks of common diseases. High heme intake is associated with increased risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. Likewise, the evidence for increased risks of type-2 diabetes and coronary heart disease associated with high heme intake is compelling. Furthermore, recent comparative metabolic and molecular studies of lung cancer cells showed that cancer cells require increased intracellular heme biosynthesis and uptake to meet the increased demand for oxygen-utilizing hemoproteins. Increased levels of hemoproteins in turn lead to intensified oxygen consumption and cellular energy generation, thereby fueling cancer cell progression. Together, both epidemiological and molecular studies support the idea that heme positively impacts cancer progression. However, it is also worth noting that heme deficiency can cause serious diseases in humans, such as anemia, porphyrias, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review attempts to summarize the latest literature in understanding the role of dietary heme intake and heme function in diverse diseases.
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113
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Yin F, Boveris A, Cadenas E. Mitochondrial energy metabolism and redox signaling in brain aging and neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:353-71. [PMID: 22793257 PMCID: PMC3887431 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The mitochondrial energy-transducing capacity is essential for the maintenance of neuronal function, and the impairment of energy metabolism and redox homeostasis is a hallmark of brain aging, which is particularly accentuated in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. RECENT ADVANCES The communications between mitochondria and the rest of the cell by energy- and redox-sensitive signaling establish a master regulatory device that controls cellular energy levels and the redox environment. Impairment of this regulatory devise is critical for aging and the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES This review focuses on a coordinated metabolic network-cytosolic signaling, transcriptional regulation, and mitochondrial function-that controls the cellular energy levels and redox status as well as factors which impair this metabolic network during brain aging and neurodegeneration. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Characterization of mitochondrial function and mitochondria-cytosol communications will provide pivotal opportunities for identifying targets and developing new strategies aimed at restoring the mitochondrial energy-redox axis that is compromised in brain aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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114
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Chen X, Li J, Hou J, Xie Z, Yang F. Mammalian mitochondrial proteomics: insights into mitochondrial functions and mitochondria-related diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:333-45. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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115
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Zabel C, Andreew A, Mao L, Hartl D. Protein expression overlap: more important than which proteins change in expression? Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:187-205. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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116
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Rettberg JR, Yao J, Brinton RD. Estrogen: a master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:8-30. [PMID: 23994581 PMCID: PMC4024050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body. Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function to generate ATP. In the body, estrogen protects against adiposity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes, and regulates energy intake and expenditure. During menopause, decline in circulating estrogen is coincident with decline in brain bioenergetics and shift towards a metabolically compromised phenotype. Compensatory bioenergetic adaptations, or lack thereof, to estrogen loss could determine risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen coordinates brain and body metabolism, such that peripheral metabolic state can indicate bioenergetic status of the brain. By generating biomarker profiles that encompass peripheral metabolic changes occurring with menopause, individual risk profiles for decreased brain bioenergetics and cognitive decline can be created. Biomarker profiles could identify women at risk while also serving as indicators of efficacy of hormone therapy or other preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaica R Rettberg
- Neuroscience Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Neuroscience Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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117
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Fiorini A, Sultana R, Förster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C, Cai J, Klein JB, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Kumar VB, Butterfield DA. Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment: a proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1-14. [PMID: 23777706 PMCID: PMC3855183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the induction of oxidative stress. This peptide is produced by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of β- and γ-secretases. Previous studies demonstrated that reduction of Aβ, using an antisense oligonucleotide (AO) directed against the Aβ region of APP, reduced oxidative stress-mediated damage and prevented or reverted cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), a useful animal model for investigating the events related to Aβ pathology and possibly to the early phase of AD. In the current study, aged SAMP8 were treated by AO directed against PS-1, a component of the γ-secretase complex, and tested for learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object recognition. Brain tissue was collected to identify the decrease of oxidative stress and to evaluate the proteins that are differently expressed and oxidized after the reduction in free radical levels induced by Aβ. We used both expression proteomics and redox proteomics approaches. In brain of AO-treated mice a decrease of oxidative stress markers was found, and the proteins identified by proteomics as expressed differently or nitrated are involved in processes known to be impaired in AD. Our results suggest that the treatment with AO directed against PS-1 in old SAMP8 mice reverses learning and memory deficits and reduces Aβ-mediated oxidative stress with restoration to the normal condition and identifies possible pharmacological targets to combat this devastating dementing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Fiorini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenini
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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118
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Ye X, Tai W, Bao X, Chen X, Zhang D. FLZ inhibited γ-secretase selectively and decreased Aβ mitochondrial production in APP-SH-SY5Y cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 387:75-85. [PMID: 24071813 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism is a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-beta (Aβ) in mitochondria comes from APP mitochondrial metabolism or from the uptake Aβ from outside of mitochondria. It has been recently proposed that mitochondria are involved in the biochemical pathways through which Aβ causes neuronal dysfunction. The accumulated Aβ in mitochondria decreases the level of cytochrome c oxidase (COX IV) and attenuates the ATP production consequently. FLZ is a synthetic cyclic derivative of squamosamide from Annona glabra. In this study, the effect of FLZ on APP processing in mitochondria was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing APP695 (wt/Swe). FLZ treatment attenuated APP processing and decreased Aβ production in mitochondria. The mitochondrial function was increased with the upregulation of COX IV both at protein and activity levels. ATP production was also increased after FLZ treatment. The mechanistic study showed that FLZ inhibited γ-secretase activity by decreasing C-terminal fragment protein level of presenilin, the active center of γ-secretase. The effect of FLZ differs from DAPT (a non-selective γ-secretase inhibitor), suggesting FLZ is a selective γ-secretase inhibitor. FLZ selectively inhibited γ-secretase in the cleavage of recombinant C terminus of APP in vitro, without specifically modulating the processing of recombinant Notch intracellular domain. These results indicate that FLZ decreases Aβ accumulation in mitochondria by selectively inhibiting γ-secretase. We propose that FLZ is a potential anti-AD drug candidate, and its mechanism may be improving mitochondrial function by reducing the Aβ burden in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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119
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Antoshechkin A, Olalde J, Antoshechkina M, Briuzgin V, Platinskiy L. Influence of the plant extract complex "AdMax" on global gene expression levels in cultured human fibroblasts. J Diet Suppl 2013; 5:293-304. [PMID: 22432464 DOI: 10.1080/19390210802414337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol/water extracts from roots of Leuzea carthamoides Iljin, Rhodiola rosea L., Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, and from dry berries of Schizandra chinensis Baill. are known as adaptogenic remedies, which enhance physical endurance, counteract fatigue and restore suppressed immunity. Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of the extracts are poorly understood. In this study, a combination of these four extracts called AdMax™ (Nulab, Inc., Florida) was examined for its ability to influence gene expression levels in cultured human fibroblasts in vitro with the help of whole-genome Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays. We showed that AdMax treatment results in significant changes (at least 2 fold, p <. 05) in expression of 67 genes that are involved in metabolism of protein, nucleic acids, lipid and carbohydrates, in regulation of transcription, protein and ion transport, response to stimulus and stress. Enhancing expression of the PANK2 gene is of special interest in connection with AdMax ability to enhance physical endurance and counteract fatigue. PANK2 encodes a mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase 2, which provides coenzyme A biosynthesis and thereby plays crucial role in energy metabolism. Partial deficiency of PANK2 gene activity leads to pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. In this connection potential therapeutic use of AdMax in patients with neurodegenerative diseases is discussed.
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120
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Alterations in energy metabolism, neuroprotection and visual signal transduction in the retina of Parkinsonian, MPTP-treated monkeys. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74439. [PMID: 24040246 PMCID: PMC3764107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, including the retina. Different interrelated molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson disease-associated neuronal death have been put forward in the brain, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Systemic injection of the proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to monkeys elicits the appearance of a parkinsonian syndrome, including morphological and functional impairments in the retina. However, the intracellular events leading to derangement of dopaminergic and other retinal neurons in MPTP-treated animal models have not been so far investigated. Here we have used a comparative proteomics approach to identify proteins differentially expressed in the retina of MPTP-treated monkeys. Proteins were solubilized from the neural retinas of control and MPTP-treated animals, labelled separately with two different cyanine fluorophores and run pairwise on 2D DIGE gels. Out of >700 protein spots resolved and quantified, 36 were found to exhibit statistically significant differences in their expression levels, of at least ±1.4-fold, in the parkinsonian monkey retina compared with controls. Most of these spots were excised from preparative 2D gels, trypsinized and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS analyses. Data obtained were used for protein sequence database interrogation, and 15 different proteins were successfully identified, of which 13 were underexpressed and 2 overexpressed. These proteins were involved in key cellular functional pathways such as glycolysis and mitochondrial electron transport, neuronal protection against stress and survival, and phototransduction processes. These functional categories underscore that alterations in energy metabolism, neuroprotective mechanisms and signal transduction are involved in MPTP-induced neuronal degeneration in the retina, in similarity to mechanisms thought to underlie neuronal death in the Parkinson’s diseased brain and neurodegenerative diseases of the retina proper.
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121
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de Oliveira J, Moreira ELG, Mancini G, Hort MA, Latini A, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Farina M, da Rocha JBT, de Bem AF. Diphenyl diselenide prevents cortico-cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by hypercholesterolemia in LDL receptor knockout mice. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2028-36. [PMID: 23881289 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated a causal link between high dietary cholesterol intake and brain oxidative stress. In particular, we have previously shown a positive correlation between elevated plasma cholesterol levels, cortico-cerebral oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLr(-/-)) mice, a mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia. Here we show that the organoselenium compound diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 (1 mg/kg; o.g., once a day for 30 days) significantly blunted the cortico-cerebral oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet in LDLr(-/-) mice. (PhSe)2 effectively prevented the inhibition of complex I and II activities, significantly increased the reduced glutathione (GSH) content and reduced lipoperoxidation in the cerebral cortex of hypercholesterolemic LDLr(-/-) mice. Overall, (PhSe)2 may be a promising molecule to protect against hypercholesterolemia-induced effects on the central nervous system, in addition to its already demonstrated antiatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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122
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Vevea JD, Alessi Wolken DM, Swayne TC, White AB, Pon LA. Ratiometric biosensors that measure mitochondrial redox state and ATP in living yeast cells. J Vis Exp 2013:50633. [PMID: 23912244 DOI: 10.3791/50633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have roles in many cellular processes, from energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis to control of cellular lifespan and programmed cell death. These processes affect and are affected by the redox status of and ATP production by mitochondria. Here, we describe the use of two ratiometric, genetically encoded biosensors that can detect mitochondrial redox state and ATP levels at subcellular resolution in living yeast cells. Mitochondrial redox state is measured using redox-sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein (roGFP) that is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Mito-roGFP contains cysteines at positions 147 and 204 of GFP, which undergo reversible and environment-dependent oxidation and reduction, which in turn alter the excitation spectrum of the protein. MitGO-ATeam is a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe in which the ε subunit of the FoF1-ATP synthase is sandwiched between FRET donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins. Binding of ATP to the ε subunit results in conformation changes in the protein that bring the FRET donor and acceptor in close proximity and allow for fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the donor to acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vevea
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University
| | | | | | - Adam B White
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University
| | - Liza A Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University
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123
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Thiabaud G, Pizzocaro S, Garcia-Serres R, Latour JM, Monzani E, Casella L. Heme binding induces dimerization and nitration of truncated β-amyloid peptide Aβ16 under oxidative stress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8041-4. [PMID: 23788407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Thiabaud
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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124
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Thiabaud G, Pizzocaro S, Garcia-Serres R, Latour JM, Monzani E, Casella L. Heme Binding Induces Dimerization and Nitration of Truncated β-Amyloid Peptide Aβ16 Under Oxidative Stress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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125
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Mukherjee S, Dey SG. Heme Bound Amylin: Spectroscopic Characterization, Reactivity, and Relevance to Type 2 Diabetes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:5226-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India 700032
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126
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Bobba A, Amadoro G, Petragallo VA, Calissano P, Atlante A. Dissecting the molecular mechanism by which NH2htau and Aβ1-42 peptides impair mitochondrial ANT-1 in Alzheimer disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:848-60. [PMID: 23583906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To find out whether and how the adenine nucleotide translocator-1 (ANT-1) inhibition due to NH2htau and Aβ1-42 is due to an interplay between these two Alzheimer's peptides, ROS and ANT-1 thiols, use was made of mersalyl, a reversible alkylating agent of thiol groups that are oriented toward the external hydrophilic phase, to selectively block and protect, in a reversible manner, the -SH groups of ANT-1. The rate of ATP appearance outside mitochondria was measured as the increase in NADPH absorbance which occurs, following external addition of ADP, when ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation and exported from mitochondria in the presence of glucose, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We found that the mitochondrial superoxide anions, whose production is induced at the level of Complex I by externally added Aβ1-42 and whose release from mitochondria is significantly reduced by the addition of the VDAC inhibitor DIDS, modify the thiol group/s present at the active site of mitochondrial ANT-1, impair ANT-1 in a mersalyl-prevented manner and abrogate the toxic effect of NH2htau on ANT-1 when Aβ1-42 is already present. A molecular mechanism is proposed in which the pathological Aβ-NH2htau interplay on ANT-1 in Alzheimer's neurons involves the thiol redox state of ANT-1 and the Aβ1-42-induced ROS increase. This result represents an important innovation because it suggests the possibility of using various strategies to protect cells at the mitochondrial level, by stabilizing or restoring mitochondrial function or by interfering with the energy metabolism providing a promising tool for treating or preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bobba
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, CNR, Bari, Italy
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127
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Apolipoprotein e sets the stage: response to injury triggers neuropathology. Neuron 2013; 76:871-85. [PMID: 23217737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and is associated with poor clinical outcome following traumatic brain injury and other neuropathological disorders. Protein instability and an isoform-specific apoE property called domain interaction are responsible for these neuropathological effects. ApoE4 is the most neurotoxic isoform and can induce neuropathology through various cellular pathways. Neuronal damage or stress induces apoE synthesis as part of the repair response; however, when apoE4 is expressed in neurons, its unique conformation makes it susceptible to proteolysis, resulting in the generation of neurotoxic fragments. These fragments cause pathological mitochondrial dysfunction and cytoskeletal alterations. Here, we review data supporting the hypothesis that apoE4 (> apoE3 > apoE2) has direct neurotoxic effects and highlight studies showing that blocking domain interaction reverses these detrimental effects.
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128
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Hardas SS, Sultana R, Clark AM, Beckett TL, Szweda LI, Murphy MP, Butterfield DA. Oxidative modification of lipoic acid by HNE in Alzheimer disease brain. Redox Biol 2013; 1:80-5. [PMID: 24024140 PMCID: PMC3757677 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of three pathological hallmarks: synapse loss, extracellular senile plaques (SP) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The major component of SP is amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), which has been shown to induce oxidative stress. The AD brain shows increased levels of lipid peroxidation products, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). HNE can react covalently with Cys, His, or Lys residues on proteins, altering structure and function of the latter. In the present study we measured the levels of the HNE-modified lipoic acid in brain of subjects with AD and age-matched controls. Lipoic acid is a key co-factor for a number of proteins including pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, key complexes for cellular energetics. We observed a significant decrease in the levels of HNE-lipoic acid in the AD brain compared to that of age-matched controls. To investigate this phenomenon further, the levels and activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH) were measured in AD and control brains. Additionally, LADH activities were measured after in-vitro HNE-treatment to mice brains. Both LADH levels and activities were found to be significantly reduced in AD brain compared to age-matched control. HNE-treatment also reduced the LADH activity in mice brain. These data are consistent with a two-hit hypothesis of AD: oxidative stress leads to lipid peroxidation that, in turn, causes oxidative dysfunction of key energy-related complexes in mitochondria, triggering neurodegeneration. This study is consonant with the notion that lipoic acid supplementation could be a potential treatment for the observed loss of cellular energetics in AD and potentiate the antioxidant defense system to prevent or delay the oxidative stress in and progression of this devastating dementing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita S Hardas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA ; Center for Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA ; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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129
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Eckert GP, Lipka U, Muller WE. Omega-3 fatty acids in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on mitochondria. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:105-14. [PMID: 22727983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a common early pathological event in brain aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., in Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), as well as in ischemic stroke. In vivo and ex vivo experiments using animal models of aging and AD, PD, and HD mainly showed improvement of mitochondrial function after treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Thereby, PUFA are particular beneficial in animals treated with mitochondria targeting toxins. However, DHA showed adverse effects in a transgenic PD mouse model and it is not clear if a diet high or low in PUFA might provide neuroprotective effects in PD. Post-treatment with PUFA revealed conflicting results in ischemic animal models, but intravenous administered DHA provided neuroprotective efficacy after acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In summary, the majority of preclinical data indicate beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas most controlled clinical trials did not meet the expectations. Because of the high half-life of DHA in the human brain clinical studies may have to be initiated much earlier and have to last much longer to be more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Campus Riedberg, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Biocentre Geb. N260, R.1.09, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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130
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Pramanik D, Ghosh C, Mukherjee S, Dey SG. Interaction of amyloid β peptides with redox active heme cofactor: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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131
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Perluigi M, Coccia R, Butterfield DA. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a reactive product of lipid peroxidation, and neurodegenerative diseases: a toxic combination illuminated by redox proteomics studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1590-609. [PMID: 22114878 PMCID: PMC3449441 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Among different forms of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation comprises the interaction of free radicals with polyunsaturated fatty acids, which in turn leads to the formation of highly reactive electrophilic aldehydes. Among these, the most abundant aldehydes are 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde, while acrolein is the most reactive. HNE is considered a robust marker of oxidative stress and a toxic compound for several cell types. Proteins are particularly susceptible to modification caused by HNE, and adduct formation plays a critical role in multiple cellular processes. RECENT ADVANCES With the outstanding progress of proteomics, the identification of putative biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders has been the main focus of several studies and will continue to be a difficult task. CRITICAL ISSUES The present review focuses on the role of lipid peroxidation, particularly of HNE-induced protein modification, in neurodegenerative diseases. By comparing results obtained in different neurodegenerative diseases, it may be possible to identify both similarities and specific differences in addition to better characterize selective neurodegenerative phenomena associated with protein dysfunction. Results obtained in our laboratory and others support the common deregulation of energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in neurodegeneration. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Research towards a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration together with identification of specific targets of oxidative damage is urgently required. Redox proteomics will contribute to broaden the knowledge in regard to potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and may also provide insight into damaged metabolic networks and potential targets for modulation of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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132
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Hu ZP, Browne ER, Liu T, Angel TE, Ho PC, Chan ECY. Metabonomic Profiling of TASTPM Transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5903-13. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300666p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Edward R. Browne
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Singapore Research Centre, Biopolis at One-North, 11 Biopolis Way, The Helios #03-01/02, Singapore 138667
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Thomas E Angel
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Paul C. Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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133
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Villa RF, Ferrari F, Gorini A. Effect of CDP-choline on age-dependent modifications of energy- and glutamate-linked enzyme activities in synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria from rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1424-32. [PMID: 23099360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aging and CDP-choline treatment (20 mg kg⁻¹ body weight i.p. for 28 days) on the maximal rates (V(max)) of representative mitochondrial enzyme activities related to Krebs' cycle (citrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase), glutamate and related amino acid metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate- and glutamate-pyruvate transaminases) were evaluated in non-synaptic and intra-synaptic "light" and "heavy" mitochondria from frontal cerebral cortex of male Wistar rats aged 4, 12, 18 and 24 months. During aging, enzyme activities vary in a complex way respect to the type of mitochondria, i.e. non-synaptic and intra-synaptic. This micro-heterogeneity is an important factor, because energy-related mitochondrial enzyme catalytic properties cause metabolic modifications of physiopathological significance in cerebral tissue in vivo, also discriminating pre- and post-synaptic sites of action for drugs and affecting tissue responsiveness to noxious stimuli. Results show that CDP-choline in vivo treatment enhances cerebral energy metabolism selectively at 18 months, specifically modifying enzyme catalytic activities in non-synaptic and intra-synaptic "light" mitochondrial sub-populations. This confirms that the observed changes in enzyme catalytic activities during aging reflect the bioenergetic state at each single age and the corresponding energy requirements, further proving that in vivo drug treatment is able to interfere with the neuronal energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Federico Villa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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134
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Raukas M, Rebane R, Mahlapuu R, Jefremov V, Zilmer K, Karelson E, Bogdanovic N, Zilmer M. Mitochondrial oxidative stress index, activity of redox-sensitive aconitase and effects of endogenous anti- and pro-oxidants on its activity in control, Alzheimer's disease and Swedish Familial Alzheimer's disease brain. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1490-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.728286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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135
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Elipenahli C, Stack C, Jainuddin S, Gerges M, Yang L, Starkov A, Beal MF, Dumont M. Behavioral improvement after chronic administration of coenzyme Q10 in P301S transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:173-82. [PMID: 21971408 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 is a key component of the electron transport chain which plays an essential role in ATP production and also has antioxidant effects. Neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effects have not been studied in cells or in animals with tau induced pathology. In this report, we administered coenzyme Q10 to transgenic mice with the P301S tau mutation, which causes fronto-temporal dementia in man. These mice develop tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Coenzyme Q10 improved survival and behavioral deficits in the P301S mice. There was a modest reduction in phosphorylated tau in the cortex of P301S mice. We also examined the effects of coenzyme Q10 treatment on the electron transport chain enzymes, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. There was a significant increase in complex I activity and protein levels, and a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Our data show that coenzyme Q10 significantly improved behavioral deficits and survival in transgenic mice with the P301S tau mutation, upregulated key enzymes of the electron transport chain, and reduced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhan Elipenahli
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
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136
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Lapchak PA. Transcranial near-infrared laser therapy applied to promote clinical recovery in acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Med Devices 2012; 9:71-83. [PMID: 22145842 DOI: 10.1586/erd.11.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising methods to treat neurodegeneration is noninvasive transcranial near-infrared laser therapy (NILT), which appears to promote acute neuroprotection by stimulating mitochondrial function, thereby increasing cellular energy production. NILT may also promote chronic neuronal function restoration via trophic factor-mediated plasticity changes or possibly neurogenesis. Clearly, NILT is a treatment that confers neuroprotection or neurorestoration using pleiotropic mechanisms. The most advanced application of NILT is for acute ischemic stroke based upon extensive preclinical and clinical studies. In laboratory settings, NILT is also being developed to treat traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. There is some intriguing data in the literature that suggests that NILT may be a method to promote clinical improvement in neurodegenerative diseases where there is a common mechanistic component, mitochondrial dysfunction and energy impairment. This article will analyze and review data supporting the continued development of NILT to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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137
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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138
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Schaffer S, Asseburg H, Kuntz S, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Effects of polyphenols on brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease: focus on mitochondria. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:161-78. [PMID: 22706880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global trend of the phenomenon of population ageing has dramatic consequences on public health and the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological changes that occur during normal ageing of the brain may exacerbate and initiate pathological processes that may lead to neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, the risk of AD rises exponentially with age. While there is no cure currently available, sufficient intake of certain micronutrients and secondary plant metabolites may prevent disease onset. Polyphenols are highly abundant in the human diet, and several experimental and epidemiological evidences indicate that these secondary plant products have beneficial effects on AD risks. This study reviews current knowledge on the potential of polyphenols and selected polyphenol-rich diets on memory and cognition in human subjects, focusing on recent data showing in vivo efficacy of polyphenols in preventing neurodegenerative events during brain ageing and in dementia. Concentrations of polyphenols in animal brains following oral administration have been consistently reported to be very low, thus eliciting controversial discussion on their neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms. Whether polyphenols exert any direct antioxidant effects in the brain or rather act by evoking alterations in regulatory systems of the brain or even the body periphery is still unclear. To understand the mechanisms behind the protective abilities of polyphenol-rich foods, an overall understanding of the biotransformation of polyphenols and identification of the various metabolites arising in the human body is also urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 22 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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139
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Khodarahmi R, Hossein-pour Z, Ghobadi S, Mansouri K, Mostafaie A, Yari K, Ghadami SA. Non-specific peroxidase activity and catalase-inhibitory behavior of fibrillar aggregates after interaction with heme: relevance to the etiology of amyloid-related neurodegenerative disorders using the experimental-based evidences. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-012-0111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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140
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Alterations in Lipid Levels of Mitochondrial Membranes Induced by Amyloid-β: A Protective Role of Melatonin. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:459806. [PMID: 22666620 PMCID: PMC3362052 DOI: 10.1155/2012/459806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction, which is closely related to amyloid-β (Aβ) generation, abnormal tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Alterations in membranal components, including cholesterol and fatty acids, their characteristics, disposition, and distribution along the membranes, have been studied as evidence of cell membrane alterations in AD brain. The majority of these studies have been focused on the cytoplasmic membrane; meanwhile the mitochondrial membranes have been less explored. In this work, we studied lipids and mitochondrial membranes in vivo, following intracerebral injection of fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ). The purpose was to determine how Aβ may be responsible for beginning of a vicious cycle where oxidative stress and alterations in cholesterol, lipids and fatty acids, feed back on each other to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. We observed changes in mitochondrial membrane lipids, and fatty acids, following intracerebral injection of fibrillar Aβ in aged Wistar rats. Melatonin, a well-known antioxidant and neuroimmunomodulator indoleamine, reversed some of these alterations and protected mitochondrial membranes from obvious damage. Additionally, melatonin increased the levels of linolenic and n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, in the same site where amyloid β was injected, favoring an endogenous anti-inflammatory pathway.
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141
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Eckert GP, Renner K, Eckert SH, Eckmann J, Hagl S, Abdel-Kader RM, Kurz C, Leuner K, Muller WE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction—A Pharmacological Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:136-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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142
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Fine JM, Baillargeon AM, Renner DB, Hoerster NS, Tokarev J, Colton S, Pelleg A, Andrews A, Sparley KA, Krogh KM, Frey WH, Hanson LR. Intranasal deferoxamine improves performance in radial arm water maze, stabilizes HIF-1α, and phosphorylates GSK3β in P301L tau transgenic mice. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:381-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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143
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Yao J, Brinton RD. Targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics for Alzheimer's prevention and treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:3474-9. [PMID: 21902662 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798072517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. The progressive and multifaceted degenerative phenotype of Alzheimer's suggests that successful treatment strategies necessarily will be equally multi-faceted and disease stage specific. Traditional therapeutic strategies based on the pathological aspect of the disease have achieved success in preclinical models which has not translated into clinical therapeutic efficacy. Meanwhile, increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. The essential role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the unique trajectory of alterations in brain metabolic capacity enable a bioenergetic- centric strategy that targets disease-stage specific pattern of brain metabolism for disease prevention and treatment. A combination of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical intervention that enhances glucose-driven metabolic activity and potentiates mitochondrial bioenergetic function could prevent the antecedent decline in brain glucose metabolism, promote healthy aging and prevent AD. Alternatively, during the prodromal incipient phase of AD, sustained activation of ketogenic metabolic pathways coupled with supplement of the alternative fuel source, ketone bodies, could sustain mitochondrial bioenergetic function to prevent or delay further progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA
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144
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Trushina E, Nemutlu E, Zhang S, Christensen T, Camp J, Mesa J, Siddiqui A, Tamura Y, Sesaki H, Wengenack TM, Dzeja PP, Poduslo JF. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolomic signatures of evolving energetic stress in mouse models of familial Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32737. [PMID: 22393443 PMCID: PMC3290628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of early mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and associated biomarkers could advance development of new therapies and improve monitoring and predicting of AD progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested to underlie AD pathophysiology, however, no comprehensive study exists that evaluates the effect of different familial AD (FAD) mutations on mitochondrial function, dynamics, and brain energetics. METHODS AND FINDINGS We characterized early mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolomic signatures of energetic stress in three commonly used transgenic mouse models of FAD. Assessment of mitochondrial motility, distribution, dynamics, morphology, and metabolomic profiling revealed the specific effect of each FAD mutation on the development of mitochondrial stress and dysfunction. Inhibition of mitochondrial trafficking was characteristic for embryonic neurons from mice expressing mutant human presenilin 1, PS1(M146L) and the double mutation of human amyloid precursor protein APP(Tg2576) and PS1(M146L) contributing to the increased susceptibility of neurons to excitotoxic cell death. Significant changes in mitochondrial morphology were detected in APP and APP/PS1 mice. All three FAD models demonstrated a loss of the integrity of synaptic mitochondria and energy production. Metabolomic profiling revealed mutation-specific changes in the levels of metabolites reflecting altered energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in brains of FAD mice. Metabolic biomarkers adequately reflected gender differences similar to that reported for AD patients and correlated well with the biomarkers currently used for diagnosis in humans. CONCLUSIONS Mutation-specific alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, morphology and function in FAD mice occurred prior to the onset of memory and neurological phenotype and before the formation of amyloid deposits. Metabolomic signatures of mitochondrial stress and altered energy metabolism indicated alterations in nucleotide, Krebs cycle, energy transfer, carbohydrate, neurotransmitter, and amino acid metabolic pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction, therefore, is an underlying event in AD progression, and FAD mouse models provide valuable tools to study early molecular mechanisms implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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145
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Yao J, Brinton RD. Estrogen regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics: implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:327-71. [PMID: 22840752 PMCID: PMC3970844 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. Increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. Compromised aerobic glycolysis pathway coupled with oxidative stress is first accompanied by a shift toward a ketogenic pathway that eventually progresses into fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathways and leads to white matter degeneration and overproduction and mitochondrial accumulation of β-amyloid. Estrogen-induced signaling pathways converge upon the mitochondria to enhance mitochondrial function and to sustain aerobic glycolysis coupled with citric acid cycle-driven oxidative phosphorylation to potentiate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) generation. In addition to potentiated mitochondrial bioenergetics, estrogen also enhances neural survival and health through maintenance of calcium homeostasis, promotion of antioxidant defense against free radicals, efficient cholesterol trafficking, and beta amyloid clearance. Significantly, the convergence of E2 mechanisms of action onto mitochondria is also a potential point of vulnerability when activated in diseased neurons that exacerbates degeneration through increased load on dysregulated calcium homeostasis. The "healthy cell bias of estrogen action" hypothesis examines the role that regulating mitochondrial function and bioenergetics play in promoting neural health and the mechanistic crossroads that lead to divergent outcomes following estrogen exposure. As the continuum of neurological health progresses from healthy to unhealthy, so too do the benefits of estrogen or hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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146
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Ye X, Tai W, Zhang D. The early events of Alzheimer's disease pathology: from mitochondrial dysfunction to BDNF axonal transport deficits. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1122.e1-10. [PMID: 22212405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there are numerous studies regarding Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cause and progression of AD are still not well understood. The researches in the past decade implicated amyloid-beta (Aβ) overproduction as a causative event in disease pathogenesis, but still failed to clarify the mechanism of pathology from Aβ production to central neural system defects in AD. The present review raises the hypothesis that the onset of AD pathology is closely related with mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aβ and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) axonal transport deficits. It is well-known that axonal transport defect and attenuation of BDNF-neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase 2 (TrkB) signal are fatal to neuronal function and survival. We hypothesized that abnormal amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ production in mitochondria disturb the axonal transport by impairing mitochondrial function and attenuate BDNF-neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase 2 signal subsequently. For this hypothesis, the factors related with the initiation of AD pathology are not only limited to the neurons per se but also expanded to the microenvironment around neurons, such as the secretion of BDNF from astrocytes. The modification of the origin in this pathway may contribute to slow down the disease progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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147
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Anand R, Kaushal A, Wani WY, Gill KD. Road to Alzheimer's disease: the pathomechanism underlying. Pathobiology 2011; 79:55-71. [PMID: 22205086 DOI: 10.1159/000332218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, results from the interplay of various deregulated mechanisms triggering a complex pathophysiology. The neurons suffer from and slowly succumb to multiple irreversible damages, resulting in cell death and thus memory deficits that characterize AD. In spite of our vast knowledge, it is still unclear as to when the disease process starts and how long the perturbations continue before the disease manifests. Recent studies provide sufficient evidence to prove amyloid β (Aβ) as the primary cause initiating secondary events, but Aβ is also known to be produced under normal conditions and to possess physiological roles, hence, the questions that remain are: What are the factors that lead to abnormal Aβ production? When does Aβ turn into a pathological molecule? What is the chain of events that follows Aβ? The answers are still under debate, and further insight may help us in creating better diagnostic and therapeutic options in AD. The present article attempts to review the current literature regarding AD pathophysiology and proposes a pathophysiologic cascade in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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148
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Zhou X, Li Q, Chen X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liu K, Xu J. The Arabidopsis RETARDED ROOT GROWTH gene encodes a mitochondria-localized protein that is required for cell division in the root meristem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1793-804. [PMID: 21984726 PMCID: PMC3327206 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To develop a growing root, cell division in the root meristem has to be properly regulated in order to generate or propagate new cells. How cell division is regulated in the root meristem remains largely unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RETARDED ROOT GROWTH (RRG) gene that plays a role in the regulation of root meristem cell division. In the root, RRG is predominantly expressed in the root meristem. Disruption of RRG function reduced numbers of dividing cells, the rate of cell production, and endoreduplication, and thus affected meristem size and root growth. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and marker-assisted analyses revealed that expression levels of several cell cycle genes were decreased in the mutant roots, indicating a defect in cell cycle progression. Mutations in RRG, however, did not affect the expression of key root-patterning genes and an auxin-responsive marker, suggesting that RRG is not essential for root patterning and auxin signaling. RRG is a mitochondria-localized protein conserved in plants and shares a DUF155 domain with proteins related to cell division in yeast, and rrg mutants displayed extensive vacuolization in mitochondria. We propose that Arabidopsis RRG is a conserved mitochondrial protein required for cell division in the root meristem.
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149
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Obulesu M, Venu R, Somashekhar R. Lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer's disease: emphasis on metal-mediated neurotoxicity. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 124:295-301. [PMID: 21303349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of redox active metals like copper and iron in central biological reactions, their elevated levels are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Similarly reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) produced during normal metabolic activities, specifically oxidative phosphorylation of the cell, are scavenged by antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase but impaired metabolic pathways tend to generate elevated levels of these ROS/RNS. Iron, copper, and zinc are some of the metals, which intensify this process and contribute for the pathogenesis of AD. This review summarizes the mechanism of ROS/RNS production and their role in lipid peroxidation. The factors, which make brain vulnerable for lipid peroxidation, have been discussed. It also focuses on possible treatment options and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obulesu
- Department of Biotechnology, Capital College, Bangalore, India.
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150
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Yao J, Rettberg JR, Klosinski LP, Cadenas E, Brinton RD. Shift in brain metabolism in late onset Alzheimer's disease: implications for biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:247-57. [PMID: 22024249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. Increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. Compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics lead to over-production of and mitochondrial accumulation of β-amyloid, which is coupled with oxidative stress. Collectively, this results in a shift in brain metabolic profile from glucose-driven bioenergetics towards a compensatory, but less efficient, ketogenic pathway. We propose that the compensatory shift from a primarily aerobic glycolysis pathway to a ketogenic/fatty acid β-oxidation pathway eventually leads to white matter degeneration. The essential role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the unique trajectory of compensatory metabolic adaptations in brain enable a bioenergetic-centric strategy for development of biomarkers. From a therapeutic perspective, this trajectory of alterations in brain metabolic capacity enables disease-stage specific strategies to target brain metabolism for disease prevention and treatment. A combination of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical interventions that enhance glucose-driven metabolic activity and potentiate mitochondrial bioenergetic function could prevent the antecedent decline in brain glucose metabolism, promote healthy aging and prevent AD. Alternatively, during the prodromal incipient phase of AD, sustained activation of ketogenic metabolic pathways coupled with supplementation of the alternative fuel source, ketone bodies, could sustain mitochondrial bioenergetic function to prevent or delay further progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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