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Ketogenesis controls mitochondrial gene expression and rescues mitochondrial bioenergetics after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16359. [PMID: 34381166 PMCID: PMC8357839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the secondary injury mechanisms that occur after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is essential for the development of novel neuroprotective strategies linked to the restoration of metabolic deficits. We and others have shown that Ketogenic diet (KD), a high fat, moderate in proteins and low in carbohydrates is neuroprotective and improves behavioural outcomes in rats with acute SCI. Ketones are alternative fuels for mitochondrial ATP generation, and can modulate signaling pathways via targeting specific receptors. Here, we demonstrate that ad libitum administration of KD for 7 days after SCI rescued mitochondrial respiratory capacity, increased parameters of mitochondrial biogenesis, affected the regulation of mitochondrial-related genes, and activated the NRF2-dependent antioxidant pathway. This study demonstrates that KD improves post-SCI metabolism by rescuing mitochondrial function and supports the potential of KD for treatment of acute SCI in humans.
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102
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Five novel triterpenoid saponins from Hovenia dulcis and their Nrf2 inhibitory activities. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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103
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Abstract
The gene expression program induced by NRF2 transcription factor plays a critical role in cell defense responses against a broad variety of cellular stresses, most importantly oxidative stress. NRF2 stability is fine-tuned regulated by KEAP1, which drives its degradation in the absence of oxidative stress. In the context of cancer, NRF2 cytoprotective functions were initially linked to anti-oncogenic properties. However, in the last few decades, growing evidence indicates that NRF2 acts as a tumor driver, inducing metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Constitutive activation of NRF2 has been found to be frequent in several tumors, including some lung cancer sub-types and it has been associated to the maintenance of a malignant cell phenotype. This apparently contradictory effect of the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway in cancer (cell protection against cancer versus pro-tumoral properties) has generated a great controversy about its functions in this disease. In this review, we will describe the molecular mechanism regulating this signaling pathway in physiological conditions and summarize the most important findings related to the role of NRF2/KEAP1 in lung cancer. The focus will be placed on NRF2 activation mechanisms, the implication of those in lung cancer progression and current therapeutic strategies directed at blocking NRF2 action.
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104
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Nrf2, the Major Regulator of the Cellular Oxidative Stress Response, is Partially Disordered. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147434. [PMID: 34299054 PMCID: PMC8305528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription regulator that plays a pivotal role in coordinating the cellular response to oxidative stress. Through interactions with other proteins, such as Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), CREB-binding protein (CBP), and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), Nrf2 mediates the transcription of cytoprotective genes critical for removing toxicants and preventing DNA damage, thereby playing a significant role in chemoprevention. Dysregulation of Nrf2 is linked to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance, making Nrf2 a promising target for anticancer therapeutics. However, despite the physiological importance of Nrf2, the molecular details of this protein and its interactions with most of its targets remain unknown, hindering the rational design of Nrf2-targeted therapeutics. With this in mind, we used a combined bioinformatics and experimental approach to characterize the structure of full-length Nrf2 and its interaction with Keap1. Our results show that Nrf2 is partially disordered, with transiently structured elements in its Neh2, Neh7, and Neh1 domains. Moreover, interaction with the Kelch domain of Keap1 leads to protection of the binding motifs in the Neh2 domain of Nrf2, while the rest of the protein remains highly dynamic. This work represents the first detailed structural characterization of full-length Nrf2 and provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of Nrf2 activity modulation in oxidative stress response.
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105
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Lv Z, Xiao L, Tang Y, Chen Y, Chen D. Rb deficiency induces p21cip1 expression and delays retinal degeneration in rd1 mice. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108701. [PMID: 34252413 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a major cause of inherited blindness, and there is presently no cure for RP. Rd1 mouse is the most commonly used RP animal model. Re-expression of cell cycle proteins in post-mitotic neurons is considered an important mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases, including RP. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb) is a major regulator of cell cycle progression, yet its role in rd1 mouse retina and related signaling pathways have never been analyzed. By crossing α-Cre, Rbf/f mice with rd1 mice, p21cip1-/- mice, Cdk1f/f mice and Cdk2f/f mice, we established multiple rd1 mouse models with deletions of Rb gene, Cdkn1a (p21cip1) gene, Cdk1 and Cdk2 gene in the retina. Cdk inhibitor CR8 was injected into the vitreous of rd1 mouse to investigate its effects on photoreceptor survival. Rb gene knockout (KO) induces cell death in excitatory retinal neurons (rods, rod bipolar and ganglions) and ectopic proliferation of retinal cells; but it paradoxically delays the rod death of rd1 mice, which is primarily mediated by the Cdk inhibitor Cdkn1a (p21cip1). Interestingly, p21cip1 protects the ectopic dividing rd1 rod cells by inhibiting Cdk1 and Cdk2. However, inhibiting Cdk1 and Cdk2 in rd1 mice with non-dividing rods only has limited and transient protective effects. Our data suggest that there is no ectopic division of rd1 rod cells, and RbKO induces ectopic division but delays the death of rd1 rod cells. This reveals the important protective role of Rb-p21cip1-Cdk axis in rd1 rod cells. P21cip1 is a potential target for future therapy of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Lv
- The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunjing Tang
- The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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106
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Dobre M, Boscencu R, Neagoe IV, Surcel M, Milanesi E, Manda G. Insight into the Web of Stress Responses Triggered at Gene Expression Level by Porphyrin-PDT in HT29 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071032. [PMID: 34371724 PMCID: PMC8309054 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a highly targeted therapy with acceptable side effects, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option in oncologic pathology. One of the issues that needs to be addressed is related to the complex network of cellular responses developed by tumor cells in response to PDT. In this context, this study aims to characterize in vitro the stressors and the corresponding cellular responses triggered by PDT in the human colon carcinoma HT29 cell line, using a new asymmetric porphyrin derivative (P2.2) as a photosensitizer. Besides investigating the ability of P2.2-PDT to reduce the number of viable tumor cells at various P2.2 concentrations and fluences of the activating light, we assessed, using qRT-PCR, the expression levels of 84 genes critically involved in the stress response of PDT-treated cells. Results showed a fluence-dependent decrease of viable tumor cells at 24 h post-PDT, with few cells that seem to escape from PDT. We highlighted following P2.2-PDT the concomitant activation of particular cellular responses to oxidative stress, hypoxia, DNA damage and unfolded protein responses and inflammation. A web of inter-connected stressors was induced by P2.2-PDT, which underlies cell death but also elicits protective mechanisms that may delay tumor cell death or even defend these cells against the deleterious effects of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dobre
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Victoria Neagoe
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Manda
- Radiobiology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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107
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Villavicencio Tejo F, Quintanilla RA. Contribution of the Nrf2 Pathway on Oxidative Damage and Mitochondrial Failure in Parkinson and Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1069. [PMID: 34356302 PMCID: PMC8301100 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in human life expectancy has become a challenge to reduce the deleterious consequences of aging. Nowadays, an increasing number of the population suffer from age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These disorders present different signs of neurodegeneration such as mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Accumulative evidence suggests that the transcriptional factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) plays a vital defensive role orchestrating the antioxidant response in the brain. Nrf2 activation promotes the expression of several antioxidant enzymes that exert cytoprotective effects against oxidative damage and mitochondrial impairment. In this context, several studies have proposed a role of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis of PD and AD. Thus, we consider it important to summarize the ongoing literature related to the effects of the Nrf2 pathway in the context of these diseases. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in Nrf2 activity and its connection with mitochondria, energy supply, and antioxidant response in the brain. Furthermore, we will lead our discussion to identify the participation of the Nrf2 pathway in mitochondrial impairment and neurodegeneration present in PD and AD. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic effects that the Nrf2 pathway activation could have on the cognitive impairment, neurodegeneration, and mitochondrial failure present in PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
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108
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Jenkins T, Gouge J. Nrf2 in Cancer, Detoxifying Enzymes and Cell Death Programs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1030. [PMID: 34202320 PMCID: PMC8300779 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. They are also by-products of aerobic living conditions. Their inherent reactivity poses a threat for all cellular components. Cells have, therefore, evolved complex pathways to sense and maintain the redox balance. Among them, Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) plays a crucial role: it is activated under oxidative conditions and is responsible for the expression of the detoxification machinery and antiapoptotic factors. It is, however, a double edge sword: whilst it prevents tumorigenesis in healthy cells, its constitutive activation in cancer promotes tumour growth and metastasis. In addition, recent data have highlighted the importance of Nrf2 in evading programmed cell death. In this review, we will focus on the activation of the Nrf2 pathway in the cytoplasm, the molecular basis underlying Nrf2 binding to the DNA, and the dysregulation of this pathway in cancer, before discussing how Nrf2 contributes to the prevention of apoptosis and ferroptosis in cancer and how it is likely to be linked to detoxifying enzymes containing selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha Jenkins
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Jerome Gouge
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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109
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Panieri E, Saso L. Inhibition of the NRF2/KEAP1 Axis: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Alter Redox Balance of Cancer Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1428-1483. [PMID: 33403898 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (NRF2/KEAP1) pathway is a crucial and highly conserved defensive system that is required to maintain or restore the intracellular homeostasis in response to oxidative, electrophilic, and other types of stress conditions. The tight control of NRF2 function is maintained by a complex network of biological interactions between positive and negative regulators that ultimately ensure context-specific activation, culminating in the NRF2-driven transcription of cytoprotective genes. Recent Advances: Recent studies indicate that deregulated NRF2 activation is a frequent event in malignant tumors, wherein it is associated with metabolic reprogramming, increased antioxidant capacity, chemoresistance, and poor clinical outcome. On the other hand, the growing interest in the modulation of the cancer cells' redox balance identified NRF2 as an ideal therapeutic target. Critical Issues: For this reason, many efforts have been made to identify potent and selective NRF2 inhibitors that might be used as single agents or adjuvants of anticancer drugs with redox disrupting properties. Despite the lack of specific NRF2 inhibitors still represents a major clinical hurdle, the researchers have exploited alternative strategies to disrupt NRF2 signaling at different levels of its biological activation. Future Directions: Given its dualistic role in tumor initiation and progression, the identification of the appropriate biological context of NRF2 activation and the specific clinicopathological features of patients cohorts wherein its inactivation is expected to have clinical benefits, will represent a major goal in the field of cancer research. In this review, we will briefly describe the structure and function of the NRF2/ KEAP1 system and some of the most promising NRF2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on natural compounds and drug repurposing. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1428-1483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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110
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Friedrich C, Schallenberg S, Kirchner M, Ziehm M, Niquet S, Haji M, Beier C, Neudecker J, Klauschen F, Mertins P. Comprehensive micro-scaled proteome and phosphoproteome characterization of archived retrospective cancer repositories. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3576. [PMID: 34117251 PMCID: PMC8196151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are a valuable resource for retrospective clinical studies. Here, we evaluate the feasibility of (phospho-)proteomics on FFPE lung tissue regarding protein extraction, quantification, pre-analytics, and sample size. After comparing protein extraction protocols, we use the best-performing protocol for the acquisition of deep (phospho-)proteomes from lung squamous cell and adenocarcinoma with >8,000 quantified proteins and >14,000 phosphosites with a tandem mass tag (TMT) approach. With a microscaled approach, we quantify 7,000 phosphosites, enabling the analysis of FFPE biopsies with limited tissue amounts. We also investigate the influence of pre-analytical variables including fixation time and heat-assisted de-crosslinking on protein extraction efficiency and proteome coverage. Our improved workflows provide quantitative information on protein abundance and phosphosite regulation for the most relevant oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and signaling pathways in lung cancer. Finally, we present general guidelines to which methods are best suited for different applications, highlighting TMT methods for comprehensive (phospho-)proteome profiling for focused clinical studies and label-free methods for large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Friedrich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany ,grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), MDC graduate school, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Schallenberg
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieluise Kirchner
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Proteomics Platform, Berlin, Germany ,grid.484013.aBerlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ziehm
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Proteomics Platform, Berlin, Germany ,grid.484013.aBerlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Niquet
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Proteomics Platform, Berlin, Germany ,grid.484013.aBerlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Haji
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Proteomics Platform, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Beier
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Proteomics Platform, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Neudecker
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Surgery - Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany ,grid.484013.aBerlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Proteomics Platform, Berlin, Germany ,grid.484013.aBerlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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111
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CDCA2 protects against oxidative stress by promoting BRCA1-NRF2 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:4368-4383. [PMID: 34103686 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients mostly suffer from poor survival outcomes. It is necessary to identify effective therapeutic targets to improve prognosis for HCC patients. Here, we report a new factor, CDCA2, in promoting HCC development. CDCA2 amplification is an independent risk factor for the recurrence and survival of HCC patients, which is positively correlated with elevated level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), high histological grade, large tumor size, advanced TNM stage, and poor prognosis for HCC patients. In HCC cells, CDCA2 promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis. Mechanistically, CDCA2's transcription is activated through the binding of E2F2/E2F8 with its promoter. CDCA2 depletion contributes to the suppression of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis due to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated stress, which can be reversed by antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, we found that CDCA2 triggers the BRCA1-NRF2 cascade, which elevates antioxidant response and attenuates ROS levels. In response to oxidative stress, CDCA2 promotes BRCA1's chromatin relocalization to NRF2, activating NRF2-driven downstream signaling (HO-1, TXNRD1, and NQO1), which then protects HCC cells against oxidative damage. In conclusion, our results reveal that CDCA2 is a prognostic biomarker for HCC patients, and present the E2F2/E2F8-CDCA2-BRCA1-NRF2-ROS signaling axis that have implications for HCC therapeutics.
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112
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Sharma S, Advani D, Das A, Malhotra N, Khosla A, Arora V, Jha A, Yadav M, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Pharmacological intervention in oxidative stress as a therapeutic target in neurological disorders. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:461-484. [PMID: 34050648 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is a major cellular burden that triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants that modulate signalling mechanisms. Byproducts generated from this process govern the brain pathology and functions in various neurological diseases. As oxidative stress remains the key therapeutic target in neurological disease, it is necessary to explore the multiple routes that can significantly repair the damage caused due to ROS and consequently, neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is the critical player of oxidative stress that can also be used as a therapeutic target to combat NDDs. KEY FINDINGS Several antioxidants signalling pathways are found to be associated with oxidative stress and show a protective effect against stressors by increasing the release of various cytoprotective enzymes and also exert anti-inflammatory response against this oxidative damage. These pathways along with antioxidants and reactive species can be the defined targets to eliminate or reduce the harmful effects of neurological diseases. SUMMARY Herein, we discussed the underlying mechanism and crucial role of antioxidants in therapeutics together with natural compounds as a pharmacological tool to combat the cellular deformities cascades caused due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Sharma
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Dia Advani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Nishtha Malhotra
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Khosla
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Vanshika Arora
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Megha Yadav
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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Roles of Nrf2 in Gastric Cancer: Targeting for Therapeutic Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113157. [PMID: 34070502 PMCID: PMC8198360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) is a specific transcription factor with potent effects on the regulation of antioxidant gene expression that modulates cell hemostasis under various conditions in tissues. However, the effects of Nrf2 on gastric cancer (GC) are not fully elucidated and understood. Evidence suggests that uncontrolled Nrf2 expression and activation has been observed more frequently in malignant tumors, including GC cells, which is then associated with increased antioxidant capacity, chemoresistance, and poor clinical prognosis. Moreover, Nrf2 inhibitors and the associated modulation of tumor cell redox balance have shown that Nrf2 also has beneficial effects on the therapy of various cancers, including GC. Based on previous findings on the important role of Nrf2 in GC therapy, it is of great interest to scientists in basic and clinical tumor research that Nrf2 can be active as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor depending on different background situations.
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114
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Lipoperoxide Nanoemulsion as Adjuvant in Cisplatin Cancer Therapy: In Vitro Study on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma DLD-1 Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061365. [PMID: 34064174 PMCID: PMC8224288 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a first-choice chemotherapeutic agent used to treat solid tumors even though the onset of multi-drug resistance and the time-dose side-effects impair its mono-therapeutic application. Therefore, new drug-delivery approaches, based on nanomedicine strategies, are needed to enhance its therapeutic potential in favor of a dose-reduction of cisplatin. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolism-derived intermediates, as well as lipid peroxidation end-products, are used as adjuvants to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Lipid hydroperoxides, derived from the oxidation of edible oils, can contribute to cell death, generating breakdown products (e.g., reactive aldehydes). In this regard, the aim of this present study was to evaluate an invitro combinatory strategy between a lecithin-based nanoemulsion system of K600, a patented mixture of peroxidated oil and peroxidated cholesterol, and cisplatin on DLD1 human adenocarcinoma cells. Our findings showed that nanoemulsions, acting in synergy with cisplatin, improve cisplatin bioactivity, in terms of enhancing its anti-cancer activity, towards DLD1 cells. Indeed, this combination approach, whilst maintaining cisplatin at low concentrations, induces a significant reduction in DLD1 cell viability, an increase in pro-apoptotic markers, and genotoxic damage. Therefore, K600 nanoemulsions as an efficient targeted delivery system of cisplatin allow for the reduction in the chemotherapeutic agent doses.
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Schmidlin CJ, Shakya A, Dodson M, Chapman E, Zhang DD. The intricacies of NRF2 regulation in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:110-119. [PMID: 34020028 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex role of NRF2 in the context of cancer continues to evolve. As a transcription factor, NRF2 regulates various genes involved in redox homeostasis, protein degradation, DNA repair, and xenobiotic metabolism. As such, NRF2 is critical in preserving cell function and viability, particularly during stress. Importantly, NRF2 itself is regulated via a variety of mechanisms, and the mode of NRF2 activation often dictates the duration of NRF2 signaling and its role in either preventing cancer initiation or promoting cancer progression. Herein, different modes of NRF2 regulation, including oxidative stress, autophagy dysfunction, protein-protein interactions, and epigenetics, as well as pharmacological modulators targeting this cascade in cancer, are explored. Specifically, how the timing and duration of these different mechanisms of NRF2 induction affect tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis are discussed. Additionally, progress in the discovery and development of NRF2 inhibitors for the treatment of NRF2-addicted cancers is highlighted, including modulators that inhibit specific NRF2 downstream targets. Overall, a better understanding of the intricate nature of NRF2 regulation in specific cancer contexts should facilitate the generation of novel therapeutics designed to not only prevent tumor initiation, but also halt progression and ultimately improve patient wellbeing and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Schmidlin
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aryatara Shakya
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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116
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Tian C, Gao L, Zucker IH. Regulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in heart failure: Role of extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:218-231. [PMID: 33741451 PMCID: PMC8096694 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The balance between pro- and antioxidant molecules has been established as an important driving force in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Chronic heart failure is associated with oxidative stress in the myocardium and globally. Redox balance in the heart and brain is controlled, in part, by antioxidant proteins regulated by the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is reduced in the heart failure state. Nrf2 can, in turn, be regulated by a variety of mechanisms including circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from multiple cell types in the heart. Here, we review the role of the Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme signaling pathway in mediating redox balance in the myocardium and the brain in the heart failure state. This review focuses on Nrf2 and antioxidant protein regulation in the heart and brain by miRNA-enriched EVs in the setting of heart failure. We discuss EV-mediated intra- and inter-organ communications especially, communication between the heart and brain via an EV pathway that mediates cardiac function and sympatho-excitation in heart failure. Importantly, we speculate how engineered EVs with specific miRNAs or antagomirs may be used in a therapeutic manner in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Lie Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
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Peng D, Zaika A, Que J, El-Rifai W. The antioxidant response in Barrett's tumorigenesis: A double-edged sword. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101894. [PMID: 33621787 PMCID: PMC7907897 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the dominant form of esophageal malignancies in the United States and other industrialized countries. The incidence of EAC has been rising rapidly during the past four decades. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the main precancerous condition for EAC, where a metaplastic columnar epithelium replaces normal squamous mucosa of the lower esophagus. The primary risk factor for BE and EAC are chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), obesity and smoking. During the BE-dysplasia-EAC sequence, esophageal cells are under a tremendous burden of accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. While normal cells have intact antioxidant machinery to maintain a balanced anti-tumorigenic physiological response, the antioxidant capacity is compromised in neoplastic cells with a pro-tumorigenic development antioxidant response. The accumulation of ROS, during the neoplastic progression of the GERD-BE-EAC sequence, induces DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Neoplastic cells adapt to oxidative stress by developing a pro-tumorigenic antioxidant response that keeps oxidative damage below lethal levels while promoting tumorigenesis, progression, and resistance to therapy. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings on oxidative stress in tumorigenesis in the context of the GERD-BE-EAC process. We will discuss how EAC cells adapt to increased ROS. We will review APE1 and NRF2 signaling mechanisms in the context of EAC. Finally, we will discuss the potential clinical significance of applying antioxidants or NRF2 activators as chemoprevention and NRF2 inhibitors in treating EAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
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Ponte LGS, Pavan ICB, Mancini MCS, da Silva LGS, Morelli AP, Severino MB, Bezerra RMN, Simabuco FM. The Hallmarks of Flavonoids in Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:2029. [PMID: 33918290 PMCID: PMC8038160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids represent an important group of bioactive compounds derived from plant-based foods and beverages with known biological activity in cells. From the modulation of inflammation to the inhibition of cell proliferation, flavonoids have been described as important therapeutic adjuvants against several diseases, including diabetes, arteriosclerosis, neurological disorders, and cancer. Cancer is a complex and multifactor disease that has been studied for years however, its prevention is still one of the best known and efficient factors impacting the epidemiology of the disease. In the molecular and cellular context, some of the mechanisms underlying the oncogenesis and the progression of the disease are understood, known as the hallmarks of cancer. In this text, we review important molecular signaling pathways, including inflammation, immunity, redox metabolism, cell growth, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle, and analyze the known mechanisms of action of flavonoids in cancer. The current literature provides enough evidence supporting that flavonoids may be important adjuvants in cancer therapy, highlighting the importance of healthy and balanced diets to prevent the onset and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gustavo Saboia Ponte
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
- Laboratory of Signal Mechanisms (LMS), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Mariana Camargo Silva Mancini
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | - Luiz Guilherme Salvino da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | - Ana Paula Morelli
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | - Matheus Brandemarte Severino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | - Rosangela Maria Neves Bezerra
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (L.G.S.P.); (I.C.B.P.); (M.C.S.M.); (L.G.S.d.S.); (A.P.M.); (M.B.S.); (R.M.N.B.)
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Telkoparan-Akillilar P, Panieri E, Cevik D, Suzen S, Saso L. Therapeutic Targeting of the NRF2 Signaling Pathway in Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:1417. [PMID: 33808001 PMCID: PMC7961421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most fatal diseases with an increasing incidence and mortality all over the world. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel therapies targeting major cancer-related pathways. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its major negative modulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) are main players of the cellular defense mechanisms against internal and external cell stressors. However, NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway is dysregulated in various cancers, thus promoting tumor cell survival and metastasis. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms of normal and deregulated NRF2 signaling pathway focusing on its cancer-related functions. We further explore activators and inhibitors of this pathway as cancer targeting drug candidates in order to provide an extensive background on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Telkoparan-Akillilar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas University, 06520 Ankara, Turkey; (P.T.-A.); (D.C.)
| | - Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Dilek Cevik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas University, 06520 Ankara, Turkey; (P.T.-A.); (D.C.)
| | - Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Romeo MA, Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Arena A, D’Orazi G, Cirone M. p53-R273H Sustains ROS, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Release and mTOR Activation While Reducing Autophagy, Mitophagy and UCP2 Expression, Effects Prevented by wtp53. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030344. [PMID: 33668399 PMCID: PMC7996167 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is the most frequently mutated or inactivated gene in cancer, as its activity is not reconcilable with tumor onset and progression. Moreover, mutations in the p53 gene give rise to mutant proteins such as p53-R273H that, besides losing the wild type p53 (wtp53) capacity to safeguard genome integrity, may promote carcinogenesis, mainly due to its crosstalk with pro-oncogenic pathways. Interestingly, the activation of oncogenic pathways is interconnected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to create an inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic milieu. In this study, based on experiments involving p53-R273H silencing and transfection, we showed that this mutant p53 (mutp53) promoted cancer cell survival by increasing intracellular ROS level and pro-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokine release, activating mTOR, reducing autophagy and mitophagy and downregulating uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Interestingly, p53-R273H transfection into cancer cells carrying wtp53 induced none of these effects and resulted in p21 upregulation. This suggests that wtp53 may counteract several pro-tumorigenic activities of p53-R273H and this could explain the lower aggressiveness of cancers carrying heterozygous mutp53 in comparison to those harboring homozygous mutp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Neurosciences, Images and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4997-3319; Fax: + 39-064-456-229
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Zhang C, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang T, Xu D, Hu W, Feng Z. The Interplay Between Tumor Suppressor p53 and Hypoxia Signaling Pathways in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648808. [PMID: 33681231 PMCID: PMC7930565 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors and plays a critical role in different steps of tumor progression, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, and stemness of cancer cells. Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling plays a critical role in regulating hypoxic responses in tumors. As a key tumor suppressor and transcription factor, p53 responds to a wide variety of stress signals, including hypoxia, and selectively transcribes its target genes to regulate various cellular responses to exert its function in tumor suppression. Studies have demonstrated a close but complex interplay between hypoxia and p53 signaling pathways. The p53 levels and activities can be regulated by the hypoxia and HIF signaling differently depending on the cell/tissue type and the severity and duration of hypoxia. On the other hand, p53 regulates the hypoxia and HIF signaling at multiple levels. Many tumor-associated mutant p53 proteins display gain-of-function (GOF) oncogenic activities to promote cancer progression. Emerging evidence has also shown that GOF mutant p53 can promote cancer progression through its interplay with the hypoxia and HIF signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the interplay between the hypoxia and p53 signaling pathways, its impact upon cancer progression, and its potential application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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122
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Zhu H, Klement JD, Lu C, Redd PS, Yang D, Smith AD, Poschel DB, Zou J, Liu D, Wang PG, Ostrov D, Coant N, Hannun YA, Colby AH, Grinstaff MW, Liu K. Asah2 Represses the p53-Hmox1 Axis to Protect Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells from Ferroptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1395-1404. [PMID: 33547170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immune suppressive cells that massively accumulate under pathological conditions to suppress T cell immune response. Dysregulated cell death contributes to MDSC accumulation, but the molecular mechanism underlying this cell death dysregulation is not fully understood. In this study, we report that neutral ceramidase (N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase [ASAH2]) is highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating MDSCs in colon carcinoma and acts as an MDSC survival factor. To target ASAH2, we performed molecular docking based on human ASAH2 protein structure. Enzymatic inhibition analysis of identified hits determined NC06 as an ASAH2 inhibitor. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis determined NC06 as 7-chloro-2-(3-chloroanilino)pyrano[3,4-e][1,3]oxazine-4,5-dione. NC06 inhibits ceramidase activity with an IC50 of 10.16-25.91 μM for human ASAH2 and 18.6-30.2 μM for mouse Asah2 proteins. NC06 induces MDSC death in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibition of ferroptosis decreased NC06-induced MDSC death. NC06 increases glutathione synthesis and decreases lipid reactive oxygen species to suppress ferroptosis in MDSCs. Gene expression profiling identified the p53 pathway as the Asah2 target in MDSCs. Inhibition of Asah2 increased p53 protein stability to upregulate Hmox1 expression to suppress lipid reactive oxygen species production to suppress ferroptosis in MDSCs. NC06 therapy increases MDSC death and reduces MDSC accumulation in tumor-bearing mice, resulting in increased activation of tumor-infiltrating CTLs and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Our data indicate that ASAH2 protects MDSCs from ferroptosis through destabilizing p53 protein to suppress the p53 pathway in MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. Targeting ASAH2 with NC06 to induce MDSC ferroptosis is potentially an effective therapy to suppress MDSC accumulation in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Alyssa D Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Dakota B Poschel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - Juan Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - David Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Nicolas Coant
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Aaron H Colby
- Ionic Pharmaceuticals, Brookline, MA 02445; and.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912; .,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
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Beeraka NM, Bovilla VR, Doreswamy SH, Puttalingaiah S, Srinivasan A, Madhunapantula SV. The Taming of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2-Related Factor-2 (Nrf2) Deglycation by Fructosamine-3-Kinase (FN3K)-Inhibitors-A Novel Strategy to Combat Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020281. [PMID: 33466626 PMCID: PMC7828646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aim of this review is to provide an overview on (a) Fructosamine-3-Kinase (FN3K) and its role in regulating Nuclear Factor Erythorid-2-Related Factor-2 (Nrf2); (b) the role of glycation and deglycation mechanisms in modulating the functional properties of proteins, in particular, the Nrf2; (c) the dual role of Nrf2 in the prevention and treatment of cancers. Since controlling the glycation of Nrf2 is one of the key mechanisms determining the fate of a cell; whether to get transformed into a cancerous one or to stay as a normal one, it is important to regulate Nrf2 and deglycating FN3K using pharmacological agents. Inhibitors of FN3K are being explored currently to modulate Nrf2 activity thereby control the cancers. Abstract Glycated stress is mediated by the advanced glycation end products (AGE) and the binding of AGEs to the receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) in cancer cells. RAGEs are involved in mediating tumorigenesis of multiple cancers through the modulation of several downstream signaling cascades. Glycated stress modulates various signaling pathways that include p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor kappa–B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, etc., which further foster the uncontrolled proliferation, growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and evasion of apoptosis in several cancers. In this review, a balanced overview on the role of glycation and deglycation in modulating several signaling cascades that are involved in the progression of cancers was discussed. Further, we have highlighted the functional role of deglycating enzyme fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) on Nrf2-driven cancers. The activity of FN3K is attributed to its ability to deglycate Nrf2, a master regulator of oxidative stress in cells. FN3K is a unique protein that mediates deglycation by phosphorylating basic amino acids lysine and arginine in various proteins such as Nrf2. Deglycated Nrf2 is stable and binds to small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (sMAF) proteins, thereby activating cellular antioxidant mechanisms to protect cells from oxidative stress. This cellular protection offered by Nrf2 activation, in one way, prevents the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell; however, in the other way, it helps a cancer cell not only to survive under hypoxic conditions but also, to stay protected from various chemo- and radio-therapeutic treatments. Therefore, the activation of Nrf2 is similar to a double-edged sword and, if not controlled properly, can lead to the development of many solid tumors. Hence, there is a need to develop novel small molecule modulators/phytochemicals that can regulate FN3K activity, thereby maintaining Nrf2 in a controlled activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Venugopal R. Bovilla
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
- Public Health Research Institute of India (PHRII), Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Shalini H. Doreswamy
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Sujatha Puttalingaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Asha Srinivasan
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India;
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India; (N.M.B.); (V.R.B.); (S.H.D.); (S.P.)
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-810-527-8621
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Küper A, Baumann J, Göpelt K, Baumann M, Sänger C, Metzen E, Kranz P, Brockmeier U. Overcoming hypoxia-induced resistance of pancreatic and lung tumor cells by disrupting the PERK-NRF2-HIF-axis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:82. [PMID: 33441543 PMCID: PMC7806930 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced resistance of tumor cells to therapeutic treatment is an unresolved limitation due to poor vascular accessibility and protective cell adaptations provided by a network, including PERK, NRF2, and HIF signaling. All three pathways have been shown to influence each other, but a detailed picture remains elusive. To explore this crosstalk in the context of tumor therapy, we generated human cancer cell lines of pancreatic and lung origin carrying an inducible shRNA against NRF2 and PERK. We report that PERK-related phosphorylation of NRF2 is only critical in Keap1 wildtype cells to escape its degradation, but shows no direct effect on nuclear import or transcriptional activity of NRF2. We could further show that NRF2 is paramount for proliferation, ROS elimination, and radioprotection under constant hypoxia (1% O2), but is dispensable under normoxic conditions or after reoxygenation. Depletion of NRF2 does not affect apoptosis, cell cycle progression and proliferation factors AKT and c-Myc, but eliminates cellular HIF-1α signaling. Co-IP experiments revealed a protein interaction between NRF2 and HIF-1α and strongly suggest NRF2 as one of the cellular key factor for the HIF pathway. Together these data provide new insights on the complex role of the PERK-NRF2-HIF-axis for cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Küper
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Baumann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Göpelt
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Baumann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Sänger
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Eric Metzen
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Kranz
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Brockmeier
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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125
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Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:689-709. [PMID: 34194012 PMCID: PMC8243062 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 967] [Impact Index Per Article: 322.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a component of many diseases, including atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer disease and cancer. Although numerous small molecules evaluated as antioxidants have exhibited therapeutic potential in preclinical studies, clinical trial results have been disappointing. A greater understanding of the mechanisms through which antioxidants act and where and when they are effective may provide a rational approach that leads to greater pharmacological success. Here, we review the relationships between oxidative stress, redox signalling and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can contribute to pathology, how antioxidant defences work, what limits their effectiveness and how antioxidant defences can be increased through physiological signalling, dietary components and potential pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA. .,Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Gatti M, Beretti F, Zavatti M, Bertucci E, Ribeiro Luz S, Palumbo C, Maraldi T. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Counteract Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010038. [PMID: 33375177 PMCID: PMC7792960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—Osteoporosis is characterized by defects in both quality and quantity of bone tissue, which imply high susceptibility to fractures with limitations of autonomy. Current therapies for osteoporosis are mostly concentrated on how to inhibit bone resorption but give serious adverse effects. Therefore, more effective and safer therapies are needed that even encourage bone formation. Here we examined the effect of extracellular vesicles secreted by human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) (AFSC-EV) on a model of osteoporosis in vitro. Methods—human AFSC-EV were added to the culture medium of a human pre-osteoblast cell line (HOB) induced to differentiate, and then treated with dexamethasone as osteoporosis inducer. Aspects of differentiation and viability were assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, mass spectrometry, and histological assays. Since steroids induce oxidative stress, the levels of reactive oxygen species and of redox related proteins were evaluated. Results—AFSC-EV were able to ameliorate the differentiation ability of HOB both in the case of pre-osteoblasts and when the differentiation process was affected by dexamethasone. Moreover, the viability was increased and parallelly apoptotic markers were reduced. The presence of EV positively modulated the redox unbalance due to dexamethasone. Conclusion—these findings demonstrated that EV from hAFSC have the ability to recover precursor cell potential and delay local bone loss in steroid-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Emma Bertucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Soraia Ribeiro Luz
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-9422-3178; Fax: +39-05-9422-4859
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Fabrizio FP, Sparaneo A, Muscarella LA. NRF2 Regulation by Noncoding RNAs in Cancers: The Present Knowledge and the Way Forward. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123621. [PMID: 33287295 PMCID: PMC7761714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The NRF2 pathway represents one of the most intriguing pathways that promotes chemo- and radioresistance of neoplastic cells. Increasing findings suggest that the NRF2 signaling can be modulated by multiple epigenetic factors such as noncoding RNAs, which influence a large number of oncogenic mechanisms, both at transcriptional and at post-transcriptional levels. As a consequence, the identification and characterization of specific noncoding RNAs as biomarkers related to oxidative stress may help to clarify the relationship between them and NRF2 signaling in the tumor context, in terms of positive and negative modulation, also referring to their intersection with other NRF2 crosstalking pathways. In this review, we summarize the recent updates on NRF2 network regulation by noncoding RNAs in tumors, thus paving the way toward the potential translational role of these small RNAs as key tumor biomarkers of neoplastic processes. Abstract Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is the key transcription factor triggered by oxidative stress that moves in cells of the antioxidant response element (ARE)-antioxidant gene network against reactive oxygen species (ROS) cellular damage. In tumors, the NRF2 pathway represents one of the most intriguing pathways that promotes chemo- and radioresistance of neoplastic cells and its activity is regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms; some of these being poorly investigated in cancer. The noncoding RNA (ncRNA) network is governed by microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and modulates a variety of cellular mechanisms linked to cancer onset and progression, both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In recent years, the scientific findings about the effects of ncRNA landscape variations on NRF2 machines are rapidly increasing and need to be continuously updated. Here, we review the latest knowledge about the link between NRF2 and ncRNA networks in cancer, thus focusing on their potential translational significance as key tumor biomarkers.
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128
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Kim SJ, Saeidi S, Cho NC, Kim SH, Lee HB, Han W, Noh DY, Surh YJ. Interaction of Nrf2 with dimeric STAT3 induces IL-23 expression: Implications for breast cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:147-160. [PMID: 33278500 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activation of STAT3 and Nrf2 is considered to stimulate the aggressive behavior of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). However, the precise mechanism underlying sustained overactivation of these transcription factors and their roles in breast cancer progression remain elusive. Analysis of the TCGA multi-omics data showed that high levels of STAT3 and Nrf2 mRNA were correlated with elevated expression of P-STAT3Y705 and Nrf2 target proteins in breast cancer patients. Our present study demonstrates a unique interaction between Nrf2 and STAT3 in the maintenance and progression of BLBC. RNA sequencing analysis identified the gene encoding IL-23A upregulated by concurrent binding of STAT3 and Nrf2 to its promoter. IL-23A depletion also showed the similar phenotypic changes to those caused by double knockdown of both transcription factors. In conclusion, the STAT3-Nrf2 interaction accelerates BLBC growth and progression by augmenting IL-23A expression, which underscores the importance of subtype-specific molecular pathways in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soma Saeidi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Cho
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Han-Byoel Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03087, South Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03087, South Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03087, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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129
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Friedmann Angeli JP, Meierjohann S. NRF2-dependent stress defense in tumor antioxidant control and immune evasion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:268-279. [PMID: 33205526 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 is known as the master regulator of the oxidative stress response. Tumor entities presenting oncogenic activation of NRF2, such as lung adenocarcinoma, are associated with drug resistance, and accumulating evidence demonstrates its involvement in immune evasion. In other cancer types, the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway is not commonly mutated, but NRF2 is activated by other means such as radiation, oncogenic activity, cytokines, or other pro-oxidant triggers characteristic of the tumor niche. The obvious effect of stress-activated NRF2 is the protection from oxidative or electrophilic damage and the adaptation of the tumor metabolism to changing conditions. However, data from melanoma also reveal a role of NRF2 in modulating differentiation and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. This review summarizes the function of NRF2 in this tumor entity and discusses the implications for current tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf-Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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130
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Joardar N, Guevara-Flores A, Martínez-González JDJ, Sinha Babu SP. Thiol antioxidant thioredoxin reductase: A prospective biochemical crossroads between anticancer and antiparasitic treatments of the modern era. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:249-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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131
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Malarz K, Zych D, Gawecki R, Kuczak M, Musioł R, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A. New derivatives of 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine as promising anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113032. [PMID: 33261897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpyridine derivatives are known from their broad application including anticancer properties. In this work we present the newly synthesized 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine group with high antiproliferative activity. We suggest that these compounds influence cellular redox homeostasis. Cancer cells are particularly susceptible to any changes in the redox balance because of their handicapped and inefficient antioxidant cellular systems. The antiproliferative activity of the studied compounds was tested on five different cell lines that represent several types of tumours; glioblastoma, leukemia, breast, pancreatic and colon. Additionally, we also tested their selectivity towards normal cells. We performed molecular biology studies in order to detect the response of a cell to its treatment with the compounds that were tested. We looked at the in-depth changes in the proteins and cellular pathways that lead to cell cycle inhibition (G0/G1 and S), and consequently, death on the apoptosis and autophagy pathways. We proved that the studied compounds targeted DNA as well. Special attention was paid to the targets connected with ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Dawid Zych
- Wroclaw School of Information Technology, Ks. M. Lutra 4, 54-239, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Gawecki
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Michał Kuczak
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland; Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Musioł
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
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132
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Liu R, Li D, Sun F, Rampoldi A, Maxwell JT, Wu R, Fischbach P, Castellino SM, Du Y, Fu H, Mandawat A, Xu C. Melphalan induces cardiotoxicity through oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:470. [PMID: 33153480 PMCID: PMC7643439 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-induced cardiotoxicity is a leading noncancer-related cause of acute and late onset morbidity and mortality in cancer patients on antineoplastic drugs such as melphalan-increasing clinical case reports have documented that it could induce cardiotoxicity including severe arrhythmias and heart failure. As the mechanism by which melphalan impairs cardiac cells remains poorly understood, here, we aimed to use cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of melphalan-induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS hiPSC-CMs were generated and treated with clinically relevant doses of melphalan. To characterize melphalan-induced cardiotoxicity, cell viability and apoptosis were quantified at various treatment durations. Ca2+ transient and contractility analyses were used to examine the alterations of hiPSC-CM function. Proteomic analysis, reactive oxygen species detection, and RNA-Sequencing were conducted to investigate underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Melphalan treatment of hiPSC-CMs induced oxidative stress, caused Ca2+ handling defects and dysfunctional contractility, altered global transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, and resulted in apoptosis and cell death. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine attenuated these genomic, cellular, and functional alterations. In addition, several other signaling pathways including the p53 and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways were also implicated in melphalan-induced cardiotoxicity according to the proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. CONCLUSIONS Melphalan induces cardiotoxicity through the oxidative stress pathway. This study provides a unique resource of the global transcriptomic and proteomic datasets for melphalan-induced cardiotoxicity and can potentially open up new clinical mechanism-based targets to prevent and treat melphalan-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Antonio Rampoldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Peter Fischbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sharon M Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anant Mandawat
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Smolková K, Mikó E, Kovács T, Leguina-Ruzzi A, Sipos A, Bai P. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in Regulating Cancer Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:966-997. [PMID: 31989830 PMCID: PMC7533893 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NFE2L2, or NRF2) is a transcription factor predominantly affecting the expression of antioxidant genes. NRF2 plays a significant role in the control of redox balance, which is crucial in cancer cells. NRF2 activation regulates numerous cancer hallmarks, including metabolism, cancer stem cell characteristics, tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis formation. We review the molecular characteristics of the NRF2 pathway and discuss its interactions with the cancer hallmarks previously listed. Recent Advances: The noncanonical activation of NRF2 was recently discovered, and members of this pathway are involved in carcinogenesis. Further, cancer-related changes (e.g., metabolic flexibility) that support cancer progression were found to be redox- and NRF2 dependent. Critical Issues: NRF2 undergoes Janus-faced behavior in cancers. The pro- or antineoplastic effects of NRF2 are context dependent and essentially based on the specific molecular characteristics of the cancer in question. Therefore, systematic investigation of NRF2 signaling is necessary to clarify its role in cancer etiology. The biggest challenge in the NRF2 field is to determine which cancers can be targeted for better clinical outcomes. Further, large-scale genomic and transcriptomic studies are missing to correlate the clinical outcome with the activity of the NRF2 system. Future Directions: To exploit NRF2 in a clinical setting in the future, the druggable members of the NRF2 pathway should be identified. In addition, it will be important to study how the modulation of the NRF2 system interferes with cytostatic drugs and their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Smolková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPHYS CAS), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alberto Leguina-Ruzzi
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPHYS CAS), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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134
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Nakano-Kobayashi A, Fukumoto A, Morizane A, Nguyen DT, Le TM, Hashida K, Hosoya T, Takahashi R, Takahashi J, Hori O, Hagiwara M. Therapeutics potentiating microglial p21-Nrf2 axis can rescue neurodegeneration caused by neuroinflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabc1428. [PMID: 33188020 PMCID: PMC7673758 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are caused by progressive neuronal loss, and there is no complete treatment available yet. Neuroinflammation is a common feature across neurodegenerative disorders and implicated in the progression of neurodegeneration. Dysregulated activation of microglia causes neuroinflammation and has been highlighted as a treatment target in therapeutic strategies. Here, we identified novel therapeutic candidate ALGERNON2 (altered generation of neurons 2) and demonstrate that ALGERNON2 suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and rescued neurodegeneration in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease model. ALGERNON2 stabilized cyclinD1/p21 complex, leading to up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which contributes to antioxidative and anti-inflammatory responses. Notably, ALGERNON2 enhanced neuronal survival in other neuroinflammatory conditions such as the transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons into murine brains. In conclusion, we present that the microglial potentiation of the p21-Nrf2 pathway can contribute to neuronal survival and provide novel therapeutic potential for neuroinflammation-triggered neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakano-Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - A Fukumoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - D T Nguyen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - T M Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - K Hashida
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - T Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - O Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - M Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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135
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Xue D, Zhou X, Qiu J. Emerging role of NRF2 in ROS-mediated tumor chemoresistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110676. [PMID: 32858502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a central cause for the tumor management failure. Cancer cells disrupt the redox homeostasis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory mechanisms, leading to tumor progression and chemoresistance. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of neutralizing cellular ROS and restoring redox balance. Understanding the role of NRF2 in ROS-mediated chemoresistance can be helpful in the development of chemotherapy strategies with better efficiency. In this review, we sum up the roles of ROS in the development of chemoresistance to classical chemotherapy agents including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin, and how to overcome ROS-mediated tumor chemoresistance by targeting NRF2. Finally, we propose that targeting NRF2 might be a promising strategy to resist ROS-driven chemoresistance and acquire better efficacy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiongming Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaxuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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136
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He F, Antonucci L, Karin M. NRF2 as a regulator of cell metabolism and inflammation in cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:405-416. [PMID: 32347301 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcriptional regulator of genes whose products defend our cells for toxic and oxidative insults. Although NRF2 activation may reduce cancer risk by suppressing oxidative stress and tumor-promoting inflammation, many cancers exhibit elevated NRF2 activity either due to mutations that disrupt the negative control of NRF2 activity or other factors. Importantly, NRF2 activation is associated with poor prognosis and NRF2 has turned out to be a key activator of cancer-supportive anabolic metabolism. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles played by NRF2 in cancer focusing on metabolic reprogramming and tumor-promoting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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137
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Regulation of Nrf2/ARE Pathway by Dietary Flavonoids: A Friend or Foe for Cancer Management? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100973. [PMID: 33050575 PMCID: PMC7600646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway is an important cell signaling mechanism in maintaining redox homeostasis in humans. The role of dietary flavonoids in activating Nrf2/ARE in relation to cancer chemoprevention or cancer promotion is not well established. Here we summarize the dual effects of flavonoids in cancer chemoprevention and cancer promotion with respect to the regulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, while underlying the possible cellular mechanisms. Luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, naringenin, epicatechin, and genistein activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway in both normal and cancer cells. The hormetic effect of flavonoids has been observed due to their antioxidant or prooxidant activity, depending on the concentrations. Reported in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest that the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway by either endogenous or exogenous stimuli under normal physiological conditions contributes to redox homeostasis, which may provide a mechanism for cancer chemoprevention. However, some flavonoids, such as luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, epicatechin, genistein, and daidzein, at low concentrations (1.5 to 20 µM) facilitate cancer cell growth and proliferation in vitro. Paradoxically, some flavonoids, including luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin, inhibit the Nrf2/ARE pathway in vitro. Therefore, even though flavonoids play a major role in cancer chemoprevention, due to their possible inducement of cancer cell growth, the effects of dietary flavonoids on cancer pathophysiology in patients or appropriate experimental animal models should be investigated systematically.
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138
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Role of Glutathione in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapies. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101429. [PMID: 33050144 PMCID: PMC7600400 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol present at millimolar concentrations in mammalian tissues. As an important intracellular antioxidant, it acts as a regulator of cellular redox state protecting cells from damage caused by lipid peroxides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and xenobiotics. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of GSH in key signal transduction reactions as a controller of cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, ferroptosis and immune function. Molecular changes in the GSH antioxidant system and disturbances in GSH homeostasis have been implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and treatment response. Hence, GSH has both protective and pathogenic roles. Although in healthy cells it is crucial for the removal and detoxification of carcinogens, elevated GSH levels in tumor cells are associated with tumor progression and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Recently, several novel therapies have been developed to target the GSH antioxidant system in tumors as a means for increased response and decreased drug resistance. In this comprehensive review we explore mechanisms of GSH functionalities and different therapeutic approaches that either target GSH directly, indirectly or use GSH-based prodrugs. Consideration is also given to the computational methods used to describe GSH related processes for in silico testing of treatment effects.
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139
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Yarmohammadi F, Rezaee R, Karimi G. Natural compounds against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A review on the involvement of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1163-1175. [PMID: 32985744 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is the main concern for long-term use of the doxorubicin (DOX). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation leads to oxidative stress that significantly contributes to the cardiac damage induced by DOX. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) acts as a protective player against DOX-induced myocardial oxidative stress. Several natural compounds (NCs) with anti-oxidative effects, were examined to suppress DOX cardiotoxicity such as asiatic acid, α-linolenic acid, apigenin, baicalein, β-lapachone, curdione, dioscin, ferulic acid, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, genistein, ginsenoside Rg3, indole-3-carbinol, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, neferine, p-coumaric acid, pristimerin, punicalagin, quercetin, sulforaphane, and tanshinone IIA. The present article, reviews NCs that showed protective effects against DOX-induced cardiac injury through induction of Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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140
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Sun X, Wang Y, Ji K, Liu Y, Kong Y, Nie S, Li N, Hao J, Xie Y, Xu C, Du L, Liu Q. NRF2 preserves genomic integrity by facilitating ATR activation and G2 cell cycle arrest. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9109-9123. [PMID: 32729622 PMCID: PMC7498319 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a well-characterized transcription factor that protects cells against oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Emerging evidence has suggested that NRF2 protects cells against DNA damage by mechanisms other than antioxidation, yet the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that knockout of NRF2 in cells results in hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) in the presence or absence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under ROS scavenging conditions, induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) increases the NRF2 protein level and recruits NRF2 to DNA damage sites where it interacts with ATR, resulting in activation of the ATR-CHK1-CDC2 signaling pathway. In turn, this leads to G2 cell cycle arrest and the promotion of homologous recombination repair of DSBs, thereby preserving genome stability. The inhibition of NRF2 by brusatol increased the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in xenografts by perturbing ATR and CHK1 activation. Collectively, our results reveal a novel function of NRF2 as an ATR activator in the regulation of the cellular response to DSBs. This shift in perspective should help furnish a more complete understanding of the function of NRF2 and the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Sun
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaihua Ji
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Kong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shasha Nie
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiu Hao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqing Du
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin, China
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141
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Role of Nrf2 and mitochondria in cancer stem cells; in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and chemoresistance. Biochimie 2020; 179:32-45. [PMID: 32946993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare sub-population in tumor mass with self-renewal and differentiation abilities; CSCs are considered as the main cells which are responsible for tumor metastasis, cancer recurrence, and chemo/radio-resistance. CSCs are believed to contain low mitochondria in quantity, high concentration of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mitochondria regulate certain cellular functions, including controlling of cellular energetics, calcium signaling, cell growth and cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and cell death. Also, mitochondria are the main sources of intrinsic ROS production. Dysfunction of CSCs mitochondria due to oxidative phosphorylation is reported in several pathological conditions, including metabolic disorders, age-related diseases, and various types of cancers. ROS levels play a significant role in cellular signal transduction and CSCs' identity and differentiation capability. Nrf2 is a master transcription factor that plays critical functions in maintaining cellular redox hemostasis by regulating several antioxidant and detoxification pathways. Recently, the critical function of Nrf2 in CSCs has been revealed by several studies. Nrf2 is an essential molecule in the maintenance of CSCs' stemness and self-renewal in response to different oxidative stresses such as chemotherapy-induced elevation of ROS. Nrf2 enables these cells to recover from chemotherapy damages, and promotes establishment of invasion and dissemination. In this study, we have summarized the role of Nrf2 and mitochondria function CSCs, which promote cancer development. The significant role of Nrf2 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and ROS levels suggests this molecule as a potential target to eradicate CSCs.
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142
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Yuan H, Xu Y, Luo Y, Wang NX, Xiao JH. Role of Nrf2 in cell senescence regulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:247-259. [PMID: 32918185 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor known to be involved in maintaining cell redox balance and signal transduction and plays central role in reducing intracellular oxidative stress damage, delaying cell senescence and preventing age-related diseases. However, it has been shown that the level of Nrf2 decreases with age and that the silencing of the Nrf2 gene is associated with the induction of premature senescence. Therefore, a plethora of researchers have focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the prevention of cell senescence. This complex regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the cell senescence process involves coordinated regulation of multiple signaling molecules. After summarizing the function of Nrf2 and its relationship with cell senescence pathway, this review focuses on the recent advances and progress made in elucidating the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the cell senescence process. Additionally, the information collected here may provide insights for further research on Nrf2, in particular, on its regulatory mechanism in the cell senescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yuan
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuo-Xin Wang
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China. .,Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China. .,Zunyi Municiptal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China.
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143
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Tsai YC, Wang CW, Wen BY, Hsieh PS, Lee YM, Yen MH, Cheng PY. Involvement of the p62/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the browning effect of irisin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 514:110915. [PMID: 32540261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Irisin has gained attention because of its potential applications in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that irisin attenuates obesity via the browning of white adipose tissue; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of irisin on adipocyte browning and the underlying mechanisms. The western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that irisin significantly induced the up-regulation of brown fat-specific proteins (PGC1α, PRDM16, and UCP-1) and HO-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, irisin significantly increased the levels of cytosolic p62 and nuclear Nrf2. These effects of irisin in the adipocytes were attenuated by treatment with SnPP or p62 siRNA. In addition, the browning effect of irisin was observed in BAT-WT-1 cells. These findings suggest that irisin induced browning effect via the p62/Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway and that it may be a potential candidate for preventing or treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Sport Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yao Wen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shiuan Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Mei Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsiung Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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144
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Siddiqui SS, Rahman S, Rupasinghe HV, Vazhappilly CG. Dietary Flavonoids in p53-Mediated Immune Dysfunctions Linking to Cancer Prevention. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080286. [PMID: 32823757 PMCID: PMC7460013 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein plays a central role in mediating immune functioning and determines the fate of the cells. Its role as a tumor suppressor, and in transcriptional regulation and cytokine activity under stress conditions, is well defined. The wild type (WT) p53 functions as a guardian for the genome, while the mutant p53 has oncogenic roles. One of the ways that p53 combats carcinogenesis is by reducing inflammation. WT p53 functions as an anti-inflammatory molecule via cross-talk activity with multiple immunological pathways, such as the major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) associated pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and immune checkpoints. Due to the multifarious roles of p53 in cancer, it is a potent target for cancer immunotherapy. Plant flavonoids have been gaining recognition over the last two decades to use as a potential therapeutic regimen in ameliorating diseases. Recent studies have shown the ability of flavonoids to suppress chronic inflammation, specifically by modulating p53 responses. Further, the anti-oxidant Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway could play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress, leading to a reduction of chronic inflammation linked to the prevention of cancer. This review aims to discuss the pharmacological properties of plant flavonoids in response to various oxidative stresses and immune dysfunctions and analyzes the cross-talk between flavonoid-rich dietary intake for potential disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah PO Box 10021, UAE;
| | - Sofia Rahman
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - H.P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Cijo George Vazhappilly
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah PO Box 10021, UAE;
- Correspondence:
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Saponin Formosanin C-induced Ferritinophagy and Ferroptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080682. [PMID: 32751249 PMCID: PMC7463707 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of iron-dependent cell death, requires an increased level of lipid-reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferritinophagy, a ferritin degradation pathway, depends on a selective autophagic cargo receptor (NCOA4). By screening various types of natural compounds, formosanin C (FC) was identified as a novel ferroptosis inducer, characterized by attenuations of FC-induced viability inhibition and lipid ROS formation in the presence of ferroptosis inhibitor. FC also induced autophagic flux, evidenced by preventing autophagic marker LC3-II degradation and increasing yellow LC3 puncta in tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3 (mRFP-GFP) reporter plasmid (ptfLC3) transfected cells when combined with autophagic flux inhibitor. It is noteworthy that FC-induced ferroptosis and autophagic flux were stronger in HepG2 cells expressing higher NCOA4 and lower ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) levels, agreeing with the results of gene expression analysis using CTRP and PRISM, indicating that FTH1 expression level exhibited a significant negative correlation with the sensitivity of the cells to a ferroptosis inducer. Confocal and electron microscopy confirmed the pronounced involvement of ferritinophagy in FC-induced ferroptosis in the cells with elevated NCOA4. Since ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death, our data suggest FC has chemotherapeutic potential against apoptosis-resistant HCC with a higher NCOA4 expression via ferritinophagy.
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146
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Chang LC, Fan CW, Tseng WK, Hua CC. Associations between the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and mitochondrial functions in colorectal cancer are affected by metastasis. Cancer Biomark 2020; 27:163-171. [PMID: 31796664 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both mitochondria and the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway are targets of cancer therapy. Reactive oxygen species released from mitochondria can activate Nrf2, and the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway affects glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the associations between the expressions of proteins in the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and those related to mitochondrial function and glycolysis in colorectal cancer (CRC) with or without metastasis. METHODS The protein levels of HO1, Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1, p21, p62, NRF1, LC3, ATP5B, HSP60 and GAPDH in the normal and tumor tissues of 60 CRC subjects were determined by Western blot. RESULTS The Keap1 protein levels, the ATP5B/HSP60 ratio and the BEC index were higher in the tumor than in the normal tissues of CRC with or without metastasis. The following clusters were found in the dendrogram: Nrf2 and p21 with ATP5B and GADPH in all the tissues and with NRF1 in all except the tumor tissues with metastasis; Bach1 with ATP5B and GAPDH in the tumor tissues; Keap1 with p62 in all the tissues, with LC3 in the tumor tissues and with NRF1 and HO1 in the tumor tissues with metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1 and p21 have the association with the proteins related to mitochondrial functions different among the tissues of CRC with or without metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Che Chang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Fan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ko Tseng
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Hua
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
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147
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Autophagy is involved in the protective effect of p21 on LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32694519 PMCID: PMC7374585 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
p21 has emerged as an important protein involved in cardiovascular diseases, but its role remains controversial. Recently, p21 has been reported to mediate inflammatory responses. As inflammatory responses are a feature of sepsis, our study investigated whether p21 has a role in cardiac dysfunction induced by sepsis and analyzed the mechanisms involved. To establish a mouse sepsis model, p21 global knockout (p21KO) and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) male mice were treated with 5 mg/kg LPS intraperitoneally for 6, 24, or 48 h. After LPS stimulation, the level of p21 had significantly increased in the WT mice and in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac dysfunction induced by LPS was markedly aggravated in p21KO mice relative to that of WT mice. Downregulation of p21 expression exacerbated the LPS-mediated inflammatory response, and it increased oxidative stress as well as mitochondrial damage in the heart and in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, overexpressing p21 attenuated the increase of TNFα and promoted the increase of SOD2. Moreover, p21 regulated the LPS-induced autophagy activation; that is, the increase in autophagy was impaired when p21 expression was decreased, whereas the increase was significant when p21 was overexpressed. The autophagy inducer rapamycin partially rescued the cardiac deterioration caused by p21 downregulation in the LPS-stimulated groups. In addition, p21 regulated the autophagy level by interacting with LC3B. These results revealed that p21 controls LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by modulating inflammatory and oxidative stress, and it is partially dependent on regulating the autophagy level. This study is the first to show that p21 could interact with LC3B to promote autophagy for the improvement of cardiac function during sepsis.
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148
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Eriksson SE, Ceder S, Bykov VJN, Wiman KG. p53 as a hub in cellular redox regulation and therapeutic target in cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:330-341. [PMID: 30892598 PMCID: PMC6734141 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates multiple cellular processes including cell growth and cell death. The ability of p53 to bind to DNA and activate transcription is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications and is dependent on a reducing cellular environment. Some p53 transcriptional target genes are involved in regulation of the cellular redox homeostasis, e.g. TIGAR and GLS2. A large fraction of human tumors carry TP53 mutations, most commonly missense mutations that lead to single amino acid substitutions in the core domain. Mutant p53 proteins can acquire so called gain-of-function activities and influence the cellular redox balance in various ways, for instance by binding of the Nrf2 transcription factor, a major regulator of cellular redox state. The DNA-binding core domain of p53 has 10 cysteine residues, three of which participate in holding a zinc atom that is critical for p53 structure and function. Several novel compounds that refold and reactivate missense mutant p53 bind to specific p53 cysteine residues. These compounds can also react with other thiols and target components of the cellular redox system, such as glutathione. Dual targeting of mutant p53 and redox homeostasis may allow more efficient treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi E Eriksson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Ceder
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir J N Bykov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Stockholm, Sweden
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149
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NRF2, a Transcription Factor for Stress Response and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134777. [PMID: 32640524 PMCID: PMC7369905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates the cellular defense against toxic and oxidative insults through the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response and drug detoxification. NRF2 activation renders cells resistant to chemical carcinogens and inflammatory challenges. In addition to antioxidant responses, NRF2 is involved in many other cellular processes, including metabolism and inflammation, and its functions are beyond the originally envisioned. NRF2 activity is tightly regulated through a complex transcriptional and post-translational network that enables it to orchestrate the cell’s response and adaptation to various pathological stressors for the homeostasis maintenance. Elevated or decreased NRF2 activity by pharmacological and genetic manipulations of NRF2 activation is associated with many metabolism- or inflammation-related diseases. Emerging evidence shows that NRF2 lies at the center of a complex regulatory network and establishes NRF2 as a truly pleiotropic transcription factor. Here we summarize the complex regulatory network of NRF2 activity and its roles in metabolic reprogramming, unfolded protein response, proteostasis, autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, and immunity.
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150
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Zheng F, Gonçalves FM, Abiko Y, Li H, Kumagai Y, Aschner M. Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101475. [PMID: 32336668 PMCID: PMC7327986 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are surrounded with heavy metals such as methylmercury, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic, as well as pesticides such as deltamethrin and paraquat, or atmospheric pollutants such as quinone. Extensive studies have demonstrated a strong link between environmental pollutants and human health. Redox toxicity is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of chemical-induced pathology in humans. Acting as both a sensor of oxidative stress and a positive regulator of antioxidants, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has attracted recent attention. However, the role NRF2 plays in environmental pollutant-induced toxicity has not been systematically addressed. Here, we characterize NRF2 function in response to various pollutants, such as metals, pesticides and atmospheric quinones. NRF2 related signaling pathways and epigenetic regulations are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
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