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Role of miR-22 in intestinal mucosa tissues and peripheral blood CD4+ T cells of inflammatory bowel disease. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1095-1104. [PMID: 29880327 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE miR-22 is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, but it remains unclear whether miR-22 is associated with inflammatory intestinal disease (IBD). METHODS The patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) were enrolled in this study. After the CD4+ T cells from healthy controls and active IBD patients were isolated and then transfected with miR-22 mimics/inhibitors, Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted to measure expressions of miR-22, HDAC4, specific transcription factors in intestinal mucosa tissue and CD4+ T cells, while enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) to detect expressions of inflammatory cytokines in PB. Antisense miR-22 was administered into mice during trinitrobenzene sulphoni cacid (TNBS)-induced colitis to determine its role in IBD. RESULTS A significant elevation of miR-22 but an evident decrease of HDAC4 was found in CD4+ T cells in PB and intestinal mucosa tissues from IBD patients. In addition, there was a great reduction in HDAC4 and a dramatic enhancement in Th17 cell specific transcription factor (RORC) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IL-6 and TNF-α) after overexpression miR-22, which was opposite to the effect of inhibition of miR-22. Furthermore, administration of antisense miR-22 in TNBS-induced mouse colitis model significantly decreased numbers of interleukin (IL)-17A+ CD4+ T cells and the expressions of IL-17A, RORC, IL-6 and TNF-α. CONCLUSION MiR-22 was up-regulated in CD4+ T cells in PB and intestinal mucosa tissues of IBD patients, which could promote Th17 cell differentiation via targeting HDAC4 to be involved in IBD progression.
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102
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Katsanos KH, Papadakis KA. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Updates on Molecular Targets for Biologics. Gut Liver 2018; 11:455-463. [PMID: 28486793 PMCID: PMC5491079 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has changed, with several new agents being evaluated. The era of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibody therapy saw remarkable progress in IBD therapy. Some patients, however, do not respond to anti-TNF treatment, or their response decreases over time. This phenomenon highlights the need to identify new molecular targets for therapy in IBD. The targets of new therapeutic molecules in IBD must aim to restore immune dysregulation by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-21) and augmentation of the effect of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-11, and transforming growth factor β) and to pursue new anti-inflammatory targets, such as regulatory T-cell therapy, Smad7 antisense, Janus-activated kinase inhibition, Toll-like receptor stimulation, leukocyte adhesion, and blockade of T-cell homing via integrins and mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1. In addition, potential molecular targets could restore mucosal barrier function and stimulate mucosal healing. Despite these potential targets, the value and clinical significance of most new molecules remain unclear, and clinical efficacy and safety must be better defined before their implementation in clinical practice. This article aims to review the promising and emerging molecular targets that could be clinically meaningful for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina School of Health Sciences, Ioannina, Greece
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103
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Foulsham W, Coco G, Amouzegar A, Chauhan SK, Dana R. When Clarity Is Crucial: Regulating Ocular Surface Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:288-301. [PMID: 29248310 PMCID: PMC5880704 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface is a unique mucosal immune compartment in which anatomical, physiological, and immunological features act in concert to foster a particularly tolerant microenvironment. These mechanisms are vital to the functional competence of the eye, a fact underscored by the devastating toll of excessive inflammation at the cornea - blindness. Recent data have elucidated the contributions of specific anatomical components, immune cells, and soluble immunoregulatory factors in promoting homeostasis at the ocular surface. We highlight research trends at this distinctive mucosal barrier and identify crucial gaps in our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Coco
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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104
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Ahluwalia B, Moraes L, Magnusson MK, Öhman L. Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and mechanisms of biological therapies. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018. [PMID: 29523023 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1447597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a multifactorial pathophysiology. Full comprehension of IBD pathology is still out of reach and, therefore, treatment is far from ideal. Nevertheless, components involved in IBD pathogenesis including environmental, genetic, microbial, and immunological factors are continuously being investigated and the improved knowledge contributes to the development of new therapies. In this article we review the aspects of the immunopathogenesis of IBD, with focus on mucosal immunity, and discuss mechanisms of action for current and emerging biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Ahluwalia
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden.,b Research Unit , Calmino Group AB , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Luiza Moraes
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden.,c Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition , University of Gothenburg, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
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105
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Singla B, Ghoshal P, Lin H, Wei Q, Dong Z, Csányi G. PKCδ-Mediated Nox2 Activation Promotes Fluid-Phase Pinocytosis of Antigens by Immature Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:537. [PMID: 29632528 PMCID: PMC5879126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Macropinocytosis is a major endocytic pathway by which dendritic cells (DCs) internalize antigens in the periphery. Despite the importance of DCs in the initiation and control of adaptive immune responses, the signaling mechanisms mediating DC macropinocytosis of antigens remain largely unknown. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in stimulation of DC macropinocytosis and, if so, to identify the specific PKC isoform(s) and downstream signaling mechanisms involved. Methods Various cellular, molecular and immunological techniques, pharmacological approaches and genetic knockout mice were utilized to investigate the signaling mechanisms mediating DC macropinocytosis. Results Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that DCs internalize fluorescent antigens (ovalbumin) using macropinocytosis. Pharmacological blockade of classical and novel PKC isoforms using calphostin C abolished both phorbol ester- and hepatocyte growth factor-induced antigen macropinocytosis in DCs. The qRT-PCR experiments identified PKCδ as the dominant PKC isoform in DCs. Genetic studies demonstrated the functional role of PKCδ in DC macropinocytosis of antigens, their subsequent maturation, and secretion of various T-cell stimulatory cytokines, including IL-1α, TNF-α and IFN-β. Additional mechanistic studies identified NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) and intracellular superoxide anion as important players in DC macropinocytosis of antigens downstream of PKCδ activation. Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrate a novel mechanism by which PKCδ activation via stimulation of Nox2 activity and downstream redox signaling promotes DC macropinocytosis of antigens. PKCδ/Nox2-mediated antigen macropinocytosis stimulates maturation of DCs and secretion of T-cell stimulatory cytokines. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in DC macropinocytosis and downstream regulation of T-cell-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Singla
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Pushpankur Ghoshal
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Huiping Lin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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106
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Eom T, Kim YS, Choi CH, Sadowsky MJ, Unno T. Current understanding of microbiota- and dietary-therapies for treating inflammatory bowel disease. J Microbiol 2018; 56:189-198. [PMID: 29492876 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a result of chronic inflammation caused, in some part, by dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, mainly commensal bacteria. Gut dysbiosis can be caused by multiple factors, including abnormal immune responses which might be related to genetic susceptibility, infection, western dietary habits, and administration of antibiotics. Consequently, the disease itself is characterized as having multiple causes, etiologies, and severities. Recent studies have identified >200 IBD risk loci in the host. It has been postulated that gut microbiota interact with these risk loci resulting in dysbiosis, and this subsequently leads to the development of IBD. Typical gut microbiota in IBD patients are characterized with decrease in species richness and many of the commensal, and beneficial, fecal bacteria such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and an increase or bloom of Proteobacteria. However, at this time, cause and effect relationships have not been rigorously established. While treatments of IBD usually includes medications such as corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates, antibiotics, immunomodulators, and anti-TNF agents, restoration of gut dysbiosis seems to be a safer and more sustainable approach. Bacteriotherapies (now called microbiota therapies) and dietary interventions are effective way to modulate gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize factors involved in IBD and studies attempted to treat IBD with probiotics. We also discuss the potential use of microbiota therapies as one promising approach in treating IBD. As therapies based on the modulation of gut microbiota becomes more common, future studies should include individual gut microbiota differences to develop personalized therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekil Eom
- Subtropical/tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, 15865, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Subtropical/tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Faculty of Biotechnology, School of life sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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107
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Ueno A, Jeffery L, Kobayashi T, Hibi T, Ghosh S, Jijon H. Th17 plasticity and its relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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108
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Lee SH, Kwon JE, Cho ML. Immunological pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2018; 16:26-42. [PMID: 29422795 PMCID: PMC5797268 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory state of the gastrointestinal tract and can be classified into 2 main clinical phenomena: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The pathogenesis of IBD, including CD and UC, involves the presence of pathogenic factors such as abnormal gut microbiota, immune response dysregulation, environmental changes, and gene variants. Although many investigations have tried to identify novel pathogenic factors associated with IBD that are related to environmental, genetic, microbial, and immune response factors, a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis is unclear. Thus, IBD treatment is far from optimal, and patient outcomes can be unsatisfactory. As result of massive studying on IBD, T helper 17 (Th17) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are investigated on their effects on IBD. A recent study of the plasticity of Th17 cells focused primarily on colitis. ILCs also emerging as novel cell family, which play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. IBD immunopathogenesis is key to understanding the causes of IBD and can lead to the development of IBD therapies. The aim of this review is to explain the pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on immunological factors and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong eun Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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109
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Markovic BS, Kanjevac T, Harrell CR, Gazdic M, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic N, Volarevic V. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 14:153-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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110
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Harusato A, Abo H, Le Ngo V, Yi SWZ, Mitsutake K, Osuka S, Kohlmeier JE, Li JD, Gewirtz AT, Nusrat A, Denning TL. IL-36γ signaling controls the induced regulatory T cell-Th9 cell balance via NFκB activation and STAT transcription factors. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1455-1467. [PMID: 28327619 PMCID: PMC5610052 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory and effector T helper (Th) cells are abundant at mucosal surfaces, especially in the intestine, where they control the critical balance between tolerance and inflammation. However, the key factors that reciprocally dictate differentiation along these specific lineages remain incompletely understood. Here we report that the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family member IL-36γ signals through IL-36 receptor, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κBp50 in CD4+ T cells to potently inhibit Foxp3-expressing induced regulatory T cell (Treg) development, while concomitantly promoting the differentiation of Th9 cells via a IL-2-STAT5- (signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 5) and IL-4-STAT6-dependent pathway. Consistent with these findings, mice deficient in IL-36γ were protected from Th cell-driven intestinal inflammation and exhibited increased colonic Treg cells and diminished Th9 cells. Our findings thus reveal a fundamental contribution for the IL-36/IL-36R axis in regulating the Treg-Th9 cell balance with broad implications for Th cell-mediated disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and particularly ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Harusato
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hirohito Abo
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Vu Le Ngo
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Samuel Won-zu Yi
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kazunori Mitsutake
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timothy L. Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA,Correspondence: Dr. Timothy L. Denning, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. Phone: 404-413-3609; Fax: 404-413-3580;
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111
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Ergang P, Vodička M, Vagnerová K, Moravec M, Kvapilová P, Kment M, Pácha J. Inflammation regulates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 differentially in specific compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Steroids 2017; 126:66-73. [PMID: 28754259 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of glucocorticoids is modulated by enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11HSD1), which catalyzes the conversion of inactive 11-oxo-glucocorticoids to active 11-hydroxy-glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone and is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our aim was to assess the effect of colitis on the expression of 11HSD1 in specific microanatomical compartments of the mucosal immune system. Using qRT-PCR we quantified the expression of 11HSD1 and cytokines in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen of mice with colitis. Microsamples of the MLN cortex, paracortex and medulla, colonic crypt epithelium (CCE), lamina propria and isolated intestinal lymphoid follicles (ILF) were harvested by laser microdissection, whereas splenic and MLN lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Colitis increased 11HSD1 in the CCE, ILF, and MLN cortex but not in the lamina propria and the MLN paracortex and medulla. Expression of IL-4, IL-21 and TNFα was increased in both the cortex of MLN and ILF, whereas IL-1β and IL-10 were only increased in the follicles. No positive effect was observed in the case of IFNγ and TGFβ. 11HSD1 was positively correlated with TNFα and less strongly with IL-21, IL-1β, and IL-4. Colitis also upregulated the 11HSD1 expression of T cells in the spleen and MLN. The study demonstrates the stimulatory effect of inflammation on local glucocorticoid metabolism only in particular compartments of the mucosal immune system. The correlation between cytokines and 11HSD1 in the ILF and MLN cortex indicates that pro-inflammatory cytokines may amplify glucocorticoid signals in inductive compartments of the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moravec
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Kvapilová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kment
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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112
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Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:191-231. [PMID: 27856521 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00049-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms hold promise for the treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. The transfer of whole microbiota via fecal transplantation has already been shown to ameliorate the severity of diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. However, the exact mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant efficacy and the particular strains conferring this benefit are still unclear. Rationally designed combinations of microbial preparations may enable more efficient and effective treatment approaches tailored to particular diseases. Here we use an infectious disease, C. difficile infection, and an inflammatory disorder, the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, as examples to facilitate the discussion of how microbial therapy might be rationally designed for specific gastrointestinal diseases. Fecal microbiota transplantation has already shown some efficacy in the treatment of both these disorders; detailed comparisons of studies evaluating commensal and probiotic organisms in the context of these disparate gastrointestinal diseases may shed light on potential protective mechanisms and elucidate how future microbial therapies can be tailored to particular diseases.
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113
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MacManus CF, Collins CB, Nguyen TT, Alfano RW, Jedlicka P, de Zoeten EF. VEN-120, a Recombinant Human Lactoferrin, Promotes a Regulatory T Cell [Treg] Phenotype and Drives Resolution of Inflammation in Distinct Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1101-1112. [PMID: 28472424 PMCID: PMC5881664 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is characterised by a disruption of immune homeostasis, which is tightly regulated to protect against harmful pathogens yet not react to commensal antigens. Animal studies indicate that regulatory T cells [Treg] modulate the immune response to prevent IBD development. Lactoferrin [LF] is an endogenous anti-inflammatory pleiotropic protein secreted at high concentrations in colostrum and at mucosal sites. However, the effect of LF on specific T lymphocyte populations has not been studied. Here, we identify a novel mechanism by which a recombinant human LF, VEN-120, regulates T cell populations in health and disease. METHODS Two murine models of intestinal inflammation, the dextran sodium sulphate colitis model and the TNFΔARE/+ model of ileitis, were used to study the anti-inflammatory and T cell modulating ability of VEN-120. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate T cell populations within the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes, and to evaluate the effect of VEN-120 on CD4+ T cells in vitro. RESULTS VEN-120 reduced inflammation in both models of IBD, accompanied by increased Tregs in the intestinal lamina propria. Treatment of CD4+ T cells in vitro resulted in an upregulation of Treg genes and skewing towards a Treg population. This in vitro T cell skewing translated to an increase of Treg homing to the intestinal lamina propria and associated lymph tissue in healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a novel immunological mechanism by which VEN-120 modulates T cells to restrict inflammatory T cell-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F MacManus
- Ventria Biosciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA,Corresponding author: Christopher MacManus, Ventria Bioscience, 320 E. Vine Dr., Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. Tel.: 970-407-1239;
| | - Colm B Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edwin F de Zoeten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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114
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Marks E, Naudin C, Nolan G, Goggins BJ, Burns G, Mateer SW, Latimore JK, Minahan K, Plank M, Foster PS, Callister R, Veysey M, Walker MM, Talley NJ, Radford-Smith G, Keely S. Regulation of IL-12p40 by HIF controls Th1/Th17 responses to prevent mucosal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1224-1236. [PMID: 28120851 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory lesions are inherently hypoxic, due to increased metabolic demands created by cellular infiltration and proliferation, and reduced oxygen supply due to vascular damage. Hypoxia stabilizes the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF) leading to a coordinated induction of endogenously protective pathways. We identified IL12B as a HIF-regulated gene and aimed to define how the HIF-IL-12p40 axis influenced intestinal inflammation. Intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were characterized in wild-type and IL-12p40-/- murine colitis treated with vehicle or HIF-stabilizing prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDi). IL12B promoter analysis was performed to examine hypoxia-responsive elements. Immunoblot analysis of murine and human LPL supernatants was performed to characterize the HIF/IL-12p40 signaling axis. We observed selective induction of IL-12p40 following PHDi-treatment, concurrent with suppression of Th1 and Th17 responses in murine colitis models. In the absence of IL-12p40, PHDi-treatment was ineffective. Analysis of the IL12B promoter identified canonical HIF-binding sites. HIF stabilization in LPLs resulted in production of IL-12p40 homodimer which was protective against colitis. The selective induction of IL-12p40 by HIF-1α leads to a suppression of mucosal Th1 and Th17 responses. This HIF-IL12p40 axis may represent an endogenously protective mechanism to limit the progression of chronic inflammation, shifting from pro-inflammatory IL-12p70 to an antagonistic IL-12p40 homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marks
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Naudin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Nolan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B J Goggins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Burns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S W Mateer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J K Latimore
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Minahan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Plank
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P S Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Veysey
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M M Walker
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N J Talley
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Radford-Smith
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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115
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Zhou R, Chang Y, Liu J, Chen M, Wang H, Huang M, Liu S, Wang X, Zhao Q. JNK Pathway-Associated Phosphatase/DUSP22 Suppresses CD4 + T-Cell Activation and Th1/Th17-Cell Differentiation and Negatively Correlates with Clinical Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:781. [PMID: 28725226 PMCID: PMC5496234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of JNK pathway-associated phosphatase (JKAP) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). JKAP expression was analyzed in the intestinal mucosa of 81 IBD patients and 25 healthy controls (HCs) by qPCR and immunoblotting. The correlations of JKAP with clinical activity and inflammatory cytokines were performed. JKAP expression before and after infliximab treatment was also measured. CD4+ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood in active IBD patient and HCs and transduced with lentivirus-encoding JKAP (LV-JKAP), anti-JKAP (LV-anti-JKAP), or empty vector (LV-scramble), and JKAP functions on IBD CD4+ T cells were subsequently investigated. JKAP expression was decreased in inflamed mucosa of active IBD patients and was negatively correlated with disease activity [Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI), Mayo index, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate], interleukin-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. Anti-TNF-α treatment up-regulated JKAP expression in CD patients, and baseline JKAP expression was elevated in response patients than in failure patients. Transduction of LV-JKAP into CD4+ T cells inhibited the percentages of CD25+ and CD69+ cells and proliferation. Moreover, inhibition of JKAP promotes Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. Our data indicated that the decreased expression of JKAP in intestinal mucosa contributed to the pathogenesis of IBD, through facilitating CD4+ T-cell activation, proliferation, and Th1/Th17-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Meifang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
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116
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Novel Insights into the Mechanisms of Gut Homing and Antiadhesion Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:617-627. [PMID: 28296823 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic compounds interfering with T cell trafficking are a new column of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. Currently, the anti-α4β7 integrin antibody vedolizumab is successfully used in the clinic and further drugs are likely to follow. Despite these clinical advances, the precise mechanistic background of their action is only gradually elucidated and still a matter of intensive research. Only recently, advances made with the help of new in vivo models and human studies have contributed to shape our concept of T cell trafficking in IBD by deciphering some important and so far unanswered questions. At the same time, basic and clinical data have generated new issues to be addressed on the way toward a clear perception of trafficking mechanisms and toward elucidation of the action of compounds interfering with this process. In this review, we will give a comprehensive outline of all components of T cell trafficking in regard to IBD before discussing the current knowledge concerning targeted interference with integrins in this complex network. Moreover, we will summarize remaining ambiguity and give an outlook on potential future targets.
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117
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Saeed MA, Ng GZ, Däbritz J, Wagner J, Judd L, Han JX, Dhar P, Kirkwood CD, Sutton P. Protease-activated Receptor 1 Plays a Proinflammatory Role in Colitis by Promoting Th17-related Immunity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:593-602. [PMID: 28296821 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteolytic cleavage of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) can result in potent downstream regulatory effects on inflammation. Although PAR1 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and activating proteases are increased in inflammatory bowel disease, the effect of PAR1 activation on colitis remains poorly understood, and has not previously been studied in pediatric disease. METHODS Expression of PAR1 and inflammatory cytokines in colonic biopsies from pediatric patients with Crohn's disease exhibiting active moderate to severe colitis was measured by quantitative PCR. The functional relevance of these clinical data was further studied in a mouse model of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. RESULTS PAR1 expression was significantly upregulated in the inflamed colons of pediatric patients with Crohn's disease, with expression levels directly correlating to disease severity. In patients with severe colitis, PAR1 expression uniquely correlated with Th17-related (IL17A, IL22, and IL23A) cytokines. Infection of PAR1-deficient (PAR1) and wildtype mice with colitogenic C. rodentium revealed that disease severity and colonic pathology were strongly attenuated in mice lacking PAR1. Furthermore, Th17-type immune response was completely abolished in the colons of infected PAR1 but not wildtype mice. Finally, PAR1 was shown to be essential for secretion of the Th17-driving cytokine IL-23 by C. rodentium-stimulated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a strong link between PAR1 expression, Th17-type immunity, and disease severity in both pediatric patients with Crohn's disease and C. rodentium-induced colitis in mice. The data presented suggest PAR1 exerts a proinflammatory role in colitis in both humans and mice by promoting a Th17-type immune response, potentially by supporting the production of IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Saeed
- *Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; †Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; ‡Department of Paediatrics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany; and §Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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118
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Kynurenic acid downregulates IL-17/1L-23 axis in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 431:55-65. [PMID: 28285360 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the function of interleukin (IL) 17 and related cytokine interactions have been proven useful toward understanding the role of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. Production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-23 by dendritic cells (DC's) has been shown to promote IL-17 expression by Th17 cells. It is well established that Th17 cells play an important role in several autoimmune diseases including psoriasis and alopecia. Our recent investigations have suggested that Kynurenine-rich environment can shift a pro-inflammatory response to an anti-inflammatory response, as is the case in the presence of the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan degradation and Kynurenine (Kyn) production. In this study, we sought to explore the potential role of kynurenic acid (KynA), in modulating the expression of IL-23 and IL-17 by DCs and CD4+ cells, respectively. The result of flow cytometry demonstrated that the frequency of IL-23-producing DCs is reduced with 100 µg/ml of KynA as compared with that of LPS-stimulated DCs. KynA (100 μg/ml) addition to activated T cells significantly decreased the level of IL-17 mRNA and frequency of IL-17+ T cells as compared to that of concanavalin (Con) A-activated T cells. To examine the mechanism of the suppressive role of KynA on IL-23/IL-17 in these cells, cells were treated with 3 μM G-protein-coupled receptor35 (GPCR35) inhibitor (CID), for 60 min. The result showed that the reduction of both adenylate cyclase (AC) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by KynA is involved in suppression of LPS-induced IL-23p19 expression. Since GPCR35 is also detected on T cells; therefore, it is concluded that KynA plays an important role in modulating the expression of IL-23 and IL-17 in DCs and Th17 cells through inhibiting GPCR35 and downregulation of both AC and cAMP.
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119
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Kim DH, Cheon JH. Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Recent Advances in Biologic Therapies. Immune Netw 2017; 17:25-40. [PMID: 28261018 PMCID: PMC5334120 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder with an unknown etiology. IBD is composed of two different disease entities: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD has been thought to be idiopathic but has two main attributable causes that include genetic and environmental factors. The gastrointestinal tract in which this disease occurs is central to the immune system, and the innate and the adaptive immune systems are balanced in complex interactions with intestinal microbes under homeostatic conditions. However, in IBD, this homeostasis is disrupted and uncontrolled intestinal inflammation is perpetuated. Recently, the pathogenesis of IBD has become better understood owing to advances in genetic and immunologic technology. Moreover, new therapeutic strategies are now being implemented that accurately target the pathogenesis of IBD. Beyond conventional immunesuppressive therapy, the development of biological agents that target specific disease mechanisms has resulted in more frequent and deeper remission in IBD patients, with mucosal healing as a treatment goal of therapy. Future novel biologics should overcome the limitations of current therapies and ensure that individual patients can be treated with optimal drugs that are safe and precisely target IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Hwan Kim
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Hospital, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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120
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Intestinal Barrier Protection of HU210 Differentially Depend on TLR4 Signaling in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:372-386. [PMID: 27995407 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is strongly associated with inflammation and intestinal barrier disorder. The nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonist HU210 has been shown to ameliorate inflamed colon in colitis, but its effects on intestinal barrier function and extraintestinal inflammation are unclear. AIMS To investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism of HU210 action on the UC in relation to a role of TLR4 and MAP kinase signaling. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and TLR4 knockout (Tlr4 -/-) mice were exposed to 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. The effects of HU210 on inflammation and intestinal barrier were explored. RESULTS Upon DSS challenge, mice suffered from bloody stool, colon shortening, intestinal mucosa edema, pro-inflammatory cytokine increase and intestinal barrier destruction with goblet cell depletion, increased intestinal microflora accompanied with elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide, reduced mRNA expression of the intestinal tight junction proteins, and abnormal ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the intestinal Peyer's patches. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma and the lung, as well as pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity, indicators of extraintestinal inflammation were increased. Protein expression of p38α and pp38 was up-regulated in the colon of WT mice. Tlr4 -/- mice showed milder colitis. HU210 reversed the intestinal barrier changes in both strains of mice, but alleviated inflammation only in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that in experimental colitis, HU210 displays a protective effect on the intestinal barrier function independently of the TLR4 signaling pathway; however, in the extraintestinal tissues, the anti-inflammatory action seems through affecting TLR4-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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121
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Itani S, Watanabe T, Nadatani Y, Sugimura N, Shimada S, Takeda S, Otani K, Hosomi S, Nagami Y, Tanaka F, Kamata N, Yamagami H, Tanigawa T, Shiba M, Tominaga K, Fujiwara Y, Arakawa T. NLRP3 inflammasome has a protective effect against oxazolone-induced colitis: a possible role in ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39075. [PMID: 27966619 PMCID: PMC5155456 DOI: 10.1038/srep39075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasomes induce maturation of pro-interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and pro-IL-18. We investigated roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). After induction of oxazolone-induced colitis, a mouse UC model, colonic tissues were assayed for inflammatory mediators. Histological studies were performed on inflamed colonic tissue from mice and UC patients. Histological severity of murine colitis peaked on day 1, accompanied by an increase in the expression of Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-13. Oxazolone treatment stimulated maturation of pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β, while it reduced IL-18 expression. Either exogenous IL-1β or IL-18 ameliorated the colitis with or without reduction in Th2 cytokine expression, respectively. Induction of colitis decreased MUC2 expression, which was reversed by administration of IL-18, but not IL-1β. Compared to wild-type mice, NLRP3−/− mice exhibited higher sensitivity to oxazolone treatment with enhancement of Th2 cytokine expression and reduction of mature IL-1β and IL-18 production; this phenotype was rescued by exogenous IL-1β or IL-18. Immunofluorescent studies revealed positive correlation of NLRP3 expression with disease severity in UC patients, and localization of the inflammasome-associated molecules in macrophages. The NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β and IL-18 may play a protective role against UC through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Itani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,SAMURAI International GI Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nadatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sunao Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yamagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,SAMURAI International GI Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Shiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tominaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,SAMURAI International GI Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,SAMURAI International GI Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Arakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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122
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Lo WC, Arsenescu V, Arsenescu RI, Friedman A. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: How Effective Is TNF-α Suppression? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165782. [PMID: 27824890 PMCID: PMC5100971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s Disease (CD) results from inappropriate response toward commensal flora. Earlier studies described CD as a Th1 mediated disease. Current models view both phenotypes as a continuum of various permutations between Th1, Th2 and Th17 pathways compounded by a range of Treg disfunctions. In the present paper, we develop a mathematical model, by a system of differential equations, which describe the dynamic relations among these T cells and their cytokines. The model identities four groups of CD patients according to up/down regulation of Th1 and Th2. The model simulations show that immunosuppression by TNF-α blockage benefits the group with Th1High/Th2Low while, by contrast, the group with Th1Low/Th2High will benefit from immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Cheong Lo
- Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Razvan I. Arsenescu
- Digestive Health Institute, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center of Excellence Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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123
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124
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Spalinger MR, Zeitz J, Biedermann L, Rossel JB, Sulz MC, Frei P, Scharl S, Vavricka SR, Fried M, Rogler G, Scharl M. Genotype-Phenotype Associations of the CD-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism within the Gene Locus Encoding Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 22 in Patients of the Swiss IBD Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160215. [PMID: 27467733 PMCID: PMC4964985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) plays an important role in immune cell function and intestinal homeostasis. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 within the PTPN22 gene locus results in aberrant function of PTPN22 protein and protects from Crohn's disease (CD). Here, we investigated associations of PTPN22 SNP rs2476601 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the Swiss IBD Cohort Study (SIBDCS). METHODS 2'028 SIBDCS patients (1173 CD and 855 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients) were included. The clinical characteristics were analysed for an association with the presence of the PTPN22 SNP rs2476601 genotypes 'homozygous variant' (AA), 'heterozygous' (GA) and 'homozygous wild-type' (GG). RESULTS 13 patients (0.6%) were homozygous variant (AA) for the PTPN22 polymorphism, 269 (13.3%) heterozygous variant (GA) and 1'746 (86.1%) homozygous wild-type (GG). In CD, AA and GA genotypes were associated with less use of steroids and antibiotics, and reduced prevalence of vitamin D and calcium deficiency. In UC the AA and GA genotype was associated with increased use of azathioprine and anti-TNF antibodies, but significantly less patients with the PTPN22 variant featured malabsorption syndrome (p = 0.026). CONCLUSION Our study for the first time addressed how presence of SNP rs2476601 within the PTPN22 gene affects clinical characteristics in IBD-patients. Several factors that correlate with more severe disease were found to be less common in CD patients carrying the A-allele, pointing towards a protective role for this variant in affected CD patients. In UC patients however, we found the opposite trend, suggesting a disease-promoting effect of the A-allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R. Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Zeitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Rossel
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael C. Sulz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Frei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R. Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Vlachos C, Gaitanis G, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos E, Bassukas ID. Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: links and risks. PSORIASIS-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 6:73-92. [PMID: 29387596 PMCID: PMC5683131 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s85194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis and the spectrum of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory, organotropic conditions. The epidemiologic coexistence of these diseases is corroborated by findings at the level of disease, biogeography, and intrafamilial and intrapatient coincidence. The identification of shared susceptibility loci and DNA polymorphisms has confirmed this correlation at a genetic level. The pathogenesis of both diseases implicates the innate and adaptive segments of the immune system. Increased permeability of the epidermal barrier in skin and intestine underlies the augmented interaction of allergens and pathogens with inflammatory receptors of immune cells. The immune response between psoriasis and IBD is similar and comprises phagocytic, dendritic, and natural killer cell, along with a milieu of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides that stimulate T-cells. The interplay between dendritic cells and Th17 cells appears to be the core dysregulated immune pathway in all these conditions. The distinct similarities in the pathogenesis are also reflected in the wide overlapping of their therapeutic approaches. Small-molecule pharmacologic immunomodulators have been applied, and more recently, biologic treatments that target proinflammatory interleukins have been introduced or are currently being evaluated. However, the fact that some treatments are quite selective for either skin or gut conditions also highlights their crucial pathophysiologic differences. In the present review, a comprehensive comparison of risk factors, pathogenesis links, and therapeutic strategies for psoriasis and IBD is presented. Specific emphasis is placed on the role of the immune cell species and inflammatory mediators participating in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Epameinondas Tsianos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Doucette CD, Rodgers G, Liwski RS, Hoskin DW. Piperine from black pepper inhibits activation-induced proliferation and effector function of T lymphocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2577-88. [PMID: 25900378 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Piperine is a major alkaloid component of black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn), which is a widely consumed spice. Here, we investigated the effect of piperine on mouse T lymphocyte activation. Piperine inhibited polyclonal and antigen-specific T lymphocyte proliferation without affecting cell viability. Piperine also suppressed T lymphocyte entry into the S and G2 /M phases of the cell cycle, and decreased expression of G1 -associated cyclin D3, CDK4, and CDK6. In addition, piperine inhibited CD25 expression, synthesis of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-17A, and the generation of cytotoxic effector cells. The inhibitory effect of piperine on T lymphocytes was associated with hypophosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and inhibitor of κBα, but not ZAP-70. The ability of piperine to inhibit several key signaling pathways involved in T lymphocyte activation and the acquisition of effector function suggests that piperine might be useful in the management of T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D Doucette
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Gemma Rodgers
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Robert S Liwski
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - David W Hoskin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
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127
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Roth S, Spalinger MR, Gottier C, Biedermann L, Zeitz J, Lang S, Weber A, Rogler G, Scharl M. Bilberry-Derived Anthocyanins Modulate Cytokine Expression in the Intestine of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154817. [PMID: 27152519 PMCID: PMC4859486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims We previously demonstrated that anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (ARBE) inhibits IFN-γ-induced signalling and downstream effects in human monocytic cells and ameliorates disease activity in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms of ARBE-mediated effects in vitro and by analysing colonic tissue and serum samples of UC patients treated with an oral anthocyanin-rich bilberry preparation during an open label clinical trial. Methods Colon specimens obtained during an open pilot study using ARBE for the treatment of mild-to-moderate UC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cytokine levels in patients’ serum were quantified by ELISA. Cell culture experiments were performed using THP-1 monocytic cells. Results ARBE treatment inhibited the expression of IFN-γ-receptor 2 in human THP-1 monocytic cells. Colon biopsies of UC patients who responded to the 6-week long ARBE treatment revealed reduced amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. Levels of phosphorylated (activated) p65-NF-κB were reduced in these patients. Further, patients with successful ARBE treatment featured enhanced levels of Th17-cell specific cytokine IL-22 and immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 as well as reduced serum levels of TNF-α and MCP-1, but enhanced levels of IL-17A, in contrast to patients that did not reach remission after ARBE treatment. Conclusions Our data suggest a molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of ARBE treatment in UC patients by modulating T-cell cytokine signalling and inhibiting IFN-γ signal transduction. These data are of particular interest, since ARBE is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Roth
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R. Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Zeitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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128
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Hu S, Chen M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Pei Y, Fan R, Liu X, Wang L, Zhou J, Zheng S, Zhang T, Lin Y, Zhang M, Tao R, Zhong J. mTOR Inhibition Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Suppressing T Cell Proliferation and Balancing TH1/TH17/Treg Profile. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154564. [PMID: 27128484 PMCID: PMC4851424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been established that mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have anti-inflammatory effects in models of experimental colitis. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this research, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of AZD8055, a potent mTOR inhibitor, on T cell response in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, a commonly used animal model of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Severity of colitis is evaluated by changing of body weight, bloody stool, fecal consistency, histology evaluation and cytokine expression. We find that AZD8055 treatment attenuates DSS-induced body weight loss, colon length shortening and pathological damage of the colon. And AZD8055 treatment decreases colonic expression of genes encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-1β,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-a and increases colonic expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10. We show that AZD8055 treatment decreases the percentages of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood of mice. We also find that AZD8055 treatment significantly reduces the number of T helper 1(TH1) cells and TH17 cells and increases regulatory T (Treg) cells in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrates that AZD8055 suppresses the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the differentiation of TH1/TH17 cells and expands Treg cells in vitro. The results suggest that, in experimental colitis, AZD8055 exerts anti-inflammatory effect by regulating T helper cell polarization and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Surgery, Cancer hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yaofei Pei
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sichang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Maochen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (RT)
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (RT)
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129
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Megna BW, Carney PR, Kennedy GD. Intestinal inflammation and the diet: Is food friend or foe? World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8:115-123. [PMID: 26981185 PMCID: PMC4770165 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v8.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal illness of autoimmune origin affecting millions across the globe. The most common subtypes include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease. While many medical treatments for IBD exist, none come without the risk of significant immunosuppression and in general do not have benign side effect profiles. Surgical intervention exists only as radical resection for medically refractory UC. There exists a dire need for novel treatments that target the inherent pathophysiologic disturbances of IBD, rather than global immune suppression. One avenue of investigation that could provide such an agent is the interaction between certain dietary elements and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a cytosolic transcription factor with a rich history in environmental toxicant handling, however, recently a role has emerged for the AHR as a modulator of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have come to elucidate these effects to include the enhancement of Th cell subset differentiation, interactions between enteric flora and the luminal wall, and modulation of inflammatory interleukin and cytokine signaling. This review highlights advancements in our understanding of AHR activity in the digestive tract and how this stimulation may be wrought by certain dietary “micronutriceuticals”, namely indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its derivatives. Greater clarity surrounding these dynamics could lead to a novel diet-derived agonist of the AHR which is not only non-toxic, but also efficacious in the amelioration of clinical IBD.
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130
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Liu QQ, Wang HL, Chen K, Wang SB, Xu Y, Ye Q, Sun YW. Oridonin derivative ameliorates experimental colitis by inhibiting activated T-cells and translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B. J Dig Dis 2016; 17:104-12. [PMID: 26718746 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm the potential therapeutic efficacy of HAO472 against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we investigated the modulatory functions of HAO472 in a mouse model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced via an intrarectal injection of TNBS in mice. HAO472 (5.0 mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg) or 1 mg/kg dexamethasone (DX) was injected intraperitoneally into the mice after the TNBS administration. Behavioral and weight changes, macroscopic and histological assessments of colon, the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the colonic tissues were evaluated. The effect of HAO472 on NF-κB signaling pathway in lymphocytes was also invesigated. RESULTS HAO472 significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms, reduced the severity of the inflammation and decreased mortality in the mouse model. HAO472 also reduced TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, iNOS/COX-2 and lymphocyte proliferation. These changes were associated with a significant decrease in NF-κB p65 expression and activity. CONCLUSION HAO472 has positive effects on TNBS-induced colitis by modulating the subsets and functions of lymphocytes, suppressing inflammation and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Li Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Bei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yang L, Dou H, Song Y, Hou Y. Benzenediamine analog FC-99 inhibits TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in peritoneal macrophage in vitro. Life Sci 2016; 144:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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132
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Zhao YX, Ju J, Wang W, Ye JF. Role of interleukin 17 in fatty liver disease and other liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5790-5796. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i36.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a lipid metabolism disorder in the liver, with a variety of etiologies which result in the accumulation of fat in the liver. The pathogenesis of fatty liver disease is still unclear and symptomatic treatment is the main method. In recent years, the incidence of fatty liver disease in China is increasing year by year, and the age of onset becomes younger. Recent studies suggest that interleukin 17 (IL-17) is involved not only in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and malignant tumors, but also in fatty liver and other liver diseases through inducing insulin resistance, activating some important pathways in the liver, mediating some inflammatory factors and so on. This paper will review the role of IL-17 in fatty liver disease and other liver diseases.
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133
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Nuclear matrix protein SMAR1 control regulatory T-cell fate during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1184-200. [PMID: 25993445 PMCID: PMC4762908 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Transcription factor Foxp3, a positive regulator of Treg cell differentiation, has been studied to some extent. Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) is known to negatively regulate Foxp3. It is not clear how STAT3 is regulated during Treg differentiation. We show that SMAR1, a known transcription factor and tumor suppressor, is directly involved in maintaining Treg cell fate decision. T-cell-specific conditional knockdown of SMAR1 exhibits increased susceptibility towards inflammatory disorders, such as colitis. The suppressive function of Treg cells is compromised in the absence of SMAR1 leading to increased T helper type 17 (Th17) differentiation and inflammation. Compared with wild-type, the SMAR1(-/-) Treg cells showed increased susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease in Rag1(-/ -) mice, indicating the role of SMAR1 in compromising Treg cell differentiation resulting in severe colitis. We show that SMAR1 negatively regulate STAT3 expression favoring Foxp3 expression and Treg cell differentiation. SMAR1 binds to the MAR element of STAT3 promoter, present adjacent to interleukin-6 response elements. Thus Foxp3, a major driver of Treg cell differentiation, is regulated by SMAR1 via STAT3 and a fine-tune balance between Treg and Th17 phenotype is maintained.
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134
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Prochazkova J, Sakaguchi S, Owusu M, Mazouzi A, Wiedner M, Velimezi G, Moder M, Turchinovich G, Hladik A, Gurnhofer E, Hayday A, Behrens A, Knapp S, Kenner L, Ellmeier W, Loizou JI. DNA Repair Cofactors ATMIN and NBS1 Are Required to Suppress T Cell Activation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005645. [PMID: 26544571 PMCID: PMC4636180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the immune system is an intricate process dependent on many factors, including an intact DNA damage response. The DNA double-strand break signaling kinase ATM and its cofactor NBS1 are required during T cell development and for the maintenance of genomic stability. The role of a second ATM cofactor, ATMIN (also known as ASCIZ) in T cells is much less clear, and whether ATMIN and NBS1 function in synergy in T cells is unknown. Here, we investigate the roles of ATMIN and NBS1, either alone or in combination, using murine models. We show loss of NBS1 led to a developmental block at the double-positive stage of T cell development, as well as reduced TCRα recombination, that was unexpectedly neither exacerbated nor alleviated by concomitant loss of ATMIN. In contrast, loss of both ATMIN and NBS1 enhanced DNA damage that drove spontaneous peripheral T cell hyperactivation, proliferation as well as excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to a highly inflammatory environment. Intriguingly, the disease causing T cells were largely proficient for both ATMIN and NBS1. In vivo this resulted in severe intestinal inflammation, colitis and premature death. Our findings reveal a novel model for an intestinal bowel disease phenotype that occurs upon combined loss of the DNA repair cofactors ATMIN and NBS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prochazkova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shinya Sakaguchi
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Owusu
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abdelghani Mazouzi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Wiedner
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgia Velimezi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Moder
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gurnhofer
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Behrens
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna I. Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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135
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Loos M, Lauffer F, Schlitter AM, Kleeff J, Friess H, Klöppel G, Esposito I. Potential role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:641-648. [PMID: 26427656 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of Th17 cells in autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine gene expression of the signature cytokines of Th17 cells IL-17A and IL-21 and of the Th17 lineage-specific transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORC) in human tissue specimens of AIP, classical chronic pancreatitis (CP), and normal pancreas (NP). Infiltrating immune cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Gene expression of IL-17A, IL-21, and RORC were found to be significantly increased in AIP. Accordingly, the number of Th17 cells was significantly increased in AIP compared to NP or CP. Both gene expression analysis and IHC revealed a clear difference between type 1 and 2 AIP. In the periductal compartment of type 2 AIP, which is characterized by granulocytic epithelial lesions (GELs), the number of infiltrating Th17 cells and neutrophilic granulocytes was significantly increased compared to type 1 AIP. Our data suggest that Th17 cells play a role in the pathogenesis of AIP, in particular of type 2 AIP. Cross-talk between Th17 cells and neutrophilic granulocytes mediated via IL-17A may be a potential mechanism by which neutrophils are recruited to the duct and acinar cells with subsequent destruction, a process that is pathognomonic for type 2 AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loos
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - F Lauffer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - A M Schlitter
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Klöppel
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Takamura M, Koga K, Izumi G, Hirata T, Harada M, Hirota Y, Hiraike O, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Simultaneous Detection and Evaluation of Four Subsets of CD4+ T Lymphocyte in Lesions and Peripheral Blood in Endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:480-6. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaori Koga
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Gentaro Izumi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Osamu Hiraike
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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137
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Huangqin-Tang Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colitis by Regulating Effector and Regulatory CD4(+) T Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:102021. [PMID: 26347453 PMCID: PMC4539427 DOI: 10.1155/2015/102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Huangqin-Tang decoction (HQT) is a classic traditional Chinese herbal formulation that is widely used to ameliorate the symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential and immunological regulatory activity of HQT in experimental colitis in rats. Using an animal model of colitis by intrarectally administering 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), we found that administration of HQT significantly inhibited the severity of TNBS-induced colitis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with HQT produced better results than that with mesalazine, as shown by improvedweight loss bleeding and diarrhoea scores, colon length, and intestinal inflammation. As for potential immunological regulation of HQT action, the percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells were reduced, but those Th2 and Treg cells were enhanced in LPMCs after HQT treatment. Additionally, HQT lowered the levels of Th1/Th17-associated cytokines but increased production of Th2/Treg-associated cytokines in the colon and MLNs. Furthermore, we observed a remarkable suppression of the Th1/Th17-associated transcription factors T-bet and ROR-γt. However, expression levels of the Th2/Treg-associated transcription factors GATA-3 and Foxp3 were enhanced during treatment with HQT. Our results suggest that HQT has the therapeutic potential to ameliorate TNBS-induced colitis symptoms. This protective effect is possibly mediated by its effects on CD4(+) T cells subsets.
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138
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Mirlekar B, Patil S, Bopanna R, Chattopadhyay S. MAR binding protein SMAR1 favors IL-10 mediated regulatory T cell function in acute colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:647-53. [PMID: 26168735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Treg cells are not only crucial for controlling immune responses to autoantigens but also prevent those directed towards commensal pathogens. Control of effector immune responses by Treg cells depend on their capacity to accumulate at inflammatory site and accordingly accommodate to inflammatory environment. Till date, the factors associated with maintaining these aspects of Treg phenotype is not understood properly. Here we have shown that a known nuclear matrix binding protein SMAR1 is selectively expressed more in colonic Treg cells and is required for their ability to accumulate at inflammatory site and to sustain high levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 expression during acute colitis. Elimination of anti-inflammatory subsets revealed a protective role for IL-10 producing Treg cells in SMAR1(-/-) mice. Moreover, a combined action of Foxp3 and SMAR1 restricts effector cytokine production and enhance the production of IL-10 by colonic Treg cells that controls acute colitis. This data highlights a critical role of SMAR1 in maintaining Treg physiology during inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhalchandra Mirlekar
- Chromatin and Disease Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sachin Patil
- Chromatin and Disease Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ramanamurthy Bopanna
- Experimental Animal Facility, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Chromatin and Disease Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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139
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Hou TY, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Omega-3 fatty acids, lipid rafts, and T cell signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:2-9. [PMID: 26001374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown in many clinical studies to attenuate inflammatory responses. Although inflammatory responses are orchestrated by a wide spectrum of cells, CD4(+) T cells play an important role in the etiology of many chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and obesity. In light of recent concerns over the safety profiles of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alternatives such as bioactive nutraceuticals are becoming more attractive. In order for these agents to be accepted into mainstream medicine, however, the mechanisms by which nutraceuticals such as n-3 PUFA exert their anti-inflammatory effects must be fully elucidated. Lipid rafts are nanoscale, dynamic domains in the plasma membrane that are formed through favorable lipid-lipid (cholesterol, sphingolipids, and saturated fatty acids) and lipid-protein (membrane-actin cytoskeleton) interactions. These domains optimize the clustering of signaling proteins at the membrane to facilitate efficient cell signaling which is required for CD4(+) T cell activation and differentiation. This review summarizes novel emerging data documenting the ability of n-3 PUFA to perturb membrane-cytoskeletal structure and function in CD4(+) T cells. An understanding of these underlying mechanisms will provide a rationale for the use of n-3 PUFA in the treatment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Y Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David N McMurray
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.
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140
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Chinnadurai R, Copland IB, Ng S, Garcia M, Prasad M, Arafat D, Gibson G, Kugathasan S, Galipeau J. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived From Crohn's Patients Deploy Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated Immune Suppression, Independent of Autophagy. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1248-1261. [PMID: 25899824 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for adoptive cell therapy of luminal Crohn's disease (CD) are being tested in clinical trials. However, CD is associated with dysregulation of autophagy and its effect on MSC's immunobiology is unknown. Here, we demonstrate no quantitative difference in phenotype, in vitro growth kinetics and molecular signatures to IFNγ between MSCs derived from CD and healthy individuals. CD MSCs were indistinguishable from those derived from healthy controls at inhibiting T-cell proliferation through an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-dependent mechanism. Upon IFNγ prelicensing, both MSC populations inhibit T-cell effector functions. Neither a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7820268 in the IDO gene, nor a widely reported CD predisposing SNP ATG16L1rs2241880 modulated the suppressive function of MSCs carrying these haplotypes. IFNγ stimulation or coculture with activated T cells upregulated the expression of autophagy genes and/or vacuoles on MSCs. Pharmacological blockade of autophagy pathway did not reverse the immunosuppressive properties and IFNγ responsiveness of MSCs confirming the absence of a functional link between these two cell biochemical properties. We conclude that autophagy, but not IDO and IFNγ responsiveness, is dispensable for MSC's immunosuppressive properties. MSCs from CD subjects are functionally analogous to those of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian B Copland
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Mahadev Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dalia Arafat
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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141
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Lactobacillus acidophilus suppresses colitis-associated activation of the IL-23/Th17 axis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:909514. [PMID: 25973440 PMCID: PMC4417982 DOI: 10.1155/2015/909514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to determine the modulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the IL-23/Th17 immune axis in experimental colitis. DSS-induced mouse models of UC were to be saline, hormones, and different concentrations of Lactobacillus acidophilus intervention. The expression of interleukin- (IL-) 17, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-23, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphorylated (p)-STAT3 was examined by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. And the results showed that administration of L. acidophilus suppressed Th17 cell-mediated secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 through downregulation of IL-23 and TGFβ1 expression and downstream phosphorylation of p-STAT3.
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142
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Chinen I, Nakahama T, Kimura A, Nguyen NT, Takemori H, Kumagai A, Kayama H, Takeda K, Lee S, Hanieh H, Ripley B, Millrine D, Dubey PK, Nyati KK, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Chowdhury K, Kishimoto T. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor/microRNA-212/132 axis in T cells regulates IL-10 production to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Int Immunol 2015; 27:405-15. [PMID: 25862525 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a transcription factor, plays a critical role in autoimmune inflammation of the intestine. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding oligonucleotides, mediate pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the precise mechanism and interactions of these molecules in IBD pathogenesis have not yet been investigated. We analyzed the role of Ahr and Ahr-regulated miRNAs in colonic inflammation. Our results show that deficiency of Ahr in intestinal epithelial cells in mice exacerbated inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Deletion of Ahr in T cells attenuated colitis, which was manifested by suppressed Th17 cell infiltration into the lamina propria. Candidate miRNA analysis showed that induction of colitis elevated expression of the miR-212/132 cluster in the colon of wild-type mice, whereas in Ahr (-/-) mice, expression was clearly lower. Furthermore, miR-212/132(-/-) mice were highly resistant to colitis and had reduced levels of Th17 cells and elevated levels of IL-10-producing CD4(+) cells. In vitro analyses revealed that induction of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells was significantly elevated in miR-212/132(-/-) T cells with increased c-Maf expression. Our findings emphasize the vital role of Ahr in intestinal homeostasis and suggest that inhibition of miR-212/132 represents a viable therapeutic strategy for treating colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichino Chinen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nam T Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Institute of Biotechnology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumagai
- Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hamza Hanieh
- Biological Sciences Department, King Faisal University, PO Box 380, Ahsaa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Barry Ripley
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - David Millrine
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Praveen K Dubey
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kishan K Nyati
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Fujii-Kuriyama
- Medical Research Institute, Medical Genomics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kamal Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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143
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Doucette CD, Greenshields AL, Liwski RS, Hoskin DW. Piperine blocks interleukin-2-driven cell cycle progression in CTLL-2 T lymphocytes by inhibiting multiple signal transduction pathways. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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144
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Bowcutt R, Malter LB, Chen LA, Wolff MJ, Robertson I, Rifkin DB, Poles M, Cho I, Loke P. Isolation and cytokine analysis of lamina propria lymphocytes from mucosal biopsies of the human colon. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:27-35. [PMID: 25769417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of gut-microbial interactions has come from mouse models. Intestinal immunity is complex and a combination of host genetics and environmental factors play a significant role in regulating intestinal immunity. Due to this complexity, no mouse model to date gives a complete and accurate representation of human intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. However, intestinal tissue from patients undergoing bowel resection reflects a condition of severe disease that has failed treatment; hence a more dynamic perspective of varying inflammatory states in IBD could be obtained through the analyses of pinch biopsy material. Here we describe our protocol for analyzing mucosal pinch biopsies collected predominantly during colonoscopies. We have optimized flow cytometry panels to analyze up to 8 cytokines produced by CD4+ and CD8+ cells, as well as for characterizing nuclear proteins and transcription factors such as Ki67 and Foxp3. Furthermore, we have optimized approaches to analyze the production of cytokines, including TGF-beta from direct ex vivo cultures of pinch biopsies and LPMCs isolated from biopsies. These approaches are part of our workflow to try and understand the role of the gut microbiota in complex and dynamic human intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowann Bowcutt
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Lisa B Malter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lea Ann Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian Robertson
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Poles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilseug Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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145
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Wang X, Wu T, Zhou F, Liu S, Zhou R, Zhu S, Song L, Zhu F, Wang G, Xia B. IL12p40 regulates functional development of human CD4+ T cells: enlightenment by the elevated expressions of IL12p40 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e613. [PMID: 25761185 PMCID: PMC4602478 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory effects of IL12p40 had been documented in the literature, and anti-IL12p40 treatment had been proved to be effective in therapy of Crohn disease (CD) in a phase 2b clinical trial. However, the precise role of IL12p40 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the expressions of IL12p40 and its receptor interleukin-12 receptor β 1 both locally and systemically in IBD cases and healthy controls, and the contribution of IL12p40 in IBD pathogenesis. We found that the expression of IL12p40 was elevated both at messenger RNA and protein levels systematically and locally in IBD patients but more significantly in CD patients. Our genetic association study revealed that the polymorphisms of IL12B rs6887695 were associated with both CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) susceptibility in Chinese population, but did not affect the serum IL12p40 level in either CD patients or UC patients. In addition, CD4⁺ T cells isolated from peripheral blood of CD patients secreted the most abundant IL12p40 production, compared with the UC patients and healthy controls. We also found for the first time that neutralizing IL12p40 secretion could inhibit proliferation, enhance apoptosis, induce a G0/G1 arrest, restrain T helper 1 type immune responses, and promote chemokine C-C motif ligand 20-mediated migration of human CD4⁺ T cells, which might be the mechanisms why anti-IL12p40 treatment presented efficacy in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- From the Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (XW, TW, F Zhou, SL, RZ, SZ, LS, F Zhu, GW, BX), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; and The Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases (XW, TW, SL, RZ, SZ, LS, F Zhu, GW, BX), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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146
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Han L, Yang J, Wang X, Li D, Lv L, Li B. Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases. Front Med 2015; 9:10-9. [PMID: 25652649 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a new subset of CD4(+) T cells involved in the clearance of extracellular pathogens and fungi. Accumulating evidence suggests that Th17 cells and their signature cytokines have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Here, we summarize recent research progress on Th17 function in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We also propose to identify new small molecule compounds to manipulate Th17 function for potential therapeutic application to treat human autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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147
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Molecular underpinnings of Th17 immune-regulation and their implications in autoimmune diabetes. Cytokine 2015; 71:366-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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148
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are debilitating conditions that result in intestinal damage due to chronic inflammation. In addition, the perpetual state of inflammation predisposes individuals to the development of colitis-associated cancer. Because of the immense immune cell infiltration into colon, cytokines produced by immune cells are major players in the initiation and progression of IBD and colitis-associated cancer. In this review, we will explore the functions of many key cytokines and their roles in IBD and colitis-associated cancer, as well as their influences on the immune system and stromal cells. Finally, we will briefly discuss current therapies and current clinical trials targeting cytokines in IBD.
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149
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Chao K, Zhang S, Yao J, He Y, Chen B, Zeng Z, Zhong B, Chen M. Imbalances of CD4(+) T-cell subgroups in Crohn's disease and their relationship with disease activity and prognosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1808-14. [PMID: 24720272 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The CD4(+) T-cell subgroups play central pathophysiological roles in Crohn's disease (CD); however, their clinical relevance requires additional clarification and remains controversial. We investigated their balance in Chinese CD patients and explored their clinical significance. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum were collected from 46 Chinese CD patients and 23 healthy donors. Circulating Treg, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were flow cytometrically analyzed. Subgroup-restricted transcription factor expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum concentrations of the main cytokines produced by each subgroup were measured by cytometric bead arrays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Lower Treg proportion (6.0 ± 1.2% vs 7.8 ± 1.5%, P = 0.030), FOXP3 mRNA expression (0.58-fold, P = 0.030), and circulating soluble TGFβ-1 (19.1 ± 9.9 vs 32.7 ± 16.8 ng/mL, P = 0.038) were observed in CD patients versus controls. The Th1 and Th17 proportions were higher in CD patients (17.8 ± 6.6% vs 7.8 ± 1.5%, P < 0.001; and 3.7 ± 1.8% vs 1.8 ± 0.7%, P = 0.022, respectively), as were transcription factors T-bet (4.6-fold, P = 0.043) and RORγt (14-fold, P < 0.001) and related cytokines (P < 0.05). Th2 proportion, GATA3 mRNA expression, and serum interleukin-4 concentration in CD patients were similar to controls (P > 0.05). Treg/Th1 and Treg/Th17 ratios were higher in inactive versus active CD patients (0.6 ± 0.4 vs 0.3 ± 0.1, P = 0.022; and 3.7 ± 2.0 vs 1.7 ± 1.4, P = 0.013, respectively). During follow-up, patients with lower Treg/Th1 and Treg/Th17 ratios were at higher recurrence risk. CONCLUSIONS Imbalances among Treg, Th1, and Th17 subgroups were found in Chinese CD patients. Treg/Th1 and Treg/Th17 ratios are associated with disease activity and are potential prognostic indicators for predicting CD recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chao
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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150
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Baicalin attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in rats by modulating the Th17/Treg paradigm. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1873-87. [PMID: 25269538 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin, a flavonoid, has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including immunomodulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalin on the balance of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in a colitis model. The rat colitis model was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Baicalin (10 ml/kg, each) or mesalazine (positive control) was then administered orally for 7 days. Inflammatory and immunological responses were evaluated by pathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. Our study showed that baicalin not only significantly attenuated TNBS-induced colitis by reducing the disease activity index as well as macroscopic and microscopic scores, but it also improved the weight loss and shortening of the colon. Baicalin treatment also induced a significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory mediators, including the myeloperoxidase activity, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and Th1-related cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of baicalin seem to be associated with regulation of the Th17 and Treg paradigm. We found that administration of baicalin significantly downregulated the number of Th17 cells and the levels of Th17-related cytokines (IL-17 and IL-6) and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt. In contrast, there was an increase in Treg cells numbers, Treg-related cytokines transforming growth factor-β and IL-10, and forkhead box P3. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of baicalin may be linked to modulation of the balance between Th17 and Treg cells in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis.
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