101
|
Functional Role of BDNF Production from Unique Promoters in Aggression and Serotonin Signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1943-55. [PMID: 26585288 PMCID: PMC4908631 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates diverse biological functions ranging from neuronal survival and differentiation during development to synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavior in the adult. BDNF disruption in both rodents and humans is associated with neurobehavioral alterations and psychiatric disorders. A unique feature of Bdnf transcription is regulation by nine individual promoters, which drive expression of variants that encode an identical protein. It is hypothesized that this unique genomic structure may provide flexibility that allows different factors to regulate BDNF signaling in distinct cell types and circuits. This has led to the suggestion that isoforms may regulate specific BDNF-dependent functions; however, little scientific support for this idea exists. We generated four novel mutant mouse lines in which BDNF production from one of the four major promoters (I, II, IV, or VI) is selectively disrupted (Bdnf-e1, -e2, -e4, and -e6 mice) and used a comprehensive comparator approach to determine whether different Bdnf transcripts are associated with specific BDNF-dependent molecular, cellular, and behavioral phenotypes. Bdnf-e1 and -e2 mutant males displayed heightened aggression accompanied by convergent expression changes in specific genes associated with serotonin signaling. In contrast, BDNF-e4 and -e6 mutants were not aggressive but displayed impairments associated with GABAergic gene expression. Moreover, quantifications of BDNF protein in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus revealed that individual Bdnf transcripts make differential, region-specific contributions to total BDNF levels. The results highlight the biological significance of alternative Bdnf transcripts and provide evidence that individual isoforms serve distinct molecular and behavioral functions.
Collapse
|
102
|
Cattaneo A, Riva MA. Stress-induced mechanisms in mental illness: A role for glucocorticoid signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:169-74. [PMID: 26241031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress represents the main environmental risk factor for mental illness. Exposure to stressful events, particularly early in life, has been associated with increased incidence and susceptibility of major depressive disorders as well as of other psychiatric illnesses. Among the key players in these events are glucocorticoid receptors. Dysfunctional glucocorticoid signalling may indeed contribute to psychopathology through a number of mechanisms that regulate the response to acute or chronic stress and that affect the function of genes and systems known to be relevant for mood disorders. Indeed, exposure to chronic stress early in life as well as in adulthood has been shown to reduce the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), also through epigenetic mechanisms, and to up-regulate the expression of the co-chaperone gene FKBP5, which restrains GR activity by limiting the translocation of the receptor complex to the nucleus. Another mechanism that contributes to changes in GR responsiveness is the state of receptor phosphorylation that controls activation, subcellular localization as well as its transcriptional activity. Moreover, GR phosphorylation may represent an important mechanism for the cross talk between neurotrophic signalling and GR-dependent transcription, bridging two important players for mood disorders. One gene that lies downstream from GR and may contribute to stress-related changes is serum glucocorticoid kinase-1 (SGK1). We have demonstrated that the expression of SGK1 is significantly increased after exposure to chronic stress in rodents as well as in the blood of drug-free depressed patients. We have also shown that SGK1 up-regulation may ultimately reduce hippocampal neurogenesis and contribute to the structural abnormalities that have been reported to occur in depressed patients. In summary, GR signalling may represent a point of convergence as well as of divergence for defects associated with pathologic conditions characterized by heightened vulnerability to stress. The characterization of these abnormalities is crucial to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention that may counteract more effectively stress-induced neurobiological abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cattaneo
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, Brescia, Italy
| | - M A Riva
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
de Paula BB, Leite-Panissi CRA. Distinct effect of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the medial nucleus of the amygdala on tonic immobility behavior. Brain Res 2016; 1643:152-8. [PMID: 27150816 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tonic immobility (TI) response is an innate fear behavior associated with intensely dangerous situations, exhibited by many species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. In humans, it is possible that TI predicts the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. This behavioral response is initiated and sustained by the stimulation of various groups of neurons distributed in the telencephalon, diencephalon and brainstem. Previous research has found the highest Fos-IR in the posteroventral part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEA) during TI behavior; however, the neurotransmission of this amygdaloid region involved in the modulation of this innate fear behavior still needs to be clarified. Considering that a major drug class used for the treatment of psychopathology is based on serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, we investigated the effects of serotonergic receptor activation in the MEA on the duration of TI. The results indicate that the activation of the 5HT1A receptors or the blocking of the 5HT2 receptors of the MEA can promote a reduction in fear and/or anxiety, consequently decreasing TI duration in guinea pigs. In contrast, blocking the 5HT1A receptors or activating the 5HT2 receptors in this amygdalar region increased the TI duration, suggesting an increase in fear and/or anxiety. These alterations do not appear to be due to a modification of spontaneous motor activity, which might non-specifically affect TI duration. Thus, these results suggest a distinct role of the 5HT receptors in the MEA in innate fear modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Balbino de Paula
- Psychobiology Graduate Program, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School - Dept. Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi
- Psychobiology Graduate Program, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School - Dept. Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology 14040-901, SP, Brazil; Departament of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology of Dentistry School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Homberg JR, Kyzar EJ, Scattoni ML, Norton WH, Pittman J, Gaikwad S, Nguyen M, Poudel MK, Ullmann JFP, Diamond DM, Kaluyeva AA, Parker MO, Brown RE, Song C, Gainetdinov RR, Gottesman II, Kalueff AV. Genetic and environmental modulation of neurodevelopmental disorders: Translational insights from labs to beds. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:79-91. [PMID: 27113433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of prevalent neuropsychiatric illnesses with various degrees of social, cognitive, motor, language and affective deficits. NDDs are caused by aberrant brain development due to genetic and environmental perturbations. Common NDDs include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, communication/speech disorders, motor/tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genetic and epigenetic/environmental factors play a key role in these NDDs with significant societal impact. Given the lack of their efficient therapies, it is important to gain further translational insights into the pathobiology of NDDs. To address these challenges, the International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) has established the Strategic Task Force on NDDs. Summarizing the Panel's findings, here we discuss the neurobiological mechanisms of selected common NDDs and a wider NDD+ spectrum of associated neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental trajectories. We also outline the utility of existing preclinical (animal) models for building translational and cross-diagnostic bridges to improve our understanding of various NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Julian Pittman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA
| | - Manoj K Poudel
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research and Development Service, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aleksandra A Kaluyeva
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Hinderberger P, Rullmann M, Drabe M, Luthardt J, Becker GA, Blüher M, Regenthal R, Sabri O, Hesse S. The effect of serum BDNF levels on central serotonin transporter availability in obese versus non-obese adults: A [(11)C]DASB positron emission tomography study. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:530-536. [PMID: 27108933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) and its neurotrophic support system, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are thought to modulate energy homeostasis and susceptibility to obesity. Moreover, a polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin reuptake transporter (5-HTT) gene impairs its transcription, thereby altering serotonergic tone and potentially contributing to such susceptibility. This study aims to investigate the effect of BDNF, biallelic 5-HTTLPR, and central in-vivo 5-HTT availability in highly obese versus non-obese subjects using positron emission tomography (PET) and 5-HTT selective [(11)C]DASB. METHODS Thirty-eight subjects, 24 obese, otherwise mentally and physically healthy, and 14 non-obese healthy controls were included in this study. Parametric images of binding potential were generated from PET data. Central 5-HTT availability, 5-HTTLPR genotype, and serum BDNF concentrations were analyzed, first in a volume of interest, then in a voxel-wise manner. RESULTS Overall, our results showed an absence of a linear correlation between BDNF, in-vivo central 5-HTT availability, and body mass index (BMI). 5-HTTLPR genotyping revealed BDNF and hippocampal 5-HTT availability to be negatively correlated (r = -0.57, p = 0.007) in long allelic homozygotes. However, obese subjects exhibited opposing effects of BDNF levels on 5-HTT availability in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) relative to our non-obese controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data did not confirm an overall correlation between serum BDNF, in-vivo central 5-HTT availability, 5-HTTLPR, and BMI. However, there is evidence that serotonergic tone linked to BDNF, specifically in the NAcc, is involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, although this needs further exploration over a wide range of reward-related eating behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hinderberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Drabe
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Hashimoto K. Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in the brain by serotonin. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:195-7. [PMID: 26899501 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Serra-Millàs M. Are the changes in the peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels due to platelet activation? World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:84-101. [PMID: 27014600 PMCID: PMC4804271 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in central nervous system development, neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity. BDNF is also expressed in several non-neuronal tissues, and it could play an important role in other processes, such as cancer, angiogenesis, etc. Platelets are the major source of peripheral BDNF. However, platelets also contain high amounts of serotonin; they express specific surface receptors during activation, and a multitude of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory bioactive compounds are secreted from the granules. Until recently, there was insufficient knowledge regarding the relationship between BDNF and platelets. Recent studies showed that BDNF is present in two distinct pools in platelets, in α-granules and in the cytoplasm, and only the BDNF in the granules is secreted following stimulation, representing 30% of the total BDNF in platelets. BDNF has an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Low levels of serum BDNF have been described in patients with major depressive disorder, and BDNF levels increased with chronic antidepressant treatment. Interestingly, there is an association between depression and platelet function. This review analyzed studies that evaluated the relationship between BDNF and platelet activation and the effect of treatments on both parameters. Only a few studies consider this possible confounding factor, and it could be very important in diseases such as depression, which show changes in both parameters.
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
The protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors involved in plasticity of neurons in several brain regions. There are numerous evidence that BDNF expression is decreased by experiencing psychological stress and that, accordingly, a lack of neurotrophic support causes major depression. Furthermore, disruption in sleep homeostatic processes results in higher stress vulnerability and is often associated with stress-related mental disorders. Recently, we reported, for the first time, a relationship between BDNF and insomnia and sleep deprivation (SD). Using a biphasic stress model as explanation approach, we discuss here the hypothesis that chronic stress might induce a deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. In the long-term it leads to sleep disturbance and depression as well as decreased BDNF levels, whereas acute stress like SD can be used as therapeutic intervention in some insomniac or depressed patients as compensatory process to normalize BDNF levels. Indeed, partial SD (PSD) induced a fast increase in BDNF serum levels within hours after PSD which is similar to effects seen after ketamine infusion, another fast-acting antidepressant intervention, while traditional antidepressants are characterized by a major delay until treatment response as well as delayed BDNF level increase. Key messages Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of stress-related mood disorders. The interplay of stress and sleep impacts on BDNF level. Partial sleep deprivation (PSD) shows a fast action on BDNF level increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schmitt
- a Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health , Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ;,b Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- c Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- a Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health , Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ;,b Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Sumner JA, Powers A, Jovanovic T, Koenen KC. Genetic influences on the neural and physiological bases of acute threat: A research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:44-64. [PMID: 26377804 PMCID: PMC4715467 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative aims to describe key dimensional constructs underlying mental function across multiple units of analysis-from genes to observable behaviors-in order to better understand psychopathology. The acute threat ("fear") construct of the RDoC Negative Valence System has been studied extensively from a translational perspective, and is highly pertinent to numerous psychiatric conditions, including anxiety and trauma-related disorders. We examined genetic contributions to the construct of acute threat at two units of analysis within the RDoC framework: (1) neural circuits and (2) physiology. Specifically, we focused on genetic influences on activation patterns of frontolimbic neural circuitry and on startle, skin conductance, and heart rate responses. Research on the heritability of activation in threat-related frontolimbic neural circuitry is lacking, but physiological indicators of acute threat have been found to be moderately heritable (35-50%). Genetic studies of the neural circuitry and physiology of acute threat have almost exclusively relied on the candidate gene method and, as in the broader psychiatric genetics literature, most findings have failed to replicate. The most robust support has been demonstrated for associations between variation in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes with threat-related neural activation and physiological responses. However, unbiased genome-wide approaches using very large samples are needed for gene discovery, and these can be accomplished with collaborative consortium-based research efforts, such as those of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Comparison of ketamine, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, and ANA-12 antidepressant effects in the social defeat stress model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4325-35. [PMID: 26337614 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and signaling at its receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), are implicated in the rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects of ketamine. Moreover, a TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), and/or TrkB antagonist, ANA-12, shows antidepressant effects in animal models of depression. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to compare the influence of ketamine, 7,8-DHF, and ANA-12 on antidepressant activity in the social defeat stress model. RESULTS In the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, ketamine, 7,8-DHF, or ANA-12 markedly attenuated the increased immobility time in depressed mice compared with the vehicle-treated group. In the sucrose preference test, all drugs significantly improved the reduced preference in depressed mice at both 1 and 3 days after a single dose. Antidepressant effect of ketamine, but not 7,8-DHF or ANA-12, was still detectable 7 days after a single dose. Western blot analyses showed that ketamine, but not 7,8-DHF or ANA-12, markedly attenuated reduced levels of BDNF and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dentate gyrus (DG), and CA3 of the hippocampus in depressed mice 8 days after a single dose. Furthermore, ketamine markedly increased reduced levels of GluA1 in the PFC and DG of depressed mice. In contrast, ketamine showed no effect against increased levels of BDNF, PSD-95, and GluA1 observed in the nucleus accumbens of depressed mice. CONCLUSIONS Compared with 7,8-DHF and ANA-12, ketamine is a longer-lasting antidepressant in the social defeat stress model, and synaptogenesis may be required for the mechanisms that promote sustained antidepressant effects of ketamine.
Collapse
|
111
|
Gao XP, Zhang H, Wong-Riley M. Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance during the critical period of postnatal respiratory development in the rat. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12631. [PMID: 26603459 PMCID: PMC4673652 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical period of respiratory development in rats is a narrow window toward the end of the second postnatal week (P12–13), when abrupt neurochemical, electrophysiological, and ventilatory changes occur, when inhibition dominates over excitation, and when the animals’ response to hypoxia is the weakest. The goal of this study was to further test our hypothesis that a major mechanism underlying the synaptic imbalance during the critical period is a reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptors. Our aims were to determine (1) that the inhibitory dominance observed in hypoglossal motoneurons during the critical period was also demonstrable in a key respiratory chemosensor, NTSVL; (2) if in vivo application of a TrkB agonist, 7,8-DHF, would prevent, but a TrkB antagonist, ANA-12, would accentuate the synaptic imbalance; and (3) if hypoxia would also heighten the imbalance. Our results indicate that (1) the synaptic imbalance was evident in the NTSVL during the critical period; (2) intraperitoneal injections of 7,8-DHF prevented the synaptic imbalance during the critical period, whereas ANA-12 in vivo accentuated such an imbalance; and (3) acute hypoxia induced the weakest response in both the amplitude and frequency of sEPSCs during the critical period, but it increased the frequency of sIPSCs during the critical period. Thus, our findings are consistent with and strengthen our hypothesis that BDNF and TrkB play a significant role in inducing a synaptic imbalance during the critical period of respiratory development in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hanmeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Margaret Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Martinotti G, Sepede G, Brunetti M, Ricci V, Gambi F, Chillemi E, Vellante F, Signorelli M, Pettorruso M, De Risio L, Aguglia E, Angelucci F, Caltagirone C, Di Giannantonio M. BDNF concentration and impulsiveness level in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:814-8. [PMID: 26277035 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), impulsiveness has been observed in patients with high levels of hyperarousal. Recent literature reveals the importance of investigating the role of neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in several psychiatric disorders. Specifically, contrasting findings have been reported on the levels of serum BDNF in subjects with PTSD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between BDNF serum levels and impulsiveness in PTSD. To this end, we measured BDNF serum levels in 23 PTSD patients and a control group of 19 trauma-exposed non-PTSD subjects. Results indicate a positive correlation in the PTSD group; that is, the higher the BDNF levels the higher the impulsiveness score, as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), suggesting that impulsiveness could be associated with greater BDNF production. Alternatively, it is also possible that high impulsiveness acts as a psychological mechanism that counteracts the negative effects exerted by the traumatic experience and the associated obsessive thoughts. The present paper discusses both hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianna Sepede
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Marcella Brunetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Valerio Ricci
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gambi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Eleonora Chillemi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa De Risio
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Angelucci
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
de Fays L, Van Malderen K, De Smet K, Sawchik J, Verlinden V, Hamdani J, Dogné JM, Dan B. Use of paracetamol during pregnancy and child neurological development. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:718-24. [PMID: 25851072 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) remains the first line for the treatment of pain and fever in pregnancy. Recently published epidemiological studies suggested a possible association between paracetamol exposure in utero and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder/hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD/HKD) or adverse development issues in children. However, the effects observed are in the weak to moderate range, and limitations in the studies' design prevent inference on a causal association with ADHD/HKD or child neurological development. In parallel, recent animal data showed that cognition and behaviour may be altered following exposure to therapeutic doses of paracetamol during early development. These effects may be mediated by interference of paracetamol with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotransmitter systems (including serotonergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, as well as the endogenous endocannabinoid systems), or cyclooxygenase-2. However, no firm conclusion can be made on the relevance of these observations to humans. We conclude that additional well-designed cohort studies are necessary to confirm or disprove the association. In the context of current knowledge, paracetamol is still to be considered safe in pregnancy and should remain the first-line treatment for pain and fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence de Fays
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Van Malderen
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen De Smet
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javier Sawchik
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle Verlinden
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jamila Hamdani
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bernard Dan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Biomechanics of Movement, ULB Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Challis C, Berton O. Top-Down Control of Serotonin Systems by the Prefrontal Cortex: A Path toward Restored Socioemotional Function in Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1040-54. [PMID: 25706226 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social withdrawal, increased threat perception, and exaggerated reassurance seeking behaviors are prominent interpersonal symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD). Altered serotonin (5-HT) systems and corticolimbic dysconnectivity have long been suspected to contribute to these symptomatic facets; however, the underlying circuits and intrinsic cellular mechanisms that control 5-HT output during socioemotional interactions remain poorly understood. We review literature that implicates a direct pathway between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the adaptive and pathological control of social approach-avoidance behaviors. Imaging and neuromodulation during approach-avoidance tasks in humans point to the cortical control of brainstem circuits as an essential regulator of socioemotional decisions and actions. Parallel rodent studies using viral-based connectomics and optogenetics are beginning to provide a cellular blueprint of the underlying circuitry. In these studies, manipulations of vmPFC synaptic inputs to the DRN have revealed bidirectional influences on socioaffective behaviors via direct monosynaptic excitation and indirect disynaptic inhibition of 5-HT neurons. Additionally, adverse social experiences that result in permanent avoidance biases, such as social defeat, drive long-lasting plasticity in this microcircuit, potentiating the indirect inhibition of 5-HT output. Conversely, neuromodulation of the vmPFC via deep brain stimulation (DBS) attenuates avoidance biases by restoring the direct excitatory drive of 5-HT neurons and strengthening a key subset of forebrain 5-HT projections. Better understanding the cellular organization of the vmPFC-DRN pathway and identifying molecular determinants of its neuroplasticity can open fundamentally novel avenues for the treatment of affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Challis
- Department of Psychiatry, ‡Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry, ‡Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Effects of prenatal stress and neonatal handling on anxiety, spatial learning and serotonergic system of male offspring mice. Neurosci Res 2015; 101:15-23. [PMID: 26163770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors during perinatal period have various effects on behavior. The present study examined the effects of prenatal stress and neonatal handling on anxiety and spatial learning of offspring. Prenatal stress increased anxiety-related behavior of adult offspring, whereas neonatal handling had no effect. In contrast, spatial learning was not affected by prenatal stress, but improved by neonatal handling in both prenatally stressed and non-stressed mice. Next, to elucidate possible brain mechanisms mediating effects of environmental factors on behavior, we focused on serotonin (5-HT) system in the frontal cortex and hippocampus which is involved in anxiety and learning. We examined effects of environmental factors on the mRNA expression of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus during postnatal period and adulthood. Both prenatal stress and neonatal handling altered the mRNA expression of 5-HT receptors. These effects were dependent on environmental factors, brain regions and developmental stages. In summary, the present study revealed that prenatal stress and neonatal handling had differential effects on anxiety and spatial learning of offspring, and concomitantly the expression of 5-HT receptors. It was also shown that the effects of prenatal stress on 5-HT system were recovered partially by neonatal handling.
Collapse
|
116
|
Yu D, Zhou H, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Wang T, Lv L, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Dong X, He J, Huang X, Chen J, Wu K, Xu L, Mao R. The bidirectional effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats. Horm Behav 2015; 69:106-15. [PMID: 25623236 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone disorders have long been linked to depression, but the causal relationship between them remains controversial. To address this question, we established rat models of hypothyroidism using (131)iodine ((131)I) and hyperthyroidism using levothyroxine (LT4). Serum free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (FT3) significantly decreased in the hypothyroid of rats with single injections of (131)I (5mCi/kg). These rats exhibited decreased depression-like behaviors in forced swimming test and sucrose preference tests, as well as decreased anxiety-like behaviors in an elevated plus maze. Diminished levels of brain serotonin (5-HT) and increased levels of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were found in the hypothyroid rats compared to the control saline-vehicle administered rats. LT4 treatment reversed the decrease in thyroid hormones and depression-like behaviors. In contrast, hyperthyroidism induced by weekly injections of LT4 (15μg/kg) caused a greater than 10-fold increase in serum FT4 and FT3 levels. The hyperthyroid rats exhibited higher anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, higher brain 5-HT level, and lower hippocampal BDNF levels than the controls. Treatment with the antidepressant imipramine (15mg/kg) diminished serum FT4 levels as well as anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in the hyperthyroid rats but led to a further increase in brain 5-HT levels, compared with the controls or the hypothyroid rats. Together, our results suggest that hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have bidirectional effects on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats, possibly by modulating hippocampal BDNF levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafu Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China; Physiological Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Tianchao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuexiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xuexian Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in Southwest China, and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in Southwest China, and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kunhua Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Rongrong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Martins LB, Duarte H, Ferreira AVM, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL, Domingues RB. Migraine is associated with altered levels of neurotrophins. Neurosci Lett 2014; 587:6-10. [PMID: 25524411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors have been implicated in hyperalgesia and peripheral levels of these molecules were altered in behavioral and neurological disorders. The objectives of this study were to assess neurotrophic factors levels in migraine patients in comparison with controls, and to investigate whether there was any association between them and clinical parameters. This was a cross-sectional study. We measured serum levels of neurotrophin family members - nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 and 4/5 (NT3 and NT4/5) - and glial cell line-derived factor (GDNF) in patients suffering from migraine and matched controls. One hundred forty-one people were enrolled in this study, seventy-one were migraine patients and seventy were controls. Migraine patients showed more depressive and anxiety symptoms than control individuals as assessed, respectively, by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Chronic and episodic migraine patients showed higher NT4/5 levels than control individuals (P=0.001). Patients with chronic migraine had lower levels of BDNF that were not influenced by the presence of depressive symptoms (P=0.02). This is the first report to evaluate NT3 and NT-4/5 levels in migraine patients. Our findings suggest a possible role of neurotrophic factors in migraine pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís B Martins
- Nursing School, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Halina Duarte
- Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- Nursing School, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Natalia P Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renan B Domingues
- Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Stevenson JM, Bishop JR. Genetic determinants of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor related sexual dysfunction. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1791-1806. [PMID: 25493571 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction is a troubling obstacle for individuals being treated for depression and can be caused by both depressive symptoms as well as antidepressant drugs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) represent a class of antidepressants commonly associated with sexual dysfunction, even after symptomatic improvement. Candidate gene studies have identified associations between sexual dysfunction and altered SSRI pharmacokinetics or to the neurotransmitter systems affected by depression and SSRI treatment. The multifactorial nature of this phenotype and study heterogeneity are currently limitations to the translation of these findings to clinical use. Larger, prospective studies of genetic-guided antidepressant selection may help to clarify the clinical utility of pharmacogenetics in minimizing sexual side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Stevenson
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
van de Wiel SMW, Verheij MM, Homberg JR. Designing modulators of 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling to treat abuse disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1293-306. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.959925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|