101
|
Musazzi L, Treccani G, Popoli M. Functional and structural remodeling of glutamate synapses in prefrontal and frontal cortex induced by behavioral stress. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:60. [PMID: 25964763 PMCID: PMC4410487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, is associated with abnormal function and regulation of the glutamatergic system. Consistently, preclinical studies on stress-based animal models of pathology showed that glucocorticoids and stress exert crucial effects on neuronal excitability and function, especially in cortical and limbic areas. In prefrontal and frontal cortex, acute stress was shown to induce enhancement of glutamate release/transmission dependent on activation of corticosterone receptors. Although the mechanisms whereby stress affects glutamate transmission have not yet been fully understood, it was shown that synaptic, non-genomic action of corticosterone is required to increase the readily releasable pool of glutamate vesicles, but is not sufficient to enhance transmission in prefrontal and frontal cortex. Slower, partly genomic mechanisms are probably necessary for the enhancement of glutamate transmission induced by stress. Combined evidence has suggested that the changes in glutamate release and transmission are responsible for the dendritic remodeling and morphological changes induced by stress and it has been argued that sustained alterations of glutamate transmission may play a key role in the long-term structural/functional changes associated with mood disorders in patients. Intriguingly, modifications of the glutamatergic system induced by stress in the prefrontal cortex seem to be biphasic. Indeed, while the fast response to stress suggests an enhancement in the number of excitatory synapses, synaptic transmission and working memory, long-term adaptive changes - including those consequent to chronic stress - induce opposite effects. Better knowledge of the cellular effectors involved in this biphasic effect of stress may be useful to understand the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders, and open new paths for the development of therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy ; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Ganguly P, Brenhouse HC. Broken or maladaptive? Altered trajectories in neuroinflammation and behavior after early life adversity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:18-30. [PMID: 25081071 PMCID: PMC4476268 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews how early life adversity alters neuroimmune mechanisms. Neuroimmune sensitization from early life adversity impacts circuitry at discrete life stages. Neuroimmune and neurodevelopmental influences can impact behavior and vulnerability. Sexual dimorphism in immune and brain development yield distinct effects of early life adversity.
Exposure to adversity and stress early in development yields vulnerability to mental illnesses throughout the lifespan. Growing evidence suggests that this vulnerability has mechanistic origins involving aberrant development of both neurocircuitry and neuro-immune activity. Here we review the current understanding of when and how stress exposure initiates neuroinflammatory events that interact with brain development. We first review how early life adversity has been associated with various psychopathologies, and how neuroinflammation plays a role in these pathologies. We then summarize data and resultant hypotheses describing how early life adversity may particularly alter neuro-immune development with psychiatric consequences. Finally, we review how sex differences contribute to individualistic vulnerabilities across the lifespan. We submit the importance of understanding how stress during early development might cause outright neural or glial damage, as well as experience-dependent plasticity that may insufficiently prepare an individual for sex-specific or life-stage specific challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabarna Ganguly
- Northeastern University, Psychology Department, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Heather C Brenhouse
- Northeastern University, Psychology Department, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Long-term recovery from hippocampal-related behavioral and biochemical abnormalities induced by noise exposure during brain development. Evaluation of auditory pathway integrity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 37:41-51. [PMID: 24911434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound is an important part of man's contact with the environment and has served as critical means for survival throughout his evolution. As a result of exposure to noise, physiological functions such as those involving structures of the auditory and non-auditory systems might be damaged. We have previously reported that noise-exposed developing rats elicited hippocampal-related histological, biochemical and behavioral changes. However, no data about the time lapse of these changes were reported. Moreover, measurements of auditory pathway function were not performed in exposed animals. Therefore, with the present work, we aim to test the onset and the persistence of the different extra-auditory abnormalities observed in noise-exposed rats and to evaluate auditory pathway integrity. Male Wistar rats of 15 days were exposed to moderate noise levels (95-97 dB SPL, 2 h a day) during one day (acute noise exposure, ANE) or during 15 days (sub-acute noise exposure, SANE). Hippocampal biochemical determinations as well as short (ST) and long term (LT) behavioral assessments were performed. In addition, histological and functional evaluations of the auditory pathway were carried out in exposed animals. Our results show that hippocampal-related behavioral and biochemical changes (impairments in habituation, recognition and associative memories as well as distortion of anxiety-related behavior, decreases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increases in antioxidant enzymes activities) induced by noise exposure were almost completely restored by PND 90. In addition, auditory evaluation shows that increased cochlear thresholds observed in exposed rats were re-established at PND 90, although with a remarkable supra-threshold amplitude reduction. These data suggest that noise-induced hippocampal and auditory-related alterations are mostly transient and that the effects of noise on the hippocampus might be, at least in part, mediated by the damage on the auditory pathway. However, we cannot exclude that a different mechanism might be responsible for the observed hippocampal-related changes.
Collapse
|
104
|
Role of NMDA receptors in noise-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
105
|
Chaudhury S, Nag TC, Jain S, Wadhwa S. Role of sound stimulation in reprogramming brain connectivity. J Biosci 2014; 38:605-14. [PMID: 23938392 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory stimulation has a critical role to play in the development of an individual. Environmental factors tend to modify the inputs received by the sensory pathway. The developing brain is most vulnerable to these alterations and interacts with the environment to modify its neural circuitry. In addition to other sensory stimuli, auditory stimulation can also act as external stimuli to provide enrichment during the perinatal period. There is evidence that suggests that enriched environment in the form of auditory stimulation can play a substantial role in modulating plasticity during the prenatal period. This review focuses on the emerging role of prenatal auditory stimulation in the development of higher brain functions such as learning and memory in birds and mammals. The molecular mechanisms of various changes in the hippocampus following sound stimulation to effect neurogenesis, learning and memory are described. Sound stimulation can also modify neural connectivity in the early postnatal life to enhance higher cognitive function or even repair the secondary damages in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Thus, it becomes imperative to examine in detail the possible ameliorating effects of prenatal sound stimulation in existing animal models of various psychiatric disorders, such as autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sraboni Chaudhury
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Zheng Y, Meng M, Zhao C, Liao W, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wen E. Impact of environmental noise on growth and neuropsychological development of newborn rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:949-54. [PMID: 24610866 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of environmental noise exposure on the growth and neuropsychological development in neonatal rats. Twenty-four postnatal 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control, high-noise and reduced noise groups. The rats in the high-noise group were exposed to 90 dB white noise, and those in the control group were grown under standard condition, while those in the reduced noise group were exposed to standard condition with sound-absorbing cotton. Ten, 15, and 20 days post noise exposure, both the body weight and length of the rats in high-noise group were lower than those in the control and reduced noise groups, respectively. The secretion of growth hormone was significantly decreased in the rats exposed to high noise environment, compared to those exposed to standard condition and reduced noise. More interestingly, the swimming distance was apparently increased and the swimming speed was significantly decreased in high-noise group compared with those in control and reduced noise groups. Importantly, the mRNA and protein levels of SYP in the rats hippocampus were significantly decreased in high-noise group compare with those in control and reduced noise groups. Similarly, the positive expression of SYP in the CA1 region of hippocampus was also significantly decreased in the high noise group rats. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high noise exposure could decrease the production of growth hormone and SYP in neonatal rats, which may retard the growth of weight and length and the capability of learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Kesar AG. Effect of prenatal chronic noise exposure on the growth and development of body and brain of chick embryo. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2014; 4:3-6. [PMID: 24600569 PMCID: PMC3931211 DOI: 10.4103/2229-516x.125666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Noise acts as an environmental stressor as has been demonstrated by an increased brain acetyl cholinesterase activity as well as elevated plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Noise can lead to neurodegenerative changes in the brain and in the ear. Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of chronic noise on growth and development during the sensitive period of embryonic life. Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed the body weight, brain weight and brain size following prenatal chronic noise exposure. Fertilized eggs of domestic chicks were exposed to chronic excessive acoustic stimulation with frequency of the sound ranging from 30 to 3000 Hz with a peak at 2700 Hz was given at 110 dB sound pressure level from embryonic day (E) 10 until hatching. Results: An appreciable decrease in body weight, brain weight and brain size was evident in the experimental group exposed to noise. A generalized decrease in the neuronal nuclear size and increase in the density of neurons was also observed. Conclusion: These observations could be an indicator of growth and developmental retardation following exposure to noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Goel Kesar
- Department of Anatomy, PDM Dental College, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
|
109
|
Kesar AG. Effect of prenatal chronic excessive sound exposure on auditory filial imprinting area of chick forebrain. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
110
|
Hu L, Yang J, Song T, Hou N, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Wang L, Wang T, Huang C. A new stress model, a scream sound, alters learning and monoamine levels in rat brain. Physiol Behav 2013; 123:105-13. [PMID: 24096192 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most existing animal models for stress involve the simultaneous application of physical and psychological stress factors. In the current study, we described and used a novel psychological stress model (scream sound stress). To study the validity of it, we carried out acute and chronic scream sound stress. First, adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into white noise, stress and background groups. The white noise group and stress group were treated with white noise and scream sound for 4h in the morning respectively. Compared with white noise and background groups, exposure to acute scream sound increased corticosterone (CORT) level and decreased latency in Morris water maze (MWM) test. The levels of noradrenaline (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were altered in the striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of stress rats. Second, adult SD rats were randomly divided into background and stress groups, which were treated with scream sound for three weeks. Exposure to chronic scream sound suppressed body weight gain, increased corticosterone (CORT) level, influenced the morphology of adrenal gland, improved spleen and thymus indices, and decreased latency in MWM test. NE, DA, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA levels were also altered in the brain of stress rats. Our results suggested that scream sound, as a novel stressor, facilitated learning ability, as well as altered monoamine levels in the rat brain. Moreover, scream sound is easy to apply and can be applied in more animals at the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Chronic noise exposure and Alzheimer disease: Is there an etiological association? Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:623-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
112
|
Effects of anthocyanins on active avoidance test of rats exposed to disruption of diurnal rhythm. Am J Ther 2013; 20:172-7. [PMID: 22967984 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3182589188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of the natural antioxidant anthocyanins on learning and memory of rats in experimental model of oxidative stress. Our preliminary experiments demonstrated that disruption of diurnal rhythm via exposition of rats to constant light for 14 days caused excessive generation of free radicals in their brains. It is known that free radicals impair cognitive functions. This study investigated the effects of anthocyanins on cognitive functions of rats in a shuttle-box active avoidance test. In the shuttle-box, stressed rats showed significantly increased latency time and decreased number of avoidances and escapes in the learning sessions. Rats treated with anthocyanins had increased number of avoidances and escapes and significantly decreased latency time during the learning sessions. Our results demonstrated that this model of oxidative stress impaired learning and memory of experimental rats. Moreover, chronic administration of anthocyanins (200 mg/kg orally) improved brain functions of the rats. Our data suggest that anthocyanins have a protective role on rat brain and improve cognitive functions in this model of oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
113
|
Pascuan CG, Uran SL, Gonzalez-Murano MR, Wald MR, Guelman LR, Genaro AM. Immune alterations induced by chronic noise exposure: comparison with restraint stress in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:78-83. [PMID: 23746313 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to loud noise levels represents a problem in all regions of the world. Noise exposure is known to affect auditory structures in living organisms. However, it should not be ignored that many of the effects of noise are extra-auditory. In particular, it has been proposed that noise could affect immune system similarly to other stressors. Nevertheless, only a few studies so far have investigated the effects of noise on the immune function. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of chronic (2 weeks) noise (95-97 dBA) exposure on immune responses in BALB/c and C57 mice. To ascertain if the effect of noise is similar to other psychological stressors, the effect of chronic restraint--applied for the same time--on immune response was also analyzed. It was found that chronic noise impaired immune-related end-points in vivo and ex vivo depending on the strain used. Noise, but not restraint, affected C57Bl/6 mouse T-cell-dependent antibody production and ex vivo stimulated T-cell proliferation, but had no effect on these parameters in BALB/c mice or their cells. In fact, none of the stressors altered T-cell responses associated with the BALB/c mice. Further, noise exposure induced a decrease in corticosterone and catecholamines levels in BALB/c mice. In contrast, no differences were seen in these parameters for those BALB/c mice under restraint or for that matter C57Bl/6 mice exposed to restraint or noise. The results of these studies indicate that noise could seriously affect immune responses in susceptible individuals. In addition, it may also be concluded that noise possibility should not be considered a classic stressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia G Pascuan
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Working and reference memory of pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in a holeboard spatial discrimination task: the influence of environmental enrichment. Anim Cogn 2013; 16:845-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-013-0646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
115
|
Sanyal T, Palanisamy P, Nag TC, Roy TS, Wadhwa S. Effect of prenatal loud music and noise on total number of neurons and glia, neuronal nuclear area and volume of chick brainstem auditory nuclei, field L and hippocampus: a stereological investigation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:234-44. [PMID: 23466415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores whether prenatal patterned and unpatterned sound of high sound pressure level (110 dB) has any differential effect on the morphology of brainstem auditory nuclei, field L (auditory cortex analog) and hippocampus in chicks (Gallus domesticus). The total number of neurons and glia, mean neuronal nuclear area and total volume of the brainstem auditory nuclei, field L and hippocampus of post-hatch day 1 chicks were determined in serial, cresyl violet-stained sections, using stereology software. All regions studied showed a significantly increased total volume with increase in total neuron number and mean neuronal nuclear area in the patterned music stimulated group as compared to control. Contrastingly the unpatterned noise stimulated group showed an attenuated volume with reduction in the total neuron number. The mean neuronal nuclear area was significantly reduced in the auditory nuclei and hippocampus but increased in the field L. Glial cell number was significantly increased in both experimental groups, being highest in the noise group. The brainstem auditory nuclei and field L showed an increase in glia to neuron ratio in the experimental groups as compared to control. In the hippocampus the ratio remained unaltered between control and music groups, but was higher in the noise group. It is thus evident that though the sound pressure level in both experimental groups was the same there were differential changes in the morphological parameters of the brain regions studied, indicating that the characteristics of the sound had a role in mediating these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sanyal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Haider S, Naqvi F, Batool Z, Tabassum S, Perveen T, Saleem S, Haleem DJ. Decreased Hippocampal 5-HT and DA Levels Following Sub-Chronic Exposure to Noise Stress: Impairment in both Spatial and Recognition Memory in Male Rats. Sci Pharm 2012; 80:1001-11. [PMID: 23264946 PMCID: PMC3528056 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1207-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mankind is exposed to a number of stressors, and among them noise is one which can cause intense stress. High levels of background noise can severely impair one’s ability to concentrate. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of sub-chronic noise stress on cognitive behavior and hippocampal monoamine levels in male rats. The study was performed on 12 male Wistar rats, divided into two groups; the control and noise-exposed. The rats in the test group were subjected to noise stress, 4h daily for 15 days. Cognitive testing was performed by the Elevated Plus Maze test (EPM) and Novel Object Recognition test (NOR). HPLC-EC was used to determine hippocampal monoamine levels and their metabolites. The data obtained revealed a significant decrease in hippocampal serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and dopamine (DA) levels, whereas turnover ratios of 5-HT and DA were significantly increased compared to the controls. Rats exposed to noise exhibited a significant decrement in spatial memory. A significantly decreased recognition index of rats exposed to noise as compared to the control was also observed in the NOR test. Results of the present findings suggest the role of decreased hippocampal 5-HT and DA in the impairment of cognitive function following noise exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saida Haider
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Cui B, Zhu L, She X, Wu M, Ma Q, Wang T, Zhang N, Xu C, Chen X, An G, Liu H. Chronic noise exposure causes persistence of tau hyperphosphorylation and formation of NFT tau in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:122-9. [PMID: 22971273 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The non-auditory effects of noise exposure on the central nervous system have been established both epidemiologically and experimentally. Chronic noise exposure (CNE) has been associated with tau hyperphosphorylation and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathological changes. However, experimental evidence for these associations remains limited. The aim of the current study was to explore the effects of CNE [100 dB sound pressure level (SPL) white noise, 4 h/d×14 d] on tau phosphorylation in the rat hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a noise-exposed group and a control group. The levels of radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA)-soluble and RIPA-insoluble phosphorylated tau at Ser202, Ser396, Ser404, and Ser422 in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex were measured at different time points (days 0, 3, 7, and 14) after the end of the last noise exposure. Exposure to white noise for 14 consecutive days significantly increased the levels of tau phosphorylation at Ser202, Ser396, Ser404, and Ser422, the sites typically phosphorylated in AD brains, in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Tau hyperphosphorylation persisted for 7 to 14 d after the cessation of noise exposure. These alterations were also concomitant with the generation of pathological neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) tau 3, 7 and 14 d after the end of the stimulus. Furthermore, lasting increases in proteins involved in hyperphosphorylation, namely glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), were found to occur in close correspondence with increase in tau hyperphosphorylation. The results of this study show that CNE leads to long-lasting increases in non-NFT hyperphosphorylated tau and delayed formation of misfolded NFT tau in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Our results also provide evidence for the involvement of GSK3β and PP2A in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cui
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Uran S, Aon-Bertolino M, Caceres L, Capani F, Guelman L. Rat hippocampal alterations could underlie behavioral abnormalities induced by exposure to moderate noise levels. Brain Res 2012; 1471:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
119
|
Kraus KS, Canlon B. Neuronal connectivity and interactions between the auditory and limbic systems. Effects of noise and tinnitus. Hear Res 2012; 288:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
120
|
Cui B, Wu M, She X, Liu H. Impulse noise exposure in rats causes cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal neurotransmitter signaling and tau phosphorylation. Brain Res 2012; 1427:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
121
|
Sub-chronic exposure to noise affects locomotor activity and produces anxiogenic and depressive like behavior in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
122
|
Moderate noise induced cognition impairment of mice and its underlying mechanisms. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
123
|
Fan SJ, Jiang H, Yang LJ, Liu X, Song J, Pan F. Effects of adrenergic agents on stress-induced brain microstructural and immunochemical changes in adult male Wistar rats. Ann Anat 2011; 193:418-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
124
|
Stress by noise produces differential effects on the proliferation rate of radial astrocytes and survival of neuroblasts in the adult subgranular zone. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
125
|
Chengzhi C, Yan T, Xuejun J, Xiang L, Youbin Q, Baijie T. Recovery of Chronic Noise Exposure Induced Spatial Learning and Memory Deficits in Young Male Sprague‐Dawley Rats. J Occup Health 2011; 53:157-63. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.l10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chengzhi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Tang Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSchool of Public Health, Luzhou Medical CollegeChina
| | - Jiang Xuejun
- Department of Environmental HealthWest China College of Public Health, Sichuan UniversityChina
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSchool of Public Health, Luzhou Medical CollegeChina
| | - Qi Youbin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Tu Baijie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical UniversityChina
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Uran S, Caceres L, Guelman L. Effects of loud noise on hippocampal and cerebellar-related behaviors. Brain Res 2010; 1361:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
127
|
Uygur E, Arslan M. Effects of chronic stress on cognitive functions and anxiety related behaviors in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 97:297-306. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.97.2010.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
128
|
A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:742-55. [PMID: 19903505 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of chronic stress on hippocampal-dependent function, based primarily upon studies using young, adult male rodents and spatial navigation tasks. Despite this restriction, variability amongst the findings was evident and how or even whether chronic stress influenced spatial ability depended upon the type of task, the dependent variable measured and how the task was implemented, the type and duration of the stressors, housing conditions of the animals that include accessibility to food and cage mates, and duration from the end of the stress to the start of behavioral assessment. Nonetheless, patterns emerged as follows: For spatial memory, chronic stress impairs spatial reference memory and has transient effects on spatial working memory. For spatial learning, however, chronic stress effects appear to be task-specific: chronic stress impairs spatial learning on appetitively motivated tasks, such as the radial arm maze or holeboard, tasks that evoke relatively mild to low arousal components from fear. But under testing conditions that evoke moderate to strong arousal components from fear, such as during radial arm water maze testing, chronic stress appears to have minimal impairing effects or may even facilitate spatial learning. Chronic stress clearly impacts nearly every brain region and thus, how chronic stress alters hippocampal spatial ability likely depends upon the engagement of other brain structures during behavioral training and testing.
Collapse
|
129
|
Impact of the Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/gonadal Axes on Trajectory of Age-Related Cognitive Decline. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 182:31-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)82002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
130
|
Chronic corticosterone treatment impairs trace conditioning in rats with a neonatal medial prefrontal cortex lesion. Behav Brain Res 2009; 203:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
131
|
Weeks CA, Brown SN, Warriss PD, Lane S, Heasman L, Benson T. Noise levels in lairages for cattle, sheep and pigs in abattoirs in England and Wales. Vet Rec 2009; 165:308-14. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.11.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Weeks
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - S. N. Brown
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - P. D. Warriss
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - S. Lane
- ADAS High Mowthorpe, Duggleby; Malton North Yorkshire YO17 8BP
| | - L. Heasman
- ADAS High Mowthorpe, Duggleby; Malton North Yorkshire YO17 8BP
| | - T. Benson
- Humane Slaughter Association, The Old School; Brewhouse Hill Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Dang H, Sun L, Liu X, Peng B, Wang Q, Jia W, Chen Y, Pan A, Xiao P. Preventive action of Kai Xin San aqueous extract on depressive-like symptoms and cognition deficit induced by chronic mild stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:785-93. [PMID: 19429857 DOI: 10.3181/0812-rm-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kai Xin San (KXS), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been used clinically for the treatment of depressive disorders and cognitive impairment for centuries. However, the effects of KXS on cognitive dysfunction induced by depression have not been evaluated scientifically. The present study aimed to explore the antidepressant-like and nootropic effects of an aqueous extract of KXS (at doses of 0.3, 0.9, and 2.7 g/kg/day) using chronic mild stress (CMS) as a model of depression. Depressive symptoms were analyzed using the sucrose-preference and novelty-induced inhibition of feeding tests. Cognitive function was evaluated using a two-way active avoidance task. Serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protein expression in the hippocampus, and monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were also determined to elucidate the neurochemical mechanisms. Experimental results showed that KXS aqueous extract significantly ameliorated the CMS-induced depressive symptoms, including the reduced preference index and prolonged latency to novelty-suppressed feeding. Simultaneously, KXS significantly reversed the CMS-induced decrease in the numbers of active avoidance and active movement distances and increase in the numbers of the passive avoidance and passive movement distances, thereby producing nootropic effects in the two-way active avoidance test. KXS also inhibited the increased AChE expression in the hippocampus, up-regulated the decreased monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations of both brain areas and reduced the elevated ACTH concentrations in the serum induced by CMS. Taken together, these results indicate that KXS exerts its antidepressant-like and nootropic effects in the CMS model by modulating the HPA axis, monoamine neurotransmitter and cholinergic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Dang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Cui B, Wu M, She X. Effects of Chronic Noise Exposure on Spatial Learning and Memory of Rats in Relation to Neurotransmitters and NMDAR2B Alteration in the Hippocampus. J Occup Health 2009; 51:152-8. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.l8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cui
- Department of Occupational HygieneInstitute of Health and Environmental MedicinePR China
| | - Mingquan Wu
- Department of Occupational HygieneInstitute of Health and Environmental MedicinePR China
| | - Xiaojun She
- Department of Occupational HygieneInstitute of Health and Environmental MedicinePR China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
Physical and psychological stressors not only enhance activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, but also cause oxidative damage by inducing an imbalance between the in vivo pro-oxidant and antioxidant status. The involvement of adrenal steroid stress hormones in oxidative damage associated with these stressors has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, this study was designed to probe any direct role of glucocorticoids on induction of oxidative processes by comparing the effects of low, intermediate and high doses of exogenously administered corticosterone, without other applied stressors, on a wide range of key components of the antioxidant defence system. The data presented here indicate a substantial decline in antioxidant defences by actions of corticosterone, evidenced by coordinate decreases in the activities in the brain, liver and heart of free-radical scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the non-enzymatic antioxidants glutathione (GSH) and serum urate. Also, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl contents, oxidative stress markers, were found to be significantly increased in brain, liver and heart. The compromised in vivo antioxidant status was strikingly analogous to the deleterious effects of restraint stress, indicating a direct effect of stress hormones on induction of oxidative damage during physical or psychological stress. A dose-dependent decrease of SOD and CAT, and increase in protein oxidation was observed between the high (40 mg/kg) and low (10 mg/kg) doses of corticosterone. The findings have fundamental implications for oxidative stress as a major pathological mechanism in the maladaptation to chronic stress. Thus, the study suggests that stress hormones have a causal role in impacting oxidative processes induced during the adaptive response. This may hold important implications for pharmacological interventions targeting cellular antioxidants as a promising strategy for protecting against oxidative insults in various psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions induced by physical or psychological stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zafir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, A. M. University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Demirel R, Mollaoğlu H, Yeşilyurt H, Üçok K, Ayçiçek A, Akkaya M, Genç A, Uygur R, Doğan M. Noise Induces Oxidative Stress in Rat. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2009. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
136
|
Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 33:773-83. [PMID: 19111570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a range of higher order 'executive functions' that subserve the selection and processing of information in such a way that behavior can be planned, controlled and directed according to shifting environmental demands. Impairment of executive functions typifies many forms of psychopathology, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders and addiction, that are often associated with a history of trauma and stress. Recent research in animal models demonstrates that exposure to even brief periods of intense stress is sufficient to cause significant structural remodeling of the principle projection neurons within the rodent PFC. In parallel, there is growing evidence that stress-induced alterations in PFC neuronal morphology are associated with deficits in rodent executive functions such as working memory, attentional set-shifting and cognitive flexibility, as well as emotional dysregulation in the form of impaired fear extinction. Although the molecular basis of stress-induced changes in PFC morphology and function are only now being elucidated, an understanding of these mechanisms could provide important insight into the pathophysiology of executive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease and foster improved strategies for treatment.
Collapse
|
137
|
Mello PB, Benetti F, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. Effects of acute and chronic physical exercise and stress on different types of memory in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:301-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we study the effect of acute and chronic physical exercise in a treadmill and of daily stress (because forced exercise involves a degree of stress) during 2 or 8 weeks on different types of memory in male Wistar rats. The memory tests employed were: habituation in an open field, object recognition and spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Daily foot-shock stress enhanced habituation learning after 2 but not after 8 weeks; it hindered both short- (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) of the recognition task at 2 weeks but only STM after 8 weeks and had no effect on spatial learning after either 2 or 8 weeks. Acute but not chronic exercise also enhanced habituation in the open field and hindered STM and LTM in the recognition task. Chronic exercise enhanced one important measure of spatial learning (latency to escape) but not others. Our findings indicate that some care must be taken when interpreting effects of forced exercise on brain parameters since at least part of them may be due to the stress inherent to the training procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Billig Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Fernando Benetti
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Iván Izquierdo
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Shirayama Y, Yamamoto A, Nishimura T, Katayama S, Kawahara R. Subsequent exposure to the choline uptake enhancer MKC-231 antagonizes phencyclidine-induced behavioral deficits and reduction in septal cholinergic neurons in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 17:616-26. [PMID: 17467960 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of subsequent, subchronic, treatment with choline uptake enhancer MKC-231 on the behavioral and cellular deficits induced by repeated PCP exposure in rats. Prior subchronic PCP exposure resulted in increased locomotion following an acute PCP or cocaine challenge, but resulted in decreased locomotor activity in response to a carbachol-challenge. MKC-231 significantly antagonized the alterations in the locomotor responses to cocaine and carbachol, but not to PCP. In the novel object recognition test, repeated PCP exposure caused cognitive deficits in rats, and the PCP-induced cognitive deficits were antagonized by MKC-231. In contrast, no effects of PCP exposure were shown in the repeated passive avoidance test. Furthermore, repeated PCP exposure decreased a number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive cells in the medial septum and increased dynorphin A expression in the ventral striatum. Moreover, MKC-231 significantly antagonized the changes in septal ChAT-positive cells, but not the changes in ventrostriatal dynorphin A expression. These results suggest that MKC-231 could be a therapeutic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Joëls M, Karst H, Krugers HJ, Lucassen PJ. Chronic stress: implications for neuronal morphology, function and neurogenesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2007; 28:72-96. [PMID: 17544065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In normal life, organisms are repeatedly exposed to brief periods of stress, most of which can be controlled and adequately dealt with. The presently available data indicate that such brief periods of stress have little influence on the shape of neurons or adult neurogenesis, yet change the physiological function of cells in two time-domains. Shortly after stress excitability in limbic areas is rapidly enhanced, but also in brainstem neurons which produce catecholamines; collectively, during this phase the stress hormones promote focused attention, alertness, vigilance and the initial steps in encoding of information linked to the event. Later on, when the hormone concentrations are back to their pre-stress level, gene-mediated actions by corticosteroids reverse and normalize the enhanced excitability, an adaptive response meant to curtail defense reactions against stressors and to enable further storage of relevant information. When stress is experienced repetitively in an uncontrollable and unpredictable manner, a cascade of processes in brain is started which eventually leads to profound, region-specific alterations in dendrite and spine morphology, to suppression of adult neurogenesis and to inappropriate functional responses to a brief stress exposure including a sensitized activation phase and inadequate normalization of brain activity. Although various compounds can effectively prevent these cellular changes by chronic stress, the exact mechanism by which the effects are accomplished is poorly understood. One of the challenges for future research is to link the cellular changes seen in animal models for chronic stress to behavioral effects and to understand the risks they can impose on humans for the precipitation of stress-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Joëls
- SILS-CNS, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Zheng KC, Ariizumi M. Modulations of immune functions and oxidative status induced by noise stress. J Occup Health 2007; 49:32-8. [PMID: 17314464 DOI: 10.1539/joh.49.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise has long been realized as an environmental stress causing physiological, psychological and behavioral changes in humans. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of acute or chronic noise stress on both cellular and humoral immune responses and oxidative status. BALB/c mice were exposed to 90 dB (A) white noise 5 h per day for either 3 d or 4 wk. Hormone levels, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, lymphocyte subsets in spleen and thymus, serum antibody and oxidative status were determined. A 3-d exposure to noise stress resulted in increased hormone levels, splenic lymphoproliferation and serum IgM. On the other hand, a 4-wk exposure to noise stress caused a reduction of splenic lymphoproliferation, splenic CD4(+) cells and serum IgG, but hormone levels and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were increased. These results imply that acute exposure to noise stress may enhance immune responses, whereas chronic exposure to noise stress may suppress both cellular and humoral immune functions. The effect of noise stress on immune functions may be related to neuroendocrine modulation and oxidative imbalance as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Samson J, Sheeladevi R, Ravindran R, Senthilvelan M. Stress response in rat brain after different durations of noise exposure. Neurosci Res 2006; 57:143-7. [PMID: 17092591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The alteration in the levels of plasma corticosterone, brain norepinephrine (NE), and expression of brain heat shock proteins (Hsp70) after different durations of noise exposure (acute, 1 day; sub-acute, 15 days; chronic, 30 days) has been studied to analyze their role in combating time-dependent stress effects of noise. Broadband white noise (100dB) exposure to male Wistar albino rats significantly increased the levels of plasma corticosterone and NE in all three durations of noise exposure. The sustained increase observed in their levels in the chronic group suggests that animals are not getting adapted to noise even after 30 days of exposure. The important role of Hsp70 in combating noise induced stress is evident from the significant increase in its expression after chronic exposure, while there was a reciprocal decrease in the NE and corticosterone when compared with their levels after acute and sub-acute noise exposure. This clearly indicates that the time-dependent stress response to noise exposure is a complex mechanism involving highly interconnected systems such as hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, heat shock proteins and may have serious implications in vital organs, particularly in the brain when there is a prolonged noise exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Samson
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|