101
|
Haller SPW, Cohen Kadosh K, Scerif G, Lau JYF. Social anxiety disorder in adolescence: How developmental cognitive neuroscience findings may shape understanding and interventions for psychopathology. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 13:11-20. [PMID: 25818181 PMCID: PMC6989773 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder represents a debilitating condition that has large adverse effects on the quality of social connections, educational achievement and wellbeing. Age-of-onset data suggests that early adolescence is a developmentally sensitive juncture for the onset of social anxiety. In this review, we highlight the potential of using a developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to understand (i) why there are normative increases in social worries in adolescence and (ii) how adolescence-associated changes may 'bring out' neuro-cognitive risk factors for social anxiety in a subset of individuals during this developmental period. We also speculate on how changes that occur in learning and plasticity may allow for optimal acquisition of more adaptive neurocognitive strategies through external interventions. Hence, for the minority of individuals who require external interventions to target their social fears, this enhanced flexibility could result in more powerful and longer-lasting therapeutic effects. We will review two novel interventions that target information-processing biases and their neural substrates via cognitive training and visual feedback of neural activity measured through functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone P W Haller
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Kret ME, Ploeger A. Emotion processing deficits: A liability spectrum providing insight into comorbidity of mental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:153-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
103
|
Differential magnetic resonance neurofeedback modulations across extrinsic (visual) and intrinsic (default-mode) nodes of the human cortex. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2588-95. [PMID: 25673851 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3098-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous advances in magnetic resonance imaging allow the analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent signals in real time, thus opening the possibility of feeding an index of these signals back to scanned human participants. However, it is still not known to what extent different cortical networks may differ in their sensitivity to such internally generated neurofeedback (NF). Here, we compare NF efficacy across six cortical regions including: early and high-order visual areas and the posterior parietal lobe, a prominent node of the default mode network (DMN). Our results reveal a consistent difference in NF activation across these areas. Sham controls ruled out a role of attention/arousal in these effects. These differences are suggestive of a relationship to the relative reliance on intrinsic information, moving from early visual cortex (lowest) to the DMN (highest). Interestingly, the visual parahippocampal place area showed NF activation closer to the DMN node. The results are compatible with the notion of the DMN as an intrinsically oriented system.
Collapse
|
104
|
Scharnowski F, Veit R, Zopf R, Studer P, Bock S, Diedrichsen J, Goebel R, Mathiak K, Birbaumer N, Weiskopf N. Manipulating motor performance and memory through real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Biol Psychol 2015; 108:85-97. [PMID: 25796342 PMCID: PMC4433098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurofeedback training of motor cortex shortens reaction times. Self-regulation of parahippocampal cortex activity interferes with memory encoding. Differential neurofeedback reveals double dissociation between neurofeedback target areas.
Task performance depends on ongoing brain activity which can be influenced by attention, arousal, or motivation. However, such modulating factors of cognitive efficiency are unspecific, can be difficult to control, and are not suitable to facilitate neural processing in a regionally specific manner. Here, we non-pharmacologically manipulated regionally specific brain activity using technically sophisticated real-time fMRI neurofeedback. This was accomplished by training participants to simultaneously control ongoing brain activity in circumscribed motor and memory-related brain areas, namely the supplementary motor area and the parahippocampal cortex. We found that learned voluntary control over these functionally distinct brain areas caused functionally specific behavioral effects, i.e. shortening of motor reaction times and specific interference with memory encoding. The neurofeedback approach goes beyond improving cognitive efficiency by unspecific psychological factors such as attention, arousal, or motivation. It allows for directly manipulating sustained activity of task-relevant brain regions in order to yield specific behavioral or cognitive effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics-CIBM, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-G 4, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), STI-IBI Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Gartenstrasse 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regine Zopf
- Perception in Action Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia
| | - Petra Studer
- Department of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6+10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Bock
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, Hospitals of Stuttgart, Prießnitzweg 24, 70374 Stuttgart
| | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1 N 3AR, UK
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Gartenstrasse 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Ospedale San Camillo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venezia-Lido, Italy
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1 N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Cheon EJ, Koo BH, Seo WS, Lee JY, Choi JH, Song SH. Effects of Neurofeedback on Adult Patients with Psychiatric Disorders in a Naturalistic Setting. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2015; 40:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
106
|
Sarkheil P, Zilverstand A, Kilian-Hütten N, Schneider F, Goebel R, Mathiak K. fMRI feedback enhances emotion regulation as evidenced by a reduced amygdala response. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
107
|
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging technology and in the understanding of neural circuits relevant to emotion, motivation, and depression have boosted interest and experimental work in neuromodulation for affective disorders. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to train patients in the self regulation of these circuits, and thus complement existing neurofeedback technologies based on electroencephalography (EEG). EEG neurofeedback for depression has mainly been based on models of altered hemispheric asymmetry. fMRI-based neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) can utilize functional localizer scans that allow the dynamic adjustment of the target areas or networks for self-regulation training to individual patterns of emotion processing. An initial application of fMRI-NF in depression has produced promising clinical results, and further clinical trials are under way. Challenges lie in the design of appropriate control conditions for rigorous clinical trials, and in the transfer of neurofeedback protocols from the laboratory to mobile devices to enhance the sustainability of any clinical benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Kang JH, Jeong JW, Kim HT, Kim SH, Kim SP. Representation of cognitive reappraisal goals in frontal gamma oscillations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113375. [PMID: 25401328 PMCID: PMC4234654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous efforts have been made to understand the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive regulation of emotion, such as cognitive reappraisal. Many studies have reported that cognitive control of emotion induces increases in neural activity of the control system, including the prefrontal cortex and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and increases or decreases (depending upon the regulation goal) in neural activity of the appraisal system, including the amygdala and the insula. It has been hypothesized that information about regulation goals needs to be processed through interactions between the control and appraisal systems in order to support cognitive reappraisal. However, how this information is represented in the dynamics of cortical activity remains largely unknown. To address this, we investigated temporal changes in gamma band activity (35-55 Hz) in human electroencephalograms during a cognitive reappraisal task that was comprised of three reappraisal goals: to decease, maintain, or increase emotional responses modulated by affect-laden pictures. We examined how the characteristics of gamma oscillations, such as spectral power and large-scale phase synchronization, represented cognitive reappraisal goals. We found that left frontal gamma power decreased, was sustained, or increased when the participants suppressed, maintained, or amplified their emotions, respectively. This change in left frontal gamma power appeared during an interval of 1926 to 2453 ms after stimulus onset. We also found that the number of phase-synchronized pairs of gamma oscillations over the entire brain increased when participants regulated their emotions compared to when they maintained their emotions. These results suggest that left frontal gamma power may reflect cortical representation of emotional states modulated by cognitive reappraisal goals and gamma phase synchronization across whole brain regions may reflect emotional regulatory efforts to achieve these goals. Our study may provide the basis for an electroencephalogram-based neurofeedback system for the cognitive regulation of emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woon Jeong
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SHK); (SPK)
| | - Sung-Phil Kim
- Department of Human and Systems Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SHK); (SPK)
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Sharpley CF, Bitsika V, Christie DRH. Variability in Depressive Symptoms of Cognitive Deficit and Cognitive Bias During the First 2 Years After Diagnosis in Australian Men With Prostate Cancer. Am J Mens Health 2014; 10:6-13. [PMID: 25294866 DOI: 10.1177/1557988314552669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and contribution to total depression of the depressive symptoms of cognitive deficit and cognitive bias in prostate cancer (PCa) patients were compared from cohorts sampled during the first 2 years after diagnosis. Survey data were collected from 394 patients with PCa, including background information, treatments, and disease status, plus total scores of depression and scores for subscales of the depressive symptoms of cognitive bias and cognitive deficit via the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. The sample was divided into eight 3-monthly time-since-diagnosis cohorts and according to depression severity. Mean scores for the depressive symptoms of cognitive deficit were significantly higher than those for cognitive bias for the whole sample, but the contribution of cognitive bias to total depression was stronger than that for cognitive deficit. When divided according to overall depression severity, patients with clinically significant depression showed reversed patterns of association between the two subsets of cognitive symptoms of depression and total depression compared with those patients who reported less severe depression. Differences in the incidence and contribution of these two different aspects of the cognitive symptoms of depression for patients with more severe depression argue for consideration of them when assessing and diagnosing depression in patients with PCa. Treatment requirements are also different between the two types of cognitive symptoms of depression, and several suggestions for matching treatment to illness via a personalized medicine approach are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Sharpley
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - David R H Christie
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia Genesis, Tugun, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Fragedakis TM, Toriello P. The Development and Experience of Combat-Related PTSD: A Demand for Neurofeedback as an Effective Form of Treatment. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tami Maes Fragedakis
- Department of Addictions and Rehabilitation Studies, East Carolina University at Greenville
- Now at Capital Biofeedback, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Paul Toriello
- Department of Addictions and Rehabilitation Studies, East Carolina University at Greenville
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) is a recently emerged technique that demands fast data processing within a single repetition time (TR), such as a TR of 2 seconds. Data preprocessing in rtfMRI has rarely involved spatial normalization, which can not be accomplished in a short time period. However, spatial normalization may be critical for accurate functional localization in a stereotactic space and is an essential procedure for some emerging applications of rtfMRI. In this study, we introduced an online spatial normalization method that adopts a novel affine registration (AFR) procedure based on principal axes registration (PA) and Gauss-Newton optimization (GN) using the self-adaptive β parameter, termed PA-GN(β) AFR and nonlinear registration (NLR) based on discrete cosine transform (DCT). In AFR, PA provides an appropriate initial estimate of GN to induce the rapid convergence of GN. In addition, the β parameter, which relies on the change rate of cost function, is employed to self-adaptively adjust the iteration step of GN. The accuracy and performance of PA-GN(β) AFR were confirmed using both simulation and real data and compared with the traditional AFR. The appropriate cutoff frequency of the DCT basis function in NLR was determined to balance the accuracy and calculation load of the online spatial normalization. Finally, the validity of the online spatial normalization method was further demonstrated by brain activation in the rtfMRI data.
Collapse
|
112
|
Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Quiles C, Fond G, Cermolacce M, Vion-Dury J. The covariation of independent and dependant variables in neurofeedback: a proposal framework to identify cognitive processes and brain activity variables. Conscious Cogn 2014; 26:162-8. [PMID: 24755406 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This methodological article proposes a framework for analysing the relationship between cognitive processes and brain activity using variables measured by neurofeedback (NF) carried out by functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery (fMRI NF). Cognitive processes and brain activity variables can be analysed as either the dependant variable or the independent variable. Firstly, we propose two traditional approaches, defined in the article as the "neuropsychological" approach (NP) and the "psychophysiology" approach (PP), to extract dependent and independent variables in NF protocols. Secondly, we suggest that NF can be inspired by the style of inquiry used in neurophenomenology. fMRI NF allows participants to experiment with his or her own cognitive processes and their effects on brain region of interest (ROI) activations simultaneously. Thus, we suggest that fMRI NF could be improved by implementing "the elicitation interview method", which allows the investigator to gather relevant verbatim from participants' introspection on subjective experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
- Solaris, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Fondation FondaMental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Clélia Quiles
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, 121 Rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- Université Paris Est-Créteil, Pôle de psychiatrie du Groupe des hôpitaux universitaires de Mondor, INSERM U955, Eq Psychiatrie Génétique, Fondation FondaMental Fondation de coopération scientifique en santé mentale, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Solaris, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Fondation FondaMental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Vion-Dury
- Solaris, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Fondation FondaMental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Koush Y, Elliott MA, Scharnowski F, Mathiak K. Comparison of real-time water proton spectroscopy and echo-planar imaging sensitivity to the BOLD effect at 3 T and at 7 T. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91620. [PMID: 24614912 PMCID: PMC3948886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE EPI) is the most commonly used approach to assess localized blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in real-time. Alternatively, real-time spin-echo single-voxel spectroscopy (SE SVS) has recently been introduced for spatially specific BOLD neurofeedback at 3 T and at 7 T. However, currently it is not known how neurofeedback based on real-time SE SVS compares to real-time GE EPI-based. We therefore compared both methods at high (3 T) and at ultra-high (7 T) magnetic field strengths. We evaluated standard quality measures of both methods for signals originating from the motor cortex, the visual cortex, and for a neurofeedback condition. At 3 T, the data quality of the real-time SE SVS and GE EPI R2* estimates were comparable. At 7 T, the data quality of the real-time GE EPI acquisitions was superior compared to those of the real-time SE SVS. Despite the somehow lower data quality of real-time SE SVS compared to GE EPI at 7 T, SE SVS acquisitions might still be an interesting alternative. Real-time SE SVS allows for a direct and subject-specific T2* estimation and thus for a physiologically more plausible neurofeedback signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Koush
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark A. Elliott
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging (CMROI), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich - Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Young KD, Zotev V, Phillips R, Misaki M, Yuan H, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Real-time FMRI neurofeedback training of amygdala activity in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88785. [PMID: 24523939 PMCID: PMC3921228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amygdala hemodynamic responses to positive stimuli are attenuated in major depressive disorder (MDD), and normalize with remission. Real-time functional MRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) offers a non-invasive method to modulate this regional activity. We examined whether depressed participants can use rtfMRI-nf to enhance amygdala responses to positive autobiographical memories, and whether this ability alters symptom severity. METHODS Unmedicated MDD subjects were assigned to receive rtfMRI-nf from either left amygdala (LA; experimental group, n = 14) or the horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS; control group, n = 7) and instructed to contemplate happy autobiographical memories (AMs) to raise the level of a bar representing the hemodynamic signal from the target region to a target level. This 40s Happy condition alternated with 40s blocks of rest and counting backwards. A final Transfer run without neurofeedback information was included. RESULTS Participants in the experimental group upregulated their amygdala responses during positive AM recall. Significant pre-post scan decreases in anxiety ratings and increases in happiness ratings were evident in the experimental versus control group. A whole brain analysis showed that during the transfer run, participants in the experimental group had increased activity compared to the control group in left superior temporal gyrus and temporal polar cortex, and right thalamus. CONCLUSIONS Using rtfMRI-nf from the left amygdala during recall of positive AMs, depressed subjects were able to self-regulate their amygdala response, resulting in improved mood. Results from this proof-of-concept study suggest that rtfMRI-nf training with positive AM recall holds potential as a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly D. Young
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Vadim Zotev
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Raquel Phillips
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Masaya Misaki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Han Yuan
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wayne C. Drevets
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LCC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
|
116
|
Sanchez G, Daunizeau J, Maby E, Bertrand O, Bompas A, Mattout J. Toward a new application of real-time electrophysiology: online optimization of cognitive neurosciences hypothesis testing. Brain Sci 2014; 4:49-72. [PMID: 24961700 PMCID: PMC4066237 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) mostly rely on electrophysiological brain signals. Methodological and technical progress has largely solved the challenge of processing these signals online. The main issue that remains, however, is the identification of a reliable mapping between electrophysiological measures and relevant states of mind. This is why BCIs are highly dependent upon advances in cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging research. Recently, psychological theories became more biologically plausible, leading to more realistic generative models of psychophysiological observations. Such complex interpretations of empirical data call for efficient and robust computational approaches that can deal with statistical model comparison, such as approximate Bayesian inference schemes. Importantly, the latter enable the optimization of a model selection error rate with respect to experimental control variables, yielding maximally powerful designs. In this paper, we use a Bayesian decision theoretic approach to cast model comparison in an online adaptive design optimization procedure. We show how to maximize design efficiency for individual healthy subjects or patients. Using simulated data, we demonstrate the face- and construct-validity of this approach and illustrate its extension to electrophysiology and multiple hypothesis testing based on recent psychophysiological models of perception. Finally, we discuss its implications for basic neuroscience and BCI itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Sanchez
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, Lyon F-69000, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel Maby
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Aline Bompas
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Jérémie Mattout
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, Lyon F-69000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Brandmeyer A, Sadakata M, Spyrou L, McQueen JM, Desain P. Decoding of single-trial auditory mismatch responses for online perceptual monitoring and neurofeedback. Front Neurosci 2014; 7:265. [PMID: 24415996 PMCID: PMC3874475 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate pattern classification methods are increasingly applied to neuroimaging data in the context of both fundamental research and in brain-computer interfacing approaches. Such methods provide a framework for interpreting measurements made at the single-trial level with respect to a set of two or more distinct mental states. Here, we define an approach in which the output of a binary classifier trained on data from an auditory mismatch paradigm can be used for online tracking of perception and as a neurofeedback signal. The auditory mismatch paradigm is known to induce distinct perceptual states related to the presentation of high- and low-probability stimuli, which are reflected in event-related potential (ERP) components such as the mismatch negativity (MMN). The first part of this paper illustrates how pattern classification methods can be applied to data collected in an MMN paradigm, including discussion of the optimization of preprocessing steps, the interpretation of features and how the performance of these methods generalizes across individual participants and measurement sessions. We then go on to show that the output of these decoding methods can be used in online settings as a continuous index of single-trial brain activation underlying perceptual discrimination. We conclude by discussing several potential domains of application, including neurofeedback, cognitive monitoring and passive brain-computer interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Brandmeyer
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Makiko Sadakata
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Loukianos Spyrou
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - James M McQueen
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Desain
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Abstract
After participating in this educational activity, the physician should be better able to 1. Evaluate the relationship between reward processes, stress, and depression. 2. Assess the characteristics of the three etiological models of stress and reward processes. 3. Identify the biological basis for stress and reward processes. Adolescence is a peak period for the onset of depression, and it is also a time marked by substantial stress as well as neural development within the brain reward circuitry. In this review, we provide a selective overview of current animal and human research investigating the relationship among reward processes, stress, and depression. Three separate, but related, etiological models examine the differential roles that stress may play in relation to reward dysfunction and adolescent depression. First, the reward mediation model suggests that both acute and chronic stress contribute to reward deficits, which, in turn, potentiate depressive symptoms or increase the risk for depression. Second, in line with the stress generation perspective, it is plausible that premorbid reward-related dysfunction generates stress--in particular, interpersonal stress--which then leads to the manifestation of depressive symptoms. Third, consistent with a diathesis-stress model, the interaction between stress and premorbid reward dysfunction may contribute to the onset of depression. Given the equifinal nature of depression, these models could shed important light on different etiological pathways during adolescence, particularly as they may relate to understanding the heterogeneity of depression. To highlight the translational potential of these insights, a hypothetical case study is provided as a means of demonstrating the importance of targeting reward dysfunction in both assessment and treatment of adolescent depression.
Collapse
|
119
|
Wise T, Cleare AJ, Herane A, Young AH, Arnone D. Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of neuroimaging in depression: an overview. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1509-22. [PMID: 25187715 PMCID: PMC4149389 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s50156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have used neuroimaging to further our understanding of how brain structure and function are altered in major depression. More recently, these techniques have begun to show promise for the diagnosis and treatment of depression, both as aids to conventional methods and as methods in their own right. In this review, we describe recent neuroimaging findings in the field that might aid diagnosis and improve treatment accuracy. Overall, major depression is associated with numerous structural and functional differences in neural systems involved in emotion processing and mood regulation. Furthermore, several studies have shown that the structure and function of these systems is changed by pharmacological and psychological treatments of the condition and that these changes in candidate brain regions might predict clinical response. More recently, "machine learning" methods have used neuroimaging data to categorize individual patients according to their diagnostic status and predict treatment response. Despite being mostly limited to group-level comparisons at present, with the introduction of new methods and more naturalistic studies, neuroimaging has the potential to become part of the clinical armamentarium and may improve diagnostic accuracy and inform treatment choice at the patient level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby Wise
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Herane
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, United Kingdom ; Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Allan H Young
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danilo Arnone
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Zotev V, Phillips R, Yuan H, Misaki M, Bodurka J. Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 3:985-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
121
|
Brown VM, LaBar KS, Haswell CC, Gold AL, McCarthy G, Morey RA. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of basolateral and centromedial amygdala complexes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:351-9. [PMID: 23929546 PMCID: PMC3870774 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is a major structure that orchestrates defensive reactions to environmental threats and is implicated in hypervigilance and symptoms of heightened arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The basolateral and centromedial amygdala (CMA) complexes are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n=20) and matched trauma-exposed controls (n=22) underwent a resting-state fMRI scan to measure task-free synchronous blood-oxygen level dependent activity. Whole-brain voxel-wise functional connectivity of basolateral and CMA seeds was compared between groups. The PTSD group had stronger functional connectivity of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal ACC than the trauma-exposed control group (p<0.05; corrected). The trauma-exposed control group had stronger functional connectivity of the BLA complex with the left inferior frontal gyrus than the PTSD group (p<0.05; corrected). The CMA complex lacked connectivity differences between groups. We found PTSD modulates BLA complex connectivity with prefrontal cortical targets implicated in cognitive control of emotional information, which are central to explanations of core PTSD symptoms. PTSD differences in resting-state connectivity of BLA complex could be biasing processes in target regions that support behaviors central to prevailing laboratory models of PTSD such as associative fear learning. Further research is needed to investigate how differences in functional connectivity of amygdala complexes affect target regions that govern behavior, cognition, and affect in PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Brown
- Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham VA, Durham, NC, USA,Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin S LaBar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Courtney C Haswell
- Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham VA, Durham, NC, USA,Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea L Gold
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mid-Atlantic MIRECC WorkgroupBeall,Shannon KBAVan Voorhees,ElizabethPhDMarx,Christine EMDCalhoun,Patrick SPhDFairbank,John APhDGreen,Kimberly TMSTupler,Larry APhDWeiner,Richard DMD, PhDBeckham,Jean CPhDBrancu,MiraPhDHoerle,Jeffrey MMSPender,MaryPhD, PhDKudler,HaroldMDSwinkels,Cynthia MPhDNieuwsma,Jason APhDRunnals,Jennifer JPhDYoussef,Nagy AMDMcDonald,Scott DPhDDavison,RitaBAYoash-Gantz,RuthPhDTaber,Katherine HPhDHurley,RobinMD
| | - Gregory McCarthy
- Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham VA, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham VA, Durham, NC, USA,Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Box 2737, Hock Plaza, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1 919 286 0411 ext. 6425, Fax: +1 919 416 5912, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Sulzer J, Sitaram R, Blefari ML, Kollias S, Birbaumer N, Stephan KE, Luft A, Gassert R. Neurofeedback-mediated self-regulation of the dopaminergic midbrain. Neuroimage 2013; 83:817-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
123
|
Real-time neurofeedback using functional MRI could improve down-regulation of amygdala activity during emotional stimulation: a proof-of-concept study. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:138-48. [PMID: 24241476 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is a central target of emotion regulation. It is overactive and dysregulated in affective and anxiety disorders and amygdala activity normalizes with successful therapy of the symptoms. However, a considerable percentage of patients do not reach remission within acceptable duration of treatment. The amygdala could therefore represent a promising target for real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback. rtfMRI neurofeedback directly improves the voluntary regulation of localized brain activity. At present, most rtfMRI neurofeedback studies have trained participants to increase activity of a target, i.e. up-regulation. However, in the case of the amygdala, down-regulation is supposedly more clinically relevant. Therefore, we developed a task that trained participants to down-regulate activity of the right amygdala while being confronted with amygdala stimulation, i.e. negative emotional faces. The activity in the functionally-defined region was used as online visual feedback in six healthy subjects instructed to minimize this signal using reality checking as emotion regulation strategy. Over a period of four training sessions, participants significantly increased down-regulation of the right amygdala compared to a passive viewing condition to control for habilitation effects. This result supports the concept of using rtfMRI neurofeedback training to control brain activity during relevant stimulation, specifically in the case of emotion, and has implications towards clinical treatment of emotional disorders.
Collapse
|
124
|
Self-regulation of the anterior insula: Reinforcement learning using real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Neuroimage 2013; 88:113-24. [PMID: 24231399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior insula (AI) plays a key role in affective processing, and insular dysfunction has been noted in several clinical conditions. Real-time functional MRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) provides a means of helping people learn to self-regulate activation in this brain region. Using the Blood Oxygenated Level Dependant (BOLD) signal from the right AI (RAI) as neurofeedback, we trained participants to increase RAI activation. In contrast, another group of participants was shown 'control' feedback from another brain area. Pre- and post-training affective probes were shown, with subjective ratings and skin conductance response (SCR) measured. We also investigated a reward-related reinforcement learning model of rtfMRI-NF. In contrast to the controls, we hypothesised a positive linear increase in RAI activation in participants shown feedback from this region, alongside increases in valence ratings and SCR to affective probes. Hypothesis-driven analyses showed a significant interaction between the RAI/control neurofeedback groups and the effect of self-regulation. Whole-brain analyses revealed a significant linear increase in RAI activation across four training runs in the group who received feedback from RAI. Increased activation was also observed in the caudate body and thalamus, likely representing feedback-related learning. No positive linear trend was observed in the RAI in the group receiving control feedback, suggesting that these data are not a general effect of cognitive strategy or control feedback. The control group did, however, show diffuse activation across the putamen, caudate and posterior insula which may indicate the representation of false feedback. No significant training-related behavioural differences were observed for valence ratings, or SCR. In addition, correlational analyses based on a reinforcement learning model showed that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex underpinned learning in both groups. In summary, these data demonstrate that it is possible to regulate the RAI using rtfMRI-NF within one scanning session, and that such reward-related learning is mediated by the dorsal anterior cingulate.
Collapse
|
125
|
Prefrontal control of the amygdala during real-time fMRI neurofeedback training of emotion regulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79184. [PMID: 24223175 PMCID: PMC3819266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed in a previous study (PLoS ONE 6:e24522) that the self-regulation of amygdala activity via real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) with positive emotion induction was associated, in healthy participants, with an enhancement in the functional connectivity between the left amygdala (LA) and six regions of the prefrontal cortex. These regions included the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and right medial frontopolar cortex (MFPC). Together with the LA, these six prefrontal regions thus formed the functional neuroanatomical network engaged during the rtfMRI-nf procedure. Here we perform a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) analysis of the effective connectivity for this network. The SVAR analysis demonstrates that the left rACC plays an important role during the rtfMRI-nf training, modulating the LA and the other network regions. According to the analysis, the rtfMRI-nf training leads to a significant enhancement in the time-lagged effect of the left rACC on the LA, potentially consistent with the ipsilateral distribution of the monosynaptic projections between these regions. The training is also accompanied by significant increases in the instantaneous (contemporaneous) effects of the left rACC on four other regions – the bilateral DMPFC, the right MFPC, and the left SFG. The instantaneous effects of the LA on the bilateral DMPFC are also significantly enhanced. Our results are consistent with a broad literature supporting the role of the rACC in emotion processing and regulation. Our exploratory analysis provides, for the first time, insights into the causal relationships within the network of regions engaged during the rtfMRI-nf procedure targeting the amygdala. It suggests that the rACC may constitute a promising target for rtfMRI-nf training along with the amygdala in patients with affective disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Collapse
|
126
|
Bagdasaryan J, Quyen MLV. Experiencing your brain: neurofeedback as a new bridge between neuroscience and phenomenology. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:680. [PMID: 24187537 PMCID: PMC3807564 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophenomenology is a scientific research program aimed to combine neuroscience with phenomenology in order to study human experience. Nevertheless, despite several explicit implementations, the integration of first-person data into the experimental protocols of cognitive neuroscience still faces a number of epistemological and methodological challenges. Notably, the difficulties to simultaneously acquire phenomenological and neuroscientific data have limited its implementation into research projects. In our paper, we propose that neurofeedback paradigms, in which subjects learn to self-regulate their own neural activity, may offer a pragmatic way to integrate first-person and third-person descriptions. Here, information from first- and third-person perspectives is braided together in the iterative causal closed loop, creating experimental situations in which they reciprocally constrain each other. In real-time, the subject is not only actively involved in the process of data acquisition, but also assisted to directly influence the neural data through conscious experience. Thus, neurofeedback may help to gain a deeper phenomenological-physiological understanding of downward causations whereby conscious activities have direct causal effects on neuronal patterns. We discuss possible mechanisms that could mediate such effects and indicate a number of directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bagdasaryan
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, INSERM UMRS 975 - CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Berman BD, Horovitz SG, Hallett M. Modulation of functionally localized right insular cortex activity using real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:638. [PMID: 24133436 PMCID: PMC3794190 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for subjects to learn to volitionally control localized brain activity using neurofeedback is actively being investigated. We aimed to investigate the ability of healthy volunteers to quickly learn to use visual feedback during real-time functional MRI (rtfMRI) to modulate brain activity within their anterior right insular cortex (RIC) localized during a blink suppression task, an approach of possible interest in the use of rtfMRI to reduce urges. The RIC region of interest (RIC-ROI) was functionally localized using a blink suppression task, and blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes within RIC-ROI used to create a constantly updating display fed back to the subject in the scanner. Subjects were instructed to use emotional imagery to try and increase activity within RIC-ROI during four feedback training runs (FB1–FB4). A “control” run (CNTRL) before training and a “transfer” run (XSFR) after training were performed without feedback to assess for baseline abilities and learning effects. Fourteen participants completed all neurofeedback training runs. At the group-level, increased BOLD activity was seen in the anterior RIC during all the FB runs, but a significant increase in the functionally defined RIC-ROI was only attained during FB2. In atlas-defined insular cortex ROIs, significant increases were seen bilaterally during the CNTRL, FB1, FB2, and FB4 runs. Increased activity within the insular cortices did not show lateralization. Training did, however, result in a significant increase in functional connectivity between the RIC-ROI and the medial frontal gyrus when comparing FB4 to FB1. Since neurofeedback training did not lead to an increase in BOLD signal across all feedback runs, we suggest that learning to control one’s brain activity in this fashion may require longer or repeated rtfMRI training sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA ; Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Platt B, Cohen Kadosh K, Lau JYF. The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:809-21. [PMID: 23596129 DOI: 10.1002/da.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of major risk for depression, which is associated with negative personal, social, and educational outcomes. Yet, in comparison to adult models of depression, very little is known about the specific psychosocial stressors that contribute to adolescent depression, and whether these can be targeted by interventions. In this review, we consider the role of peer rejection. First, we present a comprehensive review of studies using innovative experimental paradigms to understand the role of peer rejection in adolescent depression. We show how reciprocal relationships between peer rejection and depressive symptoms across adolescence powerfully shape and maintain maladaptive trajectories. Second, we consider how cognitive biases and their neurobiological substrates may explain why some adolescents are more vulnerable to the effects of, and perhaps exposure to, peer rejection compared to others. Finally, we draw attention to emerging cognitive and functional magnetic resonance imaging-based neurofeedback training, which by modifying aspects of information processing may promote more adaptive responses to peer rejection. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adolescent depression may not only alleviate symptoms during a period of substantial developmental challenges, but may also reduce the burden of the disorder across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Platt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Differences in neurobiological pathways of four "clinical content" subtypes of depression. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:368-76. [PMID: 23994546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although often considered as a mental disorder, depression is best described as a behavioral-neurobiological phenomenon. In addition, although usually reported as a unitary diagnosis, major depressive episode is composed of a range of different symptoms that can occur in nearly 1500 possible combinations to fulfill the required diagnostic criterion. To investigate and describe the underlying behavioral and neurobiological substrates of these symptoms, they were clustered into "clinical content" subtypes of depression according to their predominant common behavioral characteristics. These subtypes were then found to possess different neurobiological pathways that argue for different treatment approaches.
Collapse
|
130
|
Subramaniam K, Vinogradov S. Improving the neural mechanisms of cognition through the pursuit of happiness. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:452. [PMID: 23966924 PMCID: PMC3735982 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews evidence on the neural basis of how positive mood states can modulate cognition, particularly during creative problem-solving. Studies performed over the past few decades demonstrate that individuals in a positive mood engage in a broader scope of attention, enhancing their access to distant and unusual semantic associations, and increasing task-shifting and problem-solving capacities. In this review, we summarize these behavioral studies; we then present recent findings on the changes in brain activation patterns that are induced by a positive mood when participants engage in problem-solving tasks and show how these relate to task performance. Additionally, we integrate findings on the neuromodulatory influence of positive mood on cognition as mediated by dopaminergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex and we describe how this system can go awry during pathological states of elevated mood as in mania. Finally, we describe current and future research directions using psychotherapeutic and real-time fMRI neurofeedback approaches to up-regulate positive mood and facilitate optimal creative cognitive performance. We conclude with some speculations on the clinical implications of this emerging area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Subramaniam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Sulzer J, Haller S, Scharnowski F, Weiskopf N, Birbaumer N, Blefari M, Bruehl A, Cohen L, deCharms R, Gassert R, Goebel R, Herwig U, LaConte S, Linden D, Luft A, Seifritz E, Sitaram R. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback: progress and challenges. Neuroimage 2013; 76:386-99. [PMID: 23541800 PMCID: PMC4878436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In February of 2012, the first international conference on real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback was held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Switzerland. This review summarizes progress in the field, introduces current debates, elucidates open questions, and offers viewpoints derived from the conference. The review offers perspectives on study design, scientific and clinical applications, rtfMRI learning mechanisms and future outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sulzer
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH), Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - S. Haller
- University of Geneva, Geneva University Hospital CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - F. Scharnowski
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics - CIBM, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - N. Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - N. Birbaumer
- The Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen 72074, Germany
- Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Venice 30126, Italy
| | - M.L. Blefari
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH), Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - A.B. Bruehl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatica, Zürich University Hospital for Psychiatry, Zurich CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - L.G. Cohen
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, USA
| | | | - R. Gassert
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, (ETH), Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - R. Goebel
- Department of Neurocognition, University of Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - U. Herwig
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatica, Zürich University Hospital for Psychiatry, Zurich CH-8032, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - S. LaConte
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute 24016, USA
| | | | - A. Luft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - E. Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatica, Zürich University Hospital for Psychiatry, Zurich CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - R. Sitaram
- The Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen 72074, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
- Sri Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
The day-after effect: long term, Hebbian-like restructuring of resting-state fMRI patterns induced by a single epoch of cortical activation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9488-97. [PMID: 23719815 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5911-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During rest, the cerebral cortex displays rich, coordinated patterns of spontaneous activity. The mechanism that shapes these patterns is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that a Hebbian-like, sustained process plays a role in focusing these coherent patterns. Human subjects used an fMRI-based neurofeedback (NF) paradigm to intensely activate the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for a single epoch (30 min). Resting-state correlations between all of the cortical voxels' BOLD time courses (functional connectivity) were mapped before, immediately after, and one day after the NF session. We found that the single epoch of cortical activation induced a lasting restructuring of the functional connections according to a Hebbian-like rule. Therefore, the change (increase and decrease) in functional connectivity strength of cortical voxels during rest reflected the level of their prior coactivation during the NF epoch. Interestingly, the effect was significantly enhanced 1 d after the NF activation epoch. The effect was evident in each subject individually, indicating its potential as a diagnostic window into the personal history of prior brain activations of both healthy and abnormal individuals.
Collapse
|
133
|
Sulzer J, Sitaram R, Blefari ML, Kollias S, Birbaumer N, Stephan KE, Luft A, Gassert R. WITHDRAWN: Neurofeedback-mediated self-regulation of the dopaminergic midbrain. Neuroimage 2013; 75:176. [PMID: 23466940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The publisher regrets due to an error in the publishing process the above articles was accidentally withdrawn and has now been published in (Neuroimage 83C December 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.115). The publisher would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Sulzer
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- The Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72074, Germany; University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
| | - Maria Laura Blefari
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- The Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72074, Germany; Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Venice, 30126, Italy
| | - Klaas Enno Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, CH 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Luft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland; University of Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland.
| | - Roger Gassert
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Brandmeyer A, Farquhar JDR, McQueen JM, Desain PWM. Decoding speech perception by native and non-native speakers using single-trial electrophysiological data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68261. [PMID: 23874567 PMCID: PMC3708957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that use real-time analysis of neuroimaging data to determine the mental state of their user for purposes such as providing neurofeedback. Here, we investigate the feasibility of a BCI based on speech perception. Multivariate pattern classification methods were applied to single-trial EEG data collected during speech perception by native and non-native speakers. Two principal questions were asked: 1) Can differences in the perceived categories of pairs of phonemes be decoded at the single-trial level? 2) Can these same categorical differences be decoded across participants, within or between native-language groups? Results indicated that classification performance progressively increased with respect to the categorical status (within, boundary or across) of the stimulus contrast, and was also influenced by the native language of individual participants. Classifier performance showed strong relationships with traditional event-related potential measures and behavioral responses. The results of the cross-participant analysis indicated an overall increase in average classifier performance when trained on data from all participants (native and non-native). A second cross-participant classifier trained only on data from native speakers led to an overall improvement in performance for native speakers, but a reduction in performance for non-native speakers. We also found that the native language of a given participant could be decoded on the basis of EEG data with accuracy above 80%. These results indicate that electrophysiological responses underlying speech perception can be decoded at the single-trial level, and that decoding performance systematically reflects graded changes in the responses related to the phonological status of the stimuli. This approach could be used in extensions of the BCI paradigm to support perceptual learning during second language acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Brandmeyer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Li X, Hartwell KJ, Borckardt J, Prisciandaro JJ, Saladin ME, Morgan PS, Johnson KA, Lematty T, Brady KT, George MS. Volitional reduction of anterior cingulate cortex activity produces decreased cue craving in smoking cessation: a preliminary real-time fMRI study. Addict Biol 2013; 18:739-48. [PMID: 22458676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous research groups are now using analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results and relaying back information about regional activity in their brains to participants in the scanner in 'real time'. In this study, we explored the feasibility of self-regulation of frontal cortical activation using real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers during exposure to smoking cues. Ten cigarette smokers were shown smoking-related visual cues in a 3 Tesla MRI scanner to induce their nicotine craving. Participants were instructed to modify their craving using rtfMRI feedback with two different approaches. In a 'reduce craving' paradigm, participants were instructed to 'reduce' their craving, and decrease the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity. In a separate 'increase resistance' paradigm, participants were asked to increase their resistance to craving and to increase middle prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity. We found that participants were able to significantly reduce the BOLD signal in the ACC during the 'reduce craving' task (P=0.028). There was a significant correlation between decreased ACC activation and reduced craving ratings during the 'reduce craving' session (P=0.011). In contrast, there was no modulation of the BOLD signal in mPFC during the 'increase resistance' session. These preliminary results suggest that some smokers may be able to use neurofeedback via rtfMRI to voluntarily regulate ACC activation and temporarily reduce smoking cue-induced craving. Further research is needed to determine the optimal parameters of neurofeedback rtfMRI, and whether it might eventually become a therapeutic tool for nicotine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingbao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Clark DB, Chung T, Pajtek S, Zhai Z, Long E, Hasler B. Neuroimaging methods for adolescent substance use disorder prevention science. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2013; 14:300-9. [PMID: 23417665 PMCID: PMC3640678 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-012-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods safely provide in vivo indicators of cerebral macrostructure, microstructure, and activation that can be examined in relation to substance use disorder (SUD) risks and effects. This article will provide an overview of MRI approaches, including volumetric measures, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI, that have been applied to studies of adolescent neuromaturation in relationship to risk phenotypes and adolescent SUD. To illustrate these applications, examples of research findings will be presented. MRI indicators have demonstrated that neurobiological maturation continues throughout adolescence. MRI research has suggested that variations in neurobiological maturation may contribute to SUD risk, and that substance use adversely influences adolescent brain development. Directly measured neurobiological variables may be viable preventive intervention targets and outcome indicators. Further research is needed to provide definitive findings on neurodevelopmental immaturity as an SUD risk and to determine the directions such observations suggest for advancing prevention science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Clark
- School of Medicine and the School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Cohen Kadosh K, Linden DEJ, Lau JYF. Plasticity during childhood and adolescence: innovative approaches to investigating neurocognitive development. Dev Sci 2013; 16:574-83. [PMID: 23786475 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of profound change, which holds substantial developmental milestones, but also unique challenges to the individual. In this opinion paper, we highlight the potential of combining two recently developed behavioural and neural training techniques (cognitive bias modification and functional magnetic neuroimaging-based neurofeedback) into a research approach that could help make the most of increased levels of plasticity during childhood and adolescence. We discuss how this powerful combination could be used to explore changing brain-behaviour relationships throughout development in the context of emotion processing, a cognitive domain that exhibits continuous development throughout the second decade of life. By targeting both behaviour and brain response, we would also be in an excellent position to define sensible time windows for enhancing plasticity, thereby allowing for targeted intervention approaches that can help improve emotion processing in both typically and atypically developing populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Real-time automated spectral assessment of the BOLD response for neurofeedback at 3 and 7T. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 218:148-60. [PMID: 23685226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Echo-planar imaging is the dominant functional MRI data acquisition scheme for evaluating the BOLD signal. To date, it remains the only approach providing neurofeedback from spatially localized brain activity. Real-time functional single-voxel proton spectroscopy (fSVPS) may be an alternative for spatially specific BOLD neurofeedback at 7T because it allows for a precise estimation of the local T2* signal, EPI-specific artifacts may be avoided, and the signal contrast may increase. In order to explore and optimize this alternative neurofeedback approach, we tested fully automated real-time fSVPS spectral estimation procedures to approximate T2* BOLD signal changes from the unsuppressed water peak, i.e. lorentzian non-linear complex spectral fit (LNLCSF) in frequency and frequency-time domain. The proposed approaches do not require additional spectroscopic localizers in contrast to conventional T2* approximation based on linear regression of the free induction decay (FID). For methods comparison, we evaluated quality measures for signals from the motor and the visual cortex as well as a real-time feedback condition at high (3T) and at ultra-high (7T) magnetic field strengths. Using these methods, we achieved reliable and fast water peak spectral parameter estimations. At 7T, we observed an absolute increase of spectra line narrowing due to the BOLD effect, but quality measures did not improve due to artifactual line broadening. Overall, the automated fSVPS approach can be used to assess dynamic spectral changes in real-time, and to provide localized T2* neurofeedback at 3 and 7T.
Collapse
|
139
|
Habes I, Krall SC, Johnston SJ, Yuen KSL, Healy D, Goebel R, Sorger B, Linden DEJ. Pattern classification of valence in depression. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 2:675-83. [PMID: 24179819 PMCID: PMC3777671 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging biomarkers of depression have potential to aid diagnosis, identify individuals at risk and predict treatment response or course of illness. Nevertheless none have been identified so far, potentially because no single brain parameter captures the complexity of the pathophysiology of depression. Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) may overcome this issue as it can identify patterns of voxels that are spatially distributed across the brain. Here we present the results of an MVPA to investigate the neuronal patterns underlying passive viewing of positive, negative and neutral pictures in depressed patients. A linear support vector machine (SVM) was trained to discriminate different valence conditions based on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of nine unipolar depressed patients. A similar dataset obtained in nine healthy individuals was included to conduct a group classification analysis via linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Accuracy scores of 86% or higher were obtained for each valence contrast via patterns that included limbic areas such as the amygdala and frontal areas such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The LDA identified two areas (the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus) that allowed group classification with 72.2% accuracy. Our preliminary findings suggest that MVPA can identify stable valence patterns, with more sensitivity than univariate analysis, in depressed participants and that it may be possible to discriminate between healthy and depressed individuals based on differences in the brain's response to emotional cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Habes
- CUBRIC (Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Koush Y, Rosa MJ, Robineau F, Heinen K, W Rieger S, Weiskopf N, Vuilleumier P, Van De Ville D, Scharnowski F. Connectivity-based neurofeedback: dynamic causal modeling for real-time fMRI. Neuroimage 2013; 81:422-430. [PMID: 23668967 PMCID: PMC3734349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback based on real-time fMRI is an emerging technique that can be used to train voluntary control of brain activity. Such brain training has been shown to lead to behavioral effects that are specific to the functional role of the targeted brain area. However, real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback so far was limited to mainly training localized brain activity within a region of interest. Here, we overcome this limitation by presenting near real-time dynamic causal modeling in order to provide feedback information based on connectivity between brain areas rather than activity within a single brain area. Using a visual–spatial attention paradigm, we show that participants can voluntarily control a feedback signal that is based on the Bayesian model comparison between two predefined model alternatives, i.e. the connectivity between left visual cortex and left parietal cortex vs. the connectivity between right visual cortex and right parietal cortex. Our new approach thus allows for training voluntary control over specific functional brain networks. Because most mental functions and most neurological disorders are associated with network activity rather than with activity in a single brain region, this novel approach is an important methodological innovation in order to more directly target functionally relevant brain networks. We adapt DCM for use in neurofeedback experiments. Participants can control a DCM-based neurofeedback signal. Real-time DCM allows for voluntary control over brain connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Koush
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Joao Rosa
- Computer Science Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fabien Robineau
- Department of Neuroscience, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klaartje Heinen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian W Rieger
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Abstract
Perception depends on the interplay of ongoing spontaneous activity and stimulus-evoked activity in sensory cortices. This raises the possibility that training ongoing spontaneous activity alone might be sufficient for enhancing perceptual sensitivity. To test this, we trained human participants to control ongoing spontaneous activity in circumscribed regions of retinotopic visual cortex using real-time functional MRI-based neurofeedback. After training, we tested participants using a new and previously untrained visual detection task that was presented at the visual field location corresponding to the trained region of visual cortex. Perceptual sensitivity was significantly enhanced only when participants who had previously learned control over ongoing activity were now exercising control and only for that region of visual cortex. Our new approach allows us to non-invasively and non-pharmacologically manipulate regionally specific brain activity and thus provide "brain training" to deliver particular perceptual enhancements.
Collapse
|
142
|
Jacobs N, Menne-Lothmann C, Derom C, Thiery E, van Os J, Wichers M. Deconstructing the familiality of variability in momentary negative and positive affect. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 127:318-27. [PMID: 22906203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The daily life, affective phenotypes of momentary negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA) variability and NA variability are associated with future depressive symptomatology. This study investigates the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the inter-individual differences in these daily life, affective phenotypes. METHOD Two hundred and seventy-nine female twins from the Flemish (Belgium) general population participated in an experience sampling study measuring affect in daily life. Structural equation modelling was used to fit univariate and bivariate models. RESULTS Genetic factors explained, respectively, 18%, 18% and 35% of the inter-individual differences in momentary NA, PA variability and NA variability. Non-shared environmental factors were found to explain the remaining inter-individual variation. In addition, 41% of the association between positive and NA variability was attributed to shared genetic factors. CONCLUSION Results of this study show that daily life patterns of affective expression are subject to substantial environmental influence. Prospective assessments of the effect of interventions on these expressions may therefore represent a powerful tool to prevent transition from subclinical depressive symptomatology to a clinical outcome or to reduce symptomatology in those with clinical depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School for Neuroscience, SEARCH, Maastricht University Medical Centre, MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Boosting brain functions: Improving executive functions with behavioral training, neurostimulation, and neurofeedback. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 88:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
144
|
Cognitive Neuroscience: Targeting Neuroplasticity with Neural Decoding and Biofeedback. Curr Biol 2013; 23:R210-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
145
|
Farrow TFD, Johnson NK, Hunter MD, Barker AT, Wilkinson ID, Woodruff PWR. Neural correlates of the behavioral-autonomic interaction response to potentially threatening stimuli. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 6:349. [PMID: 23335893 PMCID: PMC3546317 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective assessment of emotional valence is typically associated with both brain activity and autonomic arousal. Accurately assessing emotional salience is particularly important when perceiving threat. We sought to characterize the neural correlates of the interaction between behavioral and autonomic responses to potentially threatening visual and auditory stimuli. Twenty-five healthy male subjects underwent fMRI scanning whilst skin conductance responses (SCR) were recorded. One hundred and eighty pictures, sentences, and sounds were assessed as “harmless” or “threatening.” Individuals' stimulus-locked, phasic SCRs and trial-by-trial behavioral assessments were entered as regressors into a flexible factorial design to establish their separate autonomic and behavioral neural correlates, and convolved to examine psycho-autonomic interaction (PAI) effects. Across all stimuli, “threatening,” compared with “harmless” behavioral assessments were associated with mainly frontal and precuneus activation with specific within-modality activations including bilateral parahippocampal gyri (pictures), bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and frontal pole (sentences), and right Heschl's gyrus and bilateral temporal gyri (sounds). Across stimulus modalities SCRs were associated with activation of parieto-occipito-thalamic regions, an activation pattern which was largely replicated within-modality. In contrast, PAI analyses revealed modality-specific activations including right fusiform/parahippocampal gyrus (pictures), right insula (sentences), and mid-cingulate gyrus (sounds). Phasic SCR activity was positively correlated with an individual's propensity to assess stimuli as “threatening.” SCRs may modulate cognitive assessments on a “harmless–threatening” dimension, thereby modulating affective tone and hence behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom F D Farrow
- Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Academic Clinical Psychiatry, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuroimaging has become a central technique of biological psychiatry and is uniquely suited to assess functional and structural brain changes in psychiatric patients in vivo. In this review, we highlight several recent developments that may enable the transition of psychiatric neuroimaging from laboratory to clinic. RECENT FINDINGS We describe recent trends in refining imaging techniques for brain microstructure (diffusion imaging) and neurochemistry (magnetic resonance spectroscopy of neurotransmitters and metabolites) and their application to patients with mood disorders and individuals at risk, such as first-degree relatives. We also survey recent progress in imaging-guided deep brain stimulation (DBS), imaging-based (neurofeedback) therapies and studies looking at their convergent anatomical targets. These new interventional techniques, which aim to modulate brain circuits of emotion and motivation highlighted by functional imaging studies, have shown promising effects in several small studies. SUMMARY The mapping of brain patterns associated with risk to develop mood disorders may pave the way for diagnostic/prognostic applications of neuroimaging. The neuromodulation techniques of DBS and neurofeedback, which target dysfunctional or compensatory circuits identified by functional imaging, may take neuroimaging into a new, therapeutic domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Keedwell
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Sakatani K, Takemoto N, Tsujii T, Yanagisawa K, Tsunashima H. NIRS-based neurofeedback learning systems for controlling activity of the prefrontal cortex. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 789:449-454. [PMID: 23852528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a NIRS-based neurofeedback system to modulate activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We evaluated the effectiveness of the system in terms of separability of changes in oxy-Hb and its derivative. Training with neurofeedback resulted in higher separability than training without neurofeedback or no training, suggesting that the neurofeedback system could enhance self-control of PFC activity. Interestingly, the dorsolateral PFC exhibited enhanced activity and high separability after neurofeedback training. These observations suggest that the neurofeedback system might be useful for training subjects to regulate emotions by self-control of dorsolateral PFC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sakatani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Optical Brain Engineering, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - N Takemoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Optical Brain Engineering, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tsujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Optical Brain Engineering, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yanagisawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tsunashima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Tikka P, Väljamäe A, de Borst AW, Pugliese R, Ravaja N, Kaipainen M, Takala T. Enactive cinema paves way for understanding complex real-time social interaction in neuroimaging experiments. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:298. [PMID: 23125829 PMCID: PMC3485651 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We outline general theoretical and practical implications of what we promote as enactive cinema for the neuroscientific study of online socio-emotional interaction. In a real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) setting, participants are immersed in cinematic experiences that simulate social situations. While viewing, their physiological reactions—including brain responses—are tracked, representing implicit and unconscious experiences of the on-going social situations. These reactions, in turn, are analyzed in real-time and fed back to modify the cinematic sequences they are viewing while being scanned. Due to the engaging cinematic content, the proposed setting focuses on living-by in terms of shared psycho-physiological epiphenomena of experience rather than active coping in terms of goal-oriented motor actions. It constitutes a means to parametrically modify stimuli that depict social situations and their broader environmental contexts. As an alternative to studying the variation of brain responses as a function of a priori fixed stimuli, this method can be applied to survey the range of stimuli that evoke similar responses across participants at particular brain regions of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Tikka
- NeuroCine, Department of Film, Television and Scenography, School of ARTS, Aalto University Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Goebel R. BrainVoyager — Past, present, future. Neuroimage 2012; 62:748-56. [PMID: 22289803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Goebel
- Dept of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Real-time fMRI and its application to neurofeedback. Neuroimage 2012; 62:682-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|