101
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Cruzado NA, Tiganj Z, Brincat SL, Miller EK, Howard MW. Conjunctive representation of what and when in monkey hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex during an associative memory task. Hippocampus 2020; 30:1332-1346. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A. Cruzado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zoran Tiganj
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Scott L. Brincat
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, MIT Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MIT Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Earl K. Miller
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, MIT Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MIT Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Marc W. Howard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
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102
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Richter N, Bischof GN, Dronse J, Nellessen N, Neumaier B, Langen KJ, Drzezga A, Fink GR, van Eimeren T, Kukolja J, Onur OA. Entorhinal Tau Predicts Hippocampal Activation and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1601-1614. [PMID: 33164934 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, it remains unclear how amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are related to neural activation and, consequently, cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings indicate that tau accumulation may drive hippocampal hyperactivity in cognitively normal aging, but it remains to be elucidated how tau accumulation is related to neural activation in AD. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the association between tau accumulation and hippocampal hyperactivation persists in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia or if the two measures dissociate with disease progression, we investigated the relationship between local tau deposits and memory-related neural activation in MCI and mild dementia due to AD. METHODS Fifteen patients with MCI or mild dementia due to AD underwent a neuropsychological assessment and performed an item memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral tau accumulation was assessed using positron emission tomography and [18F]-AV-1451. RESULTS Entorhinal, but not global tau accumulation, was highly correlated with hippocampal activation due to visual item memory encoding and predicted memory loss over time. Neural activation in the posterior cingulate cortex and the fusiform gyrus was not significantly correlated with tau accumulation. CONCLUSION These findings extend previous observations in cognitively normal aging, demonstrating that entorhinal tau continues to be closely associated with hippocampal hyperactivity and memory performance in MCI and mild dementia due to AD. Furthermore, data suggest that this association is strongest in medial temporal lobe structures. In summary, our data provide novel insights into the relationship of tau accumulation to neural activation and memory in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Richter
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gérard N Bischof
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Dronse
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Nellessen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-5), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Medical Imaging Physics, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juraj Kukolja
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Oezguer A Onur
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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103
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Weidemann CT, Kahana MJ. Neural measures of subsequent memory reflect endogenous variability in cognitive function. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2020; 47:641-651. [PMID: 33151720 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human cognition exhibits a striking degree of variability: Sometimes we rapidly forge new associations whereas at other times new information simply does not stick. Correlations between neural activity during encoding and subsequent retrieval performance have implicated such "subsequent memory effects" (SMEs) as important for understanding the neural basis of memory formation. Uncontrolled variability in external factors that also predict memory performance, however, confounds the interpretation of these effects. By controlling for a comprehensive set of external variables, we investigated the extent to which neural correlates of successful memory encoding reflect variability in endogenous brain states. We show that external variables that reliably predict memory performance have relatively small effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of successful memory encoding. Instead, the brain activity that is diagnostic of successful encoding primarily reflects fluctuations in endogenous neural activity. These findings link neural activity during learning to endogenous states that drive variability in human cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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104
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Farah R, Coalson RS, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL, Horowitz-Kraus T. Children Use Regions in the Visual Processing and Executive Function Networks during a Subsequent Memory Reading Task. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:5180-5189. [PMID: 30927366 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory encoding is a critical process for memory function, which is foundational for cognitive functioning including reading, and has been extensively studied using subsequent memory tasks. Research in adults using such tasks indicates the participation of visual and cognitive-control systems in remembered versus forgotten words. However, given the known developmental trajectories of these systems, the functional neuroanatomy of memory encoding in children may be different than in adults. We examined brain activation for silent word reading and checkerboard viewing during an event-related reading task in 8-12 year-old children. Results indicate greater activation for checkerboard viewing than lexical processing in early visual regions, as well as for lexical processing versus checkerboard viewing in regions in left sensorimotor mouth, cingulo-opercular and dorsal-attention networks. Greater activation for remembered than forgotten words was observed in bilateral visual system and left lateralized regions within the ventral- and dorsal-attention, cingulo-opercular and fronto-parietal networks. These findings suggest a relatively mature reliance on the cognitive-control system, but greater reliance on the visual system in children when viewing words subsequently remembered. The location of regions with greater activity for remembered words reinforces the involvement of the attention and cognitive-control systems in subsequent memory in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Farah
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.,Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Steven E Petersen
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.,Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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105
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Contribution of left supramarginal and angular gyri to episodic memory encoding: An intracranial EEG study. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117514. [PMID: 33137477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the left ventral lateral parietal cortex (VPC) in episodic memory is hypothesized to include bottom-up attentional orienting to recalled items, according to the dual-attention model (Cabeza et al., 2008). However, its role in memory encoding could be further clarified, with studies showing both positive and negative subsequent memory effects (SMEs). Furthermore, few studies have compared the relative contributions of sub-regions in this functionally heterogeneous area, specifically the anterior VPC (supramarginal gyrus/BA40) and the posterior VPC (angular gyrus/BA39), on a within-subject basis. To elucidate the role of the VPC in episodic encoding, we compared SMEs in the intracranial EEG across multiple frequency bands in the supramarginal gyrus (SmG) and angular gyrus (AnG), as twenty-four epilepsy patients with indwelling electrodes performed a free recall task. We found a significant SME of decreased theta power and increased high gamma power in the VPC overall, and specifically in the SmG. Furthermore, SmG exhibited significantly greater spectral tilt SME from 0.5 to 1.6 s post-stimulus, in which power spectra slope differences between recalled and unrecalled words were greater than in the AnG (p = 0.04). These results affirm the contribution of VPC to episodic memory encoding, and suggest an anterior-posterior dissociation within VPC with respect to its electrophysiological underpinnings.
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106
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Karlsson AE, Wehrspaun CC, Sander MC. Item recognition and lure discrimination in younger and older adults are supported by alpha/beta desynchronization. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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107
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Disrupted Relationship between Hippocampal Activation and Subsequent Memory Performance in Borderline Personality Disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:1041-1048. [PMID: 32663930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with subjective reports of forgetfulness and deficits on tests of memory performance. However, it is not yet known whether individuals with BPD show different patterns of activation in the hippocampus during episodic memory encoding, especially for materials that are not emotionally-valenced. METHODS Participants with BPD (n = 20) and non-psychiatric controls (n = 21) completed a memory encoding task in which they viewed scenes without emotional content during functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Subsequently, they completed a recognition memory test outside of the scanner and neural activation during the presentation of successfully remembered scenes was contrasted with scenes that were subsequently forgotten. RESULTS Controls exhibited significant left hippocampal activation during successful memory encoding, displaying greater activity during the presentation of subsequently remembered versus forgotten scenes, and the strength of this activation was related to their recognition memory performance. Although hippocampal activation was observed for the BPD group during successful memory encoding, it did not reach significance when implementing a non-parametric statistical approach. Additionally, individual hippocampal recruitment was not significantly correlated with recognition memory performance in the BPD group. The strength of this correlation, but not the overall magnitude of hippocampal activation, was significantly different between the groups. LIMITATIONS Participants with BPD had comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and varied treatment histories. Whether patients and controls differentially perceived emotional content in the neutral scene memoranda was not tested. CONCLUSIONS Memory problems in BPD may be partially explained by a disrupted relationship between hippocampal activation and successful memory encoding.
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108
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McDonough IM, Festini SB, Wood MM. Risk for Alzheimer's disease: A review of long-term episodic memory encoding and retrieval fMRI studies. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101133. [PMID: 32717407 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many risk factors have been identified that predict future progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, clear links have yet to be made between these risk factors and how they affect brain functioning in early stages of AD. We conducted a narrative review and a quantitative analysis to better understand the relationship between nine categories of AD risk (i.e., brain pathology, genetics/family history, vascular health, head trauma, cognitive decline, engagement in daily life, late-life depression, sex/gender, and ethnoracial group) and task-evoked fMRI activity during episodic memory in cognitively-normal older adults. Our narrative review revealed widespread regional alterations of both greater and lower brain activity with AD risk. Nevertheless, our quantitative analysis revealed that a subset of studies converged on two patterns: AD risk was associated with (1) greater brain activity in frontal and parietal regions, but (2) reduced brain activity in hippocampal and occipital regions. The brain regions affected depended on the assessed memory stage (encoding or retrieval). Although the results clearly indicate that AD risks impact brain activity, we caution against using fMRI as a diagnostic tool for AD at the current time because the above consistencies were present among much variability, even among the same risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M McDonough
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Sara B Festini
- Department of Psychology, University of Tampa, 401 W Kennedy Blvd. Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Meagan M Wood
- Department of Psychology, Valdosta State University, 1500 N. Patterson Street, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
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109
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Evidence for Immediate Enhancement of Hippocampal Memory Encoding by Network-Targeted Theta-Burst Stimulation during Concurrent fMRI. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7155-7168. [PMID: 32817326 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0486-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus supports episodic memory via interaction with a distributed brain network. Previous experiments using network-targeted noninvasive brain stimulation have identified episodic memory enhancements and modulation of activity within the hippocampal network. However, mechanistic insights were limited because these effects were measured long after stimulation and therefore could have reflected various neuroplastic aftereffects with extended time courses. In this experiment with human subjects of both sexes, we tested for immediate stimulation impact on encoding-related activity of the hippocampus and immediately adjacent medial-temporal cortex by delivering theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) concurrent with fMRI, as an immediate impact of stimulation would suggest an influence on neural activity. We reasoned that TBS would be particularly effective for influencing the hippocampus because rhythmic neural activity in the theta band is associated with hippocampal memory processing. First, we demonstrated that it is possible to obtain robust fMRI correlates of task-related activity during concurrent TBS. We then identified immediate effects of TBS on encoding of visual scenes. Brief volleys of TBS targeting the hippocampal network increased activity of the targeted (left) hippocampus during scene encoding and increased subsequent recollection. Stimulation did not influence activity during an intermixed numerical task with no memory demand. Control conditions using beta band and out-of-network stimulation also did not influence hippocampal activity or recollection. TBS targeting the hippocampal network therefore immediately impacted hippocampal memory processing. This suggests direct, beneficial influence of stimulation on hippocampal neural activity related to memory and supports the role of theta-band activity in human episodic memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Can noninvasive stimulation directly impact function of indirect, deep-brain targets, such as the hippocampus? We tested this by targeting an accessible region of the hippocampal network via transcranial magnetic stimulation during concurrent fMRI. We reasoned that theta-burst stimulation would be particularly effective for impacting hippocampal function, as this stimulation rhythm should resonate with the endogenous theta-nested-gamma activity prominent in hippocampus. Indeed, theta-burst stimulation targeting the hippocampal network immediately impacted hippocampal activity during encoding, improving memory formation as indicated by enhanced later recollection. Rhythm- and location-control stimulation conditions had no such effects. These findings suggest a direct influence of noninvasive stimulation on hippocampal neural activity and highlight that the theta-burst rhythm is relatively privileged in its ability to influence hippocampal memory function.
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110
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Dunne L, Opitz B. Attention control processes that prioritise task execution may come at the expense of incidental memory encoding. Brain Cogn 2020; 144:105602. [PMID: 32771684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention underpins episodic memory encoding by gating information processing. However, it is unclear how different forms of attention affect encoding. Using fMRI, we implemented a novel task that separates top-down and bottom-up attention (TDA; BUA) to test how these forms of attention influence encoding. Twenty-seven subjects carried out a scanned incidental encoding task that required semantic categorisation of stimuli. Trials either required visual search (TDA) to locate a target, or the target blinked and captured attention (BUA). After a retention period, subjects performed a surprise recognition test. Univariate analyses showed that ventral visual regions and right hippocampus indexed encoding success. Psychophysiological interaction analyses showed that, during TDA, there was increased coupling between dorsal parietal cortex and fusiform gyrus with encoding failure, and between lateral occipital cortex and fusiform gyrus with encoding success. No significant connectivity modulations were observed during BUA. We propose that increased TDA to objects in space is mediated by parietal cortex and negatively impacts encoding. Also, increases in connectivity within ventral visual cortex index the integration of stimulus features, promoting encoding. Finally, the influences of attention on encoding likely depend on task demands: as cognitive control increases, task execution is emphasised at the expense of memory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Dunne
- University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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111
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Abstract
While in the past much of our knowledge about memory representations in the brain has relied on loss-of-function studies in which whole brain regions were temporarily inactivated or permanently lesioned, the recent development of new methods has ushered in a new era of downright "engram excitement." Animal research is now able to specifically label, track, and manipulate engram cells in the brain. While early studies have mostly focused on single brain regions like the hippocampus, recently more and more evidence for brain-wide distributed engram networks is emerging. Memory research in humans has also picked up pace, fueled by promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods like diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) and brain decoding. In this review, we will outline recent advancements in engram research, with a focus on human data and neocortical representations. We will illustrate the available noninvasive methods for the detection of engrams in different neocortical regions like the medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex and discuss evidence for systems consolidation and parallel memory encoding. Finally, we will explore how reactivation and prior knowledge can lead to and enhance engram formation in the neocortex.
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112
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Spetter MS, Higgs S, Dolmans D, Thomas JM, Reniers RLEP, Rotshtein P, Rutters F. Neural correlates of top-down guidance of attention to food: An fMRI study. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113085. [PMID: 32687922 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neural correlates of working memory guided attentional selection of food versus non-food stimuli in young women. Participants were thirty-two women, aged 20.6y (± 0.5) who were presented with a cue (food or non-food item) to hold in working memory. Subsequently, they had to search for a target in a 2-item display where target and distractor stimuli were each flanked by a picture of a food or a non-food item. The behavioural data showed that attention is particularly efficiently drawn to food stimuli when thinking about food. Using fMRI, we found that holding a non-food versus food stimulus in working memory was associated with increased activity in occipital gyrus, fusiform, inferior and superior frontal gyrus. In the posterior cingulum, retrosplenial cortex, a food item that re-appeared in the search array when it was held in memory led to a reduced response, compared to when it did not re-appear. The reverse effect was found for non-food stimuli. The extent of the reappearance effect correlated with the attentional capture of food as measured behaviourally. In conclusion, these results suggest that holding food in mind may bias attention because thinking of food facilitated neuronal responses to sensory input related to food stimuli and because holding food-related information in mind is less taxing on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje S Spetter
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dirk Dolmans
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason M Thomas
- School of Psychology, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - Renate L E P Reniers
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom and Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Femke Rutters
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU Medical Centre, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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113
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Skouras S, Torner J, Andersson P, Koush Y, Falcon C, Minguillon C, Fauria K, Alpiste F, Blenow K, Zetterberg H, Gispert JD, Molinuevo JL. Earliest amyloid and tau deposition modulate the influence of limbic networks during closed-loop hippocampal downregulation. Brain 2020; 143:976-992. [PMID: 32091109 PMCID: PMC7089658 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into hippocampal self-regulation abilities may help determine the clinical significance of hippocampal hyperactivity throughout the pathophysiological continuum of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we aimed to identify the effects of amyloid-β peptide 42 (amyloid-β42) and phosphorylated tau on the patterns of functional connectomics involved in hippocampal downregulation. We identified 48 cognitively unimpaired participants (22 with elevated CSF amyloid-β peptide 42 levels, 15 with elevated CSF phosphorylated tau levels, mean age of 62.705 ± 4.628 years), from the population-based 'Alzheimer's and Families' study, with baseline MRI, CSF biomarkers, APOE genotyping and neuropsychological evaluation. We developed a closed-loop, real-time functional MRI neurofeedback task with virtual reality and tailored it for training downregulation of hippocampal subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1). Neurofeedback performance score, cognitive reserve score, hippocampal volume, number of apolipoprotein ε4 alleles and sex were controlled for as confounds in all cross-sectional analyses. First, using voxel-wise multiple regression analysis and controlling for CSF biomarkers, we identified the effect of healthy ageing on eigenvector centrality, a measure of each voxel's overall influence based on iterative whole-brain connectomics, during hippocampal CA1 downregulation. Then, controlling for age, we identified the effects of abnormal CSF amyloid-β42 and phosphorylated tau levels on eigenvector centrality during hippocampal CA1 downregulation. Across subjects, our main findings during hippocampal downregulation were: (i) in the absence of abnormal biomarkers, age correlated with eigenvector centrality negatively in the insula and midcingulate cortex, and positively in the inferior temporal gyrus; (ii) abnormal CSF amyloid-β42 (<1098) correlated negatively with eigenvector centrality in the anterior cingulate cortex and primary motor cortex; and (iii) abnormal CSF phosphorylated tau levels (>19.2) correlated with eigenvector centrality positively in the ventral striatum, anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortex, and negatively in the precuneus and orbitofrontal cortex. During resting state functional MRI, similar eigenvector centrality patterns in the cingulate had previously been associated to CSF biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment and dementia patients. Using the developed closed-loop paradigm, we observed such patterns, which are characteristic of advanced disease stages, during a much earlier presymptomatic phase. In the absence of CSF biomarkers, our non-invasive, interactive, adaptive and gamified neuroimaging procedure may provide important information for clinical prognosis and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. We have released the developed paradigm and analysis pipeline as open-source software to facilitate replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Skouras
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Torner
- BarcelonaTech, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yury Koush
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carles Falcon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Minguillon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Alpiste
- BarcelonaTech, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaj Blenow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan D Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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114
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Gerver CR, Overman AA, Babu HJ, Hultman CE, Dennis NA. Examining the Neural Basis of Congruent and Incongruent Configural Contexts during Associative Retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1796-1812. [PMID: 32530379 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disrupting the configural context, or relative organization and orientation of paired stimuli, between encoding and retrieval negatively impacts memory. Using univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses, we examined the effect of retaining and manipulating the configural context on neural mechanisms supporting associative retrieval. Behavioral results showed participants had significantly higher hit rates for recollecting pairs in a contextually congruent, versus incongruent, configuration. In addition, contextual congruency between memory phases was a critical determinant to characterizing both the magnitude and patterns of neural activation within visual and parietal cortices. Regions within visual cortices also exhibited higher correlations between patterns of activity at encoding and retrieval when configural context was congruent across memory phases than incongruent. Collectively, these findings shed light on how manipulating configural context between encoding and retrieval affects associative recognition, with changes in the configural context leading to reductions in information transfer and increases in task difficulty.
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115
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Sherman DS, Durbin KA, Ross DM. Meta-Analysis of Memory-Focused Training and Multidomain Interventions in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:399-421. [PMID: 32508325 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analysis examining the efficacy of cognitive interventions on neuropsychological outcomes have suggested interventions that focus on memory may actually provide greater benefit against the cognitive declines associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, it remains unclear if memory-based training would be more effective at addressing the cognitive deficits associated with MCI than multidomain forms of intervention. OBJECTIVE A meta-analytic review and subgroup analysis was conducted to examine the effects of cognitive training in individuals diagnosed with MCI and to compare the efficacy of memory-based training with multidomain interventions. METHODS A total of 32 randomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, which included 9 studies on memory-focused training and 17 studies on multidomain interventions. RESULTS We found significant, large effects for memory-focused training (Hedges' g observed = 0.947; 95% CI [-1.668, 3.562]; Z = 2.517; p = 0.012) and significant, moderate effects for multidomain interventions (Hedges' g observed = 0.420; 95% CI [-0.4491, 1.2891]; Z = 3.525; p < 0.001). A subgroup analysis found significant point estimates for memory-based forms of training and multidomain interventions, with memory-based forms of content yielding significantly greater summary effects than multidomain interventions (SMD Z = 2.162; p = 0.031, two-tailed; all outcomes). There was no difference between effect sizes when comparing outcomes limited to its respective domain. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that, while both interventions were beneficial, treatment interventions that were strictly memory-based were more effective at improving cognition in individuals diagnosed with MCI than interventions that targeted multiple cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Sherman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Durbin
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Ross
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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116
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Frontostriatal functional connectivity supports reward-enhanced memory in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 90:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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117
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Duan H, Fernández G, van Dongen E, Kohn N. The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on memory formation: insight from behavioral and imaging study. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1561-1574. [PMID: 32350643 PMCID: PMC7286947 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Motivation can be generated intrinsically or extrinsically, and both kinds of motivation show similar facilitatory effects on memory. However, effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on memory formation have not been studied in combination and thus, it is unknown whether they interact and how such interplay is neurally implemented. In the present study, both extrinsic monetary reward and intrinsic curiosity enhanced memory performance, without evidence for an interaction. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that curiosity-driven activity in the ventral striatal reward network appears to work cooperatively with the fronto-parietal attention network, while enhancing memory formation. In contrast, the monetary reward-modulated subsequent memory effect revealed deactivation in parietal midline regions. Thus, curiosity might enhance memory performance by allocation of attentional resources and reward-related processes; while, monetary reward does so by suppression of task-irrelevant processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Duan
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco van Dongen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Kohn
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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118
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Neural fatigue influences memory encoding in the human hippocampus. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107471. [PMID: 32333936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we examine the variability underlying successful memory encoding. Successful encoding of successive study items may fatigue encoding resources, thus decreasing the ability to encode subsequent items (Tulving and Rosenbaum, 2006); alternatively, successful encoding may be persistent, leading to more successful encoding (Kahana, Aggarwal, and Phan, 2018). Analyzing intracranial electroencephalographic activity while subjects studied lists of words for subsequent free recall, we examined high-frequency activity (HFA) in hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as HFA was greater for subsequently recalled than non-recalled items in these regions. We compared non-recalled items with good encoding history (i.e. one of the two preceding items was recalled) with non-recalled items with poor encoding history (i.e. neither prior item was recalled). In the hippocampus, good encoding history led to reduced HFA, whereas in the DLPFC, good encoding history led to enhanced HFA. Hippocampal findings appear consistent with the neural fatigue hypothesis, whereas the DLPFC results appear consistent with persistent encoding states.
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119
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Zooming in and zooming out: the importance of precise anatomical characterization and broader network understanding of MRI data in human memory experiments. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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120
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Koch GE, Paulus JP, Coutanche MN. Neural Patterns are More Similar across Individuals during Successful Memory Encoding than during Failed Memory Encoding. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3872-3883. [PMID: 32147702 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After experiencing the same episode, some people can recall certain details about it, whereas others cannot. We investigate how common (intersubject) neural patterns during memory encoding influence whether an episode will be subsequently remembered, and how divergence from a common organization is associated with encoding failure. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with intersubject multivariate analyses, we measured brain activity as people viewed episodes within wildlife videos and then assessed their memory for these episodes. During encoding, greater neural similarity was observed between the people who later remembered an episode (compared with those who did not) within the regions of the declarative memory network (hippocampus, posterior medial cortex [PMC], and dorsal Default Mode Network [dDMN]). The intersubject similarity of the PMC and dDMN was episode-specific. Hippocampal encoding patterns were also more similar between subjects for memory success that was defined after one day, compared with immediately after retrieval. The neural encoding patterns were sufficiently robust and generalizable to train machine learning classifiers to predict future recall success in held-out subjects, and a subset of decodable regions formed a network of shared classifier predictions of subsequent memory success. This work suggests that common neural patterns reflect successful, rather than unsuccessful, encoding across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin E Koch
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - John P Paulus
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Marc N Coutanche
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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121
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Cooper RA, Ritchey M. Progression from Feature-Specific Brain Activity to Hippocampal Binding during Episodic Encoding. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1701-1709. [PMID: 31826947 PMCID: PMC7046330 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1971-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of episodic memory is recollecting multiple perceptual details tied to a specific spatial-temporal context. To remember an event, it is therefore necessary to integrate such details into a coherent representation during initial encoding. Here we tested how the brain encodes and binds multiple, distinct kinds of features in parallel, and how this process evolves over time during the event itself. We analyzed data from 27 human subjects (16 females, 11 males) who learned a series of objects uniquely associated with a color, a panoramic scene location, and an emotional sound while fMRI data were collected. By modeling how brain activity relates to memory for upcoming or just-viewed information, we were able to test how the neural signatures of individual features as well as the integrated event changed over the course of encoding. We observed a striking dissociation between early and late encoding processes: left inferior frontal and visuo-perceptual signals at the onset of an event tracked the amount of detail subsequently recalled and were dissociable based on distinct remembered features. In contrast, memory-related brain activity shifted to the left hippocampus toward the end of an event, which was particularly sensitive to binding item color and sound associations with spatial information. These results provide evidence of early, simultaneous feature-specific neural responses during episodic encoding that predict later remembering and suggest that the hippocampus integrates these features into a coherent experience at an event transition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding and remembering complex experiences are crucial for many socio-cognitive abilities, including being able to navigate our environment, predict the future, and share experiences with others. Probing the neural mechanisms by which features become bound into meaningful episodes is a vital part of understanding how we view and reconstruct the rich detail of our environment. By testing memory for multimodal events, our findings show a functional dissociation between early encoding processes that engage lateral frontal and sensory regions to successfully encode event features, and later encoding processes that recruit hippocampus to bind these features together. These results highlight the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of encoding processes supporting multimodal event representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Maureen Ritchey
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
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122
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Wynn SC, Kessels RPC, Schutter DJLG. Electrocortical indices of subjectively perceived confidence in episodic memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 151:18-24. [PMID: 32057779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies on recognition memory have identified several brain signals that are associated with subjective perceived confidence. However, the extent these brain signals reflect a generic process and are independent of the type of information recognized remains an open question. To address this issue, twenty-seven healthy volunteers performed an episodic memory task while their electro-encephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Participants encoded a set of abstract pictures, and subsequently rated their confidence on recognition decisions. Similar to results reported in previous studies using concrete words, we found retrieval-related theta power, FN400 and late positive component (LPC) effects. In contrast to previous studies using verbal material, a subsequent memory effect for encoding-related evoked theta power, sensitive to subjectively perceived memory confidence, was observed. Our findings suggest that brain signals that are associated with subjectively perceived confidence reflect specific encoding, but generic retrieval processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syanah C Wynn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States.
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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123
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Sander MC, Fandakova Y, Grandy TH, Shing YL, Werkle-Bergner M. Oscillatory Mechanisms of Successful Memory Formation in Younger and Older Adults Are Related to Structural Integrity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3744-3758. [PMID: 31989153 PMCID: PMC7232990 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied oscillatory mechanisms of memory formation in 48 younger and 51 older adults in an intentional associative memory task with cued recall. While older adults showed lower memory performance than young adults, we found subsequent memory effects (SME) in alpha/beta and theta frequency bands in both age groups. Using logistic mixed effects models, we investigated whether interindividual differences in structural integrity of key memory regions could account for interindividual differences in the strength of the SME. Structural integrity of inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and hippocampus was reduced in older adults. SME in the alpha/beta band were modulated by the cortical thickness of IFG, in line with its hypothesized role for deep semantic elaboration. Importantly, this structure–function relationship did not differ by age group. However, older adults were more frequently represented among the participants with low cortical thickness and consequently weaker SME in the alpha band. Thus, our results suggest that differences in the structural integrity of the IFG contribute not only to interindividual, but also to age differences in memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam C Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Thomas H Grandy
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Department of Developmental Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
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124
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Hebscher M, Ibrahim C, Gilboa A. Precuneus stimulation alters the neural dynamics of autobiographical memory retrieval. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116575. [PMID: 31972285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) unfolds over time, but little is known about the dynamics of its retrieval. Space-based models of memory implicate the hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and precuneus in early memory computations. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the causal role of the precuneus in the dynamics of AM retrieval. During early memory search and construction, precuneus stimulation compared to vertex stimulation led to delayed evoked neural activity within 1000 ms after cue presentation. During later memory elaboration, stimulation led to decreased sustained positivity. We further identified a parietal late positive component during memory elaboration, the amplitude of which was associated with spatial perspective during recollection. This association was disrupted following precuneus stimulation, suggesting that this region plays an important role in the neural representation of spatial perspective during AM. These findings demonstrate a causal role for the precuneus in early AM retrieval, during memory search before a specific memory is accessed, and in spatial context reinstatement during the initial stages of memory elaboration and re-experiencing. By utilizing the high temporal resolution of MEG and the causality of TMS, this study helps clarify the neural correlates of early naturalistic memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hebscher
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | | | - Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.
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125
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Cerebellar dentate nucleus functional connectivity with cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease and memory: a seed-based approach. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 89:32-40. [PMID: 32081466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by specific patterns of gray and white matter damage and cognitive/behavioral manifestations. The cerebellum has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. Because the cerebellum is known to have strong functional connectivity (FC) with associative cerebral cortex regions, it is possible to hypothesize that it is incorporated into intrinsic FC networks relevant to cognitive manifestation of AD. In the present study, the cerebellar dentate nucleus, the largest cerebellar nucleus and the major output channel to the cerebral cortex, was chosen as the region of interest to test potential cerebellocerebral FC alterations and correlations with patients' memory impairment in a group of patients with AD. Compared to controls, patients with AD showed an increase in FC between the dentate nucleus and regions of the lateral temporal lobe. This study demonstrates that lower memory performances in AD may be related to altered FC within specific cerebellocortical functional modules, thus suggesting the cerebellar contribution to AD pathophysiology and typical memory dysfunctions.
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126
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Ekstrom AD, Yonelinas AP. Precision, binding, and the hippocampus: Precisely what are we talking about? Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107341. [PMID: 31945386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endel Tulving's proposal that episodic memory is distinct from other memory systems like semantic memory remains an extremely influential idea in cognitive neuroscience research. As originally suggested by Tulving, episodic memory involves three key components that differentiate it from all other memory systems: spatiotemporal binding, mental time travel, and autonoetic consciousness. Here, we focus on the idea of spatiotemporal binding in episodic memory and, in particular, how consideration of the precision of spatiotemporal context helps expand our understanding of episodic memory. Precision also helps shed light on another key issue in cognitive neuroscience, the role of the hippocampus outside of episodic memory in perception, attention, and working memory. By considering precision alongside item-context bindings, we attempt to shed new light on both the nature of how we represent context and what roles the hippocampus plays in episodic memory and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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127
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Dolcos F, Katsumi Y, Bogdan PC, Shen C, Jun S, Buetti S, Lleras A, Bost KF, Weymar M, Dolcos S. The impact of focused attention on subsequent emotional recollection: A functional MRI investigation. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107338. [PMID: 31926178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants' memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them - i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Yuta Katsumi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Paul C Bogdan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Chen Shen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Suhnyoung Jun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Simona Buetti
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Alejandro Lleras
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Kelly Freeman Bost
- Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sanda Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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128
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Popescu M, Popescu EA, DeGraba TJ, Hughes JD. Altered modulation of beta band oscillations during memory encoding is predictive of lower subsequent recognition performance in post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 25:102154. [PMID: 31951934 PMCID: PMC6965746 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the relationship between electrophysiological markers of memory encoding, subsequent recognition performance, and severity of PTSD symptoms in service members with combat exposure (n = 40, age: 41.2 ± 7.2 years) and various levels of PTSD symptom severity assessed using the PTSD Check List for DSM V version (PCL-5). Brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography during a serial presentation of 86 images of outdoor scenes that were studied by participants for an upcoming recognition test. In a second session, the original images were shown intermixed with an equal number of novel images while participants performed the recognition task. Participants recognized 76.0% ± 12.1% of the original images and correctly categorized as novel 89.9% ± 7.0% of the novel images. A negative correlation was present between PCL-5 scores and discrimination performance (Spearman rs = -0.38, p = 0.016). PCL-5 scores were also negatively correlated with the recognition accuracy for original images (rs = -0.37, p = 0.02). Increases in theta and gamma power and decreases in alpha and beta power were observed over distributed brain networks during memory encoding. Higher PCL-5 scores were associated with less suppression of beta band power in bilateral ventral and medial temporal regions and in the left orbitofrontal cortex. These regions also showed positive correlations between the magnitude of suppression of beta power during encoding and subsequent recognition accuracy. These findings indicate that the lower recognition performance in participants with greater PTSD symptom severity may be due in part to ineffective encoding reflected in altered modulation of beta band oscillatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Popescu
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elena-Anda Popescu
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas J DeGraba
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John D Hughes
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States.
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129
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Dennis NA, Overman AA, Gerver CR, McGraw KE, Rowley MA, Salerno JM. Different types of associative encoding evoke differential processing in both younger and older adults: Evidence from univariate and multivariate analyses. Neuropsychologia 2019; 135:107240. [PMID: 31682927 PMCID: PMC6951809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-related deficits in associative processing are well-documented (e.g., Naveh-Benjamin, 2000) and have been assumed to be the result of a general deficit that affects all types of binding. However, recent behavioral research has indicated that the visual configuration of the information that is presented to older adults influences the degree to which this binding deficit is exhibited by older adults (Overman, Dennis et al, 2019; Overman, Dennis, et al., 2018). The purpose of the present study was to further clarify the neural underpinnings of the associative deficit in aging and to examine whether functional activity at encoding differs with respect to the visual configuration and the type of associative being encoded. Using both univariate and multi-voxel pattern analysis, we found differences in both the magnitude of activation and pattern of neural responses associated with the type of association encoded (item-item and item-context). Specifically, our results suggest that, when controlling for stimuli composition, patterns of activation in sensory and frontal regions within the associative encoding network are able to distinguish between different types of associations. With respect to the MTL, multivariate results suggest that only patterns of activation in the PrC in older, but not younger adults, can distinguish between associations types. These findings extend prior work regarding the neural basis of associative memory in young and older adults, and extends the predictions of the binding of item and context model (BIC; Diana, Yonelinas, Ranganath, 2007) to older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Dennis
- The Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Amy A Overman
- The Department of Psychology, Elon University, NC, USA
| | - Courtney R Gerver
- The Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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130
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Hill PF, King DR, Lega BC, Rugg MD. Comparison of fMRI correlates of successful episodic memory encoding in temporal lobe epilepsy patients and healthy controls. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116397. [PMID: 31770638 PMCID: PMC7238288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-cranial electroencephalographic brain recordings (iEEG) provide a powerful tool for investigating the neural processes supporting episodic memory encoding and form the basis of experimental therapies aimed at improving memory dysfunction. However, given the invasiveness of iEEG, investigations are constrained to patients with drug-resistant epilepsy for whom such recordings are clinically indicated. Particularly in the case of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), neuropathology and the possibility of functional reorganization are potential constraints on the generalizability of intra-cerebral findings and pose challenges to the development of therapies for memory disorders stemming from other etiologies. Here, samples of TLE (N = 16; all of whom had undergone iEEG) and age-matched healthy control (N = 19) participants underwent fMRI as they studied lists of concrete nouns. fMRI BOLDresponses elicited by the study words were segregated according to subsequent performance on tests of delayed free recall and recognition memory. Subsequent memory effects predictive of both successful recall and recognition memory were evident in several neural regions, most prominently in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and did not demonstrate any group differences. Behaviorally, the groups did not differ in overall recall performance or in the strength of temporal contiguity effects. However, group differences in serial position effects and false alarm rates were evident during the free recall and recognition memory tasks, respectively. Despite these behavioral differences, neuropathology associated with temporal lobe epilepsy was apparently insufficient to give rise to detectable differences in the functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory encoding relative to neurologically healthy controls. The findings provide reassurance that iEEG findings derived from experimental paradigms similar to those employed here generalize to the neurotypical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Hill
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, 1600 Viceroy Dr. #800, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| | - Danielle R King
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, 1600 Viceroy Dr. #800, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Bradley C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5303 Harry Hines Blvd 6th Floor Suite 108, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, 1600 Viceroy Dr. #800, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6363 Forest Park Rd 7th Floor Suite 749, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
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131
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Xiao F, Koepp MJ, Zhou D. Pharmaco-fMRI: A Tool to Predict the Response to Antiepileptic Drugs in Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1203. [PMID: 31798524 PMCID: PMC6863979 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment with antiepileptic medications (AEDs) in epilepsy is associated with a variety of neurocognitive side effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these side effects, and why certain brain anatomies are more affected still remain poorly understood. Advanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods, such as pharmaco-fMRI, can investigate medication-related effects on brain activities using task and resting state fMRI and showing reproducible activation and deactivation patterns. This methodological approach has been used successfully to complement neuropsychological studies of AEDs. Here we review pharmaco-fMRI studies in people with epilepsy targeting the most-widely prescribed AEDs. Pharmco-fMRI has advanced our understanding of the impact of AEDs on specific brain networks and thus may provide potential biomarkers to move beyond the current “trial and error” approach when commencing anti-epileptic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglai Xiao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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132
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Valkenborghs SR, Noetel M, Hillman CH, Nilsson M, Smith JJ, Ortega FB, Lubans DR. The Impact of Physical Activity on Brain Structure and Function in Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2018-4032. [PMID: 31554668 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Advances in neuroimaging techniques have resulted in an exponential increase in the number of studies investigating the effects of physical activity on brain structure and function. Authors of studies have linked physical activity and fitness with brain regions and networks integral to cognitive function and scholastic performance in children and adolescents but findings have not been synthesized. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of studies in which the impact of physical activity on brain structure and function in children and adolescents is examined. DATA SOURCES Six electronic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Scopus, Ovid Medline, SportDiscus, and Embase) were systematically searched for experimental studies published between 2002 and March 1, 2019. STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion according to predetermined criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data for key variables and synthesized findings qualitatively. RESULTS Nine studies were included (task-based functional MRI [n = 4], diffusion tensor imaging [n = 3], arterial spin labeling [n = 1], and resting-state functional MRI [n = 1]) in which results for 5 distinct and 4 similar study samples aged 8.7 ± 0.6 to 10.2 ± 1.0 years and typically of relatively low socioeconomic status were reported. Effects were reported for 12 regions, including frontal lobe (n = 3), parietal lobe (n = 3), anterior cingulate cortex (n = 2), hippocampus (n = 1), and several white matter tracts and functional networks. LIMITATIONS Findings need to be interpreted with caution as quantitative syntheses were not possible because of study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence from randomized controlled trials that participation in physical activity may modify white matter integrity and activation of regions key to cognitive processes. Additional larger hypothesis-driven studies are needed to replicate findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ruth Valkenborghs
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Departments of Psychology and.,Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia;
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133
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Nair S, Nenert RE, Allendorfer JB, Goodman AM, Vannest J, Mirman D, Szaflarski JP. Sex, Age, and Handedness Modulate the Neural Correlates of Active Learning. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:961. [PMID: 31572114 PMCID: PMC6749092 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-generation of material compared to passive learning results in mproved memory performance; this may be related to recruitment of a fronto-temporal encoding network. Using a verbal paired-associate learning fMRI task, we examined the effects of sex, age, and handedness on the neural correlates of self-generation. METHODS Data from 174 healthy English-speaking participants (78M, 56 atypically handed; ages 19-76) were preprocessed using AFNI and FSL. Independent component analysis was conducted using GIFT (Group ICA fMRI Toolbox). Forty-one independent components were temporally sorted by task time series. Retaining correlations (r > 0.25) resulted in three task-positive ("generate") and three task-negative ("read") components. Using participants' back-projected components, we evaluated the effects of sex, handedness, and aging on activation lateralization and localization in task-relevant networks with two-sample t-tests. Further, we examined the linear relationship between sex and neuroimaging data with multiple regression, covarying for scanner, age, and handedness. RESULTS Task-positive components identified using ICA revealed a fronto-parietal network involved with self-generation, while task-negative components reflecting passive reading showed temporo-occipital involvement. Compared to older adults, younger adults exhibited greater task-positive involvement of the left inferior frontal gyrus and insula, whereas older adults exhibited reduced prefrontal lateralization. Greater involvement of the left angular gyrus in task-positive encoding networks among right-handed individuals suggests the reliance on left dominant semantic processing areas may be modulated by handedness. Sex effects on task-related encoding networks while controlling for age and handedness suggest increased right hemisphere recruitment among males compared to females, specifically in the paracentral lobe during self-generation and the suparmarginal gyrus during passive reading. IMPLICATIONS Identified neuroimaging differences suggest that sex, age, and handedness are factors in the differential recruitment of encoding network regions for both passive and active learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rodolphe E. Nenert
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jane B. Allendorfer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adam M. Goodman
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Mirman
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy P. Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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134
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Caciagli L, Wandschneider B, Xiao F, Vollmar C, Centeno M, Vos SB, Trimmel K, Sidhu MK, Thompson PJ, Winston GP, Duncan JS, Koepp MJ. Abnormal hippocampal structure and function in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and unaffected siblings. Brain 2019; 142:2670-2687. [PMID: 31365054 PMCID: PMC6776114 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is the most common genetic generalized epilepsy syndrome, characterized by a complex polygenetic aetiology. Structural and functional MRI studies demonstrated mesial or lateral frontal cortical derangements and impaired fronto-cortico-subcortical connectivity in patients and their unaffected siblings. The presence of hippocampal abnormalities and associated memory deficits is controversial, and functional MRI studies in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have not tested hippocampal activation. In this observational study, we implemented multi-modal MRI and neuropsychological data to investigate hippocampal structure and function in 37 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 16 unaffected siblings and 20 healthy controls, comparable for age, gender, handedness and hemispheric dominance as assessed with language laterality indices. Automated hippocampal volumetry was complemented by validated qualitative and quantitative morphological criteria to detect hippocampal malrotation, assumed to represent a neurodevelopmental marker. Neuropsychological measures of verbal and visuo-spatial learning and an event-related verbal and visual memory functional MRI paradigm addressed mesiotemporal function. We detected a reduction of mean left hippocampal volume in patients and their siblings compared with controls (P < 0.01). Unilateral or bilateral hippocampal malrotation was identified in 51% of patients and 50% of siblings, against 15% of controls (P < 0.05). For bilateral hippocampi, quantitative markers of verticalization had significantly larger values in patients and siblings compared with controls (P < 0.05). In the patient subgroup, there was no relationship between structural measures and age at disease onset or degree of seizure control. No overt impairment of verbal and visual memory was identified with neuropsychological tests. Functional mapping highlighted atypical patterns of hippocampal activation, pointing to abnormal recruitment during verbal encoding in patients and their siblings [P < 0.05, familywise error (FWE)-corrected]. Subgroup analyses indicated distinct profiles of hypoactivation along the hippocampal long axis in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients with and without malrotation; patients with malrotation also exhibited reduced frontal recruitment for verbal memory, and more pronounced left posterior hippocampal involvement for visual memory. Linear models across the entire study cohort indicated significant associations between morphological markers of hippocampal positioning and hippocampal activation for verbal items (all P < 0.05, FWE-corrected). We demonstrate abnormalities of hippocampal volume, shape and positioning in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and their siblings, which are associated with reorganization of function and imply an underlying neurodevelopmental mechanism with expression during the prenatal stage. Co-segregation of abnormal hippocampal morphology in patients and their siblings is suggestive of a genetic imaging phenotype, independent of disease activity, and can be construed as a novel endophenotype of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caciagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Britta Wandschneider
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Fenglai Xiao
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Christian Vollmar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Marchioninistrasse 15, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Centeno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karin Trimmel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meneka K Sidhu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Pamela J Thompson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK
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135
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Kim H. Neural activity during working memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval: A network-based model and meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4912-4933. [PMID: 31373730 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear whether and to what extent working memory (WM) temporal subprocesses (i.e., encoding, maintenance, and retrieval) involve shared or distinct intrinsic networks. To address this issue, I constructed a model of intrinsic network contributions to different WM phases and then evaluated the validity of the model by performing a quantitative meta-analysis of relevant functional neuroimaging data. The model suggests that the transition from the encoding to maintenance and to retrieval stages involves progressively decreasing involvement of the dorsal attention network (DAN), but progressively increasing involvement of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). Separate meta-analysis of each phase effect and direct comparisons between them yielded results that were largely consistent with the model. This evidence included between-phase double dissociations that were consistent with the model, such as encoding > maintenance contrast showing some DAN, but no FPCN, regions, and maintenance > encoding contrast showing the reverse, that is, some FPCN, but no DAN, regions. Two closely juxtaposed regions that are members of the DAN and FPCN, such as inferior frontal junction versus caudal prefrontal cortex and superior versus inferior intraparietal sulcus, showed a high degree of functional differentiation. Although all regions identified in the present study were already identified in previous WM studies, this study uniquely enhances our understating of their roles by clarifying their network membership and specific associations with different WM phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkeun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea
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136
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Blackmon K, Barr WB, Morrison C, MacAllister W, Kruse M, Pressl C, Wang X, Dugan P, Liu AA, Halgren E, Devinsky O, Thesen T. Cortical gray-white matter blurring and declarative memory impairment in MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 97:34-43. [PMID: 31181427 PMCID: PMC8162756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) may be a distinct syndrome from TLE with mesial temporal sclerosis (TLE-MTS). Imaging and neuropsychological features of TLE-MTS are well-known; yet, these features are only beginning to be described in MRI-negative TLE. This study examined whether a quantitative measure of cortical gray and white matter blurring (GWB) was elevated in the temporal lobes ipsilateral to the seizure onset zone of individuals with MRI-negative TLE relative to TLE-MTS and healthy controls (HCs) and whether GWB elevations were associated with neuropsychological comorbidity. Gray-white matter blurring from 34 cortical regions and hippocampal volumes were quantified and compared across 28 people with MRI-negative TLE, 15 people with TLE-MTS, and 51 HCs. Declarative memory was assessed with standard neuropsychological tests and the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP). In the group with MRI-negative TLE (left and right onsets combined), hippocampal volumes were within normal range but GWB was elevated, relative to HCs, across several mesial and lateral temporal lobe regions ipsilateral to the seizure onset zone. Gray-white matter blurring did not differ between the groups with TLE-MTS and HC or between the groups with TLE-MTS and MRI-negative TLE. The group with MRI-negative TLE could not be distinguished from the group with TLE-MTS on any of the standard neuropsychological tests; however, ipsilateral hippocampal volumes and IAP memory scores were lower in the group with TLE-MTS than in the group with MRI-negative TLE. The group with left MRI-negative TLE had lower general cognitive abilities and verbal fluency relative to the HC group, which adds to the characterization of neuropsychological comorbidities in left MRI-negative TLE. In addition, ipsilateral IAP memory performance was reduced relative to contralateral memory performance in MRI-negative TLE, indicating some degree of ipsilateral memory dysfunction. There was no relationship between hippocampal volume and IAP memory scores in MRI-negative TLE; however, decreased ipsilateral IAP memory scores were correlated with elevated GWB in the ipsilateral superior temporal sulcus of people with left MRI-negative TLE. In sum, GWB elevations in the ipsilateral temporal lobe of people with MRI-negative TLE suggest that GWB may serve as a marker for reduced structural integrity in regions in or near the seizure onset zone. Although mesial temporal abnormalities might be the major driver of memory dysfunction in TLE-MTS, a loss of structural integrity in lateral temporal lobe regions may contribute to IAP memory dysfunction in MRI-negative TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Blackmon
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America; St. George's University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, West Indies, Grenada.
| | - William B. Barr
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Chris Morrison
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - William MacAllister
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America,University of Calgary, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle Kruse
- St. George’s University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Christina Pressl
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America,The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Systems, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America,New York University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Patricia Dugan
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Anli A. Liu
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Eric Halgren
- University of California San Diego, Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Thomas Thesen
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, New York, NY 10016, United States of America,St. George’s University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, West Indies, Grenada
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137
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Fellner MC, Gollwitzer S, Rampp S, Kreiselmeyr G, Bush D, Diehl B, Axmacher N, Hamer H, Hanslmayr S. Spectral fingerprints or spectral tilt? Evidence for distinct oscillatory signatures of memory formation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000403. [PMID: 31356598 PMCID: PMC6687190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreases in low-frequency power (2–30 Hz) alongside high-frequency power increases (>40 Hz) have been demonstrated to predict successful memory formation. Parsimoniously, this change in the frequency spectrum can be explained by one factor, a change in the tilt of the power spectrum (from steep to flat) indicating engaged brain regions. A competing view is that the change in the power spectrum contains several distinct brain oscillatory fingerprints, each serving different computations. Here, we contrast these two theories in a parallel magnetoencephalography (MEG)–intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) study in which healthy participants and epilepsy patients, respectively, studied either familiar verbal material or unfamiliar faces. We investigated whether modulations in specific frequency bands can be dissociated in time and space and by experimental manipulation. Both MEG and iEEG data show that decreases in alpha/beta power specifically predicted the encoding of words but not faces, whereas increases in gamma power and decreases in theta power predicted memory formation irrespective of material. Critically, these different oscillatory signatures of memory encoding were evident in different brain regions. Moreover, high-frequency gamma power increases occurred significantly earlier compared to low-frequency theta power decreases. These results show that simple “spectral tilt” cannot explain common oscillatory changes and demonstrate that brain oscillations in different frequency bands serve different functions for memory encoding. There are two competing explanations for electrophysiological signatures during cognitive processes. One assumes simultaneous increases in high frequencies paired with decreases in low frequencies, whereas the other suggests that different frequencies index separate oscillatory processes. This study reports data that support the latter view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Fellner
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail: (SH); (MCF)
| | - Stephanie Gollwitzer
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rampp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gernot Kreiselmeyr
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bush
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Diehl
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hajo Hamer
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Hanslmayr
- School of Psychology, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SH); (MCF)
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138
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Shen F, Chen X, Li J, Cao W, Ku Y, Wu J, Cui Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Kwok SC. Mnemonic vulnerability induced by post-activation time-dependent new-learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 164:107047. [PMID: 31325495 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation renders consolidated memory labile again, and the ensuing temporary reconsolidation process is highly susceptible to mnemonic modification. Here, we show that memories in such an unstable state could be influenced by sheer behavioral means, bypassing the need for pharmacological intervention. Across several experiments using a "face-location association" paradigm in which participants experienced a "Learning - New-learning - Final-test" procedure, we demonstrate that reactivated memory traces were hampered when the new learning was strategically administered at between 0-min and 20-min delay. Using fMRI, we further advance our theoretical understanding that this lability can be mechanistically explained by the differential activation in the hippocampal-amygdala memory system implicated by the post-activation new-learning whereas the mnemonic intrusion caused by newly learned memories is efficaciously reconciled by the left inferior frontal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xingxia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Weicong Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jue Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China.
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139
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Long NM, Kuhl BA. Decoding the tradeoff between encoding and retrieval to predict memory for overlapping events. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116001. [PMID: 31299369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When new events overlap with past events, there is a natural tradeoff between encoding the new event and retrieving the past event. Given the ubiquity of overlap among memories, this tradeoff between memory encoding and retrieval is of central importance to computational models of episodic memory (O'Reilly & McClelland 1994; Hasselmo 2005). However, prior studies have not directly linked neural markers of encoding/retrieval tradeoffs to behavioral measures of how overlapping events are remembered. Here, by decoding patterns of scalp electroencephalography (EEG) from male and female human subjects, we show that tradeoffs between encoding and retrieval states are reflected in distributed patterns of neural activity and, critically, these neural tradeoffs predict how overlapping events will later be remembered. Namely, new events that overlapped with past events were more likely to be subsequently remembered if neural patterns were biased toward a memory encoding state-or, conversely, away from a retrieval state. Additionally, we show that neural markers of encoding vs. retrieval states are surprisingly independent from previously-described EEG predictors of subsequent memory. Instead, we demonstrate that previously-described EEG predictors of subsequent memory are better explained by task engagement than by memory encoding, per se. Collectively, our findings provide important insight into how the memory system balances memory encoding and retrieval states and, more generally, into the neural mechanisms that support successful memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 97403, United States.
| | - Brice A Kuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 97403, United States.
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140
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Kim H. Neural correlates of explicit and implicit memory at encoding and retrieval: A unified framework and meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:96-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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141
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Cohen MS, Cheng LY, Paller KA, Reber PJ. Separate Memory-Enhancing Effects of Reward and Strategic Encoding. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1658-1673. [PMID: 31251891 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Memory encoding for important information can be enhanced both by reward anticipation and by intentional strategies. These effects are hypothesized to depend on distinct neural mechanisms, yet prior work has provided only limited evidence for their separability. We aimed to determine whether reward-driven and strategic mechanisms for prioritizing important information are separable, even if they may also interact. We examined the joint operation of both mechanisms using fMRI measures of brain activity. Participants learned abstract visual images in a value-directed recognition paradigm. On each trial, two novel images were presented simultaneously in different screen quadrants, one arbitrarily designated as high point value and one as low value. Immediately after each block of 16 study trials, the corresponding point rewards could be obtained in a test of item recognition and spatial location memory. During encoding trials leading to successful subsequent memory, especially of high-value images, increased activity was observed in dorsal frontoparietal and lateral occipitotemporal cortex. Furthermore, activity in a network associated with reward was higher during encoding when any image, of high or low value, was subsequently remembered. Functional connectivity between right medial temporal lobe and right ventral tegmental area, measured via psychophysiological interaction, was also greater during successful encoding regardless of value. Strategic control of memory, as indexed by successful prioritization of the high-value image, affected activity in dorsal posterior parietal cortex as well as connectivity between this area and right lateral temporal cortex. These results demonstrate that memory can be strengthened by separate neurocognitive mechanisms for strategic control versus reward-based enhancement of processing.
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142
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Richter N, Beckers N, Onur OA, Dietlein M, Tittgemeyer M, Kracht L, Neumaier B, Fink GR, Kukolja J. Effect of cholinergic treatment depends on cholinergic integrity in early Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2019; 141:903-915. [PMID: 29309600 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In early Alzheimer's disease, which initially presents with progressive loss of short-term memory, neurodegeneration especially affects cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease therefore often targets the cholinergic system. In contrast, cholinergic pharmacotherapy of mild cognitive impairment is debated since its efficacy to date remains controversial. We here investigated the relationship between cholinergic treatment effects and the integrity of the cholinergic system in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Fourteen patients with high likelihood of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease and 16 age-matched cognitively normal adults performed an episodic memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging under three conditions: (i) without pharmacotherapy; (ii) with placebo; and (iii) with a single dose of rivastigmine (3 mg). Cortical acetylcholinesterase activity was measured using PET with the tracer 11C-N-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate (MP4A). Cortical acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly decreased in patients relative to controls, especially in the lateral temporal lobes. Without pharmacotherapy, mild cognitive impairment was associated with less memory-related neural activation in the fusiform gyrus and impaired deactivation in the posterior cingulate cortex, relative to controls. These differences were attenuated under cholinergic stimulation with rivastigmine: patients showed increased neural activation in the right fusiform gyrus but enhanced deactivation of the posterior cingulate cortex under rivastigmine, compared to placebo. Conversely, controls showed reduced activation of the fusiform gyrus and reduced deactivation of the posterior cingulate under rivastigmine, compared to placebo. In both groups, the change in neural activation in response to rivastigmine was negatively associated with local acetylcholinesterase activity. At the behavioural level, an analysis of covariance revealed a significant group × treatment interaction in episodic memory performance when accounting for hippocampal grey matter atrophy and function. Our results indicate that rivastigmine differentially affects memory-related neural activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal, age-matched adults, depending on acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker for the integrity of the cortical cholinergic system. Furthermore, hippocampal integrity showed an independent association with the response of memory performance to acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Richter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nora Beckers
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oezguer A Onur
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Dietlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Kracht
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-5), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Juraj Kukolja
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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143
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Theta band high definition transcranial alternating current stimulation, but not transcranial direct current stimulation, improves associative memory performance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8562. [PMID: 31189985 PMCID: PMC6561937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative memory (AM) deficits are common in neurodegenerative disease and novel therapies aimed at improving these faculties are needed. Theta band oscillations within AM networks have been shown to be important for successful memory encoding and modulating these rhythms represents a promising strategy for cognitive enhancement. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) has been hypothesized to entrain and increase power of endogenous brain rhythms. For this reason, we hypothesized that focal delivery of theta band electrical current, using high-definition TACS, would result in improved AM performance compared to sham stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS). In this pilot study, 60 healthy subjects were randomized to receive high definition TACS, high definition TDCS, or sham stimulation delivered to the right fusiform cortex during encoding of visual associations. Consistent with our hypothesis, improved AM performance was observed in the TACS group, while TDCS had no effect. However, TACS also resulted in improved correct rejection of never seen items, reduced false memory, and reduced forgetting, suggesting the effect may not be specific for AM processes. Overall, this work informs strategies for improving associative memory and suggests alternating current is more effective than direct current stimulation in some contexts.
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144
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Allaire‐Duquette G, Bélanger M, Grabner RH, Koschutnig K, Masson S. Individual differences in science competence among students are associated with ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1163-1178. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Bélanger
- Département des sciences de l’éducation Université du Québec à Rimouski Lévis Quebec Canada
| | | | | | - Steve Masson
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroeducation Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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145
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Chang YHA, Marshall A, Bahrami N, Mathur K, Javadi SS, Reyes A, Hegde M, Shih JJ, Paul BM, Hagler DJ, McDonald CR. Differential sensitivity of structural, diffusion, and resting-state functional MRI for detecting brain alterations and verbal memory impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2019; 60:935-947. [PMID: 31020649 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is known to affect large-scale gray and white matter networks, and these network changes likely contribute to the verbal memory impairments observed in many patients. In this study, we investigate multimodal imaging patterns of brain alterations in TLE and evaluate the sensitivity of different imaging measures to verbal memory impairment. METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (vMRI), and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) were evaluated in 46 patients with TLE and 33 healthy controls to measure patterns of microstructural, structural, and functional alterations, respectively. These measurements were obtained within the white matter directly beneath neocortex (ie, superficial white matter [SWM]) for DTI and across neocortex for vMRI and rs-fMRI. The degree to which imaging alterations within left medial temporal lobe/posterior cingulate (LMT/PC) and left lateral temporal regions were associated with verbal memory performance was evaluated. RESULTS Patients with left TLE and right TLE both demonstrated pronounced microstructural alterations (ie, decreased fractional anisotropy [FA] and increased mean diffusivity [MD]) spanning the entire frontal and temporolimbic SWM, which were highly lateralized to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Conversely, reductions in cortical thickness in vMRI and alterations in the magnitude of the rs-fMRI response were less pronounced and less lateralized than the microstructural changes. Both stepwise regression and mediation analyses further revealed that FA and MD within SWM in LMT/PC regions were the most robust predictors of verbal memory, and that these associations were independent of left hippocampal volume. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that microstructural loss within the SWM is pronounced in patients with TLE, and injury to the SWM within the LMT/PC region plays a critical role in verbal memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan A Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Anisa Marshall
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Naeim Bahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kushagra Mathur
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Sogol S Javadi
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Anny Reyes
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Manu Hegde
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,UCSF Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Jerry J Shih
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California.,UCSD Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Diego, California
| | - Brianna M Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,UCSF Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California.,San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California.,UCSD Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Diego, California
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146
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Twait E, Horowitz-Kraus T. Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control and Visual Regions During Verb Generation Is Related to Improved Reading in Children. Brain Connect 2019; 9:500-507. [PMID: 30957527 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading is a complex cognitive ability, which relies on visual and language processing as well as on executive functions (EFs). Recent studies have demonstrated that increased reading ability in children aged 7-17 years is related to greater activation of cognitive control regions during verb generation, a task which merges linguistic and cognitive control ability. The aim of the current study is to determine the relationships between neural circuits specifically related to EF and reading ability. We focused on functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region involved in EF and is part of the frontoparietal network during a verb generation task, and reading ability in seventeen 8-12-year-old typical readers. Results show positive functional connectivity between the left and right DLPFCs and regions related to cognitive control and visual processing while generating verbs. Increased reading ability was positively correlated with greater functional connectivity between the left and right DLPFCs and right-lateralized visual processing regions. The current study highlights the importance of neural circuits related to EF during both verb generation and reading and points to the role of the right occipital cortex in generating verbs as well as automatic word recognition in typical readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Twait
- 1 Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- 1 Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,2 Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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147
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Khedr EM, Salama RH, Abdel Hameed M, Abo Elfetoh N, Seif P. Therapeutic Role of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Alzheimer Disease Patients: Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:384-394. [PMID: 30940012 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319840285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the neuropsychological effects and levels of tau protein (TAU), amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42), and lipid peroxidase after 10 sessions of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 46 consecutive patients with probable AD participated in this study. They were classified randomly into 2 equal groups: active versus sham. Each patient received 10 sessions of anodal tDCS over the left and right temporoparietal region for 20 minutes for each side with the cathode on the left arm. Patients were assessed using the Modified Mini Mental State Examination (MMMSE), clock drawing test, Montreal Cognitive Scale (MoCA), and the Cornell Scale for depression. Serum TAU, Aβ 1-42, and lipid peroxidase were measured before and after the 10th session. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in the total score of each cognitive rating scale (MMMSE, clock drawing test, and MoCA) in the real group, whereas no such change was observed in the sham group. The Cornell depression score improved significantly in both groups. There was a significant increase in serum Aβ 1-42 ( P = .02) in the real but not in the sham group, with a significant Treatment condition × Time interaction ( P = .009). There was no significant effect on tau or lipid peroxidase in either group but a significant positive correlation between changes of Aβ1-42 and MMMSE ( P = .005) and MoCA ( P = .02). CONCLUSION The observed cognitive improvements were complemented by parallel changes in serum levels of Aβ 1-42.
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148
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Ofen N, Tang L, Yu Q, Johnson EL. Memory and the developing brain: From description to explanation with innovation in methods. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100613. [PMID: 30630777 PMCID: PMC6529263 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human cognitive neuroscience show great promise in extending our understanding of the neural basis of memory development. We briefly review the current state of knowledge, highlighting that most work has focused on describing the neural correlates of memory in cross-sectional studies. We then delineate three examples of the application of innovative methods in addressing questions that go beyond description, towards a mechanistic understanding of memory development. First, structural brain imaging and the harmonization of measurements across laboratories may uncover ways in which the maturation of the brain constrains the development of specific aspects of memory. Second, longitudinal designs and sophisticated modeling of the data may identify age-driven changes and the factors that determine individual developmental trajectories. Third, recording memory-related activity directly from the developing brain presents an unprecedented opportunity to examine how distinct brain structures support memory in real time. Finally, the growing prevalence of data sharing offers additional means to tackle questions that demand large-scale datasets, ambitious designs, and access to rare samples. We propose that the use of such innovative methods will move our understanding of memory development from a focus on describing trends to explaining the causal factors that shape behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Ofen
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States; Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Lingfei Tang
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Qijing Yu
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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149
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The role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in memory processing in a healthy brain. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:111-116. [PMID: 30943419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the work was to study the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in memory processing in a healthy brain. Wistar rats were trained to perform a task with positive (food) reinforcement; and then the task performance was tested after intraventricular injection of IL-10 or TGF-β1. A microinjection into the brain of either of the two cytokines did not affect the performance of the task and did not have an anti-amnesic effect when the retrieval was deteriorated with scopolamine. In addition, endogenous levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were determine in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus after one and two training sessions, consisting of 10 runs each. The level of IL-10 did not change after training both in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus. Endogenous level of TGF-β1 increased in the neocortex after the first training session, the second session, and recovered to the normal level three days after training. In contrast, in the hippocampus, the level of TGF-β1 was decreased: maximally after the first training session in the right hippocampus and after the second training session in the left one. Given the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory processing, we assume that a specific increase of TGF-β1 in the prefrontal cortex may indicate involvement in memory trace consolidation.
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150
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Neural mechanisms underlying subsequent memory for personal beliefs:An fMRI study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:216-231. [PMID: 29427182 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many fMRI studies have examined the neural mechanisms supporting emotional memory for stimuli that generate emotion rather automatically (e.g., a picture of a dangerous animal or of appetizing food). However, far fewer studies have examined how memory is influenced by emotion related to social and political issues (e.g., a proposal for large changes in taxation policy), which clearly vary across individuals. In order to investigate the neural substrates of affective and mnemonic processes associated with personal opinions, we employed an fMRI task wherein participants rated the intensity of agreement/disagreement to sociopolitical belief statements paired with neural face pictures. Following the rating phase, participants performed an associative recognition test in which they distinguished identical versus recombined face-statement pairs. The study yielded three main findings: behaviorally, the intensity of agreement ratings was linked to greater subjective emotional arousal as well as enhanced high-confidence subsequent memory. Neurally, statements that elicited strong (vs. weak) agreement or disagreement were associated with greater activation of the amygdala. Finally, a subsequent memory analysis showed that the behavioral memory advantage for statements generating stronger ratings was dependent on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Together, these results both underscore consistencies in neural systems supporting emotional arousal and suggest a modulation of arousal-related encoding mechanisms when emotion is contingent on referencing personal beliefs.
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