101
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Visual Function, Brain Imaging, and Physiological Factors in Children With Asymmetric Nystagmus due to Chiasmal Gliomas. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 97:30-37. [PMID: 31113715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Asymmetric nystagmus can be an important presenting sign of optic pathway gliomas in young children. We investigated the causes of asymmetric nystagmus in children with chiasmal or suprasellar optic pathway gliomas compared with children with similar optic pathway gliomas and stable gaze. METHODS Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment, age-corrected visual acuity, ocular examinations, video-oculography, visual evoked potentials, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-two children were included (eight with asymmetric nystagmus and 14 with stable gaze). Subjects with asymmetric nystagmus presented at a younger age than those with stable gaze (2.0 vs 5.6 years; P < 0.001). None had neurofibromatosis type 1. Visual acuity, visual evoked potentials, nerve fiber layer, severity of optic atrophy, hydrocephalus, tumor volume, and tumor locations did not differ between those with asymmetric nystagmus and stable gaze. Asymmetric nystagmus resolved shortly after treatment, even though the average visual acuity did not improve. Changes in visual acuity or tumor volume were not different between those with asymmetric nystagmus and stable gaze after treatment. Eye movement recording from two subjects with asymmetric nystagmus revealed an asymmetric pendular-oscillation with vertical components. One subject with stable gaze developed asymmetric nystagmus with tumor growth into the rostral midbrain and associated unilateral vision loss. Another subject with tumor growth into the rostral midbrain acquired vertical saccade dysmetria. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that asymmetric nystagmus associated with optic pathway gliomas is caused by subclinical abnormalities to retinal axons that connect to gaze holding centers in the rostral midbrain. Direct compression of the rostral midbrain was a possible factor to asymmetric nystagmus in some subjects. However, many subjects with stable gaze also show midbrain compression.
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102
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Pan PJ, Ullman HE, Mathern GW, Salamon N. Physical Growth of the Contralateral Cerebrum is Preserved After Hemispherotomy in Childhood. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 96:48-52. [PMID: 30928301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemispherotomy can be an effective treatment for refractory childhood epilepsy. However, the extent of postoperative brain development after hemispherotomy remains incompletely understood. This study aims to provide an anatomic foundation in assessing development of the contralateral hemisphere, by measuring volumetric growth after hemispherotomy. METHODS Eleven patients with hemimegalencephaly, Rasmussen's encephalitis, and cerebral infarction who underwent hemispherotomy before age 12 years, an immediate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, and at least three years of follow-up magnetic resonance imagings were retrospectively analyzed. The volume of the contralateral hemisphere was measured before and after surgery. Growth curves were compared with those of healthy individuals from an open database. The growth rate relative to the healthy individuals ("catch-up rate") was calculated. RESULTS A positive volumetric growth of the contralateral hemisphere was observed across all pathologies. The hemimegalencephaly subgroup underwent hemispherotomy at the earliest time and had the largest postoperative growth rate, which exceeded that of healthy individuals. The Rasmussen subgroup underwent surgery at the second earliest time and had an intermediate growth rate, which was similar to that of healthy individuals. The infarction subgroup underwent surgery at the latest time and had the slowest growth rate, which was less than that of healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS The contralateral hemisphere continues to increase in volume after hemispherotomy in childhood. Further studies with a larger sample size and correlation with cognitive outcomes may aid in characterizing the prognosis after hemispherotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Pan
- Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henrik E Ullman
- Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gary W Mathern
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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103
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Gao C, Conte S, Richards JE, Xie W, Hanayik T. The neural sources of N170: Understanding timing of activation in face-selective areas. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13336. [PMID: 30710345 PMCID: PMC6508977 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The N170 ERP component has been widely identified as a face-sensitive neural marker. Despite extensive investigations conducted to examine the neural sources of N170, there are two issues in prior literature: (a) few studies used individualized anatomy as head model for the cortical source analysis of the N170, and (b) the relationship between the N170 and face-selective regions from fMRI studies is unclear. Here, we addressed these questions by presenting pictures of faces and houses to the same group of healthy adults and recording structural MRI, fMRI, and high-density ERPs in separate sessions. Source analysis based on the participant's anatomy showed that the middle and posterior fusiform gyri were the primary neural sources for the face-sensitive aspects of the N170. Source analysis based on regions of interest from the fMRI revealed that the fMRI-defined fusiform face area was the major contributor to the N170. The current study suggests that the fusiform gyrus is a major neural contributor to the N170 ERP component and provides further insights about the spatiotemporal characteristics of face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Stefania Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - John E Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Wanze Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Taylor Hanayik
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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104
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Perdue KL, Jensen SKG, Kumar S, Richards JE, Kakon SH, Haque R, Petri WA, Lloyd-Fox S, Elwell C, Nelson CA. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess social information processing in poor urban Bangladeshi infants and toddlers. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12839. [PMID: 31017372 PMCID: PMC6737924 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Children living in low‐resource settings are at risk for failing to reach their developmental potential. While the behavioral outcomes of growing up in such settings are well‐known, the neural mechanisms underpinning poor outcomes have not been well elucidated, particularly in the context of low‐ and middle‐income countries. In this study, we measure brain metabolic responses to social and nonsocial stimuli in a cohort of 6‐ and 36‐month‐old Bangladeshi children. Study participants in both cohorts lived in an urban slum and were exposed to a broad range of adversity early in life including extreme poverty, malnutrition, recurrent infections, and low maternal education. We observed brain regions that responded selectively to social stimuli in both ages indicating that these specialized brain responses are online from an early age. We additionally show that the magnitude of the socially selective response is related to maternal education, maternal stress, and the caregiving environment. Ultimately our results suggest that a variety of psychosocial hazards have a measurable relationship with the developing social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Perdue
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah K G Jensen
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Swapna Kumar
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Lloyd-Fox
- Birkbeck College, London, UK.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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105
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Brito NH, Fifer WP, Amso D, Barr R, Bell MA, Calkins S, Flynn A, Montgomery-Downs HE, Oakes LM, Richards JE, Samuelson LM, Colombo J. Beyond the Bayley: Neurocognitive Assessments of Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:220-247. [PMID: 30616391 PMCID: PMC6399032 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1564310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of global, standardized instruments is conventional among clinicians and researchers interested in assessing neurocognitive development. Exclusively relying on these tests for evaluating effects may underestimate or miss specific effects on early cognition. The goal of this review is to identify alternative measures for possible inclusion in future clinical trials and interventions evaluating early neurocognitive development. The domains included for consideration are attention, memory, executive function, language, and socioemotional development. Although domain-based tests are limited, as psychometric properties have not yet been well-established, this review includes tasks and paradigms that have been reliably used across various developmental psychology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Brito
- a Department of Applied Psychology , New York University , New York , NY , USA
| | - William P Fifer
- b Division of Developmental Neuroscience , New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York , NY , USA
| | - Dima Amso
- c Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Rachel Barr
- d Department of Psychology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Martha Ann Bell
- e Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Susan Calkins
- f Department of Human Development and Family Studies , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Albert Flynn
- g School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | | | - Lisa M Oakes
- i Department of Psychology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - John E Richards
- j Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | | | - John Colombo
- l Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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106
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Zhang H, Shen D, Lin W. Resting-state functional MRI studies on infant brains: A decade of gap-filling efforts. Neuroimage 2019; 185:664-684. [PMID: 29990581 PMCID: PMC6289773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is one of the most prevalent brain functional imaging modalities. Previous rs-fMRI studies have mainly focused on adults and elderly subjects. Recently, infant rs-fMRI studies have become an area of active research. After a decade of gap filling studies, many facets of the brain functional development from early infancy to toddler has been uncovered. However, infant rs-fMRI is still in its infancy. The image analysis tools for neonates and young infants can be quite different from those for adults. From data analysis to result interpretation, more questions and issues have been raised, and new hypotheses have been formed. With the anticipated availability of unprecedented high-resolution rs-fMRI and dedicated analysis pipelines from the Baby Connectome Project (BCP), it is important now to revisit previous findings and hypotheses, discuss and comment existing issues and problems, and make a "to-do-list" for the future studies. This review article aims to comprehensively review a decade of the findings, unveiling hidden jewels of the fields of developmental neuroscience and neuroimage computing. Emphases will be given to early infancy, particularly the first few years of life. In this review, an end-to-end summary, from infant rs-fMRI experimental design to data processing, and from the development of individual functional systems to large-scale brain functional networks, is provided. A comprehensive summary of the rs-fMRI findings in developmental patterns is highlighted. Furthermore, an extensive summary of the neurodevelopmental disorders and the effects of other hazardous factors is provided. Finally, future research trends focusing on emerging dynamic functional connectivity and state-of-the-art functional connectome analysis are summarized. In next decade, early infant rs-fMRI and developmental connectome study could be one of the shining research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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107
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Unbiased age-specific structural brain atlases for Chinese pediatric population. Neuroimage 2019; 189:55-70. [PMID: 30625395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of child brain development, structural brain atlases usually serve as important references for the pediatric population, in which individual images are spatially normalized into a common or standard stereotactic space. However, the popular existing pediatric brain atlases (e.g., National Institutes of Health pediatric atlases, NIH-PD) are mostly based on MR images obtained from Caucasian populations and thus are not ideal for the characterization of the brains of Chinese children due to neuroanatomical differences related to genetic and environmental factors. Here, we use an unbiased template construction algorithm to create a set of age-specific Chinese pediatric (CHN-PD) atlases based on high-quality T1-and T2-weighted MR images from 328 cognitively normal Chinese children aged 6-12 years. The CHN-PD brain atlases include asymmetric and symmetric templates, sex-specific templates and tissue probability templates, and contain multiple age-specific templates at one-year intervals. A direct comparison of the CHN-PD and NIH-PD atlases reveals dramatic anatomical differences mainly in the bilateral frontal and parietal regions. After applying the CHN-PD and NIH-PD atlases to two independent Chinese pediatric datasets (N = 114 and N = 71), we find that the CHN-PD atlases result in significantly higher accuracy than the NIH-PD atlases in both predicting "brain age" and guiding brain tissue segmentation. These results suggest that the CHN-PD brain atlases are necessary for studies of the typical and atypical development of the Chinese pediatric population. These CHN-PD atlases have been released on the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse (NITRC) website (https://www.nitrc.org/projects/chn-pd).
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108
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Loberg O, Hautala J, Hämäläinen JA, Leppänen PHT. Semantic anomaly detection in school-aged children during natural sentence reading - A study of fixation-related brain potentials. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209741. [PMID: 30589889 PMCID: PMC6307749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of context-related semantic anomalies on the fixation-related brain potentials of 12-13-year-old Finnish children in grade 6 during sentence reading. The detection of such anomalies is typically reflected in the N400 event-related potential. We also examined whether the representation invoked by the sentence context extends to the orthographic representation level by replacing the final words of the sentence with an anomalous word neighbour of a plausible word. The eye-movement results show that the anomalous word neighbours of plausible words cause similar first-fixation and gaze duration reactions, as do other anomalous words. Similarly, we observed frontal negativity in the fixation-related potential of the unrelated anomalous words and in the anomalous word neighbours. This frontal negativity was larger in both anomalous conditions than in the response elicited by the plausible condition. We thus show that the brain successfully uses context to separate anomalous words from plausible words on a single letter level during free reading. From the P600 response of the scalp waveform, we observed that the P600 was delayed in the anomalous word neighbour condition. We performed group-level decomposition on the data with ICA (independent component analysis) and analysed the time course and source structure of the decomposed data. This analysis of decomposed brain signals not only confirmed the delay of the P600 response but also revealed that the frontal negativity concealed s more typical and separate N400 response, which was similarly delayed in the anomalous word neighbour condition, as was the P600 response. Source analysis of these independent components implicated the right frontal eye field as the cortical source for the frontal negativity and the middle temporal and parietal regions as cortical sources for the components resembling the N400 and P600 responses. We interpret the delays present in N400 and P600 responses to anomalous word neighbours to reflect competition with the representation of the plausible word just one letter different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Loberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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109
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Yuan Y, Yu L, Doğan Z, Fang Q. Graphics processing units-accelerated adaptive nonlocal means filter for denoising three-dimensional Monte Carlo photon transport simulations. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30499265 PMCID: PMC7057723 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Monte Carlo (MC) method is widely recognized as the gold standard for modeling light propagation inside turbid media. Due to the stochastic nature of this method, MC simulations suffer from inherent stochastic noise. Launching large numbers of photons can reduce noise but results in significantly greater computation times, even with graphics processing units (GPU)-based acceleration. We develop a GPU-accelerated adaptive nonlocal means (ANLM) filter to denoise MC simulation outputs. This filter can effectively suppress the spatially varying stochastic noise present in low-photon MC simulations and improve the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by over 5 dB. This is equivalent to the SNR improvement of running nearly 3.5 × more photons. We validate this denoising approach using both homogeneous and heterogeneous domains at various photon counts. The ability to preserve rapid optical fluence changes is also demonstrated using domains with inclusions. We demonstrate that this GPU-ANLM filter can shorten simulation runtimes in most photon counts and domain settings even combined with our highly accelerated GPU MC simulations. We also compare this GPU-ANLM filter with the CPU version and report a threefold to fourfold speedup. The developed GPU-ANLM filter not only can enhance three-dimensional MC photon simulation results but also be a valuable tool for noise reduction in other volumetric images such as MRI and CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoshen Yuan
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Leiming Yu
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Zafer Doğan
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Qianqian Fang, E-mail:
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110
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Xie W, McCormick SA, Westerlund A, Bowman LC, Nelson CA. Neural correlates of facial emotion processing in infancy. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12758. [PMID: 30276933 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we examined the neural correlates of facial emotion processing in the first year of life using ERP measures and cortical source analysis. EEG data were collected cross-sectionally from 5- (N = 49), 7- (N = 50), and 12-month-old (N = 51) infants while they were viewing images of angry, fearful, and happy faces. The N290 component was found to be larger in amplitude in response to fearful and happy than angry faces in all posterior clusters and showed largest response to fear than the other two emotions only over the right occipital area. The P400 and Nc components were found to be larger in amplitude in response to angry than happy and fearful faces over central and frontal scalp. Cortical source analysis of the N290 component revealed greater cortical activation in the right fusiform face area in response to fearful faces. This effect started to emerge at 5 months and became well established at 7 months, but it disappeared at 12 months. The P400 and Nc components were primarily localized to the PCC/Precuneus where heightened responses to angry faces were observed. The current results suggest the detection of a fearful face in infants' brain can happen shortly (~200-290 ms) after the stimulus onset, and this process may rely on the face network and develop substantially between 5 to 7 months of age. The current findings also suggest the differential processing of angry faces occurred later in the P400/Nc time window, which recruits the PCC/Precuneus and is associated with the allocation of infants' attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanze Xie
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah A McCormick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alissa Westerlund
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsay C Bowman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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111
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Phan TV, Smeets D, Talcott JB, Vandermosten M. Processing of structural neuroimaging data in young children: Bridging the gap between current practice and state-of-the-art methods. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 33:206-223. [PMID: 29033222 PMCID: PMC6969273 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the brain is subject to very rapid developmental changes during early childhood. Pediatric studies based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) over this age range have recently become more frequent, with the advantage of providing in vivo and non-invasive high-resolution images of the developing brain, toward understanding typical and atypical trajectories. However, it has also been demonstrated that application of currently standard MRI processing methods that have been developed with datasets from adults may not be appropriate for use with pediatric datasets. In this review, we examine the approaches currently used in MRI studies involving young children, including an overview of the rationale for new MRI processing methods that have been designed specifically for pediatric investigations. These methods are mainly related to the use of age-specific or 4D brain atlases, improved methods for quantifying and optimizing image quality, and provision for registration of developmental data obtained with longitudinal designs. The overall goal is to raise awareness of the existence of these methods and the possibilities for implementing them in developmental neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Vân Phan
- Experimental Oto-rhino-laryngology, Department Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; icometrix, Research and Development, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Smeets
- icometrix, Research and Development, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maaike Vandermosten
- Experimental Oto-rhino-laryngology, Department Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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112
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Liu P, Bai X, Pérez-Edgar KE. Integrating high-density ERP and fMRI measures of face-elicited brain activity in 9-12-year-old children: An ERP source localization study. Neuroimage 2018; 184:599-608. [PMID: 30268845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Social information processing is a critical mechanism underlying children's socio-emotional development. Central to this process are patterns of activation associated with one of our most salient socioemotional cues, the face. In this study, we obtained fMRI activation and high-density ERP source data evoked by parallel face dot-probe tasks from 9-to-12-year-old children. We then integrated the two modalities of data to explore the neural spatial-temporal dynamics of children's face processing. Our results showed that the tomography of the ERP sources broadly corresponded with the fMRI activation evoked by the same facial stimuli. Further, we combined complementary information from fMRI and ERP by defining fMRI activation as functional ROIs and applying them to the ERP source data. Indices of ERP source activity were extracted from these ROIs at three a priori ERP peak latencies critical for face processing. We found distinct temporal patterns among the three time points across ROIs. The observed spatial-temporal profiles converge with a dual-system neural network model for face processing: a core system (including the occipito-temporal and parietal ROIs) supports the early visual analysis of facial features, and an extended system (including the paracentral, limbic, and prefrontal ROIs) processes the socio-emotional meaning gleaned and relayed by the core system. Our results for the first time illustrate the spatial validity of high-density source localization of ERP dot-probe data in children. By directly combining the two modalities of data, our findings provide a novel approach to understanding the spatial-temporal dynamics of face processing. This approach can be applied in future research to investigate different research questions in various study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Xiaoxiao Bai
- Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Koraly E Pérez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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113
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Impaired neural mechanism for online novel word acquisition in dyslexic children. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12779. [PMID: 30143722 PMCID: PMC6109122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is characterised as an inability to read fluently. Apart from literacy problems, dyslexics have other language difficulties including inefficient speech encoding and deficient novel word learning. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying these impairments are largely unknown. We tracked online formation of neural memory traces for a novel spoken word-form in dyslexic and normal-reading children by recording the brain’s electrophysiological response dynamics in a passive perceptual exposure session. Crucially, no meaning was assigned to the new word-form nor was there any task related to the stimulus, enabling us to explore the memory-trace formation of a purely phonological form in the absence of any short-term or working memory demands. Similar to previously established neural index of rapid word learning in adults, the control children demonstrated an early brain response enhancement within minutes of exposure to the novel word-form that originated in frontal cortices. Dyslexic children, however, lacked this neural enhancement over the entire course of exposure. Furthermore, the magnitude of the rapid neural enhancement for the novel word-form was positively associated with reading and writing fluency. This suggests that the rapid neural learning mechanism for online acquisition of novel speech material is associated with reading skills. Furthermore, the deficient online learning of novel words in dyslexia, consistent with poor rapid adaptation to familiar stimuli, may underlie the difficulty of learning to read.
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114
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Xie W, Mallin BM, Richards JE. Development of brain functional connectivity and its relation to infant sustained attention in the first year of life. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12703. [PMID: 29968370 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of brain functional connectivity is crucial to understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the improved behavioral performance and amplified ERP responses observed during infant sustained attention. Previous investigations on the development of functional brain connectivity during infancy are primarily confined to the use of functional and structural MRI techniques. The current study examined the relation between infant sustained attention and brain functional connectivity and their development during infancy with high-density EEG recordings. Fifty-nine infants were tested at 6 (N = 15), 8 (N =14), 10 (N = 17), and 12 (N = 13) months. Infant sustained attention was defined by measuring infant heart rate changes during infants' looking. Functional connectivity was estimated from the electrodes on the scalp and with reconstructed cortical source activities in brain regions. It was found that infant sustained attention was accompanied by attenuated functional connectivity in the dorsal attention and default mode networks in the alpha band. Graph theory analyses showed that there was an increase in path length and a decrease in clustering coefficient during infant sustained attention. The functional connectivity within the visual, somatosensory, dorsal attention, and ventral attention networks and graph theory measures of path length and clustering coefficient were found to increase with age. These findings suggest that infant sustained attention is accompanied by distinct patterns of brain functional connectivity. The current findings also suggest the rapid development of functional connectivity in brain networks during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanze Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - John E Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Brainstem-cortical functional connectivity for speech is differentially challenged by noise and reverberation. Hear Res 2018; 367:149-160. [PMID: 29871826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Everyday speech perception is challenged by external acoustic interferences that hinder verbal communication. Here, we directly compared how different levels of the auditory system (brainstem vs. cortex) code speech and how their neural representations are affected by two acoustic stressors: noise and reverberation. We recorded multichannel (64 ch) brainstem frequency-following responses (FFRs) and cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) simultaneously in normal hearing individuals to speech sounds presented in mild and moderate levels of noise and reverb. We matched signal-to-noise and direct-to-reverberant ratios to equate the severity between classes of interference. Electrode recordings were parsed into source waveforms to assess the relative contribution of region-specific brain areas [i.e., brainstem (BS), primary auditory cortex (A1), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)]. Results showed that reverberation was less detrimental to (and in some cases facilitated) the neural encoding of speech compared to additive noise. Inter-regional correlations revealed associations between BS and A1 responses, suggesting subcortical speech representations influence higher auditory-cortical areas. Functional connectivity analyses further showed that directed signaling toward A1 in both feedforward cortico-collicular (BS→A1) and feedback cortico-cortical (IFG→A1) pathways were strong predictors of degraded speech perception and differentiated "good" vs. "poor" perceivers. Our findings demonstrate a functional interplay within the brain's speech network that depends on the form and severity of acoustic interference. We infer that in addition to the quality of neural representations within individual brain regions, listeners' success at the "cocktail party" is modulated based on how information is transferred among subcortical and cortical hubs of the auditory-linguistic network.
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116
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Xie W, Mallin BM, Richards JE. Development of infant sustained attention and its relation to EEG oscillations: an EEG and cortical source analysis study. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12562. [PMID: 28382759 PMCID: PMC5628078 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the relation between infant sustained attention and infant EEG oscillations. Fifty-nine infants were tested at 6 (N = 15), 8 (N = 17), 10 (N = 14), and 12 (N = 13) months. Three attention phases, stimulus orienting, sustained attention, and attention termination, were defined based on infants' heart rate changes. Frequency analysis using simultaneously recorded EEG focused on infant theta (2-6 Hz), alpha (6-9 Hz), and beta (9-14 Hz) rhythms. Cortical source analysis of EEG oscillations was conducted with realistic infant MRI models. Theta synchronization was found over fontal pole, temporal, and parietal electrodes during infant sustained attention for 10 and 12 months. Alpha desynchronization was found over frontal, central and parietal electrodes during sustained attention. This alpha effect started to emerge at 10 months and became well established by 12 months. No difference was found for the beta rhythm between different attention phases. The theta synchronization effect was localized to the orbital frontal, temporal pole, and ventral temporal areas. The alpha desynchronization effect was localized to the brain regions composing the default mode network including the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, and inferior parietal gyrus. The alpha desynchronization effect was also localized to the pre- and post-central gyri. The present study demonstrates a connection between infant sustained attention and EEG oscillatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanze Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina
- Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina
| | | | - John E. Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina
- Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina
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117
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Bulgarelli C, Blasi A, Arridge S, Powell S, de Klerk CCJM, Southgate V, Brigadoi S, Penny W, Tak S, Hamilton A. Dynamic causal modelling on infant fNIRS data: A validation study on a simultaneously recorded fNIRS-fMRI dataset. Neuroimage 2018; 175:413-424. [PMID: 29655936 PMCID: PMC5971219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracking the connectivity of the developing brain from infancy through childhood is an area of increasing research interest, and fNIRS provides an ideal method for studying the infant brain as it is compact, safe and robust to motion. However, data analysis methods for fNIRS are still underdeveloped compared to those available for fMRI. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) is an advanced connectivity technique developed for fMRI data, that aims to estimate the coupling between brain regions and how this might be modulated by changes in experimental conditions. DCM has recently been applied to adult fNIRS, but not to infants. The present paper provides a proof-of-principle for the application of this method to infant fNIRS data and a demonstration of the robustness of this method using a simultaneously recorded fMRI-fNIRS single case study, thereby allowing the use of this technique in future infant studies. fMRI and fNIRS were simultaneously recorded from a 6-month-old sleeping infant, who was presented with auditory stimuli in a block design. Both fMRI and fNIRS data were preprocessed using SPM, and analysed using a general linear model approach. The main challenges that adapting DCM for fNIRS infant data posed included: (i) the import of the structural image of the participant for spatial pre-processing, (ii) the spatial registration of the optodes on the structural image of the infant, (iii) calculation of an accurate 3-layer segmentation of the structural image, (iv) creation of a high-density mesh as well as (v) the estimation of the NIRS optical sensitivity functions. To assess our results, we compared the values obtained for variational Free Energy (F), Bayesian Model Selection (BMS) and Bayesian Model Average (BMA) with the same set of possible models applied to both the fMRI and fNIRS datasets. We found high correspondence in F, BMS, and BMA between fMRI and fNIRS data, therefore showing for the first time high reliability of DCM applied to infant fNIRS data. This work opens new avenues for future research on effective connectivity in infancy by contributing a data analysis pipeline and guidance for applying DCM to infant fNIRS data. Connectivity studies give important insights into infant brain development. fNIRS is a valuable method for infancy studies, but can we analyse connectivity? On fMRI-fNIRS acquired simultaneously, we estimate effective connectivity with DCM. We showed high correspondence of DCM values between fMRI and fNIRS data. We validated DCM on fNIRS infant data, providing guidance for future projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bulgarelli
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Blasi
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Arridge
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Powell
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina C J M de Klerk
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - William Penny
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sungho Tak
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, South Korea
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom
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118
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Bednarz HM, Kana RK. Advances, challenges, and promises in pediatric neuroimaging of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:50-69. [PMID: 29608989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the proliferation of neuroimaging studies of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), particularly of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Neuroimaging offers immense potential in understanding the biology of these disorders, and how it relates to clinical symptoms. Neuroimaging techniques, in the long run, may help identify neurobiological markers to assist clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, methodological challenges have affected the progress of clinical neuroimaging. This paper reviews the methodological challenges involved in imaging children with NDDs. Specific topics include correcting for head motion, normalization using pediatric brain templates, accounting for psychotropic medication use, delineating complex developmental trajectories, and overcoming smaller sample sizes. The potential of neuroimaging-based biomarkers and the utility of implementing neuroimaging in a clinical setting are also discussed. Data-sharing approaches, technological advances, and an increase in the number of longitudinal, prospective studies are recommended as future directions. Significant advances have been made already, and future decades will continue to see innovative progress in neuroimaging research endeavors of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Bednarz
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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119
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Bidelman GM. Subcortical sources dominate the neuroelectric auditory frequency-following response to speech. Neuroimage 2018; 175:56-69. [PMID: 29604459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency-following responses (FFRs) are neurophonic potentials that provide a window into the encoding of complex sounds (e.g., speech/music), auditory disorders, and neuroplasticity. While the neural origins of the FFR remain debated, renewed controversy has reemerged after demonstration that FFRs recorded via magnetoencephalography (MEG) are dominated by cortical rather than brainstem structures as previously assumed. Here, we recorded high-density (64 ch) FFRs via EEG and applied state-of-the art source imaging techniques to multichannel data (discrete dipole modeling, distributed imaging, independent component analysis, computational simulations). Our data confirm a mixture of generators localized to bilateral auditory nerve (AN), brainstem inferior colliculus (BS), and bilateral primary auditory cortex (PAC). However, frequency-specific scrutiny of source waveforms showed the relative contribution of these nuclei to the aggregate FFR varied across stimulus frequencies. Whereas AN and BS sources produced robust FFRs up to ∼700 Hz, PAC showed weak phase-locking with little FFR energy above the speech fundamental (100 Hz). Notably, CLARA imaging further showed PAC activation was eradicated for FFRs >150 Hz, above which only subcortical sources remained active. Our results show (i) the site of FFR generation varies critically with stimulus frequency; and (ii) opposite the pattern observed in MEG, subcortical structures make the largest contribution to electrically recorded FFRs (AN ≥ BS > PAC). We infer that cortical dominance observed in previous neuromagnetic data is likely due to the bias of MEG to superficial brain tissue, underestimating subcortical structures that drive most of the speech-FFR. Cleanly separating subcortical from cortical FFRs can be achieved by ensuring stimulus frequencies are >150-200 Hz, above the phase-locking limit of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M Bidelman
- School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA; Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA; Univeristy of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, TN, USA.
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120
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Yepes-Calderon F, Nelson MD, McComb JG. Automatically measuring brain ventricular volume within PACS using artificial intelligence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193152. [PMID: 29543817 PMCID: PMC5854260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The picture archiving and communications system (PACS) is currently the standard platform to manage medical images but lacks analytical capabilities. Staying within PACS, the authors have developed an automatic method to retrieve the medical data and access it at a voxel level, decrypted and uncompressed that allows analytical capabilities while not perturbing the system’s daily operation. Additionally, the strategy is secure and vendor independent. Cerebral ventricular volume is important for the diagnosis and treatment of many neurological disorders. A significant change in ventricular volume is readily recognized, but subtle changes, especially over longer periods of time, may be difficult to discern. Clinical imaging protocols and parameters are often varied making it difficult to use a general solution with standard segmentation techniques. Presented is a segmentation strategy based on an algorithm that uses four features extracted from the medical images to create a statistical estimator capable of determining ventricular volume. When compared with manual segmentations, the correlation was 94% and holds promise for even better accuracy by incorporating the unlimited data available. The volume of any segmentable structure can be accurately determined utilizing the machine learning strategy presented and runs fully automatically within the PACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Yepes-Calderon
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marvin D. Nelson
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Radiology, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - J. Gordon McComb
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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121
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Neural preservation underlies speech improvement from auditory deprivation in young cochlear implant recipients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1022-E1031. [PMID: 29339512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717603115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cochlear implantation enables some children to attain age-appropriate speech and language development, communicative delays persist in others, and outcomes are quite variable and difficult to predict, even for children implanted early in life. To understand the neurobiological basis of this variability, we used presurgical neural morphological data obtained from MRI of individual pediatric cochlear implant (CI) candidates implanted younger than 3.5 years to predict variability of their speech-perception improvement after surgery. We first compared neuroanatomical density and spatial pattern similarity of CI candidates to that of age-matched children with normal hearing, which allowed us to detail neuroanatomical networks that were either affected or unaffected by auditory deprivation. This information enables us to build machine-learning models to predict the individual children's speech development following CI. We found that regions of the brain that were unaffected by auditory deprivation, in particular the auditory association and cognitive brain regions, produced the highest accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity in patient classification and the most precise prediction results. These findings suggest that brain areas unaffected by auditory deprivation are critical to developing closer to typical speech outcomes. Moreover, the findings suggest that determination of the type of neural reorganization caused by auditory deprivation before implantation is valuable for predicting post-CI language outcomes for young children.
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122
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Douw L, Nieboer D, Stam CJ, Tewarie P, Hillebrand A. Consistency of magnetoencephalographic functional connectivity and network reconstruction using a template versus native MRI for co-registration. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:104-119. [PMID: 28990264 PMCID: PMC5725722 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies using functional connectivity and network analyses based on magnetoencephalography (MEG) with source localization are rapidly emerging in neuroscientific literature. However, these analyses currently depend on the availability of costly and sometimes burdensome individual MR scans for co-registration. We evaluated the consistency of these measures when using a template MRI, instead of native MRI, for the analysis of functional connectivity and network topology. METHODS Seventeen healthy participants underwent resting-state eyes-closed MEG and anatomical MRI. These data were projected into source space using an atlas-based peak voxel and a centroid beamforming approach either using (1) participants' native MRIs or (2) the Montreal Neurological Institute's template. For both methods, time series were reconstructed from 78 cortical atlas regions. Relative power was determined in six classical frequency bands per region and globally averaged. Functional connectivity (phase lag index) between each pair of regions was calculated. The adjacency matrices were then used to reconstruct functional networks, of which regional and global metrics were determined. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated and Bland-Altman plots were made to quantify the consistency and potential bias of the use of template versus native MRI. RESULTS Co-registration with the template yielded largely consistent relative power, connectivity, and network estimates compared to native MRI. DISCUSSION These findings indicate that there is no (systematic) bias or inconsistency between template and native MRI co-registration of MEG. They open up possibilities for retrospective and prospective analyses to MEG datasets in the general population that have no native MRIs available. Hum Brain Mapp, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Brain Mapp 39:104-119, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Douw
- Department of Anatomy and NeurosciencesVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of RadiologyAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging/Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Dagmar Nieboer
- Department of Methodology and Applied Biostatistics, Faculty of ScienceVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Prejaas Tewarie
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Arjan Hillebrand
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography CenterVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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123
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Slobodskaya HR, Bairova NB. Personality and resting state networks in children: A longitudinal EEG study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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124
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Ellmore TM, Ng K, Reichert CP. Early and late components of EEG delay activity correlate differently with scene working memory performance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186072. [PMID: 29016657 PMCID: PMC5634640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained and elevated activity during the working memory delay period has long been considered the primary neural correlate for maintaining information over short time intervals. This idea has recently been reinterpreted in light of findings generated from multiple neural recording modalities and levels of analysis. To further investigate the sustained or transient nature of activity, the temporal-spectral evolution (TSE) of delay period activity was examined in humans with high density EEG during performance of a Sternberg working memory paradigm with a relatively long six second delay and with novel scenes as stimuli. Multiple analyses were conducted using different trial window durations and different baseline periods for TSE computation. Sensor level analyses revealed transient rather than sustained activity during delay periods. Specifically, the consistent finding among the analyses was that high amplitude activity encompassing the theta range was found early in the first three seconds of the delay period. These increases in activity early in the delay period correlated positively with subsequent ability to distinguish new from old probe scenes. Source level signal estimation implicated a right parietal region of transient early delay activity that correlated positively with working memory ability. This pattern of results adds to recent evidence that transient rather than sustained delay period activity supports visual working memory performance. The findings are discussed in relation to synchronous and desynchronous intra- and inter-regional neural transmission, and choosing an optimal baseline for expressing temporal-spectral delay activity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Ellmore
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chelsea P. Reichert
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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125
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Chou Z, Paquette N, Ganesh B, Wang Y, Ceschin R, Nelson MD, Macyszyn L, Gaonkar B, Panigrahy A, Lepore N. Bayesian automated cortical segmentation for neonatal MRI. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 10572:105720R. [PMID: 31178619 PMCID: PMC6554200 DOI: 10.1117/12.2285217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Several attempts have been made in the past few years to develop and implement an automated segmentation of neonatal brain structural MRI. However, accurate automated MRI segmentation remains challenging in this population because of the low signal-to-noise ratio, large partial volume effects and inter-individual anatomical variability of the neonatal brain. In this paper, we propose a learning method for segmenting the whole brain cortical grey matter on neonatal T2-weighted images. We trained our algorithm using a neonatal dataset composed of 3 full-term and 4 preterm infants scanned at term equivalent age. Our segmentation pipeline combines the FAST algorithm from the FSL library software and a Bayesian segmentation approach to create a threshold matrix that minimizes the error of mislabeling brain tissue types. Our method shows promising results with our pilot training set. In both preterm and full-term neonates, automated Bayesian segmentation generates a smoother and more consistent parcellation compared to FAST, while successfully removing the subcortical structure and cleaning the edges of the cortical grey matter. This method show promising refinement of the FAST segmentation by considerably reducing manual input and editing required from the user, and further improving reliability and processing time of neonatal MR images. Further improvement will include a larger dataset of training images acquired from different manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Chou
- CIBORG laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Natacha Paquette
- CIBORG laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bhavana Ganesh
- CIBORG laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Yalin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rafael Ceschin
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marvin D Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luke Macyszyn
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bilwaj Gaonkar
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- CIBORG laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Lepore
- CIBORG laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, CA, USA
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126
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Doger de Speville E, Robert C, Perez-Guevara M, Grigis A, Bolle S, Pinaud C, Dufour C, Beaudré A, Kieffer V, Longaud A, Grill J, Valteau-Couanet D, Deutsch E, Lefkopoulos D, Chiron C, Hertz-Pannier L, Noulhiane M. Relationships between Regional Radiation Doses and Cognitive Decline in Children Treated with Cranio-Spinal Irradiation for Posterior Fossa Tumors. Front Oncol 2017; 7:166. [PMID: 28868253 PMCID: PMC5563322 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric posterior fossa tumor (PFT) survivors who have been treated with cranial radiation therapy often suffer from cognitive impairments that might relate to IQ decline. Radiotherapy (RT) distinctly affects brain regions involved in different cognitive functions. However, the relative contribution of regional irradiation to the different cognitive impairments still remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between the changes in different cognitive scores and radiation dose distribution in 30 children treated for a PFT. Our exploratory analysis was based on a principal component analysis (PCA) and an ordinary least square regression approach. The use of a PCA was an innovative way to cluster correlated irradiated regions due to similar radiation therapy protocols across patients. Our results suggest an association between working memory decline and a high dose (equivalent uniform dose, EUD) delivered to the orbitofrontal regions, whereas the decline of processing speed seemed more related to EUD in the temporal lobes and posterior fossa. To identify regional effects of RT on cognitive functions may help to propose a rehabilitation program adapted to the risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Doger de Speville
- INSERM U1129, CEA, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,UNIACT, Institut Joliot, DRF, Neurospin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Robert
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1030, Villejuif, France.,Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Medical Physics, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Antoine Grigis
- Institut Joliot, Neurospin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stephanie Bolle
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Clemence Pinaud
- INSERM U1129, CEA, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,UNIACT, Institut Joliot, DRF, Neurospin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Beaudré
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Medical Physics, Villejuif, France
| | - Virginie Kieffer
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,CSI Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, Hopitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Audrey Longaud
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Paris Sud University, Orsay, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Paris Sud University, Orsay, France
| | - Dominique Valteau-Couanet
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Paris Sud University, Orsay, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1030, Villejuif, France.,Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Medical Physics, Villejuif, France
| | - Dimitri Lefkopoulos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Medical Physics, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Chiron
- INSERM U1129, CEA, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,UNIACT, Institut Joliot, DRF, Neurospin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Hertz-Pannier
- INSERM U1129, CEA, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,UNIACT, Institut Joliot, DRF, Neurospin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Noulhiane
- INSERM U1129, CEA, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,UNIACT, Institut Joliot, DRF, Neurospin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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127
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Modulating perceptual complexity and load reveals degradation of the visual working memory network in ageing. Neuroimage 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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128
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Tsuzuki D, Homae F, Taga G, Watanabe H, Matsui M, Dan I. Macroanatomical Landmarks Featuring Junctions of Major Sulci and Fissures and Scalp Landmarks Based on the International 10-10 System for Analyzing Lateral Cortical Development of Infants. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:394. [PMID: 28744192 PMCID: PMC5504468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The topographic relationships between the macroanatomical structure of the lateral cortex, including sulci and fissures, and anatomical landmarks on the external surface of the head are known to be consistent. This allows the coregistration of EEG electrodes or functional near-infrared spectroscopy over the scalp with underlying cortical regions. However, limited information is available as to whether the topographic relationships are maintained in rapidly developing infants, whose brains and heads exhibit drastic growth. We used MRIs of infants ranging in age from 3 to 22 months old, and identified 20 macroanatomical landmarks, featuring the junctions of major sulci and fissures, as well as cranial landmarks and virtually determined positions of the international 10-20 and 10-10 systems. A Procrustes analysis revealed developmental trends in changes of shape in both the cortex and head. An analysis of Euclidian distances between selected pairs of cortical landmarks at standard stereotactic coordinates showed anterior shifts of the relative positions of the premotor and parietal cortices with age. Finally, cortical landmark positions and their spatial variability were compared with 10-10 landmark positions. The results indicate that variability in the distribution of each macroanatomical landmark was much smaller than the pitch of the 10-10 landmarks. This study demonstrates that the scalp-based 10-10 system serves as a good frame of reference in infants not only for assessing the development of the macroanatomy of the lateral cortical structure, but also for functional studies of cortical development using transcranial modalities such as EEG and fNIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsuzuki
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Homae
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Language, Brain and Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Gentaro Taga
- Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hama Watanabe
- Graduate School of Education, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Mie Matsui
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan.,Department of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo UniversityTokyo, Japan
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129
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Flexible, rapid and automatic neocortical word form acquisition mechanism in children as revealed by neuromagnetic brain response dynamics. Neuroimage 2017; 155:450-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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130
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Buzzell GA, Richards JE, White LK, Barker TV, Pine DS, Fox NA. Development of the error-monitoring system from ages 9-35: Unique insight provided by MRI-constrained source localization of EEG. Neuroimage 2017; 157:13-26. [PMID: 28549796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to self-detect errors and dynamically adapt behavior is a cornerstone of higher-level cognition, requiring coordinated activity from a network of neural regions. However, disagreement exists over how the error-monitoring system develops throughout adolescence and early adulthood. The present report leveraged MRI-constrained EEG source localization to detail typical development of the error-monitoring system in a sample of 9-35 year-olds (n = 43). Participants performed a flanker task while high-density EEG was recorded; structural MRIs were also acquired for all participants. Analysis of the scalp-recorded EEG data revealed a frontocentral negativity (error-related negativity; ERN) immediately following errors for all participants, although the topography of the ERN varied with age. Source localization of the ERN time range revealed maximal activity within the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) for all ages, consistent with recent evidence that the PCC provides a substantial contribution to the scalp-recorded ERN. Activity within a network of brain regions, including dorsal anterior cingulate, PCC, and parietal cortex, was predictive of improved performance following errors, regardless of age. However, additional activity within insula, orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus linearly increased with age. Together, these data suggest that the core error-monitoring system is online by early adolescence and remains relatively stable into adulthood. However, additional brain regions become embedded within this core network with age. These results serve as a model of typical development of the error-monitoring system from early adolescence into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Buzzell
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
| | - John E Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Lauren K White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Tyson V Barker
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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131
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Warren AEL, Harvey AS, Abbott DF, Vogrin SJ, Bailey C, Davidson A, Jackson GD, Archer JS. Cognitive network reorganization following surgical control of seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 2017; 58:e75-e81. [PMID: 28295228 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed that adults with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) show abnormal functional connectivity among cognitive networks, suggesting that this may contribute to impaired cognition. Herein we report network reorganization following seizure remission in a child with LGS who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after resection of a cortical dysplasia. Concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) was acquired during presurgical fMRI. Presurgical and postsurgical functional connectivity were compared using (1) graph theoretical analyses of small-world network organization and node-wise strength; and (2) seed-based analyses of connectivity within and between five functional networks. To explore the specificity of these postsurgical network changes, connectivity was further compared to nine children with LGS who did not undergo surgery. The presurgical EEG-fMRI revealed diffuse activation of association cortex during interictal discharges. Following surgery and seizure control, functional connectivity showed increased small-world organization, stronger connectivity in subcortical structures, and greater within-network integration/between-network segregation. These changes suggest network improvement, and diverged sharply from the comparison group of nonoperated children. Following surgery, this child with LGS achieved seizure control and showed extensive reorganization of networks that underpin cognition. This case illustrates that the epileptic process of LGS can directly contribute to abnormal network organization, and that this network disruption may be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E L Warren
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Simon Harvey
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - David F Abbott
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon J Vogrin
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Bailey
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Davidson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme D Jackson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John S Archer
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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132
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Slobodskaya HR, Bairova NB, Tamozhnikov SS, Stepanova VV. Effortful control and resting state networks: A longitudinal EEG study. Neuroscience 2017; 346:365-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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133
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Xie W, Richards JE. The Relation between Infant Covert Orienting, Sustained Attention and Brain Activity. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:198-219. [PMID: 27416932 PMCID: PMC5237418 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study used measures of event-related potentials (ERPs) and cortical source analysis to examine the effect of covert orienting and sustained attention on 3- and 4.5-month-old infants' brain activity in a spatial cueing paradigm. Cortical source analysis was conducted with current density reconstruction using realistic head models created from age-appropriate infant MRIs. The validity effect was found in the P1 ERP component that was greater for valid than neutral trials in the electrodes contralateral to the visual targets when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was short. Cortical source analysis revealed greater current density amplitude around the P1 peak latency in the contralateral inferior occipital and ventral temporal regions for valid than neutral and invalid trials. The processing cost effect was found in the N1 ERP component that was greater for neutral than invalid trials in the short SOA condition. This processing cost effect was also shown in the current density amplitude around the N1 peak latency in the contralateral inferior and middle occipital and middle and superior temporal regions. Infant sustained attention was found to modulate infants' brain responses in covert orienting by enhancing the P1 ERP responses and current density amplitude in their cortical sources during sustained attention. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms that underpin covert orienting already exist in 3- to 4.5-month-old, and they could be facilitated by infant sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanze Xie
- Department of Psychology, and Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - John E Richards
- Department of Psychology, and Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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134
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Wilke M, Altaye M, Holland SK. CerebroMatic: A Versatile Toolbox for Spline-Based MRI Template Creation. Front Comput Neurosci 2017; 11:5. [PMID: 28275348 PMCID: PMC5321046 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain image spatial normalization and tissue segmentation rely on prior tissue probability maps. Appropriately selecting these tissue maps becomes particularly important when investigating "unusual" populations, such as young children or elderly subjects. When creating such priors, the disadvantage of applying more deformation must be weighed against the benefit of achieving a crisper image. We have previously suggested that statistically modeling demographic variables, instead of simply averaging images, is advantageous. Both aspects (more vs. less deformation and modeling vs. averaging) were explored here. We used imaging data from 1914 subjects, aged 13 months to 75 years, and employed multivariate adaptive regression splines to model the effects of age, field strength, gender, and data quality. Within the spm/cat12 framework, we compared an affine-only with a low- and a high-dimensional warping approach. As expected, more deformation on the individual level results in lower group dissimilarity. Consequently, effects of age in particular are less apparent in the resulting tissue maps when using a more extensive deformation scheme. Using statistically-described parameters, high-quality tissue probability maps could be generated for the whole age range; they are consistently closer to a gold standard than conventionally-generated priors based on 25, 50, or 100 subjects. Distinct effects of field strength, gender, and data quality were seen. We conclude that an extensive matching for generating tissue priors may model much of the variability inherent in the dataset which is then not contained in the resulting priors. Further, the statistical description of relevant parameters (using regression splines) allows for the generation of high-quality tissue probability maps while controlling for known confounds. The resulting CerebroMatic toolbox is available for download at http://irc.cchmc.org/software/cerebromatic.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Wilke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital and Experimental Pediatric Neuroimaging Group, Children's Hospital and Department of Neuroradiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott K. Holland
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH, USA
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135
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Emberson LL, Cannon G, Palmeri H, Richards JE, Aslin RN. Using fNIRS to examine occipital and temporal responses to stimulus repetition in young infants: Evidence of selective frontal cortex involvement. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 23:26-38. [PMID: 28012401 PMCID: PMC5253300 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the developing brain respond to recent experience? Repetition suppression (RS) is a robust and well-characterized response of to recent experience found, predominantly, in the perceptual cortices of the adult brain. We use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate how perceptual (temporal and occipital) and frontal cortices in the infant brain respond to auditory and visual stimulus repetitions (spoken words and faces). In Experiment 1, we find strong evidence of repetition suppression in the frontal cortex but only for auditory stimuli. In perceptual cortices, we find only suggestive evidence of auditory RS in the temporal cortex and no evidence of visual RS in any ROI. In Experiments 2 and 3, we replicate and extend these findings. Overall, we provide the first evidence that infant and adult brains respond differently to stimulus repetition. We suggest that the frontal lobe may support the development of RS in perceptual cortices.
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136
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Dickie DA, Shenkin SD, Anblagan D, Lee J, Blesa Cabez M, Rodriguez D, Boardman JP, Waldman A, Job DE, Wardlaw JM. Whole Brain Magnetic Resonance Image Atlases: A Systematic Review of Existing Atlases and Caveats for Use in Population Imaging. Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28154532 PMCID: PMC5244468 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain MRI atlases may be used to characterize brain structural changes across the life course. Atlases have important applications in research, e.g., as registration and segmentation targets to underpin image analysis in population imaging studies, and potentially in future in clinical practice, e.g., as templates for identifying brain structural changes out with normal limits, and increasingly for use in surgical planning. However, there are several caveats and limitations which must be considered before successfully applying brain MRI atlases to research and clinical problems. For example, the influential Talairach and Tournoux atlas was derived from a single fixed cadaveric brain from an elderly female with limited clinical information, yet is the basis of many modern atlases and is often used to report locations of functional activation. We systematically review currently available whole brain structural MRI atlases with particular reference to the implications for population imaging through to emerging clinical practice. We found 66 whole brain structural MRI atlases world-wide. The vast majority were based on T1, T2, and/or proton density (PD) structural sequences, had been derived using parametric statistics (inappropriate for brain volume distributions), had limited supporting clinical or cognitive data, and included few younger (>5 and <18 years) or older (>60 years) subjects. To successfully characterize brain structural features and their changes across different stages of life, we conclude that whole brain structural MRI atlases should include: more subjects at the upper and lower extremes of age; additional structural sequences, including fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2* sequences; a range of appropriate statistics, e.g., rank-based or non-parametric; and detailed cognitive and clinical profiles of the included subjects in order to increase the relevance and utility of these atlases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Dickie
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
| | - Susan D. Shenkin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Devasuda Anblagan
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh, UK
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Blesa Cabez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh, UK
| | - David Rodriguez
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
| | - James P. Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh, UK
| | - Adam Waldman
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Dominic E. Job
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
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137
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Pihko E, Lönnberg P, Lauronen L, Wolford E, Andersson S, Lano A, Metsäranta M, Nevalainen P. Lack of Cortical Correlates of Response Inhibition in 6-Year-Olds Born Extremely Preterm - Evidence from a Go/NoGo Task in Magnetoencephalographic Recordings. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:666. [PMID: 28111544 PMCID: PMC5216039 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children born extremely preterm (EPT) may have difficulties in response inhibition, but the neural basis of such problems is unknown. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a somatosensory Go/NoGo task in 6-year-old children born EPT (n = 22) and in children born full term (FT; n = 21). The children received tactile stimuli randomly to their left little (target) and index (non-target) finger and were instructed to squeeze a soft toy with the opposite hand every time they felt a stimulus on the little finger. Behaviorally, the EPT children performed worse than the FT children, both in responding to the target finger stimulation and in refraining from responding to the non-target finger stimulation. In MEG, after the non-target finger stimulation (i.e., during the response inhibition), the sensorimotor alpha oscillation levels in the contralateral-to-squeeze hemisphere were elevated in the FT children when compared with a condition with corresponding stimulation but no task (instead the children were listening to a story and not attending to the fingers). This NoGo task effect was absent in the EPT children. Further, in the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the tactile stimulation, the post-stimulus suppression was less pronounced in the EPT than FT children. We suggest that the missing NoGo task effect and lower suppression of sensorimotor oscillations are markers of deficient functioning of the sensorimotor networks in the EPT children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pihko
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto UniversityEspoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinki, Finland
| | - Piia Lönnberg
- BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinki, Finland; Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Lauronen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Wolford
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aulikki Lano
- Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Metsäranta
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Nevalainen
- BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Hospital, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinki, Finland
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138
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Mongerson CRL, Jennings RW, Borsook D, Becerra L, Bajic D. Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Infant Brain: Methods, Pitfalls, and Potentiality. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:159. [PMID: 28856131 PMCID: PMC5557740 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain development is characterized by rapid growth and perpetual reconfiguration, driven by a dynamic milieu of heterogeneous processes. Postnatal brain plasticity is associated with increased vulnerability to environmental stimuli. However, little is known regarding the ontogeny and temporal manifestations of inter- and intra-regional functional connectivity that comprise functional brain networks. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has emerged as a promising non-invasive neuroinvestigative tool, measuring spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal at rest that reflect baseline neuronal activity. Over the past decade, its application has expanded to infant populations providing unprecedented insight into functional organization of the developing brain, as well as early biomarkers of abnormal states. However, many methodological issues of rs-fMRI analysis need to be resolved prior to standardization of the technique to infant populations. As a primary goal, this methodological manuscript will (1) present a robust methodological protocol to extract and assess resting-state networks in early infancy using independent component analysis (ICA), such that investigators without previous knowledge in the field can implement the analysis and reliably obtain viable results consistent with previous literature; (2) review the current methodological challenges and ethical considerations associated with emerging field of infant rs-fMRI analysis; and (3) discuss the significance of rs-fMRI application in infants for future investigations of neurodevelopment in the context of early life stressors and pathological processes. The overarching goal is to catalyze efforts toward development of robust, infant-specific acquisition, and preprocessing pipelines, as well as promote greater transparency by researchers regarding methods used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler R L Mongerson
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Russell W Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lino Becerra
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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139
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Guy MW, Zieber N, Richards JE. The Cortical Development of Specialized Face Processing in Infancy. Child Dev 2016; 87:1581-600. [PMID: 27246260 PMCID: PMC5042801 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine specialized face processing in forty-eight 4.5- to 7.5-month-old infants by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to faces and toys, and to determine the cortical sources of these signals using realistic, age-appropriate head models. All ERP components (i.e., N290, P400, Nc) showed greater amplitude during periods of attention than inattention. Amplitude was greater to faces than toys during attention at the N290, and greater to toys at the P400. Cortical source analysis revealed activity in occipital-temporal brain areas as the source of the N290, particularly the middle fusiform gyrus. The Nc and P400 were the result of activation in midline frontal and parietal, anterior temporal, and posterior temporal and occipital brain areas.
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Blesa M, Serag A, Wilkinson AG, Anblagan D, Telford EJ, Pataky R, Sparrow SA, Macnaught G, Semple SI, Bastin ME, Boardman JP. Parcellation of the Healthy Neonatal Brain into 107 Regions Using Atlas Propagation through Intermediate Time Points in Childhood. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:220. [PMID: 27242423 PMCID: PMC4871889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimage analysis pipelines rely on parcellated atlases generated from healthy individuals to provide anatomic context to structural and diffusion MRI data. Atlases constructed using adult data introduce bias into studies of early brain development. We aimed to create a neonatal brain atlas of healthy subjects that can be applied to multi-modal MRI data. Structural and diffusion 3T MRI scans were acquired soon after birth from 33 typically developing neonates born at term (mean postmenstrual age at birth 39+5 weeks, range 37+2–41+6). An adult brain atlas (SRI24/TZO) was propagated to the neonatal data using temporal registration via childhood templates with dense temporal samples (NIH Pediatric Database), with the final atlas (Edinburgh Neonatal Atlas, ENA33) constructed using the Symmetric Group Normalization (SyGN) method. After this step, the computed final transformations were applied to T2-weighted data, and fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and tissue segmentations to provide a multi-modal atlas with 107 anatomical regions; a symmetric version was also created to facilitate studies of laterality. Volumes of each region of interest were measured to provide reference data from normal subjects. Because this atlas is generated from step-wise propagation of adult labels through intermediate time points in childhood, it may serve as a useful starting point for modeling brain growth during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Blesa
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ahmed Serag
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Devasuda Anblagan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Emma J Telford
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rozalia Pataky
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah A Sparrow
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian Macnaught
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott I Semple
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - James P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
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Fillmore PT, Richards JE, Phillips-Meek MC, Cryer A, Stevens M. Stereotaxic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Atlases for Infants from 3 to 12 Months. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:515-32. [PMID: 26440296 DOI: 10.1159/000438749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate labeling of brain structures within an individual or group is a key issue in neuroimaging. Methods for labeling infant brains have depended on the labels done on adult brains or average magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) templates based on adult brains. However, the features of adult brains differ in several ways from infant brains, so the creation of a labeled stereotaxic atlas based on infants would be helpful. The current work builds on the recent creation of age-appropriate average MRI templates during the first year (3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, and 12 months) by creating anatomical label sets for each template. METHODS We created stereotaxic atlases for the age-specific average MRI templates. Manual delineation of cortical and subcortical areas was done on the average templates based on infants during the first year. We also applied a procedure for automatic computation of macroanatomical atlases for individual infant participants using two manually segmented adult atlases (Hammers, LONI Probabilistic Brain Atlas-LPBA40). To evaluate our methods, we did manual delineation of several cortical areas on selected individuals from each age. Linear and nonlinear registration of the individual and average template was used to transform the average atlas into the individual participant's space, and the average-transformed atlas was compared to the individual manually delineated brain areas. We also applied these methods to an external data set - not used in the atlas creation - to test generalizability of the atlases. RESULTS Age-appropriate manual atlases were the best fit to the individual manually delineated regions, with more error seen at greater age discrepancy. There was a close fit between the manually delineated and the automatically labeled regions for individual participants and for the age-appropriate template-based atlas transformed into participant space. There was close correspondence between automatic labeling of individual brain regions and those from the age-appropriate template. These relationships held even when tested on an external set of images. CONCLUSION We have created age-appropriate labeled templates for use in the study of infant development at 6 ages (3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, and 12 months). Comparison with manual methods was quite good. We developed three stereotaxic atlases (one manual, two automatic) for each infant age, which should allow more fine-grained analysis of brain structure for these populations than was previously possible with existing tools. The template-based atlases constructed in the current study are available online (http://jerlab.psych.sc.edu/NeurodevelopmentalMRIDatabase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Fillmore
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C., USA
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