101
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Vachon-Presseau E, Berger SE, Abdullah TB, Griffith JW, Schnitzer TJ, Apkarian AV. Identification of traits and functional connectivity-based neurotraits of chronic pain. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000349. [PMID: 31430270 PMCID: PMC6701751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological and personality factors, socioeconomic status, and brain properties all contribute to chronic pain but have essentially been studied independently. Here, we administered a broad battery of questionnaires to patients with chronic back pain (CBP) and collected repeated sessions of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain scans. Clustering and network analyses applied on the questionnaire data revealed four orthogonal dimensions accounting for 56% of the variance and defining chronic pain traits. Two of these traits-Pain-trait and Emote-trait-were associated with back pain characteristics and could be related to distinct distributed functional networks in a cross-validation procedure, identifying neurotraits. These neurotraits showed good reliability across four fMRI sessions acquired over five weeks. Further, traits and neurotraits all related to the income, emphasizing the importance of socioeconomic status within the personality space of chronic pain. Our approach is a first step in providing metrics aimed at unifying the psychology and the neurophysiology of chronic pain applicable across diverse clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Vachon-Presseau
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Berger
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Healthcare and Life Sciences Department, IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America
| | - Taha B. Abdullah
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James W. Griffith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Schnitzer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - A. Vania Apkarian
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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102
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Davis KD, Cheng JC. Differentiating trait pain from state pain: a window into brain mechanisms underlying how we experience and cope with pain. Pain Rep 2019; 4:e735. [PMID: 31579845 PMCID: PMC6727997 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Across various biological and psychological attributes, individuals have a set point around which they can fluctuate transiently into various states. However, if one remains in a different state other than their set point for a considerable period (eg, induced by a disease), this different state can be considered to be a new set point that also has associated surrounding states. This concept is instructive for understanding chronic pain, where an individual's set point may maladaptively shift such that they become stuck at a new set point of pain (trait pain), from which pain can fluctuate on different timescales (ie, pain states). Here, we discuss the importance of considering trait and state pains in neuroimaging studies of brain structure and function to gain an understanding of not only an individual's current pain state but also more broadly to their trait pain, which may be more reflective of their general condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Davis
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua C. Cheng
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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103
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Kragel PA, Reddan MC, LaBar KS, Wager TD. Emotion schemas are embedded in the human visual system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4358. [PMID: 31355334 PMCID: PMC6656543 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Theorists have suggested that emotions are canonical responses to situations ancestrally linked to survival. If so, then emotions may be afforded by features of the sensory environment. However, few computational models describe how combinations of stimulus features evoke different emotions. Here, we develop a convolutional neural network that accurately decodes images into 11 distinct emotion categories. We validate the model using more than 25,000 images and movies and show that image content is sufficient to predict the category and valence of human emotion ratings. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, we demonstrate that patterns of human visual cortex activity encode emotion category-related model output and can decode multiple categories of emotional experience. These results suggest that rich, category-specific visual features can be reliably mapped to distinct emotions, and they are coded in distributed representations within the human visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Kragel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.A.K.); (T.D.W.)
| | - Marianne C. Reddan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kevin S. LaBar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.A.K.); (T.D.W.)
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104
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Davis KD. Introduction to a Special Issue on Innovations and Controversies in Brain Imaging of Pain: Methods and Interpretations. Pain Rep 2019; 4:e771. [PMID: 31579862 PMCID: PMC6728002 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This special issue comprised 14 articles from leaders in the field, that provide opinions and reviews of concepts that are central to the next generation of pain imaging studies. Topics include cutting-edge technologies and approaches that are at the forefront of such studies, as well as developments toward biomarkers of pain and clinical applications that bring us closer to harnessing understanding of pains and its modulation to offer better options to those suffering from pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Davis
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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105
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van der Miesen MM, Lindquist MA, Wager TD. Neuroimaging-based biomarkers for pain: state of the field and current directions. Pain Rep 2019; 4:e751. [PMID: 31579847 PMCID: PMC6727991 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is an endemic problem involving both peripheral and brain pathophysiology. Although biomarkers have revolutionized many areas of medicine, biomarkers for pain have remained controversial and relatively underdeveloped. With the realization that biomarkers can reveal pain-causing mechanisms of disease in brain circuits and in the periphery, this situation is poised to change. In particular, brain pathophysiology may be diagnosable with human brain imaging, particularly when imaging is combined with machine learning techniques designed to identify predictive measures embedded in complex data sets. In this review, we explicate the need for brain-based biomarkers for pain, some of their potential uses, and some of the most popular machine learning approaches that have been brought to bear. Then, we evaluate the current state of pain biomarkers developed with several commonly used methods, including structural magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. The field is in the early stages of biomarker development, but these complementary methodologies have already produced some encouraging predictive models that must be tested more extensively across laboratories and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite M. van der Miesen
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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106
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Hur J, Stockbridge MD, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:375-436. [PMID: 31196442 PMCID: PMC6578598 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| | | | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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107
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Hong YW, Yoo Y, Han J, Wager TD, Woo CW. False-positive neuroimaging: Undisclosed flexibility in testing spatial hypotheses allows presenting anything as a replicated finding. Neuroimage 2019; 195:384-395. [PMID: 30946952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis testing in neuroimaging studies relies heavily on treating named anatomical regions (e.g., "the amygdala") as unitary entities. Though data collection and analyses are conducted at the voxel level, inferences are often based on anatomical regions. The discrepancy between the unit of analysis and the unit of inference leads to ambiguity and flexibility in analyses that can create a false sense of reproducibility. For example, hypothesizing effects on "amygdala activity" does not provide a falsifiable and reproducible definition of precisely which voxels or which patterns of activation should be observed. Rather, it comprises a large number of unspecified sub-hypotheses, leaving room for flexible interpretation of findings, which we refer to as "model degrees of freedom." From a survey of 135 functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies in which researchers claimed replications of previous findings, we found that 42.2% of the studies did not report any quantitative evidence for replication such as activation peaks. Only 14.1% of the papers used exact coordinate-based or a priori pattern-based models. Of the studies that reported peak information, 42.9% of the 'replicated' findings had peak coordinates more than 15 mm away from the 'original' findings, suggesting that different brain locations were activated, even when studies claimed to replicate prior results. To reduce the flexible and qualitative region-level tests in neuroimaging studies, we recommend adopting quantitative spatial models and tests to assess the spatial reproducibility of findings. Techniques reviewed here include permutation tests on peak distance, Bayesian MANOVA, and a priori multivariate pattern-based models. These practices will help researchers to establish precise and falsifiable spatial hypotheses, promoting a cumulative science of neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Hong
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Yejong Yoo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biology, Taylor University, United States
| | - Jihoon Han
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Cognitive Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Choong-Wan Woo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea.
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108
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Tracey I, Woolf CJ, Andrews NA. Composite Pain Biomarker Signatures for Objective Assessment and Effective Treatment. Neuron 2019; 101:783-800. [PMID: 30844399 PMCID: PMC6800055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a subjective sensory experience that can, mostly, be reported but cannot be directly measured or quantified. Nevertheless, a suite of biomarkers related to mechanisms, neural activity, and susceptibility offer the possibility-especially when used in combination-to produce objective pain-related indicators with the specificity and sensitivity required for diagnosis and for evaluation of risk of developing pain and of analgesic efficacy. Such composite biomarkers will also provide improved understanding of pain pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tracey
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - Nick A Andrews
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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109
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Abstract
Emotions play a central role in human experience. Over time, methods for manipulating emotion have become increasingly refined and techniques for making sense of the underlying neurobiology have become ever more powerful and precise, enabling new insights into the organization of emotions in the brain. Yet recent years have witnessed a remarkably vigorous debate about the nature and origins of emotion, with leading scientists raising compelling concerns about the canon of facts and principles that has inspired and guided the field for the past quarter century. Here, we consider ways in which recent neuroimaging research informs this dialogue. By focusing attention on the most important outstanding questions about the nature of emotion and the architecture of the emotional brain, we hope to stimulate the kinds of work that will be required to move the field forward. Addressing these questions is critical, not just for understanding the mind, but also for elucidating the root causes of many of its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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110
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Van Stan JH, Dijkers MP, Whyte J, Hart T, Turkstra LS, Zanca JM, Chen C. The Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System: Implications for Improvements in Research Design, Reporting, Replication, and Synthesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 100:146-155. [PMID: 30267666 PMCID: PMC6452635 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in measuring the outcomes of rehabilitation interventions, little progress has been made in specifying the therapeutic ingredients and processes that cause measured changes in patient functioning. The general approach to better clarifying the process of treatment has been to develop reporting checklists and guidelines that increase the amount of detail reported. However, without a framework instructing researchers in how to describe their treatment protocols in a manner useful to or even interpretable by others, requests for more detail will fail to improve our understanding of the therapeutic process. In this article, we describe how the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS) provides a theoretical framework that can improve research intervention reporting and enable testing and refinement of a protocol's underlying treatment theories. The RTSS framework provides guidance for researchers to explicitly state their hypothesized active ingredients and targets of treatment as well as for how the individual ingredients in their doses directly affect the treatment targets. We explain how theory-based treatment specification has advantages over checklist approaches for intervention design, reporting, replication, and synthesis of evidence in rehabilitation research. A complex rehabilitation intervention is used as a concrete example of the differences between an RTSS-based specification and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist. The RTSS's potential to advance the rehabilitation field can be empirically tested through efforts to use the framework with existing and newly developed treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad H Van Stan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Boston, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA.
| | - Marcel P Dijkers
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John Whyte
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Tessa Hart
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
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111
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Ezzyat Y, Rizzuto DS. Direct brain stimulation during episodic memory. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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112
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Hart T, Dijkers MP, Whyte J, Turkstra LS, Zanca JM, Packel A, Van Stan JH, Ferraro M, Chen C. A Theory-Driven System for the Specification of Rehabilitation Treatments. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 100:172-180. [PMID: 30267669 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of rehabilitation remains captive to the black-box problem: our inability to characterize treatments in a systematic fashion across diagnoses, settings, and disciplines, so as to identify and disseminate the active ingredients of those treatments. In this article, we describe the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS), by which any treatment employed in rehabilitation may be characterized, and ultimately classified according to shared properties, via the 3 elements of treatment theory: targets, ingredients, and (hypothesized) mechanisms of action. We discuss important concepts in the RTSS such as the distinction between treatments and treatment components, which consist of 1 target and its associated ingredients; and the distinction between targets, which are the direct effects of treatment, and aims, which are downstream or distal effects. The RTSS includes 3 groups of mutually exclusive treatment components: Organ Functions, Skills and Habits, and Representations. The last of these comprises not only thoughts and feelings, but also internal representations underlying volitional action; the RTSS addresses the concept of volition (effort) as a critical element for many rehabilitation treatments. We have developed an algorithm for treatment specification which is illustrated and described in brief. The RTSS stands to benefit the field in numerous ways by supplying a coherent, theory-based framework encompassing all rehabilitation treatments. Using a common framework, researchers will be able to test systematically the effects of specific ingredients on specific targets; and their work will be more readily replicated and translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Hart
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA.
| | - Marcel P Dijkers
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John Whyte
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | | | | | - Andrew Packel
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Jarrad H Van Stan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Boston, MA; MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA
| | - Mary Ferraro
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
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113
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Zanca JM, Turkstra LS, Chen C, Packel A, Ferraro M, Hart T, Van Stan JH, Whyte J, Dijkers MP. Advancing Rehabilitation Practice Through Improved Specification of Interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 100:164-171. [PMID: 30267670 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rehabilitation clinicians strive to provide cost-effective, patient-centered care that optimizes outcomes. A barrier to this ideal is the lack of a universal system for describing, or specifying, rehabilitation interventions. Current methods of description vary across disciplines and settings, creating barriers to collaboration, and tend to focus mostly on functional deficits and anticipated outcomes, obscuring connections between clinician behaviors and changes in functioning. The Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS) is the result of more than a decade of effort by a multidisciplinary group of rehabilitation clinicians and researchers to develop a theory-based framework to specify rehabilitation interventions. The RTSS describes interventions for treatment components, which consist of a target (functional change brought about as a direct result of treatment), ingredients (actions taken by clinicians to change the target), and a hypothesized mechanism of action, as stated in a treatment theory. The RTSS makes explicit the connections between functional change and clinician behavior, and recognizes the role of patient effort in treatment implementation. In so doing, the RTSS supports clinicians' efforts to work with their patients to set achievable goals, select appropriate treatments, adjust treatment plans as needed, encourage patient participation in the treatment process, communicate with team members, and translate research findings to clinical care. The RTSS may help both expert and novice clinicians articulate their clinical reasoning processes in ways that benefit treatment planning and clinical education, and may improve the design of clinical documentation systems, leading to more effective justification and reimbursement for services. Interested clinicians are invited to apply the RTSS in their local settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Zanca
- Spinal Cord Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.
| | | | | | - Andrew Packel
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Mary Ferraro
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Tessa Hart
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Jarrad H Van Stan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Boston, MA; MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA
| | - John Whyte
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Marcel P Dijkers
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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114
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Abstract
Translation in cognitive neuroscience remains beyond the horizon, brought no closer by supposed major advances in our understanding of the brain. Unless our explanatory models descend to the individual level-a cardinal requirement for any intervention-their real-world applications will always be limited. Drawing on an analysis of the informational properties of the brain, here we argue that adequate individualisation needs models of far greater dimensionality than has been usual in the field. This necessity arises from the widely distributed causality of neural systems, a consequence of the fundamentally adaptive nature of their developmental and physiological mechanisms. We discuss how recent advances in high-performance computing, combined with collections of large-scale data, enable the high-dimensional modelling we argue is critical to successful translation, and urge its adoption if the ultimate goal of impact on the lives of patients is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parashkev Nachev
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Richard Frackowiak
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne - Faculty of Life Sciences, Blue Brain Project, Geneva, Switzerland
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115
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Abstract
Translation in cognitive neuroscience remains beyond the horizon, brought no closer by supposed major advances in our understanding of the brain. Unless our explanatory models descend to the individual level-a cardinal requirement for any intervention-their real-world applications will always be limited. Drawing on an analysis of the informational properties of the brain, here we argue that adequate individualisation needs models of far greater dimensionality than has been usual in the field. This necessity arises from the widely distributed causality of neural systems, a consequence of the fundamentally adaptive nature of their developmental and physiological mechanisms. We discuss how recent advances in high-performance computing, combined with collections of large-scale data, enable the high-dimensional modelling we argue is critical to successful translation, and urge its adoption if the ultimate goal of impact on the lives of patients is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parashkev Nachev
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Richard Frackowiak
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne - Faculty of Life Sciences, Blue Brain Project, Geneva, Switzerland
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