101
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Rooney KK, Condia RJ, Loschky LC. Focal and Ambient Processing of Built Environments: Intellectual and Atmospheric Experiences of Architecture. Front Psychol 2017; 8:326. [PMID: 28360867 PMCID: PMC5353322 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has well established that human vision divides into the central and peripheral fields of view. Central vision extends from the point of gaze (where we are looking) out to about 5° of visual angle (the width of one's fist at arm's length), while peripheral vision is the vast remainder of the visual field. These visual fields project to the parvo and magno ganglion cells, which process distinctly different types of information from the world around us and project that information to the ventral and dorsal visual streams, respectively. Building on the dorsal/ventral stream dichotomy, we can further distinguish between focal processing of central vision, and ambient processing of peripheral vision. Thus, our visual processing of and attention to objects and scenes depends on how and where these stimuli fall on the retina. The built environment is no exception to these dependencies, specifically in terms of how focal object perception and ambient spatial perception create different types of experiences we have with built environments. We argue that these foundational mechanisms of the eye and the visual stream are limiting parameters of architectural experience. We hypothesize that people experience architecture in two basic ways based on these visual limitations; by intellectually assessing architecture consciously through focal object processing and assessing architecture in terms of atmosphere through pre-conscious ambient spatial processing. Furthermore, these separate ways of processing architectural stimuli operate in parallel throughout the visual perceptual system. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of architecture must take into account that built environments are stimuli that are treated differently by focal and ambient vision, which enable intellectual analysis of architectural experience versus the experience of architectural atmosphere, respectively. We offer this theoretical model to help advance a more precise understanding of the experience of architecture, which can be tested through future experimentation. (298 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Rooney
- College of Architecture, Planning, and Design, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Robert J. Condia
- Department of Architecture, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lester C. Loschky
- Visual Cognition Lab, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
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102
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Holden N, Kelly J, Welford M, Taylor PJ. Emotional response to a therapeutic technique: The social Broad Minded Affective Coping. Psychol Psychother 2017; 90:55-69. [PMID: 27093877 PMCID: PMC5347928 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been suggested that savouring positive memories can generate positive emotions. Increasing positive emotion can have a range of benefits including reducing attention to and experiences of threat. This study investigated individuals' emotional reactions to a guided mental imagery task focussing on positive social memory called the 'social Broad Minded Affective Coping (BMAC)' technique. The study examined possible predictors of individuals' responses to this intervention. METHOD An internet-based, within-group, repeated-measures design was used. One hundred and twenty-three participants completed self-report measures of self-attacking and social safeness/pleasure. They were then guided through the social BMAC. Participants completed state measures of positive and negative affect and social safeness/pleasure before and after the intervention. Forty-nine participants took part in a 2-week follow-up. RESULTS It was found that safe/warm positive affect, relaxed positive affect and feelings of social safeness increased following the social BMAC, whilst negative affect decreased. In addition, it was found that people scoring higher on inadequate self-attacking benefited most from this intervention. Changes in affect were not maintained at the 2-week follow-up. CONCLUSION The results provide preliminary support for the efficacy of the social BMAC in activating specific types of mood (those associated with safeness rather than drive/reward). This task has potential as part of therapeutic interventions directed at clinical groups, but further evaluation is needed. PRACTITIONER POINTS The social Broad Minded Affective Coping (BMAC) was related to improvements in forms of positive affect linked to the affiliative system. This task may be helpful in inducing these positive mood states within therapy. Further evaluation comparing the BMAC to a control task is needed. Individuals with a greater fear of compassion or more hated-self-criticism may gain less from the task, although effects were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Holden
- Psychosis Research UnitGreater Manchester West NHS Mental Health Foundation TrustPrestwichUK
| | - James Kelly
- Lancashire Care NHS Foundation TrustEarly Intervention ServiceAccringtonUK
| | | | - Peter J. Taylor
- Institute of Psychology, Health & SocietyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
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Hinojosa JA, Fernández-Folgueiras U, Albert J, Santaniello G, Pozo MA, Capilla A. Negative induced mood influences word production: An event-related potentials study with a covert picture naming task. Neuropsychologia 2016; 95:227-239. [PMID: 28025016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present event-related potentials (ERPs) study investigated the effects of mood on phonological encoding processes involved in word generation. For this purpose, negative, positive and neutral affective states were induced in participants during three different recording sessions using short film clips. After the mood induction procedure, participants performed a covert picture naming task in which they searched letters. The negative compared to the neutral mood condition elicited more negative amplitudes in a component peaking around 290ms. Furthermore, results from source localization analyses suggested that this activity was potentially generated in the left prefrontal cortex. In contrast, no differences were found in the comparison between positive and neutral moods. Overall, current data suggest that processes involved in the retrieval of phonological information during speech generation are impaired when participants are in a negative mood. The mechanisms underlying these effects were discussed in relation to linguistic and attentional processes, as well as in terms of the use of heuristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hinojosa
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - J Albert
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - G Santaniello
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Pozo
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - A Capilla
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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104
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Wang L, Zhou B, Zhou W, Yang Y. Odor-induced mood state modulates language comprehension by affecting processing strategies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36229. [PMID: 27796356 PMCID: PMC5087082 DOI: 10.1038/srep36229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is controversial whether mood affects cognition by triggering specific processing strategies or by limiting processing resources. The current event-related potential (ERP) study pursued this issue by examining how mood modulates the processing of task relevant/irrelevant information. In question-answer pairs, a question context marked a critical word in the answer sentence as focus (and thus relevant) or non-focus (thereby irrelevant). At the same time, participants were exposed to either a pleasant or unpleasant odor to elicit different mood states. Overall, we observed larger N400s when the critical words in the answer sentences were semantically incongruent (rather than congruent) with the question context. However, such N400 effect was only found for focused words accompanied by a pleasant odor and for both focused and non-focused words accompanied by an unpleasant odor, but not for non-focused words accompanied by a pleasant odor. These results indicate top-down attentional shift to the focused information in a positive mood state and non-selective attention allocated to the focused and non-focused information in a less positive mood state, lending support to the "processing strategy" hypothesis. By using a novel approach to induce mood states, our study provides fresh insights into the mechanisms underlying mood modulation of language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- CAS, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- CAS, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- CAS, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Yufang Yang
- CAS, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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105
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Schmidt M, Benzing V, Kamer M. Classroom-Based Physical Activity Breaks and Children's Attention: Cognitive Engagement Works! Front Psychol 2016; 7:1474. [PMID: 27757088 PMCID: PMC5047899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classroom-based physical activity breaks are postulated to positively impact children's attention during their school day. However, empirical evidence for this claim is scarce and the role of cognitive engagement in enhancing children's attentional performance is unexplored in studies on physical activity breaks. The aim of the present study was therefore to disentangle the separate and/or combined effects of physical exertion and cognitive engagement induced by physical activity breaks on primary school children's attention. In addition, the role of children's affective reactions to acute interventions at school was investigated. Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design, 92 children between the ages of 11 and 12 years (M = 11.77, SD = 0.41) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: (1) combo group (physical activity with high cognitive demands), (2) cognition group (sedentary with high cognitive demands), (3) physical group (physical activity with low cognitive demands), and (4) control group (sedentary with low cognitive demands). Attention and affect were measured before and immediately after a 10-min intervention. ANCOVAs revealed that whereas physical exertion had no effect on any measure of children's attentional performance, cognitive engagement was the crucial factor leading to increased focused attention and enhanced processing speed. Mediational analyses showed that changes in positive affect during the interventions mediated the effect between cognitive engagement and focused attention as well as between cognitive engagement and processing speed. These surprising results are discussed in the light of theories predicting both facilitating and deteriorative effects of positive affect on attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Schmidt
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Benzing
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kamer
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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106
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Modulatory effects of happy mood on performance monitoring: Insights from error-related brain potentials. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 17:106-123. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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107
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Murdock KW, LeRoy AS, Lacourt TE, Duke DC, Heijnen CJ, Fagundes CP. Executive functioning and diabetes: The role of anxious arousal and inflammation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:102-9. [PMID: 27261922 PMCID: PMC5662196 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who perform poorly on measures of the executive function of inhibition have higher anxious arousal in comparison to those with better performance. High anxious arousal is associated with a pro-inflammatory response. Chronically high anxious arousal and inflammation increase one's risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We sought to evaluate anxious arousal and inflammation as underlying mechanisms linking inhibition with diabetes incidence. Participants (N=835) completed measures of cognitive abilities, a self-report measure of anxious arousal, and donated blood to assess interleukin-6 (IL-6) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Individuals with low inhibition were more likely to have diabetes than those with high inhibition due to the serial pathway from high anxious arousal to IL-6. Findings remained when entering other indicators of cognitive abilities as covariates, suggesting that inhibition is a unique cognitive ability associated with diabetes incidence. On the basis of our results, we propose several avenues to explore for improved prevention and treatment efforts for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Bioscience Research Collaborative Room 773, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Angie S. LeRoy
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Bioscience Research Collaborative Room 773, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005,Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Boulevard Room 126 Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Tamara E. Lacourt
- Department of Symptoms Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Danny C. Duke
- Division of Psychology, Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health and Science University, 707 SW Gaines Street, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Cobi J. Heijnen
- Department of Symptoms Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Bioscience Research Collaborative Room 773, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005,Department of Symptoms Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas 77030,Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza - BCM350, Houston, Texas 77030
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108
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Noreen S, Ridout N. Examining the impact of thought substitution on intentional forgetting in induced and naturally occurring dysphoria. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:280-8. [PMID: 27209358 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine if natural and induced dysphoria is associated with impaired forgetting and, whether a thought-substitution strategy would ameliorate any observed deficits. Study 1: 36 dysphoric & 36 non-dysphoric participants learnt a series of emotional word pairs. Participants were subsequently presented with some of the cues and were asked to recall the targets or prevent the targets from coming to mind. Half of the participants were provided with substitute words to recall instead of the original targets (aided suppression). At final memory testing, participants were asked to recall the targets to all cues. Dysphoric participants exhibited impaired forgetting, even when using a thought substitution strategy. Non-dysphoric participants, however, were able to use substitutes to suppress words. Study 2: 50 healthy participants initially completed the aided condition of the forgetting task. Participants were then given a positive or negative mood-induction, followed by another version of the forgetting task. Although all participants showed a forgetting effect prior to the mood-induction, only the positive group was successful at forgetting after the mood induction. Taken together, these findings do not support the utility of thought-substitution as an aid to forgetting in individuals in a naturally or induced dysphoric mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Noreen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Nathan Ridout
- Department of Psychology, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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109
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Happy heart, smiling eyes: A systematic review of positive mood effects on broadening of visuospatial attention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:816-837. [PMID: 27395341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive mood contributes to mental and physical wellbeing. The broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001) proposed that the beneficial effects of positive mood on life quality result from attentional broadening. In this article, we systematically review (following PRISMA guidelines; Moher et al., 2009), a host of studies investigating the nature and extent of attentional changes triggered by the experience of positive mood, with a focus on vision. While several studies reported a broadening of attention, others found that positive mood led to a more diffuse information processing style. Positive mood appears to lessen attention selectivity in a way that is context-specific and bound to limitations. We propose a new framework in which we postulate that positive mood impacts the balance between internally and externally directed attention, through modulations of cognitive control processes, instead of broadening attention per se. This novel model is able to accommodate discrepant findings, seeks to translate the phenomenon of the so-called broadening of attention with positive mood into functional terms, and provides plausible neurobiological mechanisms underlying this effect, suggesting a crucial role of the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex in this interaction.
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110
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Frenzel AC, Pekrun R, Goetz T, Daniels LM, Durksen TL, Becker-Kurz B, Klassen RM. Measuring Teachers’ enjoyment, anger, and anxiety: The Teacher Emotions Scales (TES). CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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111
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Development of a Yellow Flag Assessment Tool for Orthopaedic Physical Therapists: Results From the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) Cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016; 46:327-43. [PMID: 26999408 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Study Design Clinical measurement, cross-sectional. Background Pain-associated psychological distress adversely influences outcomes for patients with musculoskeletal pain. However, assessment of pain-associated psychological distress (ie, yellow flags) is not routinely performed in orthopaedic physical therapy practice. A standardized yellow flag assessment tool will better inform treatment decision making related to psychologically informed practice. Objectives To describe the development of a concise, multidimensional yellow flag assessment tool for application in orthopaedic physical therapy clinical practice. Methods A 136-item yellow flag item bank was developed from validated psychological questionnaires across domains related to pain vulnerability (negative mood, fear avoidance) and resilience (positive affect/coping). Patients seeking physical therapy with neck, back, knee, or shoulder pain completed the item bank. Iterative statistical analyses determined minimal item sets meeting thresholds for identifying elevated vulnerability or low resilience (ie, upper or lower quartile, as indicated). Further item reduction yielded a concise yellow flag assessment tool to assess 11 psychological constructs measuring pain-associated psychological distress. Correlations between the assessment tool and individual psychological questionnaires were measured and compared between anatomical regions. Concurrent validity was assessed by determining variance explained in pain and disability scores by the assessment tool. Results Subjects with elevated vulnerability and decreased resilience were identified with a high degree of accuracy (minimum of 85%) using a 17-item tool. Correlations were moderate to high between the 17-item tool and individual psychological questionnaires, with no significant differences in correlations between different anatomical regions. Shorter 10- and 7-item versions of the assessment tool allow clinicians the flexibility to assess for yellow flags quickly with acceptable trade-offs in accuracy (81% and 75%, respectively). All versions of the tool explained significant additional variance in pain and disability scores (range, 19.3%-36.7%) after accounting for demographics, historical variables, and anatomical region of pain. Conclusion Concise assessment of yellow flags is feasible in outpatient physical therapy settings. This multidimensional tool advances assessment of pain-associated psychological distress through the addition of positive affect/coping constructs and estimation of full questionnaire scores. Further study is warranted to determine how this tool complements established risk-assessment tools by providing the option for efficient treatment monitoring. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(5):327-345. Epub 21 Mar 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6487.
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112
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Waldman DA, Wang D, Fenters V. The Added Value of Neuroscience Methods in Organizational Research. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116642013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the lack of availability and prohibitive expense of brain imaging technology have limited the application of neuroscience research in organizational settings. However, recent advances in technology have made it possible to use brain imaging in organizational settings at relatively little expense and in a practical manner to further research efforts. In this article, we weigh the advantages and disadvantages of neuroscience applications to organizational research. Further, we present three key methodological issues that need to be considered with regard to such applications: (a) level of assessment, (b) intrinsic versus reflexive brain activity, and (c) the targeting of brain region(s) or networks. We also pose specific examples of how neuroscience may be applied to various topical areas in organizational behavior research at both individual and team levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Waldman
- Department of Management, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Danni Wang
- Department of Management and Global Business, Rutgers Business School, Newark and New Brunswick, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA
| | - Virgil Fenters
- Department of Management, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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113
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Rhodes JD, Hawk LW. Smoke and mirrors: The overnight abstinence paradigm as an index of disrupted cognitive function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1395-404. [PMID: 26875757 PMCID: PMC7413488 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking abstinence is known to cause decrements in cognition, but the effects are small and variable. One way to reduce variance may be to aggregate measures or visits. Although trait-like individual differences in smoking abstinence effects on cognition are theorized to predict relapse, the test-retest reliability (TRR) assumed in trait models has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to assess the value of aggregating measures to determine effect sizes (ESs) of smoking versus abstinence on measures of cognition and to assess the short-term TRR of abstinence effects on cognition. METHODS Thirty adult smokers completed the typical overnight abstinence paradigm twice; each visit pair consisted of one smoking visit and one abstinent visit. Measures of attention, working memory, and inhibitory control were obtained in each visit. RESULTS There were small to medium ESs for smoking abstinence on individual cognitive measures during the first abstinence experience ("visit pair"). Aggregating the measures within the visit pair and across visit pairs additively increased the ES of smoking versus abstinence. Although TRRs were acceptable between smoking visits and between abstinent visits, TRRs for abstinence effects (smoking vs. abstinent visit differences) on cognition were consistently weak. DISCUSSION The ability of the typical overnight abstinence paradigm to reflect disrupted cognition at the group level can be substantially improved by aggregating across cognitive outcomes and/or multiple study visits. However, the patterns of poor TRR of smoking-abstinence differences in cognition caution against their use as trait-like markers in studies of relapse or treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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114
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von Stumm S. Is day-to-day variability in cognitive function coupled with day-to-day variability in affect? INTELLIGENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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115
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Individual differences in emotion word processing: A diffusion model analysis. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:489-501. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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116
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Lanini J, Galduróz JCF, Pompéia S. Acute personalized habitual caffeine doses improve attention and have selective effects when considering the fractionation of executive functions. Hum Psychopharmacol 2016; 31:29-43. [PMID: 26621326 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is widely used, often consumed with food, and improves simple and complex/executive attention under fasting conditions. We investigated whether these cognitive effects are observed when personalized habitual doses of caffeine are ingested by caffeine consumers, whether they are influenced by nutriments and if various executive domains are susceptible to improvement. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 60 young, healthy, rested males randomly assigned to one of four treatments: placebo fasting, caffeine fasting, placebo meal and caffeine meal. Caffeine doses were individualized for each participant based on their self-reported caffeine consumption at the time of testing (morning). The test battery included measures of simple and sustained attention, executive domains (inhibiting, updating, shifting, dual tasking, planning and accessing long-term memory), control measures of subjective alterations, glucose and insulin levels, skin conductance, heart rate and pupil dilation. Regardless of meal intake, acute habitual doses of caffeine decreased fatigue, and improved simple and sustained attention and executive updating. This executive effect was not secondary to the habitual weekly dose consumed, changes in simple and sustained attention, mood, meal ingestion and increases in cognitive effort. We conclude that the morning caffeine "fix" has positive attentional effects and selectively improved executive updating whether or not caffeine is consumed with food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lanini
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sabine Pompéia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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117
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When Stock Market Investors Breathe Polluted Air. ENTREPRENEURSHIP, BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS - VOL. 2 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27573-4_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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118
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Zhou Y, Siu AFY. Motivational intensity modulates the effects of positive emotions on set shifting after controlling physiological arousal. Scand J Psychol 2015; 56:613-21. [PMID: 26453484 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on the construct of emotion suggests the integration of a motivational dimension into the traditional two-dimension (subjective valence and physiological arousal) model. The motivational intensity of an emotional state should be taken into account while investigating the emotion-cognition relationship. This study examined how positive emotional states varying in motivational intensity influenced set shifting, after controlling the potential confounding impacts of physiological arousal. In Experiment 1, 155 volunteers performed a set-shifting task after being randomly assigned to five states: high- vs. low-motivating positive affect (interest vs. serenity), high- vs. low-motivating negative affect (disgust vs. anxiety), and neutral state. Eighty-five volunteers participated in Experiment 2, which further examined the effects of higher vs. lower degree of interest. Both experiments measured and compared participants' physiological arousal (blood pressure and pulse rate) under the normal and experimental conditions as the covariate. Results showed no difference in switching performance between the neutral and serenity groups. As compared with the neutral state, the high-motivating positive affect significantly increased set-switching reaction time costs, but reduced error rate costs; the higher the motivational intensity, the greater the time-costs impairment. This indicates a role of the high-motivating positive affect in regulating the balance between the flexible and stable cognitive control. Motivational intensity also modulated the effects of negative emotional states, i.e., disgust caused a larger increase in time costs than anxiety. Further exploration into neurobiological mechanisms that may mediate the emotional effects on set shifting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Angela F Y Siu
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Salazar-Villanea M, Liebmann E, Garnier-Villarreal M, Montenegro-Montenegro E, Johnson DK. Depressive Symptoms Affect Working Memory in Healthy Older Adult Hispanics. JOURNAL OF DEPRESSION & ANXIETY 2015; 4:204. [PMID: 27104091 PMCID: PMC4836854 DOI: 10.4172/2167-1044.1000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low and middle income nations will experience an unprecedented growth of the elderly population and subsequent increase in age-related neurological disorders. Worldwide prevalence and incidence of all-types of neurological disorders with serious mental health complications will increase with life expectancy across the globe. One-in- ten individuals over 75 has at least moderate cognitive impairment. Prevalence of cognitive impairment doubles every 5 years thereafter. Latin America's population of older adult's 65 years and older is growing rapidly, yet little is known about cognitive aging among healthy older Latinos. Clinically significant depressive symptomatology is common among community-dwelling older adults and is associated with deficits across multiple cognitive domains, however much of the literature has not modeled the unique effects of depression distinct from negative and low positive affect. Our objective was to understand how mental health affects cognitive health in healthy aging Latinos. METHODS The present study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relative effects of Negative Affect, Positive Affect and Geriatric Depression on Verbal Memory, Verbal Reasoning, Processing Speed, and Working Memory in healthy aging Latinos. Data was collected from a sample of healthy community dwelling older adults living in San Jose, Costa Rica. Modeling of latent variables attenuated error and improved measurement reliability of cognition, affect, and depression variables. RESULTS Costa Ricans enjoy a notoriety for being much happier than US citizens and are renowned as one of the happiest nations in the world in global surveys. This was born out in these data. Costa Rican affective profiles differed substantively from US profiles. Levels of negative affect and depression were similar to US samples, but their levels of positive affect were much higher. Cognitive performance of these Costa Rican older adults was similar to US-age and education matched peers. CFA and SEM found that increased depressive symptomatology had deleterious effects on Working Memory made up of subtest scores sampling simple attention and vigilance for numbers. Verbal Memory, Verbal Reasoning, and Processing Speed were not affected by self-reported Positive Affect, Negative Affect or Depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Costa Rican older adults were happy, as evidenced by the high ratio of positive affect to relatively low negative affect. Thus, we were somewhat surprised to find that depressive symptoms were selectively correlated to decrements in working memory and that negative and positive affect contributed negligible amounts of variance to any of the cognitive factors. Because of the methodological rigor of latent variable analysis, these results are very specific. The Working Memory factor is not contaminated with Speed of Processing or other measured cognitive factors. Likewise, the measured Geriatric Depression represents symptoms that are richly cognitive, not overtly affective.
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120
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Scrimin S, Mason L, Moscardino U, Altoè G. Externalizing behaviors and learning from text in primary school students: The moderating role of mood. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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121
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Mann SL, Selby EA, Bates ME, Contrada RJ. Integrating affective and cognitive correlates of heart rate variability: A structural equation modeling approach. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:76-86. [PMID: 26168884 PMCID: PMC4980075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High frequency heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of neurocardiac communication thought to reflect predominantly parasympathetic cardiac regulation. Low HRV has been associated empirically with clinical and subclinical levels of anxiety and depression and, more recently, high levels of HRV have been associated with better performance on some measures of executive functioning (EF). These findings have offered support for theories proposing HRV as an index measure of a broad, self-regulatory capacity underlying aspects of emotion regulation and executive control. This study sought to test that proposition by using a structural equation modeling approach to examine the relationships of HRV to negative affect (NA) and EF in a large sample of U.S. adults ages 30s-80s. HRV was modeled as a predictor of an NA factor (self-reported trait anxiety and depression symptoms) and an EF factor (performance on three neuropsychological tests tapping facets of executive abilities). Alternative models also were tested to determine the utility of HRV for predicting NA and EF, with and without statistical control of demographic and health-related covariates. In the initial structural model, HRV showed a significant positive relationship to EF and a nonsignificant relationship to NA. In a covariate-adjusted model, HRV's associations with both constructs were nonsignificant. Age emerged as the only significant predictor of NA and EF in the final model, showing inverse relationships to both. Findings may reflect population and methodological differences from prior research; they also suggest refinements to the interpretations of earlier findings and theoretical claims regarding HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Mann
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA.
| | - Edward A Selby
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA.
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Smithers Hall, Busch Campus, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001, USA; Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA.
| | - Richard J Contrada
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Tillett Hall, Livingston Campus, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA.
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Rigoni D, Demanet J, Sartori G. Happiness in action: the impact of positive affect on the time of the conscious intention to act. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1307. [PMID: 26388812 PMCID: PMC4554957 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal relationship between our conscious intentions to act and the action itself has been widely investigated. Previous research consistently shows that the motor intention enters awareness a few 100 ms before movement onset. As research in other domains has shown that most behavior is affected by the emotional state people are in, it is remarkable that the role of emotional states on intention awareness has never been investigated. Here we tested the hypothesis that positive and negative affects have opposite effects on the temporal relationship between the conscious intention to act and the action itself. A mood induction procedure that combined guided imagery and music listening was employed to induce positive, negative, or neutral affective states. After each mood induction session, participants were asked to execute voluntary self-paced movements and to report when they formed the intention to act. Exposure to pleasant material, as compared to exposure to unpleasant material, enhanced positive affect and dampened negative affect. Importantly, in the positive affect condition participants reported their intention to act earlier in time with respect to action onset, as compared to when they were in the negative or in the neutral affect conditions. Conversely the reported time of the intention to act when participants experienced negative affect did not differ significantly from the neutral condition. These findings suggest that the temporal relationship between the conscious intention to act and the action itself is malleable to changes in affective states and may indicate that positive affect enhances intentional awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rigoni
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle Demanet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Sartori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
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Pacheco-Unguetti AP, Parmentier FBR. Happiness increases distraction by auditory deviant stimuli. Br J Psychol 2015; 107:419-33. [PMID: 26302716 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rare and unexpected changes (deviants) in an otherwise repeated stream of task-irrelevant auditory distractors (standards) capture attention and impair behavioural performance in an ongoing visual task. Recent evidence indicates that this effect is increased by sadness in a task involving neutral stimuli. We tested the hypothesis that such effect may not be limited to negative emotions but reflect a general depletion of attentional resources by examining whether a positive emotion (happiness) would increase deviance distraction too. Prior to performing an auditory-visual oddball task, happiness or a neutral mood was induced in participants by means of the exposure to music and the recollection of an autobiographical event. Results from the oddball task showed significantly larger deviance distraction following the induction of happiness. Interestingly, the small amount of distraction typically observed on the standard trial following a deviant trial (post-deviance distraction) was not increased by happiness. We speculate that happiness might interfere with the disengagement of attention from the deviant sound back towards the target stimulus (through the depletion of cognitive resources and/or mind wandering) but help subsequent cognitive control to recover from distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pilar Pacheco-Unguetti
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Fabrice B R Parmentier
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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124
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Farbiash T, Berger A. Brain and behavioral inhibitory control of kindergartners facing negative emotions. Dev Sci 2015; 19:741-56. [PMID: 26287125 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) - one of the most critical functions underlying a child's ability to self-regulate - develops significantly throughout the kindergarten years. Experiencing negative emotions imposes challenges on executive functioning and may specifically affect IC. In this study, we examined kindergartners' IC and its related brain activity during a negative emotional situation: 58 children (aged 5.5-6.5 years) performed an emotion-induction Go/NoGo task. During this task, we recorded children's performance and brain activity, focusing on the fronto-central N2 component in the event-related potential (ERP) and the power of its underlying theta frequency. Compared to Go trials, inhibition of NoGo trials was associated with larger N2 amplitudes and theta power. The negative emotional experience resulted in better IC performance and, at the brain level, in larger theta power. Source localization of this effect showed that the brain activity related to IC during the negative emotional experience was principally generated in the posterior frontal regions. Furthermore, the band power measure was found to be a more sensitive index for children's inhibitory processes than N2 amplitudes. This is the first study to focus on kindergartners' IC while manipulating their emotional experience to induce negative emotions. Our findings suggest that a kindergartner's experience of negative emotion can result in improved IC and increases in associated aspects of brain activity. Our results also suggest the utility of time-frequency analyses in the study of brain processes associated with response inhibition in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Farbiash
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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125
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Stiernströmer ES, Wolgast M, Johansson M. Effects of facial expression on working memory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 51:312-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Wolgast
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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126
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127
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Scrimin S, Mason L. Does mood influence text processing and comprehension? Evidence from an eye-movement study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 85:387-406. [PMID: 26010020 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has indicated that mood influences cognitive processes. However, there is scarce data regarding the link between everyday emotional states and readers' text processing and comprehension. AIM We aim to extend current research on the effects of mood induction on science text processing and comprehension, using eye-tracking methodology. We investigated whether a positive-, negative-, and neutral-induced mood influences online processing, as revealed by indices of visual behaviour during reading, and offline text comprehension, as revealed by post-test questions. We were also interested in the link between text processing and comprehension. SAMPLE Seventy-eight undergraduate students randomly assigned to three mood-induction conditions. METHODS Students were mood-induced by watching a video clip. They were then asked to read a scientific text while eye movements were registered. Pre- and post-reading knowledge was assessed through open-ended questions. RESULTS Experimentally induced moods lead readers to process an expository text differently. Overall, students in a positive mood spent significantly longer on the text processing than students in the negative and neutral moods. Eye-movement patterns indicated more effective processing related to longer proportion of look-back fixation times in positive-induced compared with negative-induced readers. Students in a positive mood also comprehended the text better, learning more factual knowledge, compared with students in the negative group. Only for the positive-induced readers did the more purposeful second-pass reading positively predict text comprehension. CONCLUSIONS New insights are given on the effects of normal mood variations and students' text processing and comprehension by the use of eye-tracking methodology. Important implications for the role of emotional states in educational settings are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scrimin
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Mason
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy
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128
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Storbeck J, Maswood R. Happiness increases verbal and spatial working memory capacity where sadness does not: Emotion, working memory and executive control. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:925-38. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1034091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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129
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Verhees MWFT, Chwilla DJ, Tromp J, Vissers CTWM. Contributions of emotional state and attention to the processing of syntactic agreement errors: evidence from P600. Front Psychol 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 25914660 PMCID: PMC4391228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic account of language is that language processing occurs in isolation from other cognitive systems, like perception, motor action, and emotion. The central theme of this paper is the relationship between a participant's emotional state and language comprehension. Does emotional context affect how we process neutral words? Recent studies showed that processing of word meaning - traditionally conceived as an automatic process - is affected by emotional state. The influence of emotional state on syntactic processing is less clear. One study reported a mood-related P600 modulation, while another study did not observe an effect of mood on syntactic processing. The goals of this study were: First, to clarify whether and if so how mood affects syntactic processing. Second, to shed light on the underlying mechanisms by separating possible effects of mood from those of attention on syntactic processing. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read syntactically correct or incorrect sentences. Mood (happy vs. sad) was manipulated by presenting film clips. Attention was manipulated by directing attention to syntactic features vs. physical features. The mood induction was effective. Interactions between mood, attention and syntactic correctness were obtained, showing that mood and attention modulated P600. The mood manipulation led to a reduction in P600 for sad as compared to happy mood when attention was directed at syntactic features. The attention manipulation led to a reduction in P600 when attention was directed at physical features compared to syntactic features for happy mood. From this we draw two conclusions: First, emotional state does affect syntactic processing. We propose mood-related differences in the reliance on heuristics as the underlying mechanism. Second, attention can contribute to emotion-related ERP effects in syntactic language processing. Therefore, future studies on the relation between language and emotion will have to control for effects of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine W F T Verhees
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Dorothee J Chwilla
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Johanne Tromp
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Constance T W M Vissers
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen Netherlands ; Kentalis Academy, Sint-Michielsgestel Netherlands
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130
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Hale JB, Fitzer KR. Evaluating orbital-ventral medial system regulation of personal attention: a critical need for neuropsychological assessment and intervention. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2015; 4:106-15. [PMID: 25749156 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention to self and environment form the basis of effective social exchange and relationships. Although implicit in this basic social competency is the ability to be self-aware and responsive to the circumstances of others, many neuropsychologists have yet to understand or measure its basic functions, let alone recognize the brain-behavior relationships that govern this area. Several years ago, interest in "emotional intelligence" rose to the forefront of popular psychology, but we are still unraveling the cortical, subcortical, and neurocellular interactions that produce this nebulous construct, and we are determining how dysfunctional frontal-subcortical and cortico-cerebellar circuitry can lead to aberrant social dynamics and ultimately psychopathology when maladaptive patterns become routinized. In this article, we explore the orbital-ventral medial circuitry thought to govern emotional attention, personal self-regulation, social concern and exchange, and affective aspects of interpersonal relationships. Our examination notes both the dearth of and need for neuropsychological research on the biological basis and measurement of executive regulation of emotional attention, behavioral regulation, and social competence. We conclude with a call for development of neuropsychological measures and methods that can foster differential diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies for children with orbital-ventral medial circuit dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hale
- a Faculties of Medicine and Education , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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131
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Geschwind N, Meulders M, Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, Meulders A. Can Experimentally Induced Positive Affect Attenuate Generalization of Fear of Movement-Related Pain? THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:258-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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132
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Koven NS, Collins LR. Urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker of executive functioning. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 69:227-34. [PMID: 24942240 DOI: 10.1159/000362242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are vital for neuronal survival and adaptive plasticity. With high BDNF gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, BDNF is a potential regulatory factor for building and maintaining cognitive reserves. Recent studies suggest that individual differences in executive functioning, a broad cognitive domain reliant upon frontal lobe structure and function, are governed in part by variance in BDNF polymorphisms. However, as neurogenetic data are not necessarily indicative of in vivo neurochemistry, this study examines the relationship between executive functioning and the neurotransmitter by measuring peripheral BDNF levels. METHODS Fifty-two healthy young adults completed a battery of standardized executive function tests. BDNF levels, adjusted for creatinine, were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of urine samples taken at the time of testing. RESULTS BDNF concentration was positively associated with cognitive flexibility but had no relationship with working memory, abstract reasoning/planning, self-monitoring/response inhibition, or fluency. CONCLUSIONS These results individuate cognitive flexibility as the specific facet of executive functioning associated with in vivo BDNF levels. This study also validates urinary BDNF as a peripheral biomarker of cognition in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Koven
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA
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133
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Garland EL, Geschwind N, Peeters F, Wichers M. Mindfulness training promotes upward spirals of positive affect and cognition: multilevel and autoregressive latent trajectory modeling analyses. Front Psychol 2015; 6:15. [PMID: 25698988 PMCID: PMC4313604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent theory suggests that positive psychological processes integral to health may be energized through the self-reinforcing dynamics of an upward spiral to counter emotion dysregulation. The present study examined positive emotion-cognition interactions among individuals in partial remission from depression who had been randomly assigned to treatment with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; n = 64) or a waitlist control condition (n = 66). We hypothesized that MBCT stimulates upward spirals by increasing positive affect and positive cognition. Experience sampling assessed changes in affect and cognition during 6 days before and after treatment, which were analyzed with a series of multilevel and autoregressive latent trajectory models. Findings suggest that MBCT was associated with significant increases in trait positive affect and momentary positive cognition, which were preserved through autoregressive and cross-lagged effects driven by global emotional tone. Findings suggest that daily positive affect and cognition are maintained by an upward spiral that might be promoted by mindfulness training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Garland
- College Of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT, USA ; Integrative Medicine - Supportive Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Katzir M, Ori B, Eyal T, Meiran N. Go with the flow: how the consideration of joy versus pride influences automaticity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 155:57-66. [PMID: 25557202 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that the consideration of joy, without the actual experience of the emotion, impaired performance on the antisaccade task (Katzir, Eyal, Meiran, & Kessler, 2010). We interpreted this finding as indicating inhibitory control failure. However, impaired antisaccade performance may result from either the weakening of inhibitory control, the potentiation of the competing automatic response, or both. In the current research we used a task switching paradigm, which allowed us to assess cognitive control more directly, using Backward Inhibition, Competitor Rule Suppression, and Competitor Rule Priming as cognitive-control indices as well as assessing the Task Rule Congruency Effect (TRCE) which, like the antisaccade, is influenced by both control and automaticity. We found that considering joy compared to pride did not influence any of the cognitive control indices but increased the TRCE. We interpret this finding as evidence that joy consideration leads to increased reliance on automatic tendencies, such as short-term desires.
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135
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Knight JB, Brewer GA, Ball BH, DeWitt MR, Marsh RL. The influence of mood on the process and content of encoding future intentions. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:1082-100. [PMID: 25572897 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.975729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Remembering to perform an intention in the future when some environmental cue is encountered is referred to as event-based prospective memory. The influence of mood on this future-oriented memory is unclear. By experimentally manipulating mood, the current set of experiments sought to examine the influence that differing mood states have on encoding future intentions. Participants were induced into a neutral, positive, or negative mood state at intention formation and returned to their baseline mood before beginning the prospective memory task. Relative to the neutral mood, positive mood facilitated and negative mood impaired intention encoding when neutrally toned cues were used, as evidenced by the proportion of cues subsequently detected. The use of negatively toned cues ameliorated the benefit of the positive mood but not the impairment of the negative mood. Further, reinstatement of the encoding mood during retrieval equated performance for all three mood conditions. Results suggest that encoded mood influences the future accessibility and completion of intended behaviours, perhaps through modulation of associative processing. The current study demonstrates that mood plays a determining role in encoding future intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Knight
- a Department of Psychology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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136
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Collins R, Stafford LD. Feeling happy and thinking about food. Counteractive effects of mood and memory on food consumption. Appetite 2015; 84:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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137
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Stringer D, Marshall D, Pester B, Baker A, Langenecker SA, Angers K, Frazier N, Archer C, Kamali M, McInnis M, Ryan KA. Openness predicts cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 168:51-7. [PMID: 25036009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Openness to experience (O) is a well-established personality factor and is associated with cognitive performance. Little is known about the personality-cognitive relationship in bipolar disorder, an illness with significant variability in mood. Cognitive evaluation is essential in psychopathology assessment as it may reflect underlying disease processes and psychosocial functional capacity. Screening using a proxy personality variable may identify those in need of comprehensive cognitive testing. We hypothesized that O and measures of cognition would associate in both the Bipolar Disorder (BD) and healthy control (HC) samples, whereas neuroticism and extraversion would correlate with cognition only in the BD sample. METHODS Data from a longitudinal study of BD were used to study the association between personality factors and cognitive measures of attention, executive functioning, memory and fine motor skills. Regression analyses were used to determine the variables that account for the association between personality and cognition. RESULTS Aspects of O explained significant cognitive variance (~5%) in both groups; this persisted when demographic variables (including BD versus HC status) were considered. Neuroticism and extraversion did not consistently correlate with cognitive performance in either group. LIMITATIONS There were more females in the HC group who were slightly younger compared to the BD group. We lack direct measures of positive affect, and there is a reliance on a single measure of personality. CONCLUSIONS BD Individuals scoring low on self-reported Openness are potential candidates for more comprehensive cognitive assessments (which represent a limited resource).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Stringer
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
| | - David Marshall
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Bethany Pester
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Amanda Baker
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Kaley Angers
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Nicole Frazier
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Christopher Archer
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Masoud Kamali
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Melvin McInnis
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Kelly A Ryan
- University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
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138
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Scrimin S, Mason L, Moscardino U. School-related stress and cognitive performance: A mood-induction study. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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139
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Lagner P, Kliegel M, Phillips LH, Ihle A, Hering A, Ballhausen N, Schnitzspahn KM. Mood effects on memory and executive control in a real-life situation. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:1107-16. [PMID: 25265294 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.962486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the laboratory, studies have shown an inconsistent pattern of whether, and how, mood may affect cognitive functions indicating both mood-related enhancement as well as decline. Surprisingly, little is known about whether there are similar effects in everyday life. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate possible mood effects on memory and executive control in a real-life situation. Mood effects were examined in the context of winning in a sports competition. Sixty-one male handball players were tested with an extensive cognitive test battery (comprising memory and executive control) both after winning a match and after training as neutral baseline. Mood differed significantly between the two testing situations, while physiological arousal and motivation were comparable. Results showed lowered performance after the win compared with training in selected cognitive measures. Specifically, short-term and episodic memory performance was poorer following a win, whereas executive control performance was unaffected by condition. Differences in memory disappeared when emotional states after the match were entered as covariates into the initial analyses. Thus, findings suggest mood-related impairments in memory, but not in executive control processes after a positive real-life event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prune Lagner
- a Department of Psychology , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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140
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Fairfield B, Mammarella N, Di Domenico A, Palumbo R. Running with emotion: When affective content hampers working memory performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 50:161-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Fairfield
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Chieti; Italy
| | | | | | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Chieti; Italy
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141
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Egidi G, Caramazza A. Mood-dependent integration in discourse comprehension: happy and sad moods affect consistency processing via different brain networks. Neuroimage 2014; 103:20-32. [PMID: 25225000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to recent research on language comprehension, the semantic features of a text are not the only determinants of whether incoming information is understood as consistent. Listeners' pre-existing affective states play a crucial role as well. The current fMRI experiment examines the effects of happy and sad moods during comprehension of consistent and inconsistent story endings, focusing on brain regions previously linked to two integration processes: inconsistency detection, evident in stronger responses to inconsistent endings, and fluent processing (accumulation), evident in stronger responses to consistent endings. The analysis evaluated whether differences in the BOLD response for consistent and inconsistent story endings correlated with self-reported mood scores after a mood induction procedure. Mood strongly affected regions previously associated with inconsistency detection. Happy mood increased sensitivity to inconsistency in regions specific for inconsistency detection (e.g., left IFG, left STS), whereas sad mood increased sensitivity to inconsistency in regions less specific for language processing (e.g., right med FG, right SFG). Mood affected more weakly regions involved in accumulation of information. These results show that mood can influence activity in areas mediating well-defined language processes, and highlight that integration is the result of context-dependent mechanisms. The finding that language comprehension can involve different networks depending on people's mood highlights the brain's ability to reorganize its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Egidi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Mattarello, TN, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Caramazza
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Mattarello, TN, Italy; Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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142
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Allen RJ, Schaefer A, Falcon T. Recollecting positive and negative autobiographical memories disrupts working memory. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 151:237-43. [PMID: 25086225 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article reports two experiments examining the impact of recollecting emotionally valenced autobiographical memories on subsequent working memory (WM) task performance. Experiment 1 found that negatively valenced recollection significantly disrupted performance on a supra-span spatial WM task. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings to a verbal WM task (digit recall), and found that both negative and positive autobiographical recollections had a detrimental effect on verbal WM. In addition, we observed that these disruptive effects were more apparent on early trials, immediately following autobiographical recollection. Overall, these findings show that both positive and negative affect can disrupt WM when the mood-eliciting context is based on autobiographical memories. Furthermore, these results indicate that the emotional disruption of WM can take place across different modalities of WM (verbal and visuo-spatial).
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143
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Goschke T, Bolte A. Emotional modulation of control dilemmas: The role of positive affect, reward, and dopamine in cognitive stability and flexibility. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:403-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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144
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Schuch S, Koch I. Mood states influence cognitive control: the case of conflict adaptation. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:759-72. [PMID: 25100233 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conflict adaptation can be measured by the "congruency sequence effect", denoting the reduction of congruency effects after incongruent trials (where response conflict occurs) relative to congruent trials (without response conflict). Recently, it has been reported that conflict adaptation is larger in negative mood than in positive mood (van Steenbergen et al., Psychological Science 21:1629-1634, 2010). We conducted two experiments further investigating this important finding. Two different interference paradigms were applied to measure conflict adaptation: Experiment 1 was a Flanker task, Experiment 2 was a Stroop-like task. To get as pure a measure of conflict adaptation as possible, we minimized the influence of trial-to-trial priming effects by excluding all kinds of stimulus repetitions. Mood states were induced by presenting film clips with emotional content prior to the interference task. Three mood states were manipulated between subjects: amused, anxious, and sad. Across both interference paradigms, we consistently found conflict adaptation in negative, but not in positive mood. Taken together with van Steenbergen et al. (Psychological Science 21:1629-1634, 2010) findings, the results suggest that the negative-mood-triggered increase in conflict adaptation is a general phenomenon that occurs independently of the particular mood-induction procedure and interference paradigm involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schuch
- Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Jaegerstrasse 17/19, 52066, Aachen, Germany,
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145
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Luo Y, Qin S, Fernández G, Zhang Y, Klumpers F, Li H. Emotion perception and executive control interact in the salience network during emotionally charged working memory processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5606-16. [PMID: 25044711 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of emotional stimuli can either hinder or facilitate ongoing working memory (WM); however, the neural basis of these effects remains largely unknown. Here we examined the neural mechanisms of these paradoxical effects by implementing a novel emotional WM task in an fMRI study. Twenty-five young healthy participants performed an N-back task with fearful and neutral faces as stimuli. Participants made more errors when performing 0-back task with fearful versus neutral faces, whereas they made fewer errors when performing 2-back task with fearful versus neutral faces. These emotional impairment and enhancement on behavioral performance paralleled significant interactions in distributed regions in the salience network including anterior insula (AI) and dorsal cingulate cortex (dACC), as well as in emotion perception network including amygdala and temporal-occipital association cortex (TOC). The dorsal AI (dAI) and dACC were more activated when comparing fearful with neutral faces in 0-back task. Contrarily, dAI showed reduced activation, while TOC and amygdala showed stronger responses to fearful as compared to neutral faces in the 2-back task. These findings provide direct neural evidence to the emerging dual competition model suggesting that the salience network plays a critical role in mediating interaction between emotion perception and executive control when facing ever-changing behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- School of Education Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guzhou, People's Republic of China; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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146
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed both executive function (EF) and prospective memory (PM) in a group of current smokers (CS) to observe whether deficits in both sets of memory processes co-existed in smokers, comparing this group with a group who had never smoked (NS). METHOD An existing-groups design was used to compare smokers with the NS group on a Reserve Digit Span Task (RDST) that measured EF and the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) measuring PM. Age, mood, other drug use and IQ were also measured and controlled for in the study. RESULTS After omitting anyone using an illegal substance and observing no between-group differences in age, gender, anxiety, depression, alcohol use and IQ, the CS group performed significantly worse on the RDST and recalled significantly fewer time-based and event-based tasks on CAMPROMPT, compared with the NS group. CONCLUSIONS Both EF and PM deficits were evident in the same cohort of CS when compared with a NS group, a finding which is novel in the current literature. Since both EF and PM are interrelated in that they share common resources in the brain, the finding that both sets of deficits co-existed in smokers suggests that persistent cigarette smoking impedes these underlying resources.
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147
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Simpson EE, Maylor EA, McConville C, Stewart-Knox B, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M, Polito A, Intorre F, McCormack JM, Coudray C. Mood and cognition in healthy older European adults: the Zenith study. BMC Psychol 2014; 2:11. [PMID: 25945252 PMCID: PMC4416258 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7283-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aim was to determine if state and trait intra-individual measures of everyday affect predict cognitive functioning in healthy older community dwelling European adults (n = 387), aged 55-87 years. METHODS Participants were recruited from centres in France, Italy and Northern Ireland. Trait level and variability in positive and negative affect (PA and NA) were assessed using self-administered PANAS scales, four times a day for four days. State mood was assessed by one PANAS scale prior to assessment of recognition memory, spatial working memory, reaction time and sustained attention using the CANTAB computerized test battery. RESULTS A series of hierarchical regression analyses were carried out, one for each measure of cognitive function as the dependent variable, and socio-demographic variables (age, sex and social class), state and trait mood measures as the predictors. State PA and NA were both predictive of spatial working memory prior to looking at the contribution of trait mood. Trait PA and its variability were predictive of sustained attention. In the final step of the regression analyses, trait PA variability predicted greater sustained attention, whereas state NA predicted fewer spatial working memory errors, accounting for a very small percentage of the variance (1-2%) in the respective tests. CONCLUSION Moods, by and large, have a small transient effect on cognition in this older sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ea Simpson
- Psychology Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK ; School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, BT521SA Coleraine, County Londonderry Northern Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Natalie Meunier
- CHU Clermont Ferrand, Unité d'Exploration en Nutrition, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Angela Polito
- Agricultural Research Council-Research Centre on Food and Nutrition (CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jacqueline M McCormack
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Charles Coudray
- UMR 866 (Dynamique Musculaire & Métabolisme) INRA, Place Viala, Montpellier, France
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148
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Powell JL, Kemp GJ, Dunbar RI, Roberts N, Sluming V, García-Fiñana M. Different association between intentionality competence and prefrontal volume in left- and right-handers. Cortex 2014; 54:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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149
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Hubbeling D. Decision-making capacity should not be decisive in emergencies. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2014; 17:229-238. [PMID: 24370815 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-013-9534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Examples of patients with anorexia nervosa, depression or borderline personality disorder who have decision-making capacity as currently operationalized, but refuse treatment, are discussed. It appears counterintuitive to respect their treatment refusal because their wish seems to be fuelled by their illness and the consequences of their refusal of treatment are severe. Some proposed solutions have focused on broadening the criteria for decision-making capacity, either in general or for specific patient groups, but these adjustments might discriminate against particular groups of patients and render the process less transparent. Other solutions focus on preferences expressed when patients are not ill, but this information is often not available. The reason for such difficulties with assessing decision-making capacity is that the underlying psychological processes of normal decision-making are not well known and one cannot differentiate between unwise decisions caused by an illness or other factors. The proposed alternative, set out in this paper, is to allow compulsory treatment of patients with decision-making capacity in cases of an emergency, if the refusal is potentially life threatening, but only for a time-limited period. The argument is also made for investigating hindsight agreement, in particular after compulsory measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieneke Hubbeling
- Wandsworth Crisis and Home Treatment Team, South West London and St. George's Mental Health NHS Trust, 61 Glenburnie Road, London, SW17 7DJ, UK,
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150
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Checa P, Castellanos MC, Abundis-Gutiérrez A, Rosario Rueda M. Development of neural mechanisms of conflict and error processing during childhood: implications for self-regulation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:326. [PMID: 24795676 PMCID: PMC3997010 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of thoughts and behavior requires attention, particularly when there is conflict between alternative responses or when errors are to be prevented or corrected. Conflict monitoring and error processing are functions of the executive attention network, a neurocognitive system that greatly matures during childhood. In this study, we examined the development of brain mechanisms underlying conflict and error processing with event-related potentials (ERPs), and explored the relationship between brain function and individual differences in the ability to self-regulate behavior. Three groups of children aged 4-6, 7-9, and 10-13 years, and a group of adults performed a child-friendly version of the flanker task while ERPs were registered. Marked developmental changes were observed in both conflict processing and brain reactions to errors. After controlling by age, higher self-regulation skills are associated with smaller amplitude of the conflict effect but greater amplitude of the error-related negativity. Additionally, we found that electrophysiological measures of conflict and error monitoring predict individual differences in impulsivity and the capacity to delay gratification. These findings inform of brain mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive control and self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Checa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain ; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Center for Research on Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - M C Castellanos
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain ; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Center for Research on Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Abundis-Gutiérrez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain ; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Center for Research on Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - M Rosario Rueda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain ; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Center for Research on Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada Granada, Spain
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