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Omer S, Kirkbride JB, Pringle DG, Russell V, O'Callaghan E, Waddington JL. Neighbourhood-level socio-environmental factors and incidence of first episode psychosis by place at onset in rural Ireland: the Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study [CAMFEPS]. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:152-7. [PMID: 24342585 PMCID: PMC3906531 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about associations between the social environment and risk for psychosis within rural settings. This study sought to investigate whether such associations exist within a rural context using a prospective dataset of unusual epidemiological completeness. METHOD Using the Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study database of people aged 16 years and older, both ecological analyses and multilevel modelling were applied to investigate associations between incidence of psychosis by place at onset and socio-environmental risk factors of material deprivation, social fragmentation and urban-rural classification across electoral divisions. RESULTS The primary finding was an association between more deprived social contexts and higher rates of psychotic disorder, after adjustment for age and sex [all psychoses: incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.12, 95% CI (1.03-1.23)]. CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between adverse socio-environmental factors and increase in risk for psychosis by place at onset within a predominantly rural environment. This study suggests that social environmental characteristics may have an impact on risk across the urban-rural gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Omer
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, Cavan Hospital, Cavan, Ireland; Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics and 3U Partnership, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Dennis G. Pringle
- Department of Geography and 3U Partnership, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Vincent Russell
- Cavan–Monaghan Mental Health Service, Cavan Hospital, Cavan, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry and 3U Partnership, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John L. Waddington
- Cavan–Monaghan Mental Health Service, Cavan Hospital, Cavan, Ireland,Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics and 3U Partnership, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Lederbogen F, Haddad L, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Urban social stress--risk factor for mental disorders. The case of schizophrenia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 183:2-6. [PMID: 23791151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Living in an urban environment is associated with an increased prevalence of specific mental health disorders, particularly schizophrenia. While many factors have been discussed as possible mediators of this association, most researchers favour the hypothesis that urban living stands as a proxy for an increased exposure to social stress. This factor has been recognized as one of the most powerful causes for the development of mental disorders, and appears to correlate with the markedly increased incidence of schizophrenia in urban minority groups. However, the hypothesis that the general urban population is exposed to increased levels of social stress has to be validated. Pursuing the goal of understanding how social stress acts as a risk factor for mental disorder in urban populations must include factors like social conditions, environmental pollutants, infrastructure and economic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lederbogen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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103
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Kingston T, Scully PJ, Browne DJ, Baldwin PA, Kinsella A, Russell V, O'Callaghan E, Waddington JL. Diagnostic trajectory, interplay and convergence/divergence across all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses: 6-year follow-up of the Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS). Psychol Med 2013; 43:2523-2533. [PMID: 23480983 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171300041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The boundaries of psychotic illness and the extent to which operational diagnostic categories are distinct in the long term remain poorly understood. Clarification of these issues requires prospective evaluation of diagnostic trajectory, interplay and convergence/divergence across psychotic illness, without a priori diagnostic or other restrictions. METHOD The Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS), conducted using methods to attain the closest approximation to epidemiological completeness, incepts all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses. In this study we applied methodologies to achieve diagnostic reassessments on follow-up, at a mean of 6.4 years after first presentation, for 196 (97%) of the first 202 cases, with quantification of prospective and retrospective consistency. RESULTS Over 6 years, the 12 initial psychotic diagnoses were characterized by numerous transitions but only limited convergence towards a smaller number of more stable diagnostic nodes. In particular, for initial brief psychotic disorder (BrP), in 85% of cases this was the harbinger of long-term evolution to serious psychotic illness of diagnostic diversity; for initial major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDDP), in 18% of cases this was associated with mortality of diverse causality; and for initial psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (PNOS), 31% of cases continued to defy DSM-IV criteria. CONCLUSIONS CAMFEPS methodology revealed, on an individual case basis, a diversity of stabilities in, and transitions between, all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses over 6 years; thus, psychotic illness showed longitudinal disrespect to current nosology and may be better accommodated by a dimensional model. In particular, a first episode of BrP or MDDP may benefit from more vigorous, sustained interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kingston
- Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, St Davnet's Hospital, Monaghan, and Cavan General Hospital, Cavan, Ireland
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in research on geographical variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. In this paper, we review the evidence on variation in incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in terms of place, as well as the individual- and area-level factors that account for this variation. We further review findings on potential mechanisms that link adverse urban environment and psychosis. There is evidence from earlier and more recent studies that urbanicity is associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis. In addition, considerable variation in incidence across neighbourhoods has been observed for these disorders. Findings suggest it is unlikely that social drift alone can fully account for geographical variation in incidence. Evidence further suggests that the impact of adverse social contexts - indexed by area-level exposures such as population density, social fragmentation and deprivation - on risk of psychosis is explained (confounding) or modified (interaction) by environmental exposures at the individual level (i.e., cannabis use, social adversity, exclusion and discrimination). On a neurobiological level, several studies suggest a close link between social adversity, isolation and stress on the one hand, and monoamine dysfunction on the other, which resembles findings in schizophrenia patients. However, studies directly assessing correlations between urban stress or discrimination and neurobiological alterations in schizophrenia are lacking to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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105
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Linz SJ, Sturm BA. The phenomenon of social isolation in the severely mentally ill. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2013; 49:243-54. [PMID: 25187445 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The phenomenon of social isolation is closely linked with the experience of having a severe mental illness (SMI). This paper offers scholarly perspectives and analyses of the phenomenon of social isolation as it applies to people with SMI by highlighting relevant definitional, historical, theoretical, and conceptual understanding surrounding this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS Stigma, alienation, and existential loneliness when taken together provide an understanding of the multidimensional problem of social isolation for people with SMI. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Mental health services should be provided which take into account the importance of human contact and social connection for people who live with SMI. Services can be offered which are designed to develop social skills, as well as to create opportunities for social connection and community involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J Linz
- Seton Hall University College of Nursing, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
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Urbanicity, persecutory delusions, and clinical intervention: the development of a brief CBT module for helping patients with persecutory delusions enter social urban environments. Behav Cogn Psychother 2013; 43:42-51. [PMID: 23930939 PMCID: PMC4005778 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465813000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substantial epidemiological research has shown that psychotic experiences are more common in densely populated areas. Many patients with persecutory delusions find it difficult to enter busy social urban settings. The stress and anxiety caused by being outside lead many patients to remain in-doors. We therefore developed a brief CBT intervention, based upon a formulation of the way urban environments cause stress and anxiety, to help patients with paranoid thoughts to feel less distressed when outside in busy streets. Aims: The aim was to pilot the new intervention for feasibility and acceptability and gather preliminary outcome data. Method: Fifteen patients with persecutory delusions in the context of a schizophrenia diagnosis took part. All patients first went outside to test their reactions, received the intervention, and then went outside again. Results: The intervention was considered useful by the patients. There was evidence that going outside after the intervention led to less paranoid responses than the initial exposure, but this was only statistically significant for levels of distress. Conclusions: Initial evidence was obtained that a brief CBT module specifically focused on helping patients with paranoia go outside is feasible, acceptable, and may have clinical benefits. However, it could not be determined from this small feasibility study that any observed improvements were due to the CBT intervention. Challenges in this area and future work required are outlined.
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108
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Stowkowy J, Addington J. Predictors of a clinical high risk status among individuals with a family history of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2013; 147:281-6. [PMID: 23611242 PMCID: PMC4356481 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk for psychosis can be assessed on the basis of genetic risk, referred to in the literature as family high risk (FHR) or through the presence of clinical high risk symptoms (CHR). Recent studies have also shown that certain risk factors (i.e. trauma, cannabis, migration) may play a role in the development of psychosis, possibly in combination with one another and in particular in combination with a family history of psychosis. It is unknown which risk factors may play a role in the prediction of CHR status among individuals whom are already genetically vulnerable. This study compared FHR individuals who also met CHR criteria to FHR individuals who did not on various risk factors, psychopathology and functioning. METHOD Participants were 25 who met FHR and CHR criteria (FHR + CHR) as determined by Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, 25 who met only FHR criteria (FHR-non-CHR), and 25 healthy controls. A binary logistic regression was performed to determine the best predictors of belonging to the FHR + CHR group. RESULTS FHR + CHR and FHR-non CHR were significantly different on measures of age first tried cannabis (F = 3.65, p < 0.05) and IQ (F = 3.32, p < 0.05). FHR groups also differed on self-reported anxiety (F=11.79, p < 0.001) and current scores of social (F = 19.74, p < 0.0001) and role (F = 17.71, p < 0.0001) functioning. The most significant predictor of belonging to the FHR + CHR group was an earlier age of cannabis use (OR = 0.44, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION These preliminary results are promising in determining potential risk factors for the development of psychosis in those who are at risk for psychosis on the basis of a family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stowkowy
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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110
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Ngui AN, Apparicio P, Fleury MJ, Lesage A, Grégoire JP, Moisan J, Vanasse A. Spatio-temporal clustering of the incidence of schizophrenia in Quebec, Canada from 2004 to 2007. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2013; 6:37-47. [PMID: 23973179 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exploring spatio-temporal patterns of disease incidence can help to identify areas of significantly elevated or decreased risk, providing potential etiologic clues. In this study, we present a spatio-temporal analysis of the incidence of schizophrenia in Quebec from 2004 to 2007 using administrative databases from the Régie de l'Assurance Maladie du Quebec and the hospital discharge database. We conducted purely spatial analyses for each age group adjusted by sex for the whole period using SatScan (version 9.1.1). Findings from the study indicated variations in the spatial clustering of schizophrenia according to sex and age. In term of incidence rate, there are high differences between urban and rural-remote areas, as well as between the two main metropolitan areas of the province of Quebec (Island of Montreal and Quebec-City).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ngamini Ngui
- Groupe PRIMUS, Centre de recherche Étienne-Lebel, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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111
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Nelson M, Seal M, Pantelis C, Phillips L. Evidence of a dimensional relationship between schizotypy and schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:317-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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112
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Smeets F, Lataster T, van Winkel R, de Graaf R, Ten Have M, van Os J. Testing the hypothesis that psychotic illness begins when subthreshold hallucinations combine with delusional ideation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 127:34-47. [PMID: 22676336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While hallucinations and delusions are often considered as a single class of 'positive symptoms', little is known about their dynamic cooccurrence in relation to clinical outcome in non-help-seeking people. METHOD The Netherlands Mental Health and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-1) is a longitudinal study of mental disorders (n = 7075) with three measurements over a 3-year period. Risk factors, persistence of psychotic experiences, and clinical outcome were analyzed for groups with: i) no psychotic experiences, ii) only delusions, iii) only hallucinations, and iv) both delusions and hallucinations. RESULTS Hallucinations and delusions occurred together more often (T0, 3.5%; T1, 1.0%; T2, 0.9%) than that predicted by chance (T0, 1.0%; T1, 0.1%; T2, 0.04%). The group with both symptoms showed more 'first-rank'-like delusions compared with the group with only delusions. Having both hallucinations and delusions, compared to isolated symptoms, was associated more strongly with risk factors, comorbid affective symptoms, negative symptoms, and persistence of psychotic experiences. This was not an artifact of having more symptoms in general. CONCLUSION Experiencing both delusions and hallucinations is an indicator of greater etiological load resulting in more clinical outcome. A specific 'hallucinatory-delusional state' may represent an early phase of exacerbation of aberrant attribution of salience, increasing risk for clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Smeets
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Nishioka M, Bundo M, Kasai K, Iwamoto K. DNA methylation in schizophrenia: progress and challenges of epigenetic studies. Genome Med 2012; 4:96. [PMID: 23234572 PMCID: PMC3580436 DOI: 10.1186/gm397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease affecting about 1% of the world's population, with significant effects on patients and society. Genetic studies have identified several candidate risk genes or genomic regions for schizophrenia, and epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental risk factors. However, the etiology of schizophrenia still remains largely unknown. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications can explain the interaction between genetic and environmental factors at the molecular level, and accumulating evidence suggests that such epigenetic alterations are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, replication studies to validate previous findings and investigations of the causality of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia are needed. Here, we review epigenetic studies of schizophrenia patients using postmortem brains or peripheral tissues, focusing mainly on DNA methylation. We also highlight the recent progress and challenges in characterizing the potentially complex and dynamic patterns of epigenomic variations. Such studies are expected to contribute to our understanding of schizophrenia etiology and should provide novel opportunities for the development of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishioka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan
| | - Miki Bundo
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Vilain J, Galliot AM, Durand-Roger J, Leboyer M, Llorca PM, Schürhoff F, Szöke A. [Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia: a review]. Encephale 2012. [PMID: 23177330 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of variations in schizophrenia incidence rates has been found in genetically homogenous populations, depending on changes within time or space of certain environmental characteristics. The consideration of the impact of environmental risk factors in etiopathogenic studies has put the environment in the forefront of research regarding psychotic illnesses. Various environmental factors such as urbanicity, migration, cannabis, childhood traumas, infectious agents, obstetrical complications and psychosocial factors have been associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia. These risk factors can be biological, physical, psychological as well as social and may operate at different times in an individual's life (fetal period, childhood, adolescence and early adulthood). Whilst some of these factors act on an individual level, others act on a populational level, modulating the individual risk. These factors can have a direct action on the development of schizophrenia, or on the other hand act as markers for directly implicated factors that have not yet been identified. LITERATURE FINDINGS This article summarizes the current knowledge on this subject. An extensive literature search was conducted via the search engine Pubmed. Eight risk factors were selected and developed in the following paper: urbanicity (or living in an urban area), cannabis, migration (and ethnic density), obstetrical complications, seasonality of birth, infectious agents (and inflammatory responses), socio-demographic factors and childhood traumas. For each of these factors, we provide information on the importance of the risk, the vulnerability period, hypotheses made on the possible mechanisms behind the factors and the level of proof the current research offers (good, medium, or insufficient) according to the amount, type, quality and concordance of the studies at hand. Some factors, such as cannabis, are "unique" in their influence on the development of schizophrenia since it labels only one risk factor. Others, such as obstetrical complications, are grouped (or "composed") in that they include various sub-factors that can influence the development of schizophrenia. DISCUSSION The data reviewed clearly demonstrates that environmental factors have an influence on the risk of developing schizophrenia. For certain factors - cannabis, migration, urbanicity, obstetrical complications, seasonality - there is enough evidence to establish an association with the risk of schizophrenia. This association, however, remains weak (especially for seasonality). With the exception of cannabis, no direct link can yet be established. Concerning the three remaining factors - childhood traumas, infectious agents, socio-demographic factors - the available proof is insufficient. One main limitation concerning all environmental factors is the generalization of results due to the fact that the studies were conducted on geographically limited populations. The current state of knowledge does not allow us to determine the mechanisms by which these factors may act. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to fill the gaps in our understanding of the subject. In response to this need, a collaborative European project (European Study of Gene-Environment Interactions [EU GEI]) was set-up. This study proposes the analysis of those environmental factors that influence the incidence of schizophrenia in various European countries, in both rural and urban settings, migrant and native populations, as well as their interaction with genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vilain
- Inserm U 955, équipe de psychiatrie génétique, département de génomique médicale, institut Mondor de recherches biomédicales (IMRB), 94000 Créteil, France.
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Vassos E, Pedersen CB, Murray RM, Collier DA, Lewis CM. Meta-analysis of the association of urbanicity with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38:1118-23. [PMID: 23015685 PMCID: PMC3494055 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The association between urbanicity and risk of schizophrenia is well established. The incidence of schizophrenia has been observed to increase in line with rising levels of urbanicity, as measured in terms of population size or density. This association is expressed as Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), and the results are usually presented by comparing the most urban with the most rural environment. In this study, we undertook to express the effect of urbanicity on the risk of schizophrenia in a linear form and to perform a meta-analysis of all available evidence. We first employed a simple regression analysis of log (IRR) as given in each study on the urbanicity category, assuming a uniform distribution and a linear association. In order to obtain more accurate estimates, we developed a more sophisticated method that generates individual data points with simulation from the summary data presented in the original studies, and then fits a logistic regression model. The estimates from each study were combined with meta-analysis. Despite the challenges that arise from differences between studies as regards to the number and relative size of urbanicity levels, a linear association was observed between the logarithm of the odds of risk for schizophrenia and urbanicity. The risk for schizophrenia at the most urban environment was estimated to be 2.37 times higher than in the most rural environment. The same effect was found when studies measuring the risk for nonaffective psychosis were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Vassos
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK.
| | - Carsten B Pedersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David A Collier
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK;,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
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Korver N, Quee PJ, Boos HBM, Simons CJP, de Haan L. Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP), a multi-site longitudinal cohort study focused on gene-environment interaction: objectives, sample characteristics, recruitment and assessment methods. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2012; 21:205-21. [PMID: 22419500 PMCID: PMC6878383 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A longitudinal focus on gene-environment vulnerability and resilience in both patients, their unaffected family members and non-related controls offers the opportunity to elucidate etiological and pathogenetic factors influencing the onset and course of psychotic disorders. The current paper delineates the objectives, sample characteristics, recruitment and assessment procedures of the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychoses (GROUP) study. METHODS A naturalistic longitudinal cohort study with assessments at baseline, after three and six years of follow-up. The study is conducted by a consortium of four university psychiatric centres, with their affiliated mental health care institutions in the Netherlands covering more than 7.5 million inhabitants. Extensive assessment of genetic factors, environmental factors, (endo)phenotypes, and outcome. RESULTS At baseline, 1120 patients, 1057 siblings, 919 parents and 590 healthy controls were included. CONCLUSION The GROUP study will contribute to insight in risk and protective factors in the aetiology of non-affective psychotic disorders, and in the variation in their course and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikie Korver
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Phenotypic effects of repeated psychosocial stress during adolescence in mice mutant for the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin-1: a putative model of gene × environment interaction. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:660-71. [PMID: 22426432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of animal models by which the contributions of environmental and genetic factors to the pathobiology of psychosis can be investigated. This study examined the individual and combined effects of chronic social stress during adolescence and deletion of the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin-1 (NRG1) on adult mouse phenotype. Mice were exposed to repeated social defeat stress during adolescence and assessed for exploratory behaviour, working memory, sucrose preference, social behaviour and prepulse inhibition in adulthood. Thereafter, in vitro cytokine responses to mitogen stimulation and corticosterone inhibition were assayed in spleen cells, with measurement of cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. NRG1 mutants exhibited hyperactivity, decreased anxiety, impaired sensorimotor gating and reduced preference for social novelty. The effects of stress on exploratory/anxiety-related parameters, spatial working memory, sucrose preference and basal cytokine levels were modified by NRG1 deletion. Stress also exerted varied effect on spleen cytokine response to concanavalin A and brain cytokine and BDNF mRNA expression in NRG1 mutants. The experience of psychosocial stress during adolescence may trigger further pathobiological features that contribute to the development of schizophrenia, particularly in those with underlying NRG1 gene abnormalities. This model elaborates the importance of gene × environment interactions in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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118
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Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, Genc K. The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:782462. [PMID: 22523490 PMCID: PMC3317189 DOI: 10.1155/2012/782462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution is a serious and common public health concern associated with growing morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the last decades, the adverse effects of air pollution on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have been well established in a series of major epidemiological and observational studies. In the recent past, air pollution has also been associated with diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been demonstrated that various components of air pollution, such as nanosized particles, can easily translocate to the CNS where they can activate innate immune responses. Furthermore, systemic inflammation arising from the pulmonary or cardiovascular system can affect CNS health. Despite intense studies on the health effects of ambient air pollution, the underlying molecular mechanisms of susceptibility and disease remain largely elusive. However, emerging evidence suggests that air pollution-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microglial activation, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and alterations in the blood-brain barrier contribute to CNS pathology. A better understanding of the mediators and mechanisms will enable the development of new strategies to protect individuals at risk and to reduce detrimental effects of air pollution on the nervous system and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermin Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Zadeoglulari
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stefan H. Fuss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kursad Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
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119
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Kebir O, Krebs MO. Diethylstilbestrol and risk of psychiatric disorders: a critical review and new insights. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:84-95. [PMID: 21428730 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.560280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored whether in utero DES exposure has produced consistent findings with regard to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. METHODS We reviewed systematically the epidemiological studies investigating a possible association between prenatal DES exposure and risk of psychiatric disorders. RESULTS We identified 10 relevant studies reporting the psychiatric outcome of offspring with a history of in utero DES exposure compared to a control group. We classified them into four categories: (1) a mail survey in a sample from a randomized double-blind controlled trial of prophylactic DES for first pregnancy in the early 1950s reported that depression and anxiety were twice as frequent in the exposed group compared to the placebo group; (2) five small clinical samples with inconclusive results; (3) two large cohorts of DES-exposed participants: the first study reported a higher lifetime history of weight loss related to anorexia nervosa whereas the second did not found any significant difference; (4) two subsamples from general population cohorts: the first study did not found any significant difference whereas the second reported that exposed women showed a higher rate of incident depression than non-exposed women. CONCLUSIONS The role of prenatal exposure to DES as an environmental risk factor for psychiatric disorders requires more evidence before any conclusions can be drawn. If confirmed, several explanations could be proposed: gene × environment interaction and epigenetic mechanisms, although phenocopy and gene-environment aggregation are plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Kebir
- INSERM, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, U894 Centre of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
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120
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Galea S. The urban brain: new directions in research exploring the relation between cities and mood-anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28:857-62. [PMID: 21818824 DOI: 10.1002/da.20868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Room 1508, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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121
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Kuepper R, van Os J, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Henquet C. Do cannabis and urbanicity co-participate in causing psychosis? Evidence from a 10-year follow-up cohort study. Psychol Med 2011; 41:2121-2129. [PMID: 21466750 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is considered a component cause of psychotic illness, interacting with genetic and other environmental risk factors. Little is known, however, about these putative interactions. The present study investigated whether an urban environment plays a role in moderating the effects of adolescent cannabis use on psychosis risk. METHOD Prospective data (n=1923, aged 14-24 years at baseline) from the longitudinal population-based German Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology cohort study were analysed. Urbanicity was assessed at baseline and defined as living in the city of Munich (1562 persons per km2; 4061 individuals per square mile) or in the rural surroundings (213 persons per km2; 553 individuals per square mile). Cannabis use and psychotic symptoms were assessed three times over a 10-year follow-up period using the Munich version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS Analyses revealed a significant interaction between cannabis and urbanicity [10.9% adjusted difference in risk, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-18.6, p=0.005]. The effect of cannabis use on follow-up incident psychotic symptoms was much stronger in individuals who grew up in an urban environment (adjusted risk difference 6.8%, 95% CI 1.0-12.5, p=0.021) compared with individuals from rural surroundings (adjusted risk difference -4.1%, 95% CI -9.8 to 1.6, p=0.159). The statistical interaction was compatible with substantial underlying biological synergism. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmental influences associated with urban upbringing may increase vulnerability to the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis use later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuepper
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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122
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Stilo SA, Di Forti M, Murray RM. Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia: implications for prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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123
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San L, Rubio G, Bernardo-Fernández I. Immediate clinical assessment of medical intervention in schizophrenic patients admitted to an acute-care psychiatric unit: a retrospective, naturalistic and multicenter study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011; 15:196-203. [PMID: 22121929 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2011.583665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assess whether an early improvement of symptoms had an impact on the length of hospital stay in patients with schizophrenia admitted to acute-care psychiatric/short-stay units in routine daily practice. METHODS A naturalistic, retrospective and multicenter study was designed to examine the immediate clinical assessment (day 5 and at discharge) of the medical intervention of schizophrenia in 1346 patients requiring in-patient care. RESULTS Intensification of psychotic symptoms was due to non-adherence to antipsychotic medication (67%), lack of efficacy of treatment (27%), and substance use (24%). Patients treated with antipsychotics increased from 78.7% before hospitalization to almost 100% at discharge. There was an increase in the percentage of symptom-free patients after 5 days of treatment as compared with the day 1 (6.2 vs. 10.1%). The mean (standard deviation, SD) scores of the Clinical Global Impression scale decreased from 5.3 (0.9) on admission to 4.3 (1.2) on day 5 and 3.0 (1.1) at hospital discharge. At discharge, symptoms had improved in 86.3% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of symptoms on day 3, male sex, active working status, voluntary, and use of benzodiazepines during in-patient care were significantly associated with hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis San
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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124
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Mental health rehabilitation services in Ireland: vision and reality. Ir J Psychol Med 2011; 28:69-75. [PMID: 30200035 DOI: 10.1017/s0790966700011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Irish national mental health policy document, A Vision for Change , included recommendations to develop specialist rehabilitation mental health services. This survey was conducted as part of a multicentre study to investigate current provision of mental health rehabilitation services in Ireland and factors associated with better clinical outcomes for users of these services. The aim was to carry out a detailed national survey of specialist rehabilitation services in order to describe current service provision. METHOD A structured questionnaire was sent to consultant rehabilitation psychiatrists in all mental health catchment areas of Ireland that had any rehabilitation services to gather data on various aspects of service provision. RESULTS Twenty-six of the 31 mental health areas of Ireland had some form of rehabilitation service. Sixteen teams working in 15 of these areas fulfilled A Vision for Change criteria to be defined as specialist rehabilitation services and all 16 responded to the survey. The overall response rate was 73% (19/26). Most services lacked a full multidisciplinary team. Only one service had an assertive outreach team with acceptable fidelity to the assertive outreach model. Urban services were less well resourced than rural services. CONCLUSION This is the first national survey to describe the provision of mental health rehabilitation services in Ireland. Although there has been an increase in the provision of consultant-led specialist rehabilitation services nationally, these services lack multidisciplinary input. There also appears to be a lack of planned provision of the facilities required to provide comprehensive rehabilitation services with unequal distribution of resources between urban and rural areas. This has potential cost implications for local mental health services in relation to 'out of area treatment' placements and perhaps more importantly to the overall quality of patient care.
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125
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Abstract
Psychotic syndromes can be understood as disorders of adaptation to social context. Although heritability is often emphasized, onset is associated with environmental factors such as early life adversity, growing up in an urban environment, minority group position and cannabis use, suggesting that exposure may have an impact on the developing 'social' brain during sensitive periods. Therefore heritability, as an index of genetic influence, may be of limited explanatory power unless viewed in the context of interaction with social effects. Longitudinal research is needed to uncover gene-environment interplay that determines how expression of vulnerability in the general population may give rise to more severe psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim van Os
- European Graduate School for Neuroscience, SEARCH, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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126
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Stilo SA, Murray RM. The epidemiology of schizophrenia: replacing dogma with knowledge. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20954427 PMCID: PMC3181982 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2010.12.3/sstilo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology of schizophrenia. We now know that the disorder is more common and severe in young men, and that the incidence varies geographically and temporally. Risk factors have been elucidated; biological risks include a family history of the disorder, advanced paternal age, obstetric complications, and abuse of drugs such as stimulants and cannabis. In addition, recent research has also identified social risk factors such as being born and brought up in a city, migration, and certain types of childhood adversity such as physical abuse and bullying, as well as social isolation and adverse events in adult life. Current research is focussing on the significance of minor psychotic symptoms in the general population, gene-environmental interaction, and how risk factors impact on pathogenesis; perhaps all risk factors ultimately impact on striatal dopamine as the final common pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona A Stilo
- Psychosis Clinical Academic Group, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, UK
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127
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Murphy BP. Beyond the first episode: candidate factors for a risk prediction model of schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry 2010; 22:202-23. [PMID: 20504060 DOI: 10.3109/09540261003661833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many early psychosis services are financially compromised and cannot offer a full tenure of care to all patients. To maintain viability of services it is important that those with schizophrenia are identified early to maximize long-term outcomes, as are those with better prognoses who can be discharged early. The duration of untreated psychosis remains the mainstay in determining those who will benefit from extended care, yet its ability to inform on prognosis is modest in both the short and medium term. There are a number of known or putative genetic and environmental risk factors that have the potential to improve prognostication, though a multivariate risk prediction model combining them with clinical characteristics has yet to be developed. Candidate risk factors for such a model are presented, with an emphasis on environmental risk factors. More work is needed to corroborate many putative factors and to determine which of the established factors are salient and which are merely proxy measures. Future research should help clarify how gene-environment and environment-environment interactions occur and whether risk factors are dose-dependent, or if they act additively or synergistically, or are redundant in the presence (or absence) of other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Murphy
- Recovery and Prevention of Psychosis Service, Southern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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