101
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The Cytoskeleton as Regulator of Cell Signaling Pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:96-107. [PMID: 31812462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During interphase, filamentous actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments regulate cell shape, motility, transport, and interactions with the environment. These activities rely on signaling events that control cytoskeleton properties. Recent studies uncovered mechanisms that go far beyond this one-directional flow of information. Thus, the three branches of the cytoskeleton impinge on signaling pathways to determine their activities. We propose that this regulatory role of the cytoskeleton provides sophisticated mechanisms to control the spatiotemporal output and the intensity of signaling events. Specific examples emphasize these emerging contributions of the cytoskeleton to cell physiology. In our opinion, further exploration of these pathways will uncover new concepts of cellular communication that originate from the cytoskeleton.
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102
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Lu Y, Lv F, Kong M, Chen X, Duan Y, Chen X, Sun D, Fang M, Xu Y. A cAbl-MRTF-A Feedback Loop Contributes to Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:243. [PMID: 31681772 PMCID: PMC6805704 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-differentiation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to myofibroblasts is a hallmark event in liver fibrosis. Previous studies have led to the discovery that myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) is a key regulator of HSC trans-differentiation or, activation. In the present study we investigated the interplay between MRTF-A and c-Abl (encoded by Abl1), a tyrosine kinase, in this process. We report that hepatic expression levels of c-Abl were down-regulated in MRTF-A knockout (KO) mice compared to wild type (WT) littermates in several different models of liver fibrosis. MRTF-A deficiency also resulted in c-Abl down-regulation in freshly isolated HSCs from the fibrotic livers of mice. MRTF-A knockdown or inhibition repressed c-Abl in cultured HSCs in vitro. Further analyses revealed that MRTF-A directly bound to the Abl1 promoter to activate transcription by interacting with Sp1. Reciprocally, pharmaceutical inhibition of c-Abl suppressed MRTF-A activity. Mechanistically, c-Abl activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which in turn phosphorylated MRTF-A and promoted MRTF-A nuclear trans-localization. In conclusion, our data suggest that a c-Abl-MRTF-A positive feedback loop contributes to HSC activation and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fangqiao Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory Center for Experimental Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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103
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Sakaguchi T, Takefuji M, Wettschureck N, Hamaguchi T, Amano M, Kato K, Tsuda T, Eguchi S, Ishihama S, Mori Y, Yura Y, Yoshida T, Unno K, Okumura T, Ishii H, Shimizu Y, Bando YK, Ohashi K, Ouchi N, Enomoto A, Offermanns S, Kaibuchi K, Murohara T. Protein Kinase N Promotes Stress-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction Through Phosphorylation of Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor A and Disruption of Its Interaction With Actin. Circulation 2019; 140:1737-1752. [PMID: 31564129 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is a complex syndrome that results from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or blood ejection. Protein phosphorylation is a major and essential intracellular mechanism that mediates various cellular processes in cardiomyocytes in response to extracellular and intracellular signals. The RHOA-associated protein kinase (ROCK/Rho-kinase), an effector regulated by the small GTPase RHOA, causes pathological phosphorylation of proteins, resulting in cardiovascular diseases. RHOA also activates protein kinase N (PKN); however, the role of PKN in cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. METHODS To explore the role of PKNs in heart failure, we generated tamoxifen-inducible, cardiomyocyte-specific PKN1- and PKN2-knockout mice by intercrossing the αMHC-CreERT2 line with Pkn1flox/flox and Pkn2flox/flox mice and applied a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction- and angiotensin II-induced heart failure. To identify a novel substrate of PKNs, we incubated GST-tagged myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA) with recombinant GST-PKN-catalytic domain or GST-ROCK-catalytic domain in the presence of radiolabeled ATP and detected radioactive GST-MRTFA as phosphorylated MRTFA. RESULTS We demonstrated that RHOA activates 2 members of the PKN family of proteins, PKN1 and PKN2, in cardiomyocytes of mice with cardiac dysfunction. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the genes encoding Pkn1 and Pkn2 (cmc-PKN1/2 DKO) did not affect basal heart function but protected mice from pressure overload- and angiotensin II-induced cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, we identified MRTFA as a novel substrate of PKN1 and PKN2 and found that MRTFA phosphorylation by PKN was considerably more effective than that by ROCK in vitro. We confirmed that endogenous MRTFA phosphorylation in the heart was induced by pressure overload- and angiotensin II-induced cardiac dysfunction in wild-type mice, whereas cmc-PKN1/2 DKO mice suppressed transverse aortic constriction- and angiotensin II-induced phosphorylation of MRTFA. Although RHOA-mediated actin polymerization accelerated MRTFA-induced gene transcription, PKN1 and PKN2 inhibited the interaction of MRTFA with globular actin by phosphorylating MRTFA, causing increased serum response factor-mediated expression of cardiac hypertrophy- and fibrosis-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PKN1 and PKN2 activation causes cardiac dysfunction and is involved in the transition to heart failure, thus providing unique targets for therapeutic intervention for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiro Sakaguchi
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mikito Takefuji
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (N.W., S.O.)
| | - Tomonari Hamaguchi
- Cell Pharmacology (T.H., M.A., Y.Y., K. Kaibuchi), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Amano
- Cell Pharmacology (T.H., M.A., Y.Y., K. Kaibuchi), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuma Tsuda
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Eguchi
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sohta Ishihama
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Mori
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.,Cell Pharmacology (T.H., M.A., Y.Y., K. Kaibuchi), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshida
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Unno
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shimizu
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuko K Bando
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Molecular Medicine and Cardiology (K.O., N.O.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- Molecular Medicine and Cardiology (K.O., N.O.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Pathology (A.E.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (N.W., S.O.)
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Cell Pharmacology (T.H., M.A., Y.Y., K. Kaibuchi), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.T., K. Kato, T.T., S.E., S.I., Y.M., Y.Y., T.Y., K.U., T.O, H.I., Y.S., Y.K.B., T.M.), Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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Hou J, Liu B, Zhu B, Wang D, Qiao Y, Luo E, Nawabi AQ, Yan G, Tang C. Role of integrin-linked kinase in the hypoxia-induced phenotypic transition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: Implications for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111476. [PMID: 31255599 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic transition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from a contractile/differentiated to synthetic/de-differentiated phenotype is an important mechanism for the occurrence and development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an early hypoxic response factor whose kinase activity is significantly affected during early hypoxia. Myocardin and ETS-like protein 1 (Elk-1) are co-activators of serum response factor (SRF) and can bind to SRF to mediate the phenotypic transition of PASMCs. However, little is known about the role of ILK on the phenotypic transition of these PASMCs. Thus, in our study, we explored the role of ILK in this process. We found that the expression of ILK and myocardin decreased gradually with the increase in hypoxia exposure time in the pulmonary arteries of rats. We observed that hypoxia exposure for 1 h caused an increase in the phosphorylation of Elk-1 but did not affect the expression of ILK, myocardin, or SRF. Exposure to hypoxic treatment for 1 h decreased ILK kinase activity and caused Elk-1 to suppress myocardin binding to SRF and the smooth muscle (SM) α-actin gene promoters. In addition, hypoxia exposure for 24 h decreased the expression of ILK, myocardin, SM α-actin, and calponin but increased the expression of osteopontin. Silencing of the myocardin gene significantly decreased the expression of SM α-actin and calponin but increased the expression of osteopontin. Silencing of the ILK gene significantly decreased the expression of myocardin, SM α-actin, and calponin but increased the expression of osteopontin. ILK overexpression reversed the effects of 24 h of hypoxia on the expression of myocardin, SM α-actin, calponin, and osteopontin and reversed the decrease in binding of myocardin to the SM α-actin promoter caused by 24 h of hypoxia exposure. Thus, our results suggest that ILK initiates the phenotypic transition of PASMCs. The underlying mechanism may involve hypoxia downregulating ILK kinase activity and protein expression, causing Elk-1 to compete with myocardin for binding to the SM α-actin promoter, which downregulates the expression of the downstream target myocardin and results in the phenotypic transition of PASMCs from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. This may be an important mechanism in the development of HPH.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- Cobalt/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Hemodynamics/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/enzymology
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Vascular Remodeling/genetics
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-1/metabolism
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Boqian Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfei Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Abdul Qadir Nawabi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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105
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Meli VS, Veerasubramanian PK, Atcha H, Reitz Z, Downing TL, Liu WF. Biophysical regulation of macrophages in health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:283-299. [PMID: 30861205 PMCID: PMC7001617 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0318-126r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform critical functions for homeostasis and immune defense in tissues throughout the body. These innate immune cells are capable of recognizing and clearing dead cells and pathogens, and orchestrating inflammatory and healing processes that occur in response to injury. In addition, macrophages are involved in the progression of many inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease, fibrosis, and cancer. Although it has long been known that macrophages respond dynamically to biochemical signals in their microenvironment, the role of biophysical cues has only recently emerged. Furthermore, many diseases that involve macrophages are also characterized by changes to the tissue biophysical environment. This review will discuss current knowledge about the effects of biophysical cues including matrix stiffness, material topography, and applied mechanical forces, on macrophage behavior. We will also describe the role of molecules that are known to be important for mechanotransduction, including adhesion molecules, ion channels, as well as nuclear mediators such as transcription factors, scaffolding proteins, and epigenetic regulators. Together, this review will illustrate a developing role of biophysical cues in macrophage biology, and also speculate upon molecular targets that may potentially be exploited therapeutically to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar S. Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Praveen K. Veerasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hamza Atcha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Zachary Reitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Timothy L. Downing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA 92697
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106
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Abstract
Arterial aging engages a plethora of key signalling pathways that act in concert to induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic changes leading to vascular degeneration and extracellular matrix degradation responsible for alterations of the mechanical properties of the vascular wall. This review highlights proof-of-concept examples of components of the extracellular matrix, VSMC receptors which connect extracellular and intracellular structures, and signalling pathways regulating changes in mechanotransduction and vascular homeostasis in aging. Furthermore, it provides a new framework for understanding how VSMC stiffness and adhesion to extracellular matrix contribute to arterial stiffness and how interactions with endothelial cells, platelets, and immune cells can regulate vascular aging. The identification of the key players of VSMC changes operating in large and small-sized arteries in response to increased mechanical load may be useful to better elucidate the causes and consequences of vascular aging and associated progression of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Faculte de Medecine, 9 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, CS 50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Veronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Faculte de Medecine, 9 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, CS 50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Alberto P Avolio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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107
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Prise I, Sharrocks AD. ELK1 has a dual activating and repressive role in human embryonic stem cells. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:41. [PMID: 31346550 PMCID: PMC6619381 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15091.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The ERK MAPK pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous cellular processes during normal development and in the adult but is often deregulated in disease scenarios. One of its key nuclear targets is the transcription factor ELK1, which has been shown to play an important role in controlling gene expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). ELK1 is known to act as a transcriptional activator in response to ERK pathway activation but repressive roles have also been uncovered, including a putative interaction with the PRC2 complex. Methods: Here we probe the activity of ELK1 in hESCs by using a combination of gene expression analysis in hESCs and during differentiation following ELK1 depletion and also analysis of chromatin occupancy of transcriptional regulators and histone mark deposition that accompany changes in gene expression. Results: We find that ELK1 can exert its canonical activating activity downstream from the ERK pathway but also possesses additional repressive activities. Despite its co-binding to PRC2 occupied regions, we could not detect any ELK1-mediated repression at these regions. Instead, we find that ELK1 has a repressive role at a subset of co-occupied SRF binding regions. Conclusions: ELK1 should therefore be viewed as a dichotomous transcriptional regulator that can act through SRF to generate both activating and repressing properties at different genomic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Prise
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew D Sharrocks
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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108
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Dugina VB, Shagieva GS, Kopnin PB. Biological Role of Actin Isoforms in Mammalian Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:583-592. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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109
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Djemai H, Hassani M, Daou N, Li Z, Sotiropoulos A, Noirez P, Coletti D. Srf KO and wild-type mice similarly adapt to endurance exercise. Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8205. [PMID: 31354926 PMCID: PMC6615070 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has important effects as secondary prevention or intervention against several diseases. Endurance exercise induces local and global effects, resulting in skeletal muscle adaptations to aerobic activity and contributes to an amelioration of muscle performance. Furthermore, it prevents muscle loss. Serum response factor (Srf) is a transcription factor of pivotal importance for muscle tissues and animal models of Srf genetic deletion/over-expression are widely used to study Srf role in muscle homeostasis, physiology and pathology. A global characterisation of exercise adaptation in the absence of Srf has not been reported. We measured body composition, muscle force, running speed, energy expenditure and metabolism in WT and inducible skeletal muscle-specific Srf KO mice, following three weeks of voluntary exercise by wheel running. We found a major improvement in the aerobic capacity and muscle function in WT mice following exercise, as expected, and no major differences were observed in Srf KO mice as compared to WT mice, following exercise. Taken together, these observations suggest that Srf is not required for an early (within 3 weeks) adaptation to spontaneous exercise and that Srf KO mice behave similarly to the WT in terms of spontaneous physical activity and the resulting adaptive responses. Therefore, Srf KO mice can be used in functional muscle studies, without the results being affected by the lack of Srf. Since lack of Srf induces premature sarcopenia, our observations suggest that the modifications due to the absence of Srf take time to occur and that young, Srf KO mice behave similarly to WT in aerobic physical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar Djemai
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,IRMES, INSEP, Paris, France.,= equal contribution
| | - Medhi Hassani
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy.,= equal contribution
| | | | | | - Athanassia Sotiropoulos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Noirez
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,IRMES, INSEP, Paris, France.,Department of Exercise Science, UQAM, Montréal, Canada
| | - Dario Coletti
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
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110
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Xiong Y, Bedi K, Berritt S, Attipoe BK, Brooks TG, Wang K, Margulies KB, Field J. Targeting MRTF/SRF in CAP2-dependent dilated cardiomyopathy delays disease onset. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124629. [PMID: 30762586 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
About one-third of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cases are caused by mutations in sarcomere or cytoskeletal proteins. However, treating the cytoskeleton directly is not possible because drugs that bind to actin are not well tolerated. Mutations in the actin binding protein CAP2 can cause DCM and KO mice, either whole body (CAP2-KO) or cardiomyocyte-specific KOs (CAP2-CKO) develop DCM with cardiac conduction disease. RNA sequencing analysis of CAP2-KO hearts and isolated cardiomyocytes revealed overactivation of fetal genes, including serum response factor-regulated (SRF-regulated) genes such as Myl9 and Acta2 prior to the emergence of cardiac disease. To test if we could treat CAP2-KO mice, we synthesized and tested the SRF inhibitor CCG-1423-8u. CCG-1423-8u reduced expression of the SRF targets Myl9 and Acta2, as well as the biomarker of heart failure, Nppa. The median survival of CAP2-CKO mice was 98 days, while CCG-1423-8u-treated CKO mice survived for 116 days and also maintained normal cardiac function longer. These results suggest that some forms of sudden cardiac death and cardiac conduction disease are under cytoskeletal stress and that inhibiting signaling through SRF may benefit DCM by reducing cytoskeletal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
| | - Kenneth Bedi
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Berritt
- Department of Chemistry, Merck High throughput Experimentation Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Thomas G Brooks
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey Field
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
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111
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Methylmercury induces the expression of chemokine CCL4 via SRF activation in C17.2 mouse neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4631. [PMID: 30874621 PMCID: PMC6420654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury is an environmental pollutant that causes specific and serious damage to the central nervous system. We have previously shown that C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) protects cultured neural cells from methylmercury toxicity and expression of CCL4 is specifically induced in mouse brain by methylmercury. In this study, we examined the transcriptional regulatory mechanism that induces CCL4 expression by methylmercury using C17.2 mouse neural stem cells. The promoter region of the CCL4 gene was analyzed by a reporter assay, revealing that the region up to 50 bp upstream from the transcription start site was necessary for inducing expression of CCL4 by methylmercury. Nine transcription factors that might bind to this upstream region and be involved in the induction of CCL4 expression by methylmercury were selected, and the induction of CCL4 expression by methylmercury was suppressed by the knockdown of serum response factor (SRF). In addition, the nuclear level of SRF was elevated by methylmercury, and an increase in the amount bound to the CCL4 gene promoter was also observed. Furthermore, we examined the upstream signaling pathway involved in the induction of CCL4 expression by SRF, and confirmed that activation of p38 and ERK, which are part of the MAPK pathway, are involved. These results suggest that methylmercury induces the expression of CCL4 by activating SRF via the p38 and ERK signaling pathway. Our findings are important for elucidating the mechanism involved in the brain-specific induction of CCL4 expression by methylmercury.
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112
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Prise I, Sharrocks AD. ELK1 has a dual activating and repressive role in human embryonic stem cells. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:41. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15091.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The ERK MAPK pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous cellular processes during normal development and in the adult but is often deregulated in disease scenarios. One of its key nuclear targets is the transcription factor ELK1, which has been shown to play an important role in controlling gene expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). ELK1 is known to act as a transcriptional activator in response to ERK pathway activation but repressive roles have also been uncovered, including a putative interaction with the PRC2 complex. Methods: Here we probe the activity of ELK1 in hESCs by using a combination of gene expression analysis in hESCs and during differentiation following ELK1 depletion and also analysis of chromatin occupancy of transcriptional regulators and histone mark deposition that accompany changes in gene expression. Results: We find that ELK1 can exert its canonical activating activity downstream from the ERK pathway but also possesses additional repressive activities. Despite its co-binding to PRC2 occupied regions, we could not detect any ELK1-mediated repression at these regions. Instead, we find that ELK1 has a repressive role at a subset of co-occupied SRF binding regions. This latter repressive role appears not to be exerted through competition with MRTF family co-activators. Conclusions: ELK1 should therefore be viewed as a dichotomous transcriptional regulator that can act through SRF to generate both activating and repressing properties at different genomic loci.
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113
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Santoro R, Perrucci GL, Gowran A, Pompilio G. Unchain My Heart: Integrins at the Basis of iPSC Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8203950. [PMID: 30906328 PMCID: PMC6393933 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8203950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment mediated by integrin adhesion is of fundamental importance, in both developmental and pathological processes. In particular, mechanotransduction is of growing importance in groundbreaking cellular models such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), since this process may strongly influence cell fate and, thus, augment the precision of differentiation into specific cell types, e.g., cardiomyocytes. The decryption of the cellular machinery starting from ECM sensing to iPSC differentiation calls for new in vitro methods. Conveniently, engineered biomaterials activating controlled integrin-mediated responses through chemical, physical, and geometrical designs are key to resolving this issue and could foster clinical translation of optimized iPSC-based technology. This review introduces the main integrin-dependent mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in mechanotransduction. Special consideration is given to the integrin-iPSC linkage signalling chain in the cardiovascular field, focusing on biomaterial-based in vitro models to evaluate the relevance of this process in iPSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Santoro
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lorenzo Perrucci
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Aoife Gowran
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unità di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Carlo Parea 4, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy
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114
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Ho LTY, Skiba N, Ullmer C, Rao PV. Lysophosphatidic Acid Induces ECM Production via Activation of the Mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ Transcriptional Pathway in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:1969-1984. [PMID: 29677358 PMCID: PMC5896423 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid, has been shown to increase resistance to aqueous humor outflow (AH) through the trabecular meshwork (TM). The molecular basis for this response of the TM to LPA, however, is not completely understood. In this study, we explored the possible involvement of mechanosensitive Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), transcriptional activation in extracellular matrix (ECM) production by LPA-induced contractile activity in human TM cells (HTM). Methods The responsiveness of genes encoding LPA receptors (LPARs), LPA hydrolyzing lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and the LPA-generating autotaxin (ATX) to cyclic mechanical stretch in HTM cells, was evaluated by RT-quantitative (q)PCR. The effects of LPA and LPA receptor antagonists on actomyosin contractile activity, activation of YAP/TAZ, and levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and Cyr61 and ECM proteins in HTM cells were determined by immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence analyses. Results Cyclic mechanical stretch significantly increased the expression of several types of LPARs, LPP1, and ATX in HTM cells. LPA and LPA receptor–dependent contractile activity led to increases in both, the protein levels and activation of YAP/TAZ, and increased the levels of CTGF, Cyr61, α-smooth muscle actin (α–SMA), and ECM proteins in HTM cells. Conclusions The results of this study reveal that LPA and its receptors stimulate YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity in HTM cells by modulating cellular contractile tension, and augment expression of CTGF that in turn leads to increased production of ECM. Therefore, YAP/TAZ-induced increases in CTGF and ECM production could be an important molecular mechanism underlying LPA-induced resistance to AH outflow and ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nikolai Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Single-molecule imaging of the transcription factor SRF reveals prolonged chromatin-binding kinetics upon cell stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:880-889. [PMID: 30598445 PMCID: PMC6338867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812734116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How transcription factors (TFs) activate transcription is a long-standing but still unsolved question. We analyzed serum response factor (SRF), a stimulus-responsive TF mediating immediate early gene (IEG) and cytoskeletal gene expression at single-molecule resolution. Cell stimulation enhanced SRF activity by increasing the number of long chromatin-associated SRF molecules in an oscillating pattern. Further, stimulation enhanced the SRF chromatin residence time, and SRF binding events segregated into three distinct residence time regimes (short, intermediate, and long bound). In summary, our single-molecule imaging study reveals highly dynamic and diverse SRF interactions with DNA. Thus, cell stimulation regulates TF activity by several interconnected mechanisms including nucleus−cytoplasm shuttling, TF phosphorylation, cofactor recruitment, and extension of chromatin residence time and enhancing chromatin-bound TF numbers. Serum response factor (SRF) mediates immediate early gene (IEG) and cytoskeletal gene expression programs in almost any cell type. So far, SRF transcriptional dynamics have not been investigated at single-molecule resolution. We provide a study of single Halo-tagged SRF molecules in fibroblasts and primary neurons. In both cell types, individual binding events of SRF molecules segregated into three chromatin residence time regimes, short, intermediate, and long binding, indicating a cell type-independent SRF property. The chromatin residence time of the long bound fraction was up to 1 min in quiescent cells and significantly increased upon stimulation. Stimulation also enhanced the long bound SRF fraction at specific timepoints (20 and 60 min) in both cell types. These peaks correlated with activation of the SRF cofactors MRTF-A and MRTF-B (myocardin-related transcription factors). Interference with signaling pathways and cofactors demonstrated modulation of SRF chromatin occupancy by actin signaling, MAP kinases, and MRTFs.
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116
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Epstein I, Finkbeiner S. The Arc of cognition: Signaling cascades regulating Arc and implications for cognitive function and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 77:63-72. [PMID: 29559111 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeletal (Arc) gene is implicated in numerous synaptic plasticity paradigms, including long-term potentiation and depression and homeostatic plasticity, and is critical for consolidating memory. How Arc facilitates these forms of plasticity is not fully understood. Unlike other neuronal immediate-early genes, Arc encodes a protein that shuttles between the somatodendritic and nuclear compartments to regulate synaptic plasticity. Little attention has been paid to Arc's role in the nucleus. Here, we highlight the regulatory elements and signaling cascades required to induce Arc transcription and discuss the significance of Arc nuclear localization for synaptic plasticity and scaling. We integrate these findings into the context of cognitive function and disease and propose a model in which Arc mediates an effect on memory as a "chaser" of synaptic activity through homeostatic scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Epstein
- Gladstone Institutes,1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes,1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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117
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Kretzschmar A, Schülke JP, Masana M, Dürre K, Müller MB, Bausch AR, Rein T. The Stress-Inducible Protein DRR1 Exerts Distinct Effects on Actin Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123993. [PMID: 30545002 PMCID: PMC6321462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal dynamics are pivotal to memory, learning, and stress physiology, and thus psychiatric diseases. Downregulated in renal cell carcinoma 1 (DRR1) protein was characterized as the link between stress, actin dynamics, neuronal function, and cognition. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we undertook a domain analysis of DRR1 and probed the effects on actin binding, polymerization, and bundling, as well as on actin-dependent cellular processes. Methods: DRR1 domains were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins to perform in vitro analysis of actin dynamics (binding, bundling, polymerization, and nucleation). Cellular actin-dependent processes were analyzed in transfected HeLa cells with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and confocal microscopy. Results: DRR1 features an actin binding site at each terminus, separated by a coiled coil domain. DRR1 enhances actin bundling, the cellular F-actin content, and serum response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription, while it diminishes actin filament elongation, cell spreading, and actin treadmilling. We also provide evidence for a nucleation effect of DRR1. Blocking of pointed end elongation by addition of profilin indicates DRR1 as a novel barbed end capping factor. Conclusions: DRR1 impacts actin dynamics in several ways with implications for cytoskeletal dynamics in stress physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kretzschmar
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80805 München, Germany.
| | - Jan-Philip Schülke
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80805 München, Germany.
| | - Mercè Masana
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80805 München, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Katharina Dürre
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E27, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | - Marianne B Müller
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80805 München, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas R Bausch
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E27, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | - Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80805 München, Germany.
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118
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Gegenfurtner FA, Zisis T, Al Danaf N, Schrimpf W, Kliesmete Z, Ziegenhain C, Enard W, Kazmaier U, Lamb DC, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Transcriptional effects of actin-binding compounds: the cytoplasm sets the tone. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4539-4555. [PMID: 30206640 PMCID: PMC11105542 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Actin has emerged as a versatile regulator of gene transcription. Cytoplasmatic actin regulates mechanosensitive-signaling pathways such as MRTF-SRF and Hippo-YAP/TAZ. In the nucleus, both polymerized and monomeric actin directly interfere with transcription-associated molecular machineries. Natural actin-binding compounds are frequently used tools to study actin-related processes in cell biology. However, their influence on transcriptional regulation and intranuclear actin polymerization is poorly understood to date. Here, we analyze the effects of two representative actin-binding compounds, Miuraenamide A (polymerizing properties) and Latrunculin B (depolymerizing properties), on transcriptional regulation in primary cells. We find that actin stabilizing and destabilizing compounds inversely shift nuclear actin levels without a direct influence on polymerization state and intranuclear aspects of transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, we identify Miuraenamide A as a potent inducer of G-actin-dependent SRF target gene expression. In contrast, the F-actin-regulated Hippo-YAP/TAZ axis remains largely unaffected by compound-induced actin aggregation. This is due to the inability of AMOTp130 to bind to the amorphous actin aggregates resulting from treatment with miuraenamide. We conclude that actin-binding compounds predominantly regulate transcription via their influence on cytoplasmatic G-actin levels, while transcriptional processes relying on intranuclear actin polymerization or functional F-actin networks are not targeted by these compounds at tolerable doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Gegenfurtner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nader Al Danaf
- Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Centre for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Waldemar Schrimpf
- Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Centre for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Zane Kliesmete
- Department Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Department Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Department Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Centre for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Krawczyk KK, Skovsted GF, Perisic L, Dreier R, Berg JO, Hedin U, Rippe C, Swärd K. Expression of endothelin type B receptors (EDNRB) on smooth muscle cells is controlled by MKL2, ternary complex factors, and actin dynamics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C873-C884. [PMID: 30332284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00170.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin type B receptor (ETB or EDNRB) is highly plastic and is upregulated in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by arterial injury and following organ culture in vitro. We hypothesized that this transcriptional plasticity may arise, in part, because EDNRB is controlled by a balance of transcriptional inputs from myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) and ternary complex factors (TCFs). We found significant positive correlations between the TCFs ELK3 and FLI1 versus EDNRB in human arteries. The MRTF MKL2 also correlated with EDNRB. Overexpression of ELK3, FLI1, and MKL2 in human coronary artery SMCs promoted expression of EDNRB, and the effect of MKL2 was antagonized by myocardin (MYOCD), which also correlated negatively with EDNRB at the tissue level. Silencing of MKL2 reduced basal EDNRB expression, but depolymerization of actin using latrunculin B (LatB) or overexpression of constitutively active cofilin, as well as treatment with the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632, increased EDNRB in a MEK/ERK-dependent fashion. Transcript-specific primers indicated that the second EDNRB transcript (EDNRB_2) was targeted, but this promoter was largely unresponsive to LatB and was inhibited rather than stimulated by MKL2 and FLI1, suggesting distant control elements or an indirect effect. LatB also reduced expression of endothelin-1, but supplementation experiments argued that this was not the cause of EDNRB induction. EDNRB finally changed in parallel with ELK3 and FLI1 in rat and human carotid artery lesions. These studies implicate the actin cytoskeleton and ELK3, FLI1, and MKL2 in the transcriptional control of EDNRB and increase our understanding of the plasticity of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gry Freja Skovsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ljubica Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rasmus Dreier
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jais Oliver Berg
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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120
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Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. MAPK and PI3K signaling: At the crossroads of neural crest development. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S79-S97. [PMID: 29453943 PMCID: PMC6092260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factor signaling is essential for proper formation and development of the neural crest. The many ligands and receptors implicated in these processes signal through relatively few downstream pathways, frequently converging on the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Despite decades of study, there is still considerable uncertainty about where and when these signaling pathways are required and how they elicit particular responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of growth factor-induced MAPK and PI3K signaling in the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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121
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Brusatin G, Panciera T, Gandin A, Citron A, Piccolo S. Biomaterials and engineered microenvironments to control YAP/TAZ-dependent cell behaviour. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:1063-1075. [PMID: 30374202 PMCID: PMC6992423 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical signals are increasingly recognized as overarching regulators of cell behaviour, controlling stemness, organoid biology, tissue development and regeneration. Moreover, aberrant mechanotransduction is a driver of disease, including cancer, fibrosis and cardiovascular defects. A central question remains how cells compute a host of biomechanical signals into meaningful biological behaviours. Biomaterials and microfabrication technologies are essential to address this issue. Here we review a large body of evidence that connects diverse biomaterial-based systems to the functions of YAP/TAZ, two highly related mechanosensitive transcriptional regulators. YAP/TAZ orchestrate the response to a suite of engineered microenviroments, emerging as a universal control system for cells in two and three dimensions, in static or dynamic fashions, over a range of elastic and viscoelastic stimuli, from solid to fluid states. This approach may guide the rational design of technological and material-based platforms with dramatically improved functionalities and inform the generation of new biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Brusatin
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII) and INSTM, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tito Panciera
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gandin
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII) and INSTM, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Citron
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.
- IFOM-the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, .
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122
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Overexpression of serum response factor is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 85:10-17. [PMID: 30500416 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is highly expressed in many tumors, including gastric cancer. However, the exact prognostic utility of SRF in patients with gastric cancer remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of SRF in patients with gastric cancer. SRF expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 149 gastric cancer samples. The relationship between SRF expression and clinicopathological characteristics along with the prognostic significance of SRF in disease-free survival and overall survival of patients was analyzed. We found that the expression of SRF was significantly increased in gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Overexpression of SRF was significantly correlated with histologic differentiation, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. Furthermore, disease-free survival rate and overall survival rate were both significantly lower for patients with high SRF expression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified high SRF expression as an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival but not for overall survival. Our findings indicate that overexpression of SRF may play an important role in human gastric cancer recurrence and prognosis. SRF may serve as a predictive marker for prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Rübsam M, Broussard JA, Wickström SA, Nekrasova O, Green KJ, Niessen CM. Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes Coordinate Mechanics and Signaling to Orchestrate Tissue Morphogenesis and Function: An Evolutionary Perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029207. [PMID: 28893859 PMCID: PMC6211388 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes are crucial to couple intercellular adhesion to the actin or intermediate filament cytoskeletons, respectively. As such, these intercellular junctions are essential to provide not only integrity to epithelia and other tissues but also the mechanical machinery necessary to execute complex morphogenetic and homeostatic intercellular rearrangements. Moreover, these spatially defined junctions serve as signaling hubs that integrate mechanical and chemical pathways to coordinate tissue architecture with behavior. This review takes an evolutionary perspective on how the emergence of these two essential intercellular junctions at key points during the evolution of multicellular animals afforded metazoans with new opportunities to integrate adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signaling. We discuss known literature on cross-talk between the two junctions and, using the skin epidermis as an example, provide a model for how these two junctions function in concert to orchestrate tissue organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) at the CECAD Research Center, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna Group, Skin Homeostasis and Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oxana Nekrasova
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Carien M Niessen
- University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) at the CECAD Research Center, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Bian G, Yu C, Liu L, Fang C, Chen K, Ren P, Zhang Q, Liu F, Zhang K, Xue Q, Xiang J, Guo H, Song J, Zhao Y, Wu W, Chung SK, Sun R, Ju G, Wang J. Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates eyelid closure in the developing rat by stimulating EGFR signaling. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/553/eaat1470. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In many mammals, the eyelids migrate over the eye and fuse during embryogenesis to protect the cornea from damage during birth and early life. Loss-of-function mutations affecting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway cause an eyes-open-at-birth (EOB) phenotype in rodents. We identified an insertional mutation in Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) in a strain of transgenic rats exhibiting the EOB phenotype. Spns2, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) transporter that releases S1P from cells, was enriched at the tip of developing eyelids in wild-type rat embryos. Spns2 expression or treatment with S1P or any one of several EGFR ligands rescued the EOB Spns2 mutant phenotype in vivo and in tissue explants in vitro and rescued the formation of stress fibers in primary keratinocytes from mutants. S1P signaled through the receptors S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 to activate extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and EGFR-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1)–c-Jun signaling. S1P also induced the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor MAL in a manner dependent on EGFR signaling. MAL and c-Jun stimulated the expression of the microRNAs miR-21 and miR-222, both of which target the metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP3, thus promoting metalloprotease activity. The metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17 stimulated EGFR signaling by cleaving a membrane-anchored form of EGF to release the ligand. Our results outline a network by which S1P transactivates EGFR signaling through a complex mechanism involving feedback between several intra- and extracellular molecules to promote eyelid fusion in the developing rat.
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Dai J, Qin L, Chen Y, Wang H, Lin G, Li X, Liao H, Fang H. Matrix stiffness regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition via cytoskeletal remodeling and MRTF-A translocation in osteosarcoma cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 90:226-238. [PMID: 30384218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix stiffness is known to alter cellular behaviors in various biological contexts. Previous investigations have shown that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes the progression and invasion of tumor. Mechanical signaling is identified as a regulator of EMT. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence exerted by matrix stiffness on EMT in osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. Using polyacrylamide hydrogel model, we investigate the effects of matrix stiffness on EMT and migration in osteosarcoma. Our data indicates that high matrix stiffness regulates cell morphology and promotes EMT and migration in osteosarcoma MG63 cell line in vitro. Notably, matrix stiffness promotes polymerization of actin and nuclear accumulation of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A). Furthermore, inhibiting MRTF-A by CCG 203971 significantly reduces EMT and migration on rigid gels. These data suggest that matrix stiffness of the tumor microenvironment actively regulate osteosarcoma EMT and migration through cytoskeletal remodeling and translocation of MRTF-A, which may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guanlin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China.
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126
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Gau D, Roy P. SRF'ing and SAP'ing - the role of MRTF proteins in cell migration. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/19/jcs218222. [PMID: 30309957 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based cell migration is a fundamental cellular activity that plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. An essential feature of the remodeling of actin cytoskeleton during cell motility is the de novo synthesis of factors involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in response to growth-factor signaling, and this aspect of cell migration is critically regulated by serum-response factor (SRF)-mediated gene transcription. Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) are key coactivators of SRF that link actin dynamics to SRF-mediated gene transcription. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of MRTF in both normal and cancer cell migration by discussing its canonical SRF-dependent as well as its recently emerged SRF-independent functions, exerted through its SAP domain, in the context of cell migration. We conclude by highlighting outstanding questions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA .,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Lechuga S, Amin PH, Wolen AR, Ivanov AI. Adducins inhibit lung cancer cell migration through mechanisms involving regulation of cell-matrix adhesion and cadherin-11 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:395-408. [PMID: 30290240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a critical mechanism controlling tissue morphogenesis, epithelial wound healing and tumor metastasis. Migrating cells depend on orchestrated remodeling of the plasma membrane and the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the spectrin-adducin-based membrane skeleton. Expression of adducins is altered during tumorigenesis, however, their involvement in metastatic dissemination of tumor cells remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the roles of α-adducin (ADD1) and γ-adducin (ADD3) in regulating migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. ADD1 was mislocalized, whereas ADD3 was markedly downregulated in NSCLC cells with the invasive mesenchymal phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ADD1 and ADD3 in epithelial-type NSCLC and normal bronchial epithelial cells promoted their Boyden chamber migration and Matrigel invasion. Furthermore, overexpression of ADD1, but not ADD3, in mesenchymal-type NSCLC cells decreased cell migration and invasion. ADD1-overexpressing NSCLC cells demonstrated increased adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), accompanied by enhanced assembly of focal adhesions and hyperphosphorylation of Src and paxillin. The increased adhesiveness and decreased motility of ADD1-overexpressing cells were reversed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Src. By contrast, the accelerated migration of ADD1 and ADD3-depleted NSCLC cells was ECM adhesion-independent and was driven by the upregulated expression of pro-motile cadherin-11. Overall, our findings reveal a novel function of adducins as negative regulators of NSCLC cell migration and invasion, which could be essential for limiting lung cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Parth H Amin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Aaron R Wolen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
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128
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Maurice D, Costello P, Sargent M, Treisman R. ERK Signaling Controls Innate-like CD8 + T Cell Differentiation via the ELK4 (SAP-1) and ELK1 Transcription Factors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:1681-1691. [PMID: 30068599 PMCID: PMC6121213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mouse thymocyte development, signaling by the TCR through the ERK pathway is required for positive selection of conventional naive T cells. The Ets transcription factor ELK4 (SAP-1), an ERK-regulated cofactor of the SRF transcription factor, plays an important role in positive selection by activating immediate-early genes such as the Egr transcription factor family. The role of ELK4-SRF signaling in development of other T cell types dependent on ERK signaling has been unclear. In this article, we show that ELK4, and its close relative ELK1, act cell autonomously in the thymus to control the generation of innate-like αβ CD8+ T cells with memory-like characteristics. Mice lacking ELK4 and ELK1 develop increased numbers of innate-like αβ CD8+ T cells, which populate the periphery. These cells develop cell autonomously rather than through expansion of PLZF+ thymocytes and concomitantly increased IL-4 signaling. Their development is associated with reduced TCR-mediated activation of ELK4-SRF target genes and can be partially suppressed by overexpression of the ELK4-SRF target gene EGR2. Consistent with this, partial inhibition of ERK signaling in peripheral CD8+T cells promotes the generation of cells with innate-like characteristics. These data establish that low-level ERK signaling through ELK4 (and ELK1) promotes innate-like αβ CD8+ T cell differentiation, tuning conventional versus innate-like development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Maurice
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Costello
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Sargent
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Treisman
- Signalling and Transcription Group, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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129
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Fernando O, Tagalakis AD, Awwad S, Brocchini S, Khaw PT, Hart SL, Yu-Wai-Man C. Development of Targeted siRNA Nanocomplexes to Prevent Fibrosis in Experimental Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2812-2822. [PMID: 30301666 PMCID: PMC6277485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi induced by double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules has attracted great attention as a naturally occurring approach to silence gene expression with high specificity. The myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor (MRTF/SRF) pathway is a master regulator of cytoskeletal gene expression and, thus, represents a promising target to prevent fibrosis. A major hurdle to implementing siRNA therapies is the method of delivery, and we have, thus, optimized lipid-peptide-siRNA (LPR) nanoparticles containing MRTF-B siRNAs as a targeted approach to prevent conjunctival fibrosis. We tested 15 LPR nanoparticle formulations with different lipid compositions, surface charges, and targeting or non-targeting peptides in human conjunctival fibroblasts. In vitro, the LPR formulation of the DOTMA/DOPE lipid with the targeting peptide Y (LYR) was the most efficient in MRTF-B gene silencing and non-cytotoxic compared to the non-targeting formulation. In vivo, subconjunctival administration of LYR nanoparticles containing MRTF-B siRNAs doubled bleb survival in a pre-clinical rabbit model of glaucoma filtration surgery. Furthermore, MRTF-B LYR nanoparticles reduced the MRTF-B mRNA by 29.6% in rabbit conjunctival tissues, which led to significantly decreased conjunctival scarring with no adverse side effects. LYR-mediated delivery of siRNA shows promising results to increase bleb survival and to prevent conjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Fernando
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK
| | - Sahar Awwad
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Stephen L Hart
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK; King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Fernández-Barrera J, Alonso MA. Coordination of microtubule acetylation and the actin cytoskeleton by formins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3181-3191. [PMID: 29947928 PMCID: PMC11105221 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acetylation of the lysine 40 residue of α-tubulin was described more than 30 years ago and has been the subject of intense research ever since. Although the exact function of this covalent modification of tubulin in the cell remains unknown, it has been established that tubulin acetylation confers resilience to mechanical stress on the microtubules. Formins have a dual role in the fate of the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons. On the one hand, they catalyze the formation of actin filaments, and on the other, they bind microtubules, act on their stability, and regulate their acetylation and alignment with actin fibers. Recent evidence indicates that formins coordinate the actin cytoskeleton and tubulin acetylation by modulating the levels of free globular actin (G-actin). G-actin, in turn, controls the activity of the myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor transcriptional complex that regulates the expression of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) gene, which encodes the main enzyme responsible for tubulin acetylation. The effect of formins on tubulin acetylation is the combined result of their ability to activate α-TAT1 gene transcription and of their capacity to regulate microtubule stabilization. The contribution of these two mechanisms in different formins is discussed, particularly with respect to INF2, a formin that is mutated in hereditary human renal and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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131
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Strand-Specific Dual RNA Sequencing of Bronchial Epithelial Cells Infected with Influenza A/H3N2 Viruses Reveals Splicing of Gene Segment 6 and Novel Host-Virus Interactions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00518-18. [PMID: 29976658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00518-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-influenza virus interplay at the transcript level has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells. Yet, there are no studies that simultaneously characterize human host and influenza A virus (IAV) genomes. We infected human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with two seasonal IAV/H3N2 strains, Brisbane/10/07 and Perth/16/09 (reference strains for past vaccine seasons) and the well-characterized laboratory strain Udorn/307/72. Strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the infected BEAS-2B cells allowed for simultaneous analysis of host and viral transcriptomes, in addition to pathogen genomes, to reveal changes in mRNA expression and alternative splicing (AS). In general, patterns of global and immune gene expression induced by the three IAVs were mostly shared. However, AS of host transcripts and small nuclear RNAs differed between the seasonal and laboratory strains. Analysis of viral transcriptomes showed deletions of the polymerase components (defective interfering-like RNAs) within the genome. Surprisingly, we found that the neuraminidase gene undergoes AS and that the splicing event differs between seasonal and laboratory strains. Our findings reveal novel elements of the host-virus interaction and highlight the importance of RNA-seq in identifying molecular changes at the genome level that may contribute to shaping RNA-based innate immunity.IMPORTANCE The use of massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revealed insights into human and pathogen genomes and their evolution. Dual RNA-seq allows simultaneous dissection of host and pathogen genomes and strand-specific RNA-seq provides information about the polarity of the RNA. This is important in the case of negative-strand RNA viruses like influenza virus, which generate positive (complementary and mRNA) and negative-strand RNAs (genome) that differ in their potential to trigger innate immunity. Here, we characterize interactions between human bronchial epithelial cells and three influenza A/H3N2 strains using strand-specific dual RNA-seq. We focused on this subtype because of its epidemiological importance in causing significant morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. We report novel elements that differ between seasonal and laboratory strains highlighting the complexity of the host-virus interplay at the RNA level.
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132
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Stradal TEB, Schelhaas M. Actin dynamics in host-pathogen interaction. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3658-3669. [PMID: 29935019 PMCID: PMC6282728 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and Rho GTPase signaling to actin assembly are prime targets of bacterial and viral pathogens, simply because actin is involved in all motile and membrane remodeling processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion events, motility, and last but not least, autophagy. This article aims at providing an overview of the most prominent pathogen‐induced or ‐hijacked actin structures, and an outlook on how future research might uncover additional, equally sophisticated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Institute of Cellular Virology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany
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TRPM7 controls mesenchymal features of breast cancer cells by tensional regulation of SOX4. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2409-2419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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134
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van Unen J, Botman D, Yin T, Wu YI, Hink MA, Gadella TWJ, Postma M, Goedhart J. The C-terminus of the oncoprotein TGAT is necessary for plasma membrane association and efficient RhoA-mediated signaling. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:6. [PMID: 29879899 PMCID: PMC5992656 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rho guanine exchange factors (RhoGEFs) control cellular processes such as migration, adhesion and proliferation. Alternative splicing of the RhoGEF Trio produces TGAT. The RhoGEF TGAT is an oncoprotein with constitutive RhoGEF activity. We investigated whether the subcellular location of TGAT is critical for its RhoGEF activity. Methods Since plasma membrane associated RhoGEFs are particularly effective at activating RhoA, plasma membrane localization of TGAT was examined. To this end, we developed a highly sensitive image analysis method to quantitatively measure plasma membrane association. The method requires a cytoplasmic marker and a plasma membrane marker, which are co-imaged with the tagged protein of interest. Linear unmixing is performed to determine the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic component in the fluorescence signal of protein of interest. Results The analysis revealed that wild-type TGAT is partially co-localized with the plasma membrane. Strikingly, cysteine TGAT-mutants lacking one or more putative palmitoylation sites in the C-tail, still showed membrane association. In contrast, a truncated variant, lacking the last 15 amino acids, TGATΔ15, lost membrane association. We show that membrane localization of TGAT was responsible for high RhoGEF activity by using a RhoA FRET-sensor and by determining F-actin levels. Mutants of TGAT that still maintained membrane association showed similar activity as wild-type TGAT. In contrast, the activity was abrogated for the cytoplasmic TGATΔ15 variant. Synthetic recruitment of TGATΔ15 to membranes confirmed that TGAT effectively activates RhoA at the plasma membrane. Conclusion Together, these results show that membrane association of TGAT is critical for its activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0155-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Unen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Botman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032-6406, USA
| | - Y I Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032-6406, USA
| | - M A Hink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Postma
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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135
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Cahill ME, Walker DM, Gancarz AM, Wang ZJ, Lardner CK, Bagot RC, Neve RL, Dietz DM, Nestler EJ. The dendritic spine morphogenic effects of repeated cocaine use occur through the regulation of serum response factor signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1474-1486. [PMID: 28555077 PMCID: PMC5709273 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a primary brain reward region composed predominantly of medium spiny neurons (MSNs). In response to early withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration, de novo dendritic spine formation occurs in NAc MSNs. Much evidence indicates that this new spine formation facilitates the rewarding properties of cocaine. Early withdrawal from repeated cocaine also produces dramatic alterations in the transcriptome of NAc MSNs, but how such alterations influence cocaine's effects on dendritic spine formation remain unclear. Studies in non-neuronal cells indicate that actin cytoskeletal regulatory pathways in nuclei have a direct role in the regulation of gene transcription in part by controlling the access of co-activators to their transcription factor partners. In particular, actin state dictates the interaction between the serum response factor (SRF) transcription factor and one of its principal co-activators, MAL. Here we show that cocaine induces alterations in nuclear F-actin signaling pathways in the NAc with associated changes in the nuclear subcellular localization of SRF and MAL. Using in vivo optogenetics, the brain region-specific inputs to the NAc that mediate these nuclear changes are investigated. Finally, we demonstrate that regulated SRF expression, in turn, is critical for the effects of cocaine on dendritic spine formation and for cocaine-mediated behavioral sensitization. Collectively, these findings reveal a mechanism by which nuclear-based changes influence the structure of NAc MSNs in response to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- ME Cahill
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - DM Walker
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - AM Gancarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - ZJ Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - CK Lardner
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - RC Bagot
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - RL Neve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - DM Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - EJ Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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136
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Gegenfurtner FA, Jahn B, Wagner H, Ziegenhain C, Enard W, Geistlinger L, Rädler JO, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Micropatterning as a tool to identify regulatory triggers and kinetics of actin-mediated endothelial mechanosensing. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212886. [PMID: 29724912 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental processes, such as angiogenesis, are associated with a constant remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in response to different mechanical stimuli. The mechanosensitive transcription factors MRTF-A (MKL1) and YAP (also known as YAP1) are important mediators of this challenging adaptation process. However, it is as yet unknown whether both pathways respond in an identical or in a divergent manner to a given microenvironmental guidance cue. Here, we use a micropatterning approach to dissect single aspects of cellular behavior in a spatiotemporally controllable setting. Using the exemplary process of angiogenesis, we show that cell-cell contacts and adhesive surface area are shared regulatory parameters of MRTF and YAP on rigid 2D surfaces. By analyzing MRTF and YAP under laminar flow conditions and during cell migration on dumbbell-shaped microstructures, we demonstrate that they exhibit different translocation kinetics. In conclusion, our work promotes the application of micropatterning techniques as a cell biological tool to study mechanosensitive signaling in the context of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Gegenfurtner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Berenice Jahn
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Helga Wagner
- ibidi GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genomics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Institute for Informatics, Teaching and Research Unit Bioinformatics, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Physics, Soft Condensed Matter Group, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
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137
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Narumiya S, Thumkeo D. Rho signaling research: history, current status and future directions. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1763-1776. [PMID: 29749605 PMCID: PMC6032899 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the main research areas in biology from the mid‐1980s through the 1990s was the elucidation of signaling pathways governing cell responses. These studies brought, among other molecules, the small GTPase Rho to the epicenter. Rho signaling research has since expanded to all areas of biology and medicine. Here, we describe how Rho emerged as a key molecule governing cell morphogenesis and movement, how it was linked to actin reorganization, and how the study of Rho signaling has expanded from cultured cells to whole biological systems. We then give an overview of the current research status of Rho signaling in development, brain, cardiovascular system, immunity and cancer, and discuss the future directions of Rho signaling research, with emphasis on one Rho effector, ROCK*.
*The Rho GTPase family. Rho family GTPases have now expanded to contain 20 members. Amino acid sequences of 20 Rho GTPases found in human were aligned and the phylogenetic tree was generated by ClustalW2 software (EMBL‐EBI) based on NJ algorithm. The subfamilies of the Rho GTPases are highlighted by the circle and labeled on the right side. Rho cited in this review refers to the original members of Rho subfamily, RhoA, RhoB and RhoC, that are C3 substrates, and, unless specified, not to other members of the Rho subfamily such as Rac, Cdc42, and Rnd. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Dean Thumkeo
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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138
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Up-regulation of μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors in concanavalin A-stimulated rat spleen lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:12-23. [PMID: 29957382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor protein level in spleen lymphocytes when stimulated by mitogen is not known. To answer the question whether these cells do express opioid receptor (OR) proteins, primary, fresh rat spleen lymphocytes were prepared and stimulated for 48 h with mitogenic dose of Con A. The unstimulated lymphocytes did not express μ- and δ-OR proteins in detectable amounts, however, stimulation with Con A resulted in appearance of clearly detectable immunoblot signals of both μ-OR and δ-OR. κ-OR were detected already in primary cells and increased 2.4-fold in Con A-stimulated cells. These results were supported by data obtained by flow cytometry analysis indicating a dramatic increase in number of μ-, δ- and κ-OR expressing cells after mitogen stimulation. The newly synthesized μ-, δ- and κ-OR in Con A-stimulated spleen lymphocytes were present in the cells interior and not functionally mature, at least in terms of their ability to enhance activity of trimeric G proteins determined by three different protocols of agonist-stimulated, high-affinity [35S]GTPγS binding assay. The up-regulation of μ-, δ- and κ-OR was associated with specific decrease of their cognate trimeric G proteins, Gi1α/Gi2α; the other Gα and Gβ subunits were unchanged. The level of β-arrestin-1/2 was also decreased in Con A-stimulated splenocytes. We conclude that up-regulation of OR expression level in spleen lymphocytes by Con A proceeds in conjunction with down-regulation of their intracellular signaling partners, Gi1α/Gi2α proteins and β-arrestin-1/2. These regulatory proteins are expressed in high amounts already in unstimulated cells and decreased by mitogen stimulation.
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139
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PRP4 kinase induces actin rearrangement and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through modulation of the actin-binding protein cofilin. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:158-165. [PMID: 29787735 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell actin cytoskeleton is primarily modulated by Rho family proteins. RhoA regulates several downstream targets, including Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), LIM-Kinase (LIMK), and cofilin. Pre-mRNA processing factor 4B (PRP4) modulates the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells via RhoA activity inhibition. In this study, we discovered that PRP4 over-expression in HCT116 colon cancer cells induces cofilin dephosphorylation by inhibiting the Rho-ROCK-LIMK-cofilin pathway. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis indicated increased expression of protein phosphatase 1A (PP1A) in PRP4-transfected HCT116 cells. The presence of PRP4 increased the expression of PP1A both at the mRNA and protein levels, which possibly activated cofilin through dephosphorylation and subsequently modulated the cell actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we found that PRP4 over-expression did not induce cofilin dephosphorylation in the presence of okadaic acid, a potent phosphatase inhibitor. Moreover, we discovered that PRP4 over-expression in HCT116 cells induced dephosphorylation of migration and invasion inhibitory protein (MIIP), and down-regulation of E-cadherin protein levels, which were further restored by the presence of okadaic acid. These findings indicate a possible molecular mechanism of PRP4-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and make PRP4 an important target in colon cancer.
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140
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Serum response factor mediates nociceptor inflammatory pain plasticity. Pain Rep 2018; 3:e658. [PMID: 29922747 PMCID: PMC5999410 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Serum response factor upregulates A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 79/150 expression in afferent sensory neurons through metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling. Introduction: Chronic metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in nociceptive afferents may upregulate A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 150 (AKAP150) expression and/or function. Objectives: To quantify transcriptional changes in AKAP150 expression and/or function after long-term mGluR5 agonist exposure, and identify transcriptional elements responsible. Methods: Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were dissected from Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured for biochemical analysis of AKAP150 expression after prolonged mGluR5 agonist exposure. Serum response factor (SRF) expression was knocked down through siRNA in cultures to demonstrate significance to AKAP150 upregulation. Serum response factor was also knocked down in vivo through intrathecal injections of specifically targeted oligonucleotides to demonstrate significance to hyperalgesic priming behavior in persistent mechanical hypersensitivity. Results: Serum response factor and AKAP150 are coexpressed in TRPV1(+) DRG neurons in intact DRG. Prolonged mGluR5 agonist exposure increases SRF-dependent transcription and AKAP150 expression in a manner sensitive to protein kinase C inhibition and SRF knock down. Serum response factor in vivo knock down reduces mechanical hyperalgesic priming. Conclusion: Serum response factor transcription plays an important role in transcriptional upregulation of AKAP and hyperalgesic priming behavior, and may contribute to the increased role of AKAP150 in the transition from acute to chronic pain.
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141
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Tharp KM, Kang MS, Timblin GA, Dempersmier J, Dempsey GE, Zushin PJH, Benavides J, Choi C, Li CX, Jha AK, Kajimura S, Healy KE, Sul HS, Saijo K, Kumar S, Stahl A. Actomyosin-Mediated Tension Orchestrates Uncoupled Respiration in Adipose Tissues. Cell Metab 2018; 27:602-615.e4. [PMID: 29514068 PMCID: PMC5897043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The activation of brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and the induction of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression are essential for BAT-based strategies to improve metabolic homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that BAT utilizes actomyosin machinery to generate tensional responses following adrenergic stimulation, similar to muscle tissues. The activation of actomyosin mechanics is critical for the acute induction of oxidative metabolism and uncoupled respiration in UCP1+ adipocytes. Moreover, we show that actomyosin-mediated elasticity regulates the thermogenic capacity of adipocytes via the mechanosensitive transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ, which are indispensable for normal BAT function. These biomechanical signaling mechanisms may inform future strategies to promote the expansion and activation of brown/beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tharp
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael S Kang
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Greg A Timblin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jon Dempersmier
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Garret E Dempsey
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jaime Benavides
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Catherine Choi
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Catherine X Li
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amit K Jha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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142
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Charles R, Bourmoum M, Claing A. ARF GTPases control phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells through the regulation of actin function and actin dependent gene expression. Cell Signal 2018; 46:64-75. [PMID: 29499306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can exhibit a contractile or a synthetic phenotype depending on the extracellular stimuli present and the composition of the extracellular matrix. Uncontrolled activation of the synthetic VSMC phenotype is however associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of the ARF GTPases in the regulation of VSMC dedifferentiation. First, we observed that the inhibition of the activation of ARF proteins with SecinH3, a blocker of the cytohesin ARF GEF family, reduced the ability of the cells to migrate and proliferate. In addition, this inhibitor also blocked expression of sm22α and αSMA, two contractile markers, at the transcription level impairing cell contractility. Specific knockdown of ARF1 and ARF6 showed that both isoforms were required for migration and proliferation, but ARF1 only regulated contractility through sm22α and αSMA expression. Expression of these VSMC markers was correlated with the degree of actin polymerization. VSMC treatment with SecinH3 as well as ARF1 depletion was both able to block the formation of stress fibres and focal adhesions, demonstrating the role of this GTPase in actin filament formation. Consequently, we observed that both treatments increased the ratio of G-actin to F-actin in these cells. The elevated amounts of cytoplasmic G-actin, acting as a signaling intermediate, blocked the recruitment of the Mkl1 (MRTF-A) transcription factor in the nucleus, demonstrating its involvement in the regulation of contractile protein expression. Altogether, these findings show for the first time that ARF GTPases are actively involved in VSMC phenotypic switching through the regulation of actin function in migration and proliferation, and the control of actin dependent gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Charles
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mohamed Bourmoum
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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143
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Kishi T, Mayanagi T, Iwabuchi S, Akasaka T, Sobue K. Myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) activity-dependent cell adhesion is correlated to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72113-72130. [PMID: 27708220 PMCID: PMC5342149 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cell-substrate adhesion is tightly linked to the malignant phenotype of tumor cells and plays a role in their migration, invasion, and metastasis. Focal adhesions (FAs) are dynamic adhesion structures that anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix. Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs), co-regulators of the serum response factor (SRF), regulate expression of a set of genes encoding actin cytoskeletal/FA-related proteins. Here we demonstrated that the forced expression of a constitutively active MRTF-A (CA-MRTF-A) in B16F10 melanoma cells induced the up-regulation of actin cytoskeletal and FA proteins, resulting in FA reorganization and the suppression of cell migration. Expression of CA-MRTF-A markedly increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, which are important components for FA dynamics. Notably, FAK activation was triggered by the clustering of up-regulated integrins. Our results revealed that the MRTF-SRF-dependent regulation of cell migration requires both the up-regulation of actin cytoskeletal/FA proteins and the integrin-mediated regulation of FA components via the FAK/Src pathway. We also demonstrated that activation of the MRTF-dependent transcription correlates FAK activation in various tumor cells. The elucidation of the correlation between MRTF and FAK activities would be an effective therapeutic target in focus of tumor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kishi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Taira Mayanagi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan
| | - Toshihide Akasaka
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan
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Suppression of the ERK-SRF axis facilitates somatic cell reprogramming. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e448. [PMID: 29472703 PMCID: PMC5903827 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying the initiation of somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has not been well described. Thus, we generated single-cell-derived clones by using a combination of drug-inducible vectors encoding transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) and a single-cell expansion strategy. This system achieved a high reprogramming efficiency after metabolic and epigenetic remodeling. Functional analyses of the cloned cells revealed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was downregulated at an early stage of reprogramming and that its inhibition was a driving force for iPSC formation. Among the reprogramming factors, Myc predominantly induced ERK suppression. ERK inhibition upregulated the conversion of somatic cells into iPSCs through concomitant suppression of serum response factor (SRF). Conversely, SRF activation suppressed the reprogramming induced by ERK inhibition and negatively regulated embryonic pluripotency by inducing differentiation via upregulation of immediate early genes, such as c-Jun, c-Fos and EGR1. These data reveal that suppression of the ERK-SRF axis is an initial molecular event that facilitates iPSC formation and may be a useful surrogate marker for cellular reprogramming.
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145
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Zheng P, Yin Z, Wu Y, Xu Y, Luo Y, Zhang TC. LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cell migration and invasion by regulating MKL1 via inhibition miR206 expression in HeLa cells. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:5. [PMID: 29391067 PMCID: PMC5796349 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a new and crucial layer of gene regulation in recent years and regulate various biological processes such as carcinogenesis and metastasis. LncRNA HOTAIR, an oncogenic lncRNA, is involved in human tumorigenesis and dysregulated in cervical cancer. Megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1), as a transcription coactivity factor, involved in cancer metastasis and cell differentiation. However, the precise mechanism of biological roles of HOTAIR and MKL1 in cancer cells remain unclear. Methods The expression levels of HOTAIR and MKL1 were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunoblotting, in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wound-healing and transwell assays were used to examine the invasive abilities of HeLa cells. Luciferase reporter assays and CHIP were used to determine how MKL1 regulates HOTAIR. Tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess the correlation between HOTAIR and MKL1 in Cervical cancer tissues in vivo. Result In this study, we have identified that MKL1 had a role in the induction of migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, the expression level of MKL1, as the targeting gene of miR206, was decreased after HOTAIR inhibition in HeLa cells. Agreement with it, Highly level of MKL1 correlation with HOTAIR is validated in cervical cancer tissues. Importantly, HOTAIR is observed to participate in the silencing of miR206 expression. Interestingly, HOTAIR inhibition could also accelerate the expression of MKL1 in cytoplasm. What is more, MKL1 can activate the transcription of HOTAIR through binding the CArG box in the promoter of HOTAIR. Conclusion These elucidates that the phenotypic effects of migration and invasion observed after HOTAIR inhibition, at least in part, through the regulation of MKL1 via inhibition of miR206 expression in HeLa cells. These data indicate the existence of a positive feedback loop between HOTAIR and MKL1. Together, these findings suggest that MKL1 is an important player in the functions of HOTAIR in the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0216-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Ze Yin
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ying Luo
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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146
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Chen Q, Huang J, Gong W, Chen Z, Huang J, Liu P, Huang H. MRTF-A mediated FN and ICAM-1 expression in AGEs-induced rat glomerular mesangial cells via activating STAT5. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:123-133. [PMID: 28712960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed at an accelerated rate under diabetes, play a role in inflammation and fibrosis in mesangial areas in diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the transcriptional modulator that mediates the cellular response to AGEs remains largely obscure. Our goal was to determine whether myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-A, a key protein involved in the transcriptional regulation of smooth muscle cell phenotype, was responsible for the glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) injury by AGEs, and, if so, how MRTF-A promoted mesangial dysfunction initiated by AGEs. In this study, MRTF-A was activated by AGEs in terms of protein expression and nuclear translocation in rat GMCs. MRTF-A overexpression synergistically enhanced the induction of FN and ICAM-1 by AGEs. In contract, depletion of MRTF-A abrogated the pathogenic program triggered by AGEs. Then, by interfering with MRTF-A, STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 nuclear translocation were observed and we screened out STAT5, which was decreased obviously when MRTF-A depleted. Further investigation showed that MRTF-A interacted with STAT5 and promoted its nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity. Therefore, our present findings suggested a role of MRTF-A in AGEs-induced GMCs injury, and further revealed that the underlying molecular mechanism was related to activating the nuclear factor STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiani Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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147
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Fernández-Barrera J, Bernabé-Rubio M, Casares-Arias J, Rangel L, Fernández-Martín L, Correas I, Alonso MA. The actin-MRTF-SRF transcriptional circuit controls tubulin acetylation via α-TAT1 gene expression. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:929-944. [PMID: 29321169 PMCID: PMC5839776 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of formins in microtubules is not well understood. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which INF2, a formin mutated in degenerative renal and neurological hereditary disorders, controls microtubule acetylation. We found that silencing of INF2 in epithelial RPE-1 cells produced a dramatic drop in tubulin acetylation, increased the G-actin/F-actin ratio, and impaired myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription, which is known to be repressed by increased levels of G-actin. The effect on tubulin acetylation was caused by the almost complete absence of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) messenger RNA (mRNA). Activation of the MRTF-SRF transcriptional complex restored α-TAT1 mRNA levels and tubulin acetylation. Several functional MRTF-SRF-responsive elements were consistently identified in the α-TAT1 gene. The effect of INF2 silencing on microtubule acetylation was also observed in epithelial ECV304 cells, but not in Jurkat T cells. Therefore, the actin-MRTF-SRF circuit controls α-TAT1 transcription. INF2 regulates the circuit, and hence microtubule acetylation, in cell types where it has a prominent role in actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rangel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Martín
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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148
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He H, Du F, He Y, Wei Z, Meng C, Xu Y, Zhou H, Wang N, Luo XG, Ma W, Zhang TC. The Wnt-β-catenin signaling regulated MRTF-A transcription to activate migration-related genes in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15239-15251. [PMID: 29632640 PMCID: PMC5880600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MRTF-A is a transcriptional co-activator being critical for multiple processes including tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. The Rho-actin signaling stimulates the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of MRTF-A with little effect on the expression of MRTF-A gene. High expression of MRTF-A was observed in pancreatic cancer tissues and in TGF-β treated breast cancer cells. However, the mechanism for the upregulation of MRTF-A gene remains unclear. In this study, we showed that the transcription of MRTF-A was regulated by the Wnt-β-catenin signaling in breast cancer cells. LiCl treatment, Wnt3a treatment or β-catenin overexpression enhanced the transcription of MRTF-A gene. In agreement, depletion of β-catenin with siRNA diminished MRTF-A transcription. With ChIP assays, β-catenin was identified to interact with the MRTF-A promoter whereby it increased histone H4 acetylation and RNA polymerase II association. Further, results of RT-qPCR and Western-blotting supported that the transcriptional co-activator activity of MRTF-A was controlled by both the Rho-actin and the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathways. MRTF-A was required for cell migration stimulated by the Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that MRTF-A integrates the Rho-actin and the Wnt-β-catenin signaling to regulate migration-related genes and consequently increases the mobility of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fu Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yongping He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Chao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Mentougou Hospital in Beijing, 102300, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430081, Wuhan, P. R. China
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149
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Tschumperlin DJ, Ligresti G, Hilscher MB, Shah VH. Mechanosensing and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:74-84. [PMID: 29293092 DOI: 10.1172/jci93561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury disrupts the mechanical homeostasis that underlies normal tissue architecture and function. The failure to resolve injury and restore homeostasis gives rise to progressive fibrosis that is accompanied by persistent alterations in the mechanical environment as a consequence of pathological matrix deposition and stiffening. This Review focuses on our rapidly growing understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking the altered mechanical environment in injury, repair, and fibrosis to cellular activation. In particular, our focus is on the mechanisms by which cells transduce mechanical signals, leading to transcriptional and epigenetic responses that underlie both transient and persistent alterations in cell state that contribute to fibrosis. Translation of these mechanobiological insights may enable new approaches to promote tissue repair and arrest or reverse fibrotic tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moira B Hilscher
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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150
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Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. The Cytoskeletal Network Regulates Expression of the Profibrotic Genes PAI-1 and CTGF in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 81:79-94. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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