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Tyma JF, Epstein KL, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Cohen ND, Giguère S. Investigation of effects of omeprazole on the fecal and gastric microbiota of healthy adult horses. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:79-86. [PMID: 30605038 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of oral omeprazole administration on the fecal and gastric microbiota of healthy adult horses. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult research horses. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole paste (4 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) or a sham (control) treatment (tap water [20 mL, PO, q 24 h]) for 28 days. Fecal and gastric fluid samples were collected prior to the first treatment (day 0), and on days 7, 28, 35, and 56. Sample DNA was extracted, and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified and sequenced to characterize α and β diversity and differential expression of the fecal and gastric microbiota. Data were analyzed by visual examination and by statistical methods. RESULTS Composition and diversity of the fecal microbiota did not differ significantly between treatment groups or over time. Substantial variation in gastric fluid results within groups and over time precluded meaningful interpretation of the microbiota in those samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results supported that omeprazole administration had no effect on fecal microbiota composition and diversity in this group of healthy adult horses. Small sample size limited power to detect a difference if one existed; however, qualitative graphic examination supported that any difference would likely have been small and of limited clinical importance. Adequate data to evaluate potential effects on the gastric microbiota were not obtained. Investigations are needed to determine the effects of omeprazole in horses with systemic disease or horses receiving other medical treatments.
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102
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Murru F, Fliegerova K, Mura E, Mrázek J, Kopečný J, Moniello G. A comparison of methanogens of different regions of the equine hindgut. Anaerobe 2018; 54:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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103
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Elghandour MMMY, Adegbeye MJ, Barbabosa-Pilego A, Perez NR, Hernández SR, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Salem AZM. Equine Contribution in Methane Emission and Its Mitigation Strategies. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:56-63. [PMID: 30929784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Greenhouses gas emission mitigation is a very important aspect of earth sustainability with greenhouse gasses reduction, a focus of agricultural and petrochemical industries. Methane is produced in nonruminant herbivores such as horses because they undergo hindgut fermentation. Although equine produce less methane than ruminant, increasing population of horses might increase their contribution to the present 1.2 to 1.7 Tg, estimate. Diet, feeding frequency, season, genome, and protozoa population influence methane production equine. In population, Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales, and Methanoplasmatales are the clade identified in equine. Methanocorpusculum labreanum is common among hindgut fermenters like horses and termite. Naturally, acetogenesis and interrelationship between the host and the immune-anatomical interaction are responsible for the reduced methane output in horses. However, to reduce methane output in equine, and increase energy derived from feed intake, the use of biochar, increase in acetogens, inclusion of fibre enzymes and plant extract, and recycling of fecal energy through anaerobic gas fermentation. These might be feasible ways to reducing methane contribution from horse and could be applied to ruminants too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M M Y Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ilesha, Nigeria
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pilego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Nallely Rivero Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Saúl Rojas Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México.
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104
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Biddle AS, Tomb JF, Fan Z. Microbiome and Blood Analyte Differences Point to Community and Metabolic Signatures in Lean and Obese Horses. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:225. [PMID: 30294603 PMCID: PMC6158370 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to modern management practices and the availability of energy dense feeds, obesity is a serious and increasingly common health problem for horses. Equine obesity is linked to insulin resistance and exacerbation of inflammatory issues such as osteoarthritis and laminitis. While the gut microbiome is thought to play a part in metabolic status in horses, bacterial communities associated with obesity have yet to be described. Here we report differences in metabolic factors in the blood of obese, normal and lean horses correlated with differences in gut microbiome composition. We report that obese horses had higher levels of leptin, triglycerides, glucose, and cortisol in their blood, and more diverse gut microbiome communities with higher relative abundance of Firmicutes, and lower numbers of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Network analyses of correlations between body condition, blood analytes, and microbial composition at the genus level revealed a more nuanced picture of microbe-host interactions, pointing to specific bacterial species and assemblages that may be signatures of obesity and leanness in the horse gut. In particular, bacteria groups positively associated with two blood analytes and obesity included Butyrivibrio spp., Prevotellaceae, Blautia spp., two members of Erysipelotrichaceae, and a Lachnospiraceae taxa. These results are an important first step in unraveling the metabolic differences between obese and lean horse gut communities, and designing targeted strategies for microbial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Biddle
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Tomb
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Zirui Fan
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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105
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Perry E, Cross TWL, Francis JM, Holscher HD, Clark SD, Swanson KS. Effect of Road Transport on the Equine Cecal Microbiota. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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106
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Characterisation of the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of elk (Cervus canadensis). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:225-235. [PMID: 30155662 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the behaviour of these microbes have been poorly characterised in elk as compared to other ruminant animal species such as sheep and cattle. In addition, most microbial community studies of deer gut have focused on rumen or faeces, while other parts of the GIT such as the small and large intestine have received little attention. To address this issue, the present study investigated the diversity of the GIT bacterial community in elk (Cervus canadensis) by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing analysis. Eight distinct GIT segments including the stomach (rumen, omasum, and abomasum), small intestine (duodenum and jejunum), and large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) obtained from four elks were examined. We found that bacterial richness and diversity were higher in the stomach and large intestine than in the small intestine (P < 0.05). A total of 733 genera belonging to 26 phyla were distributed throughout elk GITs, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria identified as the predominant phyla. In addition, there was spatial heterogeneity in the composition, diversity, and species abundance of microbiota in the GIT (P < 0.0001). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterise bacterial communities from eight GIT regions of elk by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing.
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Stewart HL, Pitta D, Indugu N, Vecchiarelli B, Engiles JB, Southwood LL. Characterization of the fecal microbiota of healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:811-819. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.8.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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108
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Quercia S, Freccero F, Castagnetti C, Soverini M, Turroni S, Biagi E, Rampelli S, Lanci A, Mariella J, Chinellato E, Brigidi P, Candela M. Early colonisation and temporal dynamics of the gut microbial ecosystem in Standardbred foals. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:231-237. [PMID: 29931762 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even if horses strictly depend on the gut microbiota for energy homeostasis, only a few molecular studies have focused on its characterisation and none on the perinatal gut microbial colonisation process. OBJECTIVES To explore the perinatal colonisation process of the foal gut microbial ecosystem and the temporal dynamics of the ecosystem assembly during the first days of life. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. METHODS Thirteen Standardbred mare-foal pairs were included in the study. For each pair, at delivery we collected the mare amniotic fluid, faeces and colostrum, and the foal meconium. Milk samples and faeces of both mare and foal were also taken longitudinally, until day 10 post-partum. Samples were analysed by means of next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene on Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS Our findings suggest that microbial components derived from the mare symbiont communities establishes in the foal gut since fetal life. After birth, an external transmission route of mare microorganisms takes place. This involves a rapid and dynamic process of assembling the mature foal gut microbiome, in which the founder microbial species are derived from both the milk and the gut microbial ecosystems of the mare. MAIN LIMITATIONS The inability to discriminate between live and dead cells, the possible presence of contaminating bacteria in low biomass samples (e.g. meconium and amniotic fluid), the limits of the phylogenetic assignment down to species level, and the presence of unassigned operational taxonomic units. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the importance of mare microbiomes as a key factor for the establishment of the gut microbial ecosystem of the foal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quercia
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Soverini
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Turroni
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Biagi
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Rampelli
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - J Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Chinellato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Brigidi
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Candela
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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109
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Xu J, Chen N, Wu Z, Song Y, Zhang Y, Wu N, Zhang F, Ren X, Liu Y. 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Alters the Gut Bacterial Microbiota in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1274. [PMID: 29951050 PMCID: PMC6008376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) treatment on gut bacterial microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: A total of 57 UC patients, including 20 untreated and 37 5-ASA-treated, were recruited into an exploration cohort. We endoscopically collected both non-inflamed and inflamed mucosal samples from all patients, and compared the gut bacterial profiles using 16S rDNA sequencing. Ten untreated UC patients were then treated with 5-ASA and subsequently recruited for an independent validation study to confirm the acquired data. Results: In untreated UC patients, compared with those in non-inflamed mucosae, Firmicutes (such as Enterococcus) were decreased and Proteobacteria (e.g., Escherichia–Shigella) were increased in the inflamed mucosae. Compared with the inflamed mucosae of untreated UC patients, there was a higher abundance of Firmicutes (e.g., Enterococcus) and lower Proteobacteria (Escherichia–Shigella) in the inflamed mucosae of 5-ASA treated UC patients. In the validation cohort, after administration of 5-ASA, bacterial alteration was consistent with these data. Furthermore, there was a skewed negative correlation between Escherichia–Shigella and bacterial genera of Firmicutes in the inflamed mucosae. 5-ASA treatment decreased the strength of bacterial correlation and weakened the skewed negative correlation pattern. Conclusion: The microbial dysbiosis (mainly characterized by an increased abundance in the Escherichia–Shigella genus) and the skewed negative correlation between Escherichia–Shigella and bacterial genera of Firmicutes are two characteristics of the inflamed mucosae of UC patients. 5-ASA treatment decreases Escherichia–Shigella and weakens the skewed correlations, which may be related to its treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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110
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Variation in faecal microbiota in a group of horses managed at pasture over a 12-month period. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8510. [PMID: 29855517 PMCID: PMC5981443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colic (abdominal pain) is a common cause of mortality in horses. Change in management of horses is associated with increased colic risk and seasonal patterns of increased risk have been identified. Shifts in gut microbiota composition in response to management change have been proposed as one potential underlying mechanism for colic. However, the intestinal microbiota in normal horses and how this varies over different seasons has not previously been investigated. In this study the faecal microbiota composition was studied over 12 months in a population of horses managed at pasture with minimal changes in management. We hypothesised that gut microbiota would be stable in this population over time. Faecal samples were collected every 14 days from 7 horses for 52 weeks and the faecal microbiota was characterised by next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The faecal microbiota was dominated by members of the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes throughout. Season, supplementary forage and ambient weather conditions were significantly associated with change in the faecal microbiota composition. These results provide important baseline information demonstrating physiologic variation in the faecal microbiota of normal horses over a 12-month period without development of colic.
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111
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Warzecha CM, Coverdale JA, Janecka JE, Leatherwood JL, Pinchak WE, Wickersham TA, McCann JC. Influence of short-term dietary starch inclusion on the equine cecal microbiome. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5077-5090. [PMID: 29293739 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine bacterial community profiles of the equine cecum in response to abrupt inclusion of varying levels of dietary starch. Seven cecally cannulated Quarter Horse geldings (497 to 580 kg) were used in a crossover design with two 28-d periods and a 28-d washout between each. Horses were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of a commercial concentrate offered as fed at either 0.6 (low starch [LS]) or 1.2% BW (high starch [HS]) daily that was divided into 2 meals at 12-h intervals. Prior to the start of each period, horses were allowed ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass () hay. Concentrate was fed on d 1 with no adaptation. Cecal fluid was collected on d 1 at h 0 and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h relative to the initial concentrate meal on d 1. Additional samples were collected 6 h after feeding on d 2, 3, and 7 of each period. Cecal contents were used to determine pH and VFA concentrations and extract microbial DNA. The V4 through V6 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified using PCR and sequenced on the Roche 454 FLX platform. Sequence analysis was performed with QIIME, and data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Cecal pH tended to decrease ( = 0.09) in horses fed HS in the first 12 h after the first concentrate meal and remained lower ( ≤ 0.05) the following 7 d. Total VFA were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in horses fed HS in the initial 12 h and 7 d after addition of concentrate. Species richness determined using the Chao1 index was unchanged ( > 0.20) over the initial 12 h and decreased ( = 0.01) over 7 d for both treatments. Community diversity determined using the Shannon index tended to decrease ( = 0.06) over the 7 d. Relative abundances of Paraprevotellaceae were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in HS in the first 12 h. Over 7 d, relative abundances of Paraprevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in HS compared with LS. Abrupt and short-term exposure to dietary starch does alter cecal fermentation and microbial community structure in horses, but the impact on horse health is unknown.
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112
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Valle E, Pozzo L, Giribaldi M, Bergero D, Gennero MS, Dezzutto D, McLean A, Borreani G, Coppa M, Cavallarin L. Effect of farming system on donkey milk composition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2801-2808. [PMID: 29131337 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donkey milk is considered as a functional food for sensitive consumers, such as children who are allergic to cow milk. No information is available regarding the effect of farming systems on the quality of donkey milk. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the farming system and lactation stage on donkey milk with respect to gross composition, as well as fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids (FA). RESULTS Individual milk samples were collected from lactating jennies (n = 53) on the six of the largest farms located in North West Italy. The performance of lactating jennies, herd characteristics and feeding strategies were recorded at each milk sampling. The gross composition of the milk, along with the fat-soluble vitamin content, differed in accordance with the farming system. The lactation stage had limited effects on milk quality. A higher milk fat content corresponded to a higher amount of fresh herbage proportion in the diet, with the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), C18:1c9, C18:3n-3, n-3 FA, retinol and α-tocopherol content and the lowest concentrations of the FA that are less favorable for human health in the milk of animals fed on only forage diets. CONCLUSION Extensive farming of dairy donkeys increased the fat content and fat-soluble vitamin concentration of milk and also altered the FA composition to a more favorable profile for human nutrition. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Valle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Domenico Bergero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Gennero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Dezzutto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Amy McLean
- UC Davis, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giorgio Borreani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Coppa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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113
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Costa MC, Weese JS. Understanding the Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:1-12. [PMID: 29402480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides readers with the basic concepts necessary to understand studies using recent molecular methods performed in intestinal microbiome assessment, with special emphasis on the high throughput sequencing. This review also summarizes the current knowledge on this topic and discusses future insights on the interaction between the intestinal microbiome and equine health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Carvalho Costa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Clark A, Sallé G, Ballan V, Reigner F, Meynadier A, Cortet J, Koch C, Riou M, Blanchard A, Mach N. Strongyle Infection and Gut Microbiota: Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Horses Over a Grazing Season. Front Physiol 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29618989 PMCID: PMC5871743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal strongyles are a major threat to horses' health and welfare. Given that strongyles inhabit the same niche as the gut microbiota, they may interact with each other. These beneficial or detrimental interactions are unknown in horses and could partly explain contrasted susceptibility to infection between individuals. To address these questions, an experimental pasture trial with 20 worm-free female Welsh ponies (10 susceptible (S) and 10 resistant (R) to parasite infection) was implemented for 5 months. Fecal egg counts (FEC), hematological and biochemical data, body weight and gut microbiological composition were studied in each individual after 0, 24, 43, 92 and 132 grazing days. R and S ponies displayed divergent immunological profiles and slight differences in microbiological composition under worm-free conditions. After exposure to natural infection, the predicted R ponies exhibited lower FEC after 92 and 132 grazing days, and maintained higher levels of circulating monocytes and eosinophils, while lymphocytosis persisted in S ponies. Although the overall gut microbiota diversity and structure remained similar during the parasite infection between the two groups, S ponies exhibited a reduction of bacteria such as Ruminococcus, Clostridium XIVa and members of the Lachnospiraceae family, which may have promoted a disruption of mucosal homeostasis at day 92. In line with this hypothesis, an increase in pathobionts such as Pseudomonas and Campylobacter together with changes in several predicted immunological pathways, including pathogen sensing, lipid metabolism, and activation of signal transduction that are critical for the regulation of immune system and energy homeostasis were observed in S relative to R ponies. Moreover, S ponies displayed an increase in protozoan concentrations at day 92, suggesting that strongyles and protozoa may contribute to each other's success in the equine intestines. It could also be that S individuals favor the increase of these carbohydrate-degrading microorganisms to enhance the supply of nutrients needed to fight strongyle infection. Overall, this study provides a foundation to better understand the mechanisms that underpin the relationship between equines and natural strongyle infection. The profiling of horse immune response and gut microbiota should contribute to the development of novel biomarkers for strongyle infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Department of Health Science, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentine Ballan
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- UEPAO 1297, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly, France
| | - Annabelle Meynadier
- UMR 1388, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, GenPhySE, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christine Koch
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France.,Pancosma SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Núria Mach
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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115
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Peachey LE, Molena RA, Jenkins TP, Di Cesare A, Traversa D, Hodgkinson JE, Cantacessi C. The relationships between faecal egg counts and gut microbial composition in UK Thoroughbreds infected by cyathostomins. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:403-412. [PMID: 29432771 PMCID: PMC5946844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We profiled the faecal microbial communities of horses with cyathostomin infections, pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment. Methanomicrobia and Dehalobacterium were expanded in the microbiota of horses with low cyathostomin faecal egg counts. A reduction in TM7 and an expansion in Adlercreutzia followed anthelmintic treatment in horses with high faecal egg counts. Novel intervention strategies against cyathostomins based on the manipulation of the gut flora may be developed.
A growing body of evidence, particularly in humans and rodents, supports the existence of a complex network of interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) helminth parasites and the gut commensal bacteria, with substantial effects on both host immunity and metabolic potential. However, little is known of the fundamental biology of such interactions in other animal species; nonetheless, given the considerable economic losses associated with GI parasites, particularly in livestock and equines, as well as the global threat of emerging anthelmintic resistance, further explorations of the complexities of host-helminth-microbiota interactions in these species are needed. This study characterises the composition of the equine gut commensal flora associated with the presence, in faecal samples, of low (Clow) and high (Chigh) numbers of eggs of an important group of GI parasites (i.e. the cyathostomins), prior to and following anthelmintic treatment. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons and associated bioinformatics and statistical analyses of sequence data revealed strong clustering according to faecal egg counts (P = 0.003). A trend towards increased populations of Methanomicrobia (class) and Dehalobacterium (genus) was observed in Clow in comparison with Chigh. Anthelmintic treatment in Chigh was associated with a significant reduction of the bacterial Phylum TM7 14 days post-ivermectin administration, as well as a transient expansion of Adlercreutzia spp. at 2 days post-treatment. This study provides a first known insight into the discovery of the intimate mechanisms governing host-parasite-microbiota interactions in equines, and sets a basis for the development of novel, biology-based intervention strategies against equine GI helminths based on the manipulation of the commensal gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Peachey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
| | - R A Molena
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - T P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - A Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - D Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - J E Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - C Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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116
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Kiani A, Hoseini F, Ghorbaninejad P, Azarfar A, Kreuzer M, Azizi A. Interaction between the sequence of feeding of hay and concentrate, and boiling of barley on feed intake, the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and fermentation in the hindgut of Arabian mares. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:810-817. [PMID: 29363188 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the sequence of feeding of hay and concentrate and the hydrothermal processing of barley in alleviating concentrate effects on intake, and hindgut fermentation in horses was tested. Six Arabian mares (4-10 years of age, 410 ± 35 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of feeding sequence (FS) and type of barley (TB) on intake, and faecal volatile fatty acids (VFA), activities of α-amylase (AA: EC 3.2.1.1), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase: EC 3.2.1.4), microcrystalline cellulase (MCCase: EC 3.2.1.91) and general filter paper degrading activity (FPD). Mares were offered a ration of air-dried alfalfa and concentrate (70:30 as-fed) in four subsequent periods of 14 days including 8 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. In each period and each meal, mares received concentrate either 30 min after (HC) or 30 min before (CH) alfalfa hay. Barley was either milled or boiled in water. Rectal samples were grabbed directly from rectum once per period. Mares subjected to CH had higher dry matter intakes than mares under HC regime. The acetate:propionate ratio (A:P ratio) in rectal content was higher with CH than HC. The AA activity was higher under CH than under HC. Mares fed boiled barley had lower rectal concentrations of VFA and propionate and a higher A:P ratio than mares fed milled barley. Furthermore, the rectal content showed a higher MCCase activity but a lower AA activity when mares were fed boiled compared with milled barley. Interactions between FS and TB were observed with respect to CMCase activity, and concentrations of propionate and valerate. In conclusion, the present results suggest that both, feeding concentrate before hay and boiling the barley, might improve the hindgut environment in Arabian mares, and that the two measures were mostly additive and sometimes even synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.,Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Hoseini
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - P Ghorbaninejad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - A Azarfar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - M Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Azizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
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117
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Characterizing the bacterial microbiota in different gastrointestinal tract segments of the Bactrian camel. Sci Rep 2018; 8:654. [PMID: 29330494 PMCID: PMC5766590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial community plays important roles in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of animals. However, our understanding of the microbial communities in the GIT of Bactrian camels remains limited. Here, we describe the bacterial communities from eight different GIT segments (rumen, reticulum, abomasum, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, caecum, colon) and faeces determined from 11 Bactrian camels using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Twenty-seven bacterial phyla were found in the GIT, with Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes predominating. However, there were significant differences in microbial community composition between segments of the GIT. In particular, a greater proportion of Akkermansia and Unclassified Ruminococcaceae were found in the large intestine and faecal samples, while more Unclassified Clostridiales and Unclassified Bacteroidales were present in the in forestomach and small intestine. Comparative analysis of the microbiota from different GIT segments revealed that the microbial profile in the large intestine was like that in faeces. We also predicted the metagenomic profiles for the different GIT regions. In forestomach, there was enrichment associated with replication and repair and amino acid metabolism, while carbohydrate metabolism was enriched in the large intestine and faeces. These results provide profound insights into the GIT microbiota of Bactrian camels.
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118
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The Microbiota Regulates Immunity and Immunologic Diseases in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 48:307-322. [PMID: 29198905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complex commensal microbiota found on body surfaces controls immune responses and the development of allergic and inflammatory diseases. New genetic technologies permit investigators to determine the composition of the complex microbial populations found on these surfaces. Changes in the microbiota (dysbiosis) as a result of antibiotic use, diet, or other factors thus influence the development of many diseases in the dog and cat. The most important of these include chronic gastrointestinal disease; respiratory allergies, such as asthma; skin diseases, especially atopic dermatitis; and some autoimmune diseases.
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Mach N, Foury A, Kittelmann S, Reigner F, Moroldo M, Ballester M, Esquerré D, Rivière J, Sallé G, Gérard P, Moisan MP, Lansade L. The Effects of Weaning Methods on Gut Microbiota Composition and Horse Physiology. Front Physiol 2017; 8:535. [PMID: 28790932 PMCID: PMC5524898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning has been described as one of the most stressful events in the life of horses. Given the importance of the interaction between the gut-brain axis and gut microbiota under stress, we evaluated (i) the effect of two different weaning methods on the composition of gut microbiota across time and (ii) how the shifts of gut microbiota composition after weaning affect the host. A total of 34 foals were randomly subjected to a progressive (P) or an abrupt (A) weaning method. In the P method, mares were separated from foals at progressively increasing intervals every day, starting from five min during the fourth week prior to weaning and ending with 6 h during the last week before weaning. In the A method, mares and foals were never separated prior to weaning (0 d). Different host phenotypes and gut microbiota composition were studied across 6 age strata (days -30, 0, 3, 5, 7, and 30 after weaning) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results revealed that the beneficial species belonging to Prevotella, Paraprevotella, and Ruminococcus were more abundant in the A group prior to weaning compared to the P group, suggesting that the gut microbiota in the A cohort was better adapted to weaning. Streptococcus, on the other hand, showed the opposite pattern after weaning. Fungal loads, which are thought to increase the capacity for fermenting the complex polysaccharides from diet, were higher in P relative to A. Beyond the effects of weaning methods, maternal separation at weaning markedly shifted the composition of the gut microbiota in all foals, which fell into three distinct community types at 3 days post-weaning. Most genera in community type 2 (i.e., Eubacterium, Coprococcus, Clostridium XI, and Blautia spp.) were negatively correlated with salivary cortisol levels, but positively correlated with telomere length and N-butyrate production. Average daily gain was also greater in the foals harboring a community type 2 microbiota. Therefore, community type 2 is likely to confer better stress response adaptation following weaning. This study identified potential microbial biomarkers that could predict the likelihood for physiological adaptations to weaning in horses, although causality remains to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aline Foury
- UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie IntégréeBordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Kittelmann
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research CentrePalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé PubliqueNouzilly, France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maria Ballester
- Departament de Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Torre MarimonCaldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Diane Esquerré
- UMR 444, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme GETCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé PubliqueNouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- UMR 1319, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie IntégréeBordeaux, France
| | - Léa Lansade
- PRC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFCE, Université de ToursNouzilly, France
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120
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Stewart AS, Pratt-Phillips S, Gonzalez LM. Alterations in Intestinal Permeability: The Role of the "Leaky Gut" in Health and Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 52:10-22. [PMID: 31000910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All species, including horses, suffer from alterations that increase intestinal permeability. These alterations, also known as "leaky gut," may lead to severe disease as the normal intestinal barrier becomes compromised and can no longer protect against harmful luminal contents including microbial toxins and pathogens. Leaky gut results from a variety of conditions including physical stressors, decreased blood flow to the intestine, inflammatory disease, and pathogenic infections, among others. Several testing methods exist to diagnose these alterations in both a clinical and research setting. To date, most research has focused on regulation of the host immune response due to the wide variety of factors that can potentially influence the intestinal barrier. This article serves to review the normal intestinal barrier, measurement of barrier permeability, pathogenesis and main causes of altered permeability, and highlight potential alternative therapies of leaky gut in horses while relating what has been studied in other species. Conditions resulting in barrier dysfunction and leaky gut can be a major cause of decreased performance and also death in horses. A better understanding of the intestinal barrier in disease and ways to optimize the function of this barrier is vital to the long-term health and maintenance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Stieler Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Liara M Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Large Animal Models Core, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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121
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Venable EB, Fenton KA, Braner VM, Reddington CE, Halpin MJ, Heitz SA, Francis JM, Gulson NA, Goyer CL, Bland SD, Cross TWL, Holscher HD, Swanson KS. Effects of Feeding Management on the Equine Cecal Microbiota. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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122
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Faecal parameters as biomarkers of the equine hindgut microbial ecosystem under dietary change. Animal 2017; 11:1136-1145. [PMID: 28065211 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Faeces could be used for evaluating the balance of the equine hindgut microbial ecosystem, which would offer a practical method for assessing gut health and how this relates to disease. However, previous studies concluded that faeces microbial ecosystem was not representative of the proximal hindgut (caecum and ventral colon). This study aimed to evaluate if variations of the faecal microbial ecosystem were similar to those observed in the proximal hindgut. Six horses, fistulated in the caecum and right ventral (RV) colon, were subjected to a gradual change of diet, from a 100% hay (high fibre) diet (2.2 DM kg/day per 100 kg BW) to a 57% hay+43% barley (high starch) diet (0.8 DM kg/day per 100 kg BW hay and 0.6 DM kg/day per 100 kg BW barley). The two diets were iso-energetic and fed over a 3-week trial period. Samples of digesta from the caecum, RV colon and faeces were collected two times on the 10th and 20th day of the trial, for each diet to assess the microbial ecosystem parameters by both classical culture technics and biochemical methods. The variations observed in the caecal and colonic bacterial composition (increase in total anaerobic, amylolytic and lactate-utilizing and decrease in cellulolytic bacteria concentrations) and microbial activity (changes in volatile fatty acids concentrations and increase in lactate concentrations) demonstrated that the hay+barley diet caused changes in the hindgut microbial ecosystem. Similar variations were observed in the faecal microbial ecosystem. Feeding the hay+barley diet resulted in higher concentrations of faecal lipopolysaccharides. The functional bacterial group concentrations (cellulolytics, amylolytics and lactate utilizers) were significantly correlated between caecum and faeces and between colon and faeces. From analyses of the metabolites produced from microbial activity, only valerate concentration in the caecum and the proportion of propionate were significantly correlated with the same parameters in the faeces. Results of the principal component analysis performed between all the caecal/faecal and colonic/faecal parameters revealed that the total anaerobic and cellulolytic bacteria concentrations, as well as valerate, l-lactate and lipopolysaccharide concentrations were strongly correlated with several microbial parameters in the caecum (P|0.45|) and in the colon (P|0.50|). This demonstrated that faecal samples and their bacterial analyses could be used to represent caecum and RV colon hindgut microbial ecosystem in terms of variations during a change from a high-fibre to a high-starch diet, and thus could be markers of particular interest to diagnostic proximal hindgut microbial disturbances.
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123
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Bonelli F, Meucci V, Divers TJ, Wagner B, Intorre L, Sgorbini M. Kinetics of plasma procalcitonin, soluble CD14, CCL2 and IL-10 after a sublethal infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 184:29-35. [PMID: 28166929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxemia represents a significant clinical and economic problem for the equine industry. This study assesses the kinetics of soluble CD14 (sCD14), chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and plasma procalcitonin (PCT) in healthy horses after the intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The aim was to contribute to the basic understanding of the equine species-specific kinetics of these molecules in response to LPS exposure, which could support further findings in clinical studies and identify valuable inflammatory biomarkers for equine practice. Eleven healthy horses were involved in this experimental in vivo study. Horses were classified as healthy before the LPS infusion. After the pre-infusion blood collection (T0), all horses received an infusion of E. coli endotoxin (30ng/kg over 30min). Data and samples were collected 1h (T1), 2 (T2), 3 (T3) and 24h (T24) after infusion. Plasma sCD14, CCL2 and IL-10 were evaluated with a fluorescent bead-based assay, while PCT was evaluated with an equine PCT ELISA assay. A one-way ANOVA test was performed between each blood-sampling time for PCT, sCD14 and IL-10, and a Friedman test was performed for CCL2. Plasma PCT, IL-10 and CCL2 concentrations increased statistically significantly at T1, T2 and T3 compared to T0. No statistically significant differences were found between plasma IL-10 and CCL2 concentrations between T0 vs T24, although plasma PCT values remained high 24h after LPS infusion. Plasma sCD14 concentration showed no statistically significant differences for any of sampling times. Our results demonstrate that LPS injection into healthy horses results in PCT, CCL2 and IL-10 increases in plasma without an increase in sCD14. The increases in PCT, CCL2 and IL-10 are related to the inflammatory response induced by circulating lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy.
| | - Valentina Meucci
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Thomas J Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University (Wagner, Divers), Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Bettina Wagner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University (Wagner, Divers), Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Luigi Intorre
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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124
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Kraler M, Ghanbari M, Domig KJ, Schedle K, Kneifel W. The intestinal microbiota of piglets fed with wheat bran variants as characterised by 16S rRNA next-generation amplicon sequencing. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:173-89. [PMID: 27032029 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1160534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota of piglets fed with a Control diet low in dietary fibre and modified wheat bran variants as an additional source of insoluble dietary fibre was characterised. In this context, variances in the microbiota of three different gut segments were assessed. Wheat bran was either included in its native form or modified by fermentation and extrusion before added at 150 g/kg to a basal diet for 48 piglets (12 animals per treatment). Total DNA was extracted from digesta samples from the jejunum, the end of the ileum and the colon ascendens. Samples were prepared accordingly for subsequent sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq. The obtained results revealed distinct location-specific differences in microbial composition. While Firmicutes were most predominant in all three gut segments, Bacteroidetes were additionally found in the colon at high abundance. The parameters of alpha and beta diversity analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between the colon and the other two gut segments. Specialised bacterial groups like Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae were among the most predominant ones found in the colon, as they possess cellulolytic properties to degrade (at least partially) non-starch polysaccharides, while their abundance was negligible in the jejunum and the ileum. Conversely, the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Veillonella, for example, were among the most predominant groups in the jejunum and ileum, while in the colon they were hardly found. Although statistical taxonomical evaluation, following p-value correction, did not reveal pronounced differences in abundance related to bran modification, alpha and beta diversity analysis showed an influence regarding the various feeding strategies applied. Based on these findings, a more in-depth view on intestinal microbial composition within the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs fed with low- and high-fibre diets was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kraler
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Innovative Bran Biorefinery, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Mahdi Ghanbari
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Konrad J Domig
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Karl Schedle
- c Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, Department of Agrobiotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kneifel
- a Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Innovative Bran Biorefinery, Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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125
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de Almeida MLM, Feringer WH, Carvalho JRG, Rodrigues IM, Jordão LR, Fonseca MG, Carneiro de Rezende AS, de Queiroz Neto A, Weese JS, da Costa MC, Lemos EGDM, Ferraz GDC. Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167108. [PMID: 27935992 PMCID: PMC5147854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies performed in humans and rats have reported that exercise can alter the intestinal microbiota. Athletic horses perform intense exercise regularly, but studies characterizing horse microbiome during aerobic conditioning programs are still limited. Evidence has indicated that this microbial community is involved in the metabolic homeostasis of the host. Research on ergogenic substances using new sequencing technologies have been limited to the intestinal microbiota and there is a considerable demand for scientific studies that verify the effectiveness of these supplements in horses. L-carnitine and chromium are potentially ergogenic substances for athletic humans and horses since they are possibly able to modify the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. This study aimed to assess the impact of acute exercise and aerobic conditioning, associated either with L-carnitine or chromium supplementation, on the intestinal microbiota of fillies. Twelve “Mangalarga Marchador” fillies in the incipient fitness stage were distributed into four groups: control (no exercise), exercise, L-carnitine (10g/day) and chelated chromium (10mg/day). In order to investigate the impact of acute exercise or aerobic conditioning on fecal microbiota all fillies undergoing the conditioning program were analyzed as a separate treatment. The fillies underwent two incremental exercise tests before and after training on a treadmill for 42 days at 70–80% of the lactate threshold intensity. Fecal samples were obtained before and 48 h after acute exercise (incremental exercise test). Bacterial populations were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the MiSeq Illumina platform, and 5,224,389 sequences were obtained from 48 samples. The results showed that, overall, the two most abundant phyla were Firmicutes (50.22%) followed by Verrucomicrobia (15.13%). The taxa with the highest relative abundances were unclassified Clostridiales (17.06%) and "5 genus incertae sedis" from the phylum Verrucomicrobia (12.98%). There was a decrease in the phylum Chlamydiae and in the genus Mycobacterium after the second incremental exercise test. Intense exercise changed the community’s structure and aerobic conditioning was associated with changes in the composition and structure of the intestinal bacterial population of fillies. The intra-group comparison showed that chromium or L-carnitine induced moderate changes in the fecal microbiota of fillies, but the microbiota did not differ from the control group, which was exercised with no supplementation. Fecal pH correlated positively with Simpson’s index, while plasma pH correlated negatively. Our results show that exercise and aerobic conditioning can change in the microbiota and provide a basis for further studies enrolling a larger number of horses at different fitness levels to better understand the effects of exercise and training on the intestinal microbiota of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Mendes de Almeida
- Department of Technology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e Plantas, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Heinz Feringer
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Ribeiro Garcia Carvalho
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora Mestriner Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rezende Jordão
- Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayara Gonçalves Fonseca
- Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio de Queiroz Neto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos
- Department of Technology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e Plantas, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ericsson AC, Johnson PJ, Lopes MA, Perry SC, Lanter HR. A Microbiological Map of the Healthy Equine Gastrointestinal Tract. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166523. [PMID: 27846295 PMCID: PMC5112786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses are exquisitely sensitive to non-specific gastrointestinal disturbances as well as systemic and extraintestinal conditions related to gut health, yet minimal data are available regarding the composition of the microbiota present in the equine stomach, small intestine, and cecum and their relation to fecal microbiota. Moreover, there is minimal information regarding the concordance of the luminal and mucosal microbial communities throughout the equine gut. Illumina-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the luminal and mucosal microbiota present in seven regions of the gastrointestinal tract of nine healthy adult horses revealed a distinct compositional divide between the small and large intestines. This disparity in composition was more pronounced within the luminal contents, but was also detected within mucosal populations. Moreover, the uniformity of the gut microbiota was much higher in the cecum and colon relative to that in the stomach, jejunum and ileum, despite a significantly higher number of unique sequences detected in the colon. Collectively, the current data suggest that while colonic samples (a proxy for feces) may provide a reasonable profile of the luminal contents of the healthy equine large intestine, they are not informative with regard to the contents of the stomach or small intestine. In contrast to the distinct difference between the highly variable upper gastrointestinal tract microbiota and relatively uniform large bowel microbiota present within the lumen, these data also demonstrate a regional continuity present in mucosal microbial communities throughout the length of the equine gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Ericsson
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip J. Johnson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Lopes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
| | - Sonja C. Perry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
| | - Hannah R. Lanter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
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127
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Staniar WB, Neuendorf LE, Brooks SA. Preliminary Investigation of the Changes in Fecal Streptococcal Population due to Diet and Time of Day in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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128
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Harris
- Equine Studies Group; WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Melton Mowbray Leicestershire UK
| | - C. Dunnett
- Independent Equine Nutrition; Bury St Edmunds Suffolk UK
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129
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Elzinga SE, Weese JS, Adams AA. Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota in Horses With Equine Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolically Normal Controls Fed a Similar All-Forage Diet. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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131
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Venable E, Bland S, McPherson J, Francis J. Role of the gut microbiota in equine health and disease. Anim Front 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E.B. Venable
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901
| | - S.D. Bland
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901
| | - J.L. McPherson
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901
| | - J. Francis
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901
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Spring S, Bunk B, Spröer C, Schumann P, Rohde M, Tindall BJ, Klenk HP. Characterization of the first cultured representative of Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5 indicates the proposal of a novel phylum. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2801-2816. [PMID: 27300277 PMCID: PMC5148204 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recently isolated strain L21-Fru-ABT represents moderately halophilic, obligately anaerobic and saccharolytic bacteria that thrive in the suboxic transition zones of hypersaline microbial mats. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes, RpoB proteins and gene content indicated that strain L21-Fru-ABT represents a novel species and genus affiliated with a distinct phylum-level lineage originally designated Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5. A survey of environmental 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that members of this newly recognized phylum are wide-spread and ecologically important in various anoxic environments ranging from hypersaline sediments to wastewater and the intestine of animals. Characteristic phenotypic traits of the novel strain included the formation of extracellular polymeric substances, a Gram-negative cell wall containing peptidoglycan and the absence of odd-numbered cellular fatty acids. Unusual metabolic features deduced from analysis of the genome sequence were the production of sucrose as osmoprotectant, an atypical glycolytic pathway lacking pyruvate kinase and the synthesis of isoprenoids via mevalonate. On the basis of the analyses of phenotypic, genomic and environmental data, it is proposed that strain L21-Fru-ABT and related bacteria are specifically adapted to the utilization of sulfated glycopolymers produced in microbial mats or biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spring
- Department Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Department Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Department Central Services, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Schumann
- Department Central Services, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz-Centre of Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Brian J Tindall
- Department Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Department Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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Coverdale JA. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Can the microbiome of the horse be altered to improve digestion?1,2. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2275-81. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Julliand V, Grimm P. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: The microbiome of the horse hindgut: History and current knowledge1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2262-74. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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135
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Shapira M. Gut Microbiotas and Host Evolution: Scaling Up Symbiosis. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:539-549. [PMID: 27039196 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of species evolution is undergoing restructuring. It is well accepted that host-symbiont coevolution is responsible for fundamental aspects of biology. However, the emerging importance of plant- and animal-associated microbiotas to their hosts suggests a scale of coevolutionary interactions many-fold greater than previously considered. This review builds on current understanding of symbionts and their contributions to host evolution to evaluate recent data demonstrating similar contributions of gut microbiotas. It further considers a multilayered model for microbiota to account for emerging themes in host-microbiota interactions. Drawing on the structure of bacterial genomes, this model distinguishes between a host-adapted core microbiota, and a flexible, environmentally modulated microbial pool, differing in constraints on their maintenance and in their contributions to host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shapira
- University of California, Berkeley, department of Integrative Biology and Graduate Group in Microbiology. Valley Life Sciences Building, room 5155, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Mullen KR, Yasuda K, Divers TJ, Weese JS. Equine faecal microbiota transplant: Current knowledge, proposed guidelines and future directions. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016; 30:151-160. [PMID: 32313396 PMCID: PMC7159401 DOI: 10.1111/eve.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While certainly not a novel concept, faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has recently garnered renewed interest in veterinary medicine due to its remarkable success in treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in man. There is a dearth of information on indications and efficacy of FMT for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in the horse; however, based on evidence in man and other veterinary species, and anecdotal reports in horses, FMT may be a useful treatment for selected cases of acute and chronic diarrhoea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the horse. In the absence of evidence, expert opinion is offered on case selection and FMT procedure. More research is needed to explore the efficacy, indications and optimal preparation, storage and delivery of FMT to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Mullen
- Littleton Equine Medical Center Colorado USA
| | - K Yasuda
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Canada
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137
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Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance in Clostridium difficile With Special Reference to the Horse. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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138
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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139
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Weese JS, Holcombe SJ, Embertson RM, Kurtz KA, Roessner HA, Jalali M, Wismer SE. Changes in the faecal microbiota of mares precede the development of post partum colic. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:641-9. [PMID: 25257320 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Disruptions in the gastrointestinal microbiota may trigger development of post partum colic. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of the periparturient period on the faecal microbiome and identify associations between the faecal microbiota and post partum colic. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal case-control study. METHODS Pre- and post partum faecal samples were collected from mares on 3 farms in central Kentucky. Next generation sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on samples from 13 mares that developed colic, 13 mares that did not display colic and 5 nonpregnant controls. RESULTS There were 4,523,727 sequences from 85 samples evaluated (mean ± s.d. 53,220 ± 29,160, range 8442-122,535). Twenty-five phyla were identified, although only Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were present at a relative abundance of 1% or greater. The faecal microbiota of late-term mares differed from nonpregnant mares, with differences in microbial community membership and structure but not the relative abundance of major phyla. There was limited impact of foaling and the post partum period on the faecal microbiome. Faecal samples obtained from mares prior to episodes of colic had significantly higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria (8.2%, P = 0.0006) compared with samples from mares that did not display colic (3.7%). All samples with a relative abundance of Firmicutes of ≤50% preceded colic, as did 6/7 (86%) samples with >4% Proteobacteria. Differences in microbiota membership and structure were also present between mares that developed large colon volvulus and matched controls that did not have colic. Sixty-one indicator operational taxon units were identified for the control (vs. volvulus) samples, and these were dominated by Lachnospiraceae (n = 38) and Ruminococcaceae (n = 8). CONCLUSIONS Foaling had minimal effects on the mares' faecal microbiota. Numerous differences in the faecal microbiota preceded colic. Associations between Firmicutes (particularly Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) and Proteobacteria and development of colic could lead to measures to predict and prevent colic. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S J Holcombe
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - R M Embertson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - K A Kurtz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - H A Roessner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - M Jalali
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S E Wismer
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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