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Cimica V, Galarza JM. Adjuvant formulations for virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccines. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:99-108. [PMID: 28780375 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of virus-like particle (VLP) technology has had an enormous impact on modern vaccinology. In order to optimize the efficacy and safety of VLP-based vaccines, adjuvants are included in most vaccine formulations. To date, most licensed VLP-based vaccines utilize the classic aluminum adjuvant compositions. Certain challenging pathogens and weak immune responder subjects may require further optimization of the adjuvant formulation to maximize the magnitude and duration of the protective immunity. Indeed, novel classes of adjuvants such as liposomes, agonists of pathogen recognition receptors, polymeric particles, emulsions, cytokines and bacterial toxins, can be used to further improve the immunostimulatory activity of a VLP-based vaccine. This review describes the current advances in adjuvant technology for VLP-based vaccines directed at viral diseases, and discusses the basic principles for designing adjuvant formulations for enhancing the vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velasco Cimica
- TechnoVax, Inc., 765 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jose M Galarza
- TechnoVax, Inc., 765 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
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102
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Singh L, Kruger HG, Maguire GE, Govender T, Parboosing R. The role of nanotechnology in the treatment of viral infections. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2017; 4:105-131. [PMID: 28748089 PMCID: PMC5507392 DOI: 10.1177/2049936117713593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid development of drug resistance to currently available therapies and adverse side effects due to prolonged use is a serious public health concern. The development of novel treatment strategies is therefore required. The interaction of nanostructures with microorganisms is fast-revolutionizing the biomedical field by offering advantages in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles offer unique physical properties that have associated benefits for drug delivery. These are predominantly due to the particle size (which affects bioavailability and circulation time), large surface area to volume ratio (enhanced solubility compared to larger particles), tunable surface charge of the particle with the possibility of encapsulation, and large drug payloads that can be accommodated. These properties, which are unlike bulk materials of the same compositions, make nanoparticulate drug delivery systems ideal candidates to explore in order to achieve and/or improve therapeutic effects. This review presents a broad overview of the application of nanosized materials for the treatment of common viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Singh
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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103
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Abstract
Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris are the standard platforms for biopharmaceutical production with 40% of all between 2010 to 2014 approved protein drugs produced in those microbial hosts. Typically, products overexpressed E. coli and S. cerevisiae remain in the cytosol or are secreted into the periplasm. Consequently, efficient cell disruption is essential for high product recovery during microbial production. Process development platforms at microscale are essential to shorten time to market. While high-pressure homogenization is the industry standard for cell disruption at large scale this method is not practicable for experiments in microscale. This review describes microscale methods for cell disruption at scales as low as 200 µL. Strategies for automation, parallelization and miniaturization, as well as comparability of the results at this scale to high pressure homogenization are considered as those criteria decide which methods are most suited for scale down. Those aspects are discussed in detail for protein overexpression in E. coli and yeast but also the relevance for alternative products and host such as microalgae are taken into account. The authors conclude that bead milling is the best comparable microscale method to large scale high-pressure homogenization and therefore the most suitable technique for automated process development of microbial hosts with the exception of pDNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Walther
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Boehringer-Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Dürauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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104
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Radiolabeling and Quantitative In Vivo SPECT/CT Imaging Study of Liposomes Using the Novel Iminothiolane- 99mTc-Tricarbonyl Complex. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:4693417. [PMID: 29097923 PMCID: PMC5612672 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4693417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo biodistribution of liposomal formulations greatly influences the pharmacokinetics of these novel drugs; therefore the radioisotope labeling of liposomes and the use of nuclear imaging methods for in vivo studies are of great interest. In the present work, a new procedure for the surface labeling of liposomes is presented using the novel 99mTc-tricarbonyl complex. Liposomes mimicking the composition of two FDA approved liposomal drugs were used. In the first step of the labeling, thiol-groups were formed on the surface of the liposomes using Traut's reagent, which were subsequently used to bind 99mTc-tricarbonyl complex to the liposomal surface. The labeling efficiency determined by size exclusion chromatography was 95%, and the stability of the labeled liposomes in bovine serum was found to be 94% over 2 hours. The obtained specific activity was 50 MBq per 1 μmol lipid which falls among the highest values reported for 99mTc labeling of liposomes. Quantitative in vivo SPECT/CT biodistribution studies revealed distinct differences between the labeled liposomes and the free 99mTc-tricarbonyl, which indicates the in vivo stability of the labeling. As the studied liposomes were non-PEGylated, fast clearance from the blood vessels and high uptake in the liver and spleen were observed.
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105
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Gause KT, Wheatley AK, Cui J, Yan Y, Kent SJ, Caruso F. Immunological Principles Guiding the Rational Design of Particles for Vaccine Delivery. ACS NANO 2017; 11:54-68. [PMID: 28075558 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the immense public health successes of immunization over the past century, effective vaccines are still lacking for globally important pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, and tuberculosis. Exciting recent advances in immunology and biotechnology over the past few decades have facilitated a shift from empirical to rational vaccine design, opening possibilities for improved vaccines. Some of the most important advancements include (i) the purification of subunit antigens with high safety profiles, (ii) the identification of innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cognate agonists responsible for inducing immune responses, and (iii) developments in nano- and microparticle fabrication and characterization techniques. Advances in particle engineering now allow highly tunable physicochemical properties of particle-based vaccines, including composition, size, shape, surface characteristics, and degradability. Enhanced collaborative efforts between researchers in immunology and materials science are expected to rise to next-generation vaccines. This process will be significantly aided by a greater understanding of the immunological principles guiding vaccine antigenicity, immunogenicity, and efficacy. With specific emphasis on PRR-targeted adjuvants and particle physicochemical properties, this review aims to provide an overview of the current literature to guide and focus rational particle-based vaccine design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Gause
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yan Yan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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106
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Abstract
Many human vaccines contain certain insoluble aluminum salts such as aluminum oxyhydroxide and aluminum hydroxyphosphate as vaccine adjuvants to boost the immunogenicity of the vaccines. Aluminum salts have been used as vaccine adjuvants for decades and have an established, favorable safety profile. However, preparing aluminum salts and aluminum salt-adjuvanted vaccines in a consistent manner remains challenging. This chapter discusses methods to prepare aluminum salts and aluminum salt-adjuvanted vaccines, factors to consider during preparation, and methods to characterize the vaccines after preparation.
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107
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Karch CP, Burkhard P. Vaccine technologies: From whole organisms to rationally designed protein assemblies. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 120:1-14. [PMID: 27157411 PMCID: PMC5079805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been the single most significant advancement in public health, preventing morbidity and mortality in millions of people annually. Vaccine development has traditionally focused on whole organism vaccines, either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. While successful for many different infectious diseases whole organisms are expensive to produce, require culture of the infectious agent, and have the potential to cause vaccine associated disease in hosts. With advancing technology and a desire to develop safe, cost effective vaccine candidates, the field began to focus on the development of recombinantly expressed antigens known as subunit vaccines. While more tolerable, subunit vaccines tend to be less immunogenic. Attempts have been made to increase immunogenicity with the addition of adjuvants, either immunostimulatory molecules or an antigen delivery system that increases immune responses to vaccines. An area of extreme interest has been the application of nanotechnology to vaccine development, which allows for antigens to be expressed on a particulate delivery system. One of the most exciting examples of nanovaccines are rationally designed protein nanoparticles. These nanoparticles use some of the basic tenants of structural biology, biophysical chemistry, and vaccinology to develop protective, safe, and easily manufactured vaccines. Rationally developed nanoparticle vaccines are one of the most promising candidates for the future of vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Allergy and Immunology/history
- Allergy and Immunology/trends
- Animals
- Antigens/adverse effects
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/therapeutic use
- Biopharmaceutics/history
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Biopharmaceutics/trends
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/history
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Communicable Disease Control/history
- Communicable Disease Control/trends
- Communicable Diseases/immunology
- Communicable Diseases/veterinary
- Drug Delivery Systems/adverse effects
- Drug Delivery Systems/trends
- Drug Delivery Systems/veterinary
- Drug Design
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Nanoparticles/adverse effects
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Protein Engineering/trends
- Protein Engineering/veterinary
- Protein Folding
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Vaccines/adverse effects
- Vaccines/chemistry
- Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Subunit/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Veterinary Drugs/adverse effects
- Veterinary Drugs/chemistry
- Veterinary Drugs/immunology
- Veterinary Drugs/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Karch
- The Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Peter Burkhard
- The Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 93 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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108
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Chesson CB, Ekpo-Otu S, Endsley JJ, Rudra JS. Biomaterials-Based Vaccination Strategies for the Induction of CD8 +T Cell Responses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:126-143. [PMID: 33450791 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic biomaterials are increasingly being used for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies as alternatives to traditional live-attenuated formulations due to their improved safety profiles and no risk of reversion to virulence. Polymeric materials in particular enjoy attention due to the ease of fabrication, control over physicochemical properties, and their wide range of immunogenicity. While the majority of studies focus on inducing protective antibody responses, in recent years, materials-based strategies for the delivery of antigens and immunomodulators to improve CD8+T cell immunity against infectious and non-infectious diseases have gained momentum. Notably, platforms based on polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, virus-like particles, self-assembling peptides and peptidomimetics, and multilayer thin films show considerable promise in preclinical studies. In this Review, we first introduce the concepts of CD8+T cell activation, effector and memory functions, and cytotoxic activity, followed by vaccine design for eliciting robust and protective long-lived CD8+T cell immunity. We then discuss different materials-based vaccines developed in the past decade to elicit CD8+T cell responses based on molecular composition or fabrication methods and conclude with a summary and glimpse at the future trends in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Shaunte Ekpo-Otu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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109
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Bobbala S, Hook S. Is There an Optimal Formulation and Delivery Strategy for Subunit Vaccines? Pharm Res 2016; 33:2078-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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110
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Anselmo AC, Mitragotri S. Nanoparticles in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:10-29. [PMID: 29313004 PMCID: PMC5689513 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle/microparticle-based drug delivery systems for systemic (i.e., intravenous) applications have significant advantages over their nonformulated and free drug counterparts. For example, nanoparticle systems are capable of delivering therapeutics and treating areas of the body that other delivery systems cannot reach. As such, nanoparticle drug delivery and imaging systems are one of the most investigated systems in preclinical and clinical settings. Here, we will highlight the diversity of nanoparticle types, the key advantages these systems have over their free drug counterparts, and discuss their overall potential in influencing clinical care. In particular, we will focus on current clinical trials for nanoparticle formulations that have yet to be clinically approved. Additional emphasis will be on clinically approved nanoparticle systems, both for their currently approved indications and their use in active clinical trials. Finally, we will discuss many of the often overlooked biological, technological, and study design challenges that impact the clinical success of nanoparticle delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Anselmo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
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111
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Carugo D, Bottaro E, Owen J, Stride E, Nastruzzi C. Liposome production by microfluidics: potential and limiting factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25876. [PMID: 27194474 PMCID: PMC4872163 DOI: 10.1038/srep25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of microfluidic techniques for the production of nanoscale lipid-based vesicular systems. In particular we focus on the key issues associated with the microfluidic production of liposomes. These include, but are not limited to, the role of lipid formulation, lipid concentration, residual amount of solvent, production method (including microchannel architecture), and drug loading in determining liposome characteristics. Furthermore, we propose microfluidic architectures for the mass production of liposomes with a view to potential industrial translation of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Carugo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mechatronics and Bioengineering Science research groups, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Bottaro
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Joshua Owen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Nastruzzi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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112
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Venereo-Sanchez A, Gilbert R, Simoneau M, Caron A, Chahal P, Chen W, Ansorge S, Li X, Henry O, Kamen A. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase containing virus-like particles produced in HEK-293 suspension culture: An effective influenza vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2016; 34:3371-80. [PMID: 27155499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) constitute a promising alternative as influenza vaccine. They are non-replicative particles that mimic the morphology of native viruses which make them more immunogenic than classical subunit vaccines. In this study, we propose HEK-293 cells in suspension culture in serum-free medium as an efficient platform to produce large quantities of VLPs. For this purpose, a stable cell line expressing the main influenza viral antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (subtype H1N1) under the regulation of a cumate inducible promoter was developed (293HA-NA cells). The production of VLPs was evaluated by transient transfection of plasmids encoding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag or M1 influenza matrix protein. To facilitate the monitoring of VLPs production, Gag was fused to the green fluorescence protein (GFP). The transient transfection of the gag containing plasmid in 293HA-NA cells increased the release of HA and NA seven times more than its counterpart transfected with the M1 encoding plasmid. Consequently, the production of HA-NA containing VLPs using Gag as scaffold was evaluated in a 3-L controlled stirred tank bioreactor. The VLPs secreted in the culture medium were recovered by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose cushion and ultrafiltered by tangential flow filtration. Transmission electron micrographs of final sample revealed the presence of particles with the average typical size (150-200nm) and morphology of HIV-1 immature particles. The concentration of the influenza glycoproteins on the Gag-VLPs was estimated by single radial immunodiffusion and hemagglutination assay for HA and by Dot-Blot for HA and NA. More significantly, intranasal immunization of mice with influenza Gag-VLPs induced strong antigen-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses and provided full protection against a lethal intranasal challenge with the homologous virus strain. These data suggest that, with further optimization and characterization the process could support mass production of safer and better-controlled VLPs-based influenza vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Venereo-Sanchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Renald Gilbert
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Melanie Simoneau
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Caron
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Parminder Chahal
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sven Ansorge
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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113
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114
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Shirbaghaee Z, Bolhassani A. Different applications of virus-like particles in biology and medicine: Vaccination and delivery systems. Biopolymers 2016; 105:113-32. [PMID: 26509554 PMCID: PMC7161881 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) mimic the whole construct of virus particles devoid of viral genome as used in subunit vaccine design. VLPs can elicit efficient protective immunity as direct immunogens compared to soluble antigens co-administered with adjuvants in several booster injections. Up to now, several prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems such as insect, yeast, plant, and E. coli were used to express recombinant proteins, especially for VLP production. Recent studies are also generating VLPs in plants using different transient expression vectors for edible vaccines. VLPs and viral particles have been applied for different functions such as gene therapy, vaccination, nanotechnology, and diagnostics. Herein, we describe VLP production in different systems as well as its applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Shirbaghaee
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
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115
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes are well-known as drug carriers, and are now critical components of two of six types of adjuvants present in licensed vaccines. The liposomal vaccine adjuvant field has long been dynamic and innovative, and research in this area is further examined as new commercial products appear in parallel with new vaccines. In an arena where successful products exist the potential for new types of vaccines with liposomal adjuvants, and alternative liposomal adjuvants that could emerge for new types of vaccines, are discussed. AREAS COVERED Major areas include: virosomes, constructed from phospholipids and proteins from influenza virus particles; liposomes containing natural and synthetic neutral or anionic phospholipids, cholesterol, natural or synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A, and QS21 saponin; non-phospholipid cationic liposomes; and combinations and mixtures of liposomes and immunostimulating ingredients as adjuvants for experimental vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21 have considerable momentum that will result soon in emergence of prophylactic vaccines to malaria and shingles, and possible novel cancer vaccines. The licensed virosome vaccines to influenza and hepatitis A will be replaced with virosome vaccines to other infectious diseases. Alternative liposomal formulations are likely to emerge for difficult diseases such as tuberculosis or HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA.,b US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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116
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Low KP, Bhuvaneswari R, Thong PS, Bunte RM, Soo KC. Novel delivery of Chlorin e6 using anti-EGFR antibody tagged virosomes for fluorescence diagnosis of oral cancer in a hamster cheek pouch model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 83:143-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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117
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Young KR, Arthus-Cartier G, Yam KK, Lavoie PO, Landry N, D'Aoust MA, Vézina LP, Couture MMJ, Ward BJ. Generation and characterization of a trackable plant-made influenza H5 virus-like particle (VLP) containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). FASEB J 2015; 29:3817-27. [PMID: 26038124 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-270421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medicago, Inc. has developed an efficient virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine production platform using the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system, and currently has influenza-based products targeting seasonal/pandemic hemagglutinin (HA) proteins in advanced clinical trials. We wished to generate a trackable HA-based VLP that would allow us to study both particle assembly in plants and VLP interactions within the mammalian immune system. To this end, a fusion protein was designed, composed of H5 (from influenza A/Indonesia/05/2005 [H5N1]) with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Expression of H5-eGFP in N. benthamiana produced brightly fluorescent ∼160 nm particles resembling H5-VLPs. H5-eGFP-VLPs elicited anti-H5 serologic responses in mice comparable to those elicited by H5-VLPs in almost all assays tested (hemagglutination inhibition/IgG(total)/IgG1/IgG2b/IgG2a:IgG1 ratio), as well as a superior anti-GFP IgG response (mean optical density = 2.52 ± 0.16 sem) to that elicited by soluble GFP (mean optical density = 0.12 ± 0.06 sem). Confocal imaging of N. benthamiana cells expressing H5-eGFP displayed large fluorescent accumulations at the cell periphery, and draining lymph nodes from mice given H5-eGFP-VLPs via footpad injection demonstrated bright fluorescence shortly after administration (10 min), providing proof of concept that the H5-eGFP-protein/VLPs could be used to monitor both VLP assembly and immune trafficking. Given these findings, this novel fluorescent reagent will be a powerful tool to gain further fundamental insight into the biology of influenza VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Young
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Arthus-Cartier
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Karen K Yam
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Olivier Lavoie
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Landry
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André D'Aoust
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Vézina
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon M-J Couture
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
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118
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Shah RR, O'Hagan DT, Amiji MM, Brito LA. The impact of size on particulate vaccine adjuvants. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2671-81. [PMID: 25529570 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate adjuvants have been successful at inducing increased immune responses against many poorly immunogenic antigens. However, the mechanism of action of these adjuvants often remains unclear. As more potential vaccine targets are emerging, it is becoming necessary to broaden our knowledge on the factors involved in generating potent immune responses to recombinant antigens with adjuvants. While composition of adjuvants is integral in defining the overall performance of an adjuvant, some physical parameters such as particle size, surface charge and surface modification may also contribute to the potency. In this review, we will try to highlight the role of particle size in controlling the immune responses to adjuvanted vaccines, with a focus on insoluble aluminum salts, oil-in-water emulsions, polymeric particles and liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi R Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzeng Min
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joseph M Caster
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael J Eblan
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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120
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Walde P, Umakoshi H, Stano P, Mavelli F. Emergent properties arising from the assembly of amphiphiles. Artificial vesicle membranes as reaction promoters and regulators. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10177-97. [PMID: 24921467 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article deals with artificial vesicles and their membranes as reaction promoters and regulators. Among the various molecular assemblies which can form in an aqueous medium from amphiphilic molecules, vesicle systems are unique. Vesicles compartmentalize the aqueous solution in which they exist, independent on whether the vesicles are biological vesicles (existing in living systems) or whether they are artificial vesicles (formed in vitro from natural or synthetic amphiphiles). After the formation of artificial vesicles, their aqueous interior (the endovesicular volume) may become - or may be made - chemically different from the external medium (the exovesicular solution), depending on how the vesicles are prepared. The existence of differences between endo- and exovesicular composition is one of the features on the basis of which biological vesicles contribute to the complex functioning of living organisms. Furthermore, artificial vesicles can be formed from mixtures of amphiphiles in such a way that the vesicle membranes become molecularly, compositionally and organizationally highly complex, similarly to the lipidic matrix of biological membranes. All the various properties of artificial vesicles as membranous compartment systems emerge from molecular assembly as these properties are not present in the individual molecules the system is composed of. One particular emergent property of vesicle membranes is their possible functioning as promoters and regulators of chemical reactions caused by the localization of reaction components, and possibly catalysts, within or on the surface of the membranes. This specific feature is reviewed and highlighted with a few selected examples which range from the promotion of decarboxylation reactions, the selective binding of DNA or RNA to suitable vesicle membranes, and the reactivation of fragmented enzymes to the regulation of the enzymatic synthesis of polymers. Such type of emergent properties of vesicle membranes may have been important for the prebiological evolution of protocells, the hypothetical compartment systems preceding the first cells in those chemical and physico-chemical processes that led to the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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121
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Soema PC, Kompier R, Amorij JP, Kersten GFA. Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:251-63. [PMID: 26047796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza infection. However, current influenza vaccines have several limitations. Relatively long production times, limited vaccine capacity, moderate efficacy in certain populations and lack of cross-reactivity are important issues that need to be addressed. We give an overview of the current status and novel developments in the landscape of influenza vaccines from an interdisciplinary point of view. The feasibility of novel vaccine concepts not only depends on immunological or clinical outcomes, but also depends on biotechnological aspects, such as formulation and production methods, which are frequently overlooked. Furthermore, the next generation of influenza vaccines is addressed, which hopefully will bring cross-reactive influenza vaccines. These developments indicate that an exciting future lies ahead in the influenza vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery and Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Kompier
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; FluConsult, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery and Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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122
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Ambati A, Einarsdottir S, Magalhaes I, Poiret T, Bodenstein R, LeBlanc K, Brune M, Maeurer M, Ljungman P. Immunogenicity of virosomal adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccination in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:371-9. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ambati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | | | - I. Magalhaes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - T. Poiret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - R. Bodenstein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - K. LeBlanc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Hematology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Brune
- Sahlgrens University Hospital; Goteborg Sweden
| | - M. Maeurer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - P. Ljungman
- Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Hematology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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123
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Lee Y, Lee YS, Cho SY, Kwon HJ. Perspective of Peptide Vaccine Composed of Epitope Peptide, CpG-DNA, and Liposome Complex Without Carriers. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 99:75-97. [PMID: 26067817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and specificity of cell-mediated and humoral immunity are critically determined by peptide sequences; peptides corresponding to the B- or T-cell receptor epitopes are sufficient to induce an effective immune response if delivered properly. Therefore, studies on the screening and application of peptide-based epitopes have been done extensively for the development of therapeutic antibodies and prophylactic vaccines. However, the efficacy of immune response and antibody production by peptide-based immunization is too limited for human application at the present. To improve the efficacy of vaccines, researchers formulated adjuvants such as alum, water-in-oil emulsion, and Toll-like receptor agonists. They also employed liposomes as delivering vehicles to stimulate immune responses. Here, we review our recent studies providing a potent method of epitope screening and antibody production without conventional carriers. We adopted Lipoplex(O), comprising a natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a specific liposome complex, as an adjuvant. Lipoplex(O) induces potent stimulatory activity in humans as well as in mice, and immunization of mice with several peptides along with Lipoplex(O) without general carriers induces significant production of each peptide-specific IgG2a. Immunization of peptide vaccines against virus-associated antigens in mice has protective effects against the viral infection. A peptide vaccine against carcinoma-associated antigen and the peptide-specific monoclonal antibody has functional effects against cancer cells in mouse models. In conclusion, we improved the efficacy of peptide vaccines in mice. Our strategy can be applied in development of therapeutic antibodies or in defense against pandemic infectious diseases through rapid screening of potent B-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science BK21, Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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124
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Abstract
Infectious agents generally use mucosal surfaces as entry port to the body thereby necessitating the need of development of mucosal vaccine as vaccination is important for disease avoidance and suppression. Vaccination through mucosal route is a promising strategy to elicit efficient immune response as parentally administered vaccines induce poor mucosal immunity in general. Safety, economy and stability are highly desired with vaccines and this can be achieved with use of delivery cargos. This review focuses on challenges related with mucosal vaccines and use of nanocarriers as suitable cargos to cater the antigen effectively to the desired site. The review also includes different factors which are to be considered regarding the performance of the nanocarriers and clinical status of these systems.
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125
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Paprocki D, Koszelewski D, Walde P, Ostaszewski R. Efficient Passerini reactions in an aqueous vesicle system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22258c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of α-acyloxy carboxamides from a carboxylic acid, an aldehyde and an isocyanide (Passerini reaction) was investigated in aqueous solution in the presence of different types of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paprocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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126
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127
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Abstract
Inactivated vaccines have been used for over a century to induce protection against viral pathogens. This established approach of vaccine production is relatively straightforward to achieve and there is an augmented safety profile as compared to their live counterparts. Today, there are six viral pathogens for which licensed inactivated vaccines are available with many more in development. Here, we describe the principles of viral inactivation and the application of these principles to vaccine development. Specifically emphasized are the manufacturing procedure and the accompanying assays, of which assays used for monitoring the inactivation process and preservation of neutralizing epitopes, are pivotal. Novel inactivated vaccines in development and the hurdles they face for licensure are also discussed as well as the (dis)advantages of inactivation over the other vaccine production methodologies.
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128
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Alicino C, Infante MT, Gandoglia I, Miolo N, Mancardi GL, Zappettini S, Capello E, Orsi A, Tamburini T, Grandis M. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with severe neurological outcomes following virosomal seasonal influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1969-73. [PMID: 25424806 PMCID: PMC4186031 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory, usually monophasic, immune mediate, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which involves the white matter. ADEM is more frequent in children and usually occurs after viral infections, but may follow vaccinations, bacterial infections, or may occur without previous events. Only 5% of cases of ADEM are preceded by vaccination within one month prior to symptoms onset. The diagnosis of ADEM requires both multifocal involvement and encephalopathy and specific demyelinating lesions of white matter. Overall prognosis of ADEM patients is often favorable, with full recovery reported in 23% to 100% of patients from pediatric cohorts, and more severe outcome in adult patients. We describe the first case of ADEM occurred few days after administration of virosomal seasonal influenza vaccine. The patient, a 59-year-old caucasic man with unremarkable past medical history presented at admission decreased alertness, 10 days after flu vaccination. During the 2 days following hospitalization, his clinical conditions deteriorated with drowsiness and fever until coma. The magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed multiple and symmetrical white matter lesions in both cerebellar and cerebral hemispheres, suggesting demyelinating disease with inflammatory activity, compatible with ADEM. The patient was treated with high dose of steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin with relevant sequelae and severe neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Alicino
- a Department of Health Sciences; Vaccines and Clinical Trials Unit; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
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129
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Schwendener RA. Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:159-82. [PMID: 25364509 DOI: 10.1177/2051013614541440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes and liposome-derived nanovesicles such as archaeosomes and virosomes have become important carrier systems in vaccine development and the interest for liposome-based vaccines has markedly increased. A key advantage of liposomes, archaeosomes and virosomes in general, and liposome-based vaccine delivery systems in particular, is their versatility and plasticity. Liposome composition and preparation can be chosen to achieve desired features such as selection of lipid, charge, size, size distribution, entrapment and location of antigens or adjuvants. Depending on the chemical properties, water-soluble antigens (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, haptens) are entrapped within the aqueous inner space of liposomes, whereas lipophilic compounds (lipopeptides, antigens, adjuvants, linker molecules) are intercalated into the lipid bilayer and antigens or adjuvants can be attached to the liposome surface either by adsorption or stable chemical linking. Coformulations containing different types of antigens or adjuvants can be combined with the parameters mentioned to tailor liposomal vaccines for individual applications. Special emphasis is given in this review to cationic adjuvant liposome vaccine formulations. Examples of vaccines made with CAF01, an adjuvant composed of the synthetic immune-stimulating mycobacterial cordfactor glycolipid trehalose dibehenate as immunomodulator and the cationic membrane forming molecule dimethyl dioctadecylammonium are presented. Other vaccines such as cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDCs) and other adjuvants like muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A and listeriolysin O are mentioned as well. The field of liposomes and liposome-based vaccines is vast. Therefore, this review concentrates on recent and relevant studies emphasizing current reports dealing with the most studied antigens and adjuvants, and pertinent examples of vaccines. Studies on liposome-based veterinary vaccines and experimental therapeutic cancer vaccines are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Laboratory of Liposome Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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130
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Natarajan JV, Nugraha C, Ng XW, Venkatraman S. Sustained-release from nanocarriers: a review. J Control Release 2014; 193:122-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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131
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Abstract
In 2000, the National Institute of Health launched the National Nanotechnology Initiative to support, coordinate, and advance research and development of nanoscale projects. The impact of this new program on health-science related research and development became quickly visible. Broad governmental financial support advanced the start of new, and the deepening of already existing, interdisciplinary research. The anticipated merger of nanoscience with medicine quickly instigated the conceptualization of nanomedicine. The adoption of nanoscience terminology by pharmaceutical scientists resulted in the advent of nanopharmaceuticals. The term "nano" became tantamount to "cutting-edge" and was quickly embraced by the pharmaceutical science community. Colloidal drug delivery systems reemerged as nanodrug delivery systems; colloidal gold became a suspension of nano gold particles. In this review, we first review nanoscience related definitions applied to pharmaceuticals, we then discuss all 43 currently approved drug formulations which are publicized as nanopharmaceuticals, and finally we analyze clinical aspects of selected drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Weissig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy Glendale, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Tracy K Pettinger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Nicole Murdock
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy Glendale, Glendale, AZ, USA
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Abdoli A, Soleimanjahi H, Tavassoti Kheiri M, Jamali A, Mazaheri V, Abdollahpour Alitappeh M. An H1-H3 chimeric influenza virosome confers complete protection against lethal challenge with PR8 (H1N1) and X47 (H3N2) viruses in mice. Pathog Dis 2014; 72:197-207. [PMID: 25066138 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual health threats and economic damages caused by influenza virus are still a main concern of the World Health Organization and other health departments all over the world. An influenza virosome is a highly efficient immunomodulating carrier mimicking the natural antigen presentation pathway and has shown an excellent tolerability profile due to its biocompatibility and purity. The major purpose of this study was to construct a new chimeric virosome influenza vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins derived from the A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) and A/X/47 (H3N2) (X47) viruses, and to evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine candidate in mice. A single intramuscular vaccination with the chimeric virosomes provided complete protection against lethal challenge with the PR8 and X47 viruses. The chimeric virosomes induced high IgG antibody responses as well as hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers. HAI titers following the chimeric virosome vaccination were at the same level as the whole inactivated influenza vaccine. Mice immunized with the chimeric virosomes displayed considerably less weight loss and exhibited significantly reduced viral load in their lungs compared with the controls. The chimeric virosomes can be used as an innovative vaccine formulation to confer protection against a broad range of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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133
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Foged C, Rades T, Perrie Y, Hook S, Ward V, Young S. Virus-Like Particles, a Versatile Subunit Vaccine Platform. SUBUNIT VACCINE DELIVERY 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be spontaneously formed after expression of self-polymerising viral capsid proteins. VLPs structurally resemble their native source virus, maintaining immunological relevance by retaining formation of immunogenic motifs with natural conformation. The absence of the virus genome renders VLPs safe for administration as a subunit vaccine. VLPs can target both arms of the immune response, with some VLPs initiating production of specific antibodies and others activating cytotoxic T cells. VLPs are also exceptionally versatile, conferring protection against the host virus or acting as a scaffold for antigenic molecules. In addition, VLP can support intraparticulate encapsulation for immunomodulation and gene delivery. VLP vaccines have been developed for prophylactic protection against infectious organisms, and therapeutic treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and cancer. With an expanding list of vaccine candidates, VLP vaccines are a promising field with a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yvonne Perrie
- Pharmacy School, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hook
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
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134
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Self-assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles in an insect cell-baculovirus system and their immunogenicity in mice and goats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104791. [PMID: 25117931 PMCID: PMC4130610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile, viral disease of small ruminants that has a significant economic impact. For many viral diseases, vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs) has shown considerable promise as a prophylactic approach; however, the processes of assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) VLPs are not well characterized, and their immunogenicity in the host is unknown. In this study, VLPs of PPRV were generated in a baculovirus system through simultaneous expression of PPRV matrix (M) protein and hemaglutin in (H) or fusion (F) protein. The released VLPs showed morphology similar to that of the native virus particles. Subcutaneous injection of these VLPs (PPRV-H, PPRV-F) into mice and goats elicited PPRV-specific IgG production, increased the levels of virus neutralizing antibodies, and promoted lymphocyte proliferation. Without adjuvants, the immune response induced by the PPRV-H VLPs was comparable to that obtained using equivalent amounts of PPRV vaccine. Thus, our results demonstrated that VLPs containing PPRV M protein and H or F protein are potential “differentiating infected from vaccinated animals” (DIVA) vaccine candidates for the surveillance and eradication of PPR.
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135
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Peptide Vaccine: Progress and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:515-36. [PMID: 26344743 PMCID: PMC4494216 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccine strategies have been highly efficacious for several decades in reducing mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases. The bane of conventional vaccines, such as those that include whole organisms or large proteins, appear to be the inclusion of unnecessary antigenic load that, not only contributes little to the protective immune response, but complicates the situation by inducing allergenic and/or reactogenic responses. Peptide vaccines are an attractive alternative strategy that relies on usage of short peptide fragments to engineer the induction of highly targeted immune responses, consequently avoiding allergenic and/or reactogenic sequences. Conversely, peptide vaccines used in isolation are often weakly immunogenic and require particulate carriers for delivery and adjuvanting. In this article, we discuss the specific advantages and considerations in targeted induction of immune responses by peptide vaccines and progresses in the development of such vaccines against various diseases. Additionally, we also discuss the development of particulate carrier strategies and the inherent challenges with regard to safety when combining such technologies with peptide vaccines.
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136
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Garai P, Gogoi M, Gopal G, Radhakrishnan Y, Nandakumar KS, Chakravortty D. The basics and advances of immunomodulators and antigen presentation: a key to development of potent memory response against pathogens. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1383-97. [PMID: 24897303 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.925871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunomodulators are agents, which can modulate the immune response to specific antigens, while causing least toxicity to the host system. Being part of the modern vaccine formulations, these compounds have contributed remarkably to the field of therapeutics. Despite the successful record maintained by these agents, the requirement of novel immunomodulators keeps increasing due to the increasing severity of diseases. Hence, research regarding the same holds great importance. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the role of immunomodulators in improving performance of various vaccines used for counteracting most threatening infectious diseases, mechanisms behind their action and criteria for development of novel immunomodulators. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune response is a prerequisite for development of effective therapeutics as these are often exploited by pathogens for their own propagation. Keeping this in mind, the present research in the field of immunotherapy focuses on developing immunomodulators that would not only enhance the protection against pathogen, but also generate a long-term memory response. With the introduction of advanced formulations including combination of different kinds of immunomodulators, one can expect tremendous success in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology , Bangalore, 560012 , India +91 80 2293 2842 ; +91 80 2360 2697 ;
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137
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Even-Or O, Samira S, Ellis R, Kedar E, Barenholz Y. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:1095-108. [PMID: 24053401 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.825445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most common causes of human morbidity and mortality that is preventable by vaccination. Immunization with available vaccines provides incomplete protection against illness caused by influenza virus, especially in high-risk groups such as the elderly and young children. Thus, more efficacious vaccines are needed for the entire population, and all the more so for high-risk groups. One way to improve immune responses and protection is to formulate the vaccine with antigen carriers and/or adjuvants, which can play an important role in improving immune responses and delivery to antigen-presenting cells, especially for a vaccine like influenza that is based on protein antigens usually administered without a carrier or adjuvant. In this review, the authors present an overview of available vaccines, focusing on research and development of new adjuvants used in influenza vaccines, as well as adjuvanted influenza vaccines aimed to improve immune responses, protection and breadth of coverage for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Even-Or
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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138
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Esposito S, Durando P, Bosis S, Ansaldi F, Tagliabue C, Icardi G. Vaccine-preventable diseases: from paediatric to adult targets. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:203-12. [PMID: 24389370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality related to many communicable infectious diseases have significantly decreased in Western countries largely because of the use of antibiotics, and the implementation of well-planned vaccination strategies and national immunisation schedules specifically aimed at infants and children. However, although immunisation has proved to be highly effective for public health, more effort is needed to improve the currently sub-optimal rates of vaccination against various diseases among adults who may be at risk because of their age, medical condition or occupation. The vaccines currently licenced in Western countries are safe, immunogenic and effective against many infectious diseases and their complications, but the availability of newer vaccines or vaccines with new indications, the evolving ecology and epidemiology of many infections, population ageing, and other demographic changes (i.e. the increasing prevalence of chronic comorbidities and immunodeficiencies, mass migration, new working relationships, and widespread international tourism) require changes in the approach to immunisation. There is now a need for appropriate preventive measures for adults and the elderly aimed at protecting people at risk by using every possible catch-up opportunity and recommending specific age-related schedules on the basis of local epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Durando
- Hygiene Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Samantha Bosis
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- Hygiene Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Tagliabue
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Hygiene Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
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139
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Hafner A, Lovrić J, Lakoš GP, Pepić I. Nanotherapeutics in the EU: an overview on current state and future directions. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1005-23. [PMID: 24600222 PMCID: PMC3933707 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s55359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in areas of drug delivery and therapy (ie, nanotherapeutics) is envisioned to have a great impact on public health. The ability of nanotherapeutics to provide targeted drug delivery, improve drug solubility, extend drug half-life, improve a drug’s therapeutic index, and reduce a drug’s immunogenicity has resulted in the potential to revolutionize the treatment of many diseases. In this paper, we review the liposome-, nanocrystal-, virosome-, polymer therapeutic-, nanoemulsion-, and nanoparticle-based approaches to nanotherapeutics, which represent the most successful and commercialized categories within the field of nanomedicine. We discuss the regulatory pathway and initiatives endeavoring to ensure the safe and timely clinical translation of emerging nanotherapeutics and realization of health care benefits. Emerging trends are expected to confirm that this nano-concept can exert a macro-impact on patient benefits, treatment options, and the EU economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Hafner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lovrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gorana Perina Lakoš
- Medicines Authorisation Division, Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pepić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia ; Centre for Applied Pharmacy, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
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Nkolola JP, Cheung A, Perry JR, Carter D, Reed S, Schuitemaker H, Pau MG, Seaman MS, Chen B, Barouch DH. Comparison of multiple adjuvants on the stability and immunogenicity of a clade C HIV-1 gp140 trimer. Vaccine 2014; 32:2109-16. [PMID: 24556505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunogens based on the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Envelope (Env) glycoprotein have to date failed to elicit potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against diverse HIV-1 strains. An understudied area in the development of HIV-1 Env-based vaccines is the impact of various adjuvants on the stability of the Env immunogen and the magnitude of the induced humoral immune response. We hypothesize that optimal adjuvants for HIV-1 gp140 Env trimers will be those with high potency but also those that preserve structural integrity of the immunogen and those that have a straightforward path to clinical testing. In this report, we systematically evaluate the impact of 12 adjuvants on the stability and immunogenicity of a clade C (CZA97.012) HIV-1 gp140 trimer in guinea pigs and a subset in non-human primates. Oil-in-water emulsions (GLA-emulsion, Ribi, Emulsigen) resulted in partial aggregation and loss of structural integrity of the gp140 trimer. In contrast, alum (GLA-alum, Adju-Phos, Alhydrogel), TLR (GLA-aqueous, CpG, MPLA), ISCOM (Matrix M) and liposomal (GLA-liposomes, virosomes) adjuvants appeared to preserve trimer integrity as measured by size exclusion chromatography. However, multiple classes of adjuvants similarly augmented Env-specific binding and neutralizing antibody responses in guinea pigs and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ann Cheung
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James R Perry
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steve Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | | | | | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology & Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Moser C, Müller M, Kaeser MD, Weydemann U, Amacker M. Influenza virosomes as vaccine adjuvant and carrier system. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:779-91. [PMID: 23885823 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.811195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The basic concept of virosomes is the controlled in vitro assembly of virus-like particles from purified components. The first generation of influenza virosomes developed two decades ago is successfully applied in licensed vaccines, providing a solid clinical safety and efficacy track record for the technology. In the meantime, a second generation of influenza virosomes has evolved as a carrier and adjuvant system, which is currently applied in preclinical and clinical stage vaccine candidates targeting various prophylactic and therapeutic indications. The inclusion of additional components to optimize particle assembly, to stabilize the formulations, or to enhance the immunostimulatory properties have further improved and broadened the applicability of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moser
- Pevion Biotech AG, Worblentalstrasse 32, Ittigen CH-3063, Switzerland.
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142
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Atmar RL, Patel SM, Keitel WA. Intanza®: a new intradermal vaccine for seasonal influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:1399-409. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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143
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Moser C, Amacker M, Zurbriggen R. Influenza virosomes as a vaccine adjuvant and carrier system. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:437-46. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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144
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Functionalised Nanoliposomes for Construction of Recombinant Vaccines: Lyme Disease as an Example. MOLECULAR VACCINES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120364 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-00978-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes (phospholipid bilayer vesicles) represent an almost ideal carrier system for the preparation of synthetic vaccines due to their biodegradability and capacity to protect and transport molecules of different physicochemical properties (including size, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and charge). Liposomal carriers can be applied by invasive (e.g. i.m., s.c., i.d.) as well as non-invasive (transdermal and mucosal) routes. In the last 15 years, liposome vaccine technology has matured and several vaccines containing liposome-based adjuvants have been approved for human and veterinary use or have reached late stages of clinical evaluation. Given the intensifying interest in liposome-based vaccines, it is important to understand precisely how liposomes interact with the immune system and how they stimulate immunity. It has become clear that the physicochemical properties of liposomal vaccines – method of antigen attachment, lipid composition, bilayer fluidity, particle charge, and other properties – exert strong effects on the resulting immune response. In this chapter we will discuss some aspects of liposomal vaccines including the effect of novel and emerging immunomodulator incorporation. The application of metallochelating nanoliposomes for development of recombinant vaccine against Lyme disease will be presented as a suitable example.
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145
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Mishra D, Hubenak JR, Mathur AB. Nanoparticle systems as tools to improve drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3646-60. [PMID: 23878102 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are appealing because, among other properties, they are easily manufactured and have the capacity to encapsulate a wide variety of drugs, many of which are not directly miscible with water. This review classifies nanoparticles into three broad categories based upon material composition: bio-inspired systems, synthetic systems, and inorganic systems. Each has distinct properties suitable for drug delivery applications, including their structure, composition, and pharmacokinetics (including clearance and uptake mechanisms), making each uniquely suitable for certain types of drugs. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be customized, making them ideal for a variety of applications. Advantages and disadvantages of the different systems are discussed. Strategies for improving nanoparticle efficacy include adding targeting agents on the nanoparticle surface, altering the degradation profile to control drug release, or PEGylating the surface to increase circulation times and reduce immediate clearance by the kidneys. The future of nanoparticle systems seems to be focused on further improving overall patient outcome by increasing delivery accuracy to the target area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Mishra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 602, Houston, Texas, 77030
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146
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Liu H, de Vries-Idema J, Ter Veer W, Wilschut J, Huckriede A. Influenza virosomes supplemented with GPI-0100 adjuvant: a potent vaccine formulation for antigen dose sparing. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 203:47-55. [PMID: 24062182 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants can stimulate vaccine-induced immune responses and can contribute decisively to antigen dose sparing when vaccine antigen production is limited, as for example during a pandemic influenza outbreak. We earlier showed that GPI-0100, a semi-synthetic saponin derivative with amphiphilic structure, significantly stimulates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza subunit vaccine administered via a systemic route. Here, we evaluated the adjuvant effect of GPI-0100 on a virosomal influenza vaccine formulation. In contrast to influenza subunit vaccine adjuvanted with GPI-0100, virosomal vaccine supplemented with the same dose of GPI-0100 provided full protection of mice against infection at the extremely low antigen dose of 2 × 8 ng hemagglutinin. Overall, adjuvanted virosomes elicited higher antibody and T-cell responses than did adjuvanted subunit vaccine. The enhanced immunogenicity of the GPI-0100-adjuvanted virosomes, particularly at low antigen doses, is possibly due to a physical association of the amphiphilic adjuvant with the virosomal membrane. These results show that a combination of GPI-0100 and a virosomal influenza vaccine formulation is highly immunogenic and allows the use of very low antigen doses without compromising the protective potential of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O.Box 30.001, EB 88, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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147
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Influenza und Influenzaimpfstoffe für Kinder. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-013-2940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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148
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Vacher G, Kaeser MD, Moser C, Gurny R, Borchard G. Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunization Using Virus-like Particles. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1596-609. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300597g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Vacher
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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149
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Fan Y, Zhang Q. Development of liposomal formulations: From concept to clinical investigations. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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150
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Sen K, Mandal M. Second generation liposomal cancer therapeutics: transition from laboratory to clinic. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:28-43. [PMID: 23500602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent innovations and developments in nanotechnology have revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Engineered nanomaterials are the current workhorses in the emerging field of cancer nano-therapeutics. Lipid vesicles bearing anti-tumor drugs have turned out to be a clinically feasible and promising nano-therapeutic approach to treat cancer. Efficient entrapment of therapeutics, biocompatibility, biodegradability, low systemic toxicity, low immunogenicity and ability to bypass multidrug resistance mechanisms has made liposomes a versatile drug/gene delivery system in cancer chemotherapy. The present review attempts to explore the recent key advances in liposomal research and the vast arsenal of liposomal formulations currently being utilized in treatment and diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacoli Sen
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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