101
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LRRK2 functions as a scaffolding kinase of ASK1-mediated neuronal cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2356-2368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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102
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Parkinson's Disease-Associated LRRK2 Hyperactive Kinase Mutant Disrupts Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking in Ventral Midbrain Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11366-11376. [PMID: 29054882 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0964-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized pathologically by the selective loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Recent evidence has suggested a role of LRRK2, linked to the most frequent familial PD, in regulating synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking. However, the mechanism whereby LRRK2 mutants contribute to nigral vulnerability remains unclear. Here we show that the most common PD mutation LRRK2 G2019S impairs SV endocytosis in ventral midbrain (MB) neurons, including DA neurons, and the slowed endocytosis can be rescued by inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity. A similar endocytic defect, however, was not observed in LRRK2 mutant neurons from the neocortex (hereafter, cortical neurons) or the hippocampus, suggesting a brain region-specific vulnerability to the G2019S mutation. Additionally, we found MB-specific impairment of SV endocytosis in neurons carrying heterozygous deletion of SYNJ1 (PARK20), a gene that is associated with recessive Parkinsonism. Combining SYNJ1+/- and LRRK2 G2019S does not exacerbate SV endocytosis but impairs sustained exocytosis in MB neurons and alters specific motor functions of 1-year-old male mice. Interestingly, we show that LRRK2 directly phosphorylates synaptojanin1 in vitro, resulting in the disruption of endophilin-synaptojanin1 interaction required for SV endocytosis. Our work suggests a merge of LRRK2 and SYNJ1 pathogenic pathways in deregulating SV trafficking in MB neurons as an underlying molecular mechanism of early PD pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron-selective vulnerability in PD is essential for the development of targeted therapeutics. We report, for the first time, a nerve terminal impairment in SV trafficking selectively in MB neurons but not cortical neurons caused by two PARK genes: LRRK2 (PARK8) and SYNJ1 (PARK20). We demonstrate that the enhanced kinase activity resulting from the most frequent G2019S mutation in LRRK2 is the key to this impairment. We provide evidence suggesting that LRRK2 G2019S and SYNJ1 loss of function share a similar pathogenic pathway in deregulating DAergic neuron SV endocytosis and that they play additive roles in facilitating each other's pathogenic functions in PD.
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103
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Han KA, Shin WH, Jung S, Seol W, Seo H, Ko C, Chung KC. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 exacerbates neuronal cytotoxicity through phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 3 and histone deacetylation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1-18. [PMID: 27798112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by slow, progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The cause of neuronal death in PD is largely unknown, but several genetic loci, including leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), have been identified. LRRK2 has guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) and kinase activities, and mutations in LRRK2 are the major cause of autosomal-dominant familial PD. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from lysine residues on histone tails, promoting transcriptional repression via condensation of chromatin. Here, we demonstrate that LRRK2 binds to and directly phosphorylates HDAC3 at Ser-424, thereby stimulating HDAC activity. Specifically, LRRK2 promoted the deacetylation of Lys-5 and Lys-12 on histone H4, causing repression of gene transcription. Moreover, LRRK2 stimulated nuclear translocation of HDAC3 via the phoshorylation of karyopherin subunit α2 and α6. HDAC3 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation were increased in response to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment. LRRK2 also inhibited myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D activity, which is required for neuronal survival. LRRK2 ultimately promoted 6-OHDA-induced cell death via positive modulation of HDAC3. These findings suggest that LRRK2 affects epigenetic histone modification and neuronal survival by facilitating HDAC3 activity and regulating its localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Han
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Jung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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104
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Selective LRRK2 kinase inhibition reduces phosphorylation of endogenous Rab10 and Rab12 in human peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10300. [PMID: 28860483 PMCID: PMC5578959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is associated with risk of familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). To support clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors as disease-modifying treatment in PD biomarkers for kinase activity, target engagement and kinase inhibition are prerequisite tools. In a combined proteomics and phosphoproteomics study on human peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) treated with the LRRK2 inhibitor Lu AF58786 a number of putative biomarkers were identified. Among the phospho-site hits were known LRRK2 sites as well as two phospho-sites on human Rab10 and Rab12. LRRK2 dependent phosphorylation of human Rab10 and human Rab12 at positions Thr73 and Ser106, respectively, was confirmed in HEK293 and, more importantly, Rab10-pThr73 inhibition was validated in immune stimulated human PBMCs using two distinct LRRK2 inhibitors. In addition, in non-stimulated human PBMCs acute inhibition of LRRK2 with two distinct LRRK2 inhibitor compounds reduced Rab10-Thr73 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner with apparent IC50’s equivalent to IC50’s on LRRK2-pSer935. The identification of Rab10 phosphorylated at Thr73 as a LRRK2 inhibition marker in human PBMCs strongly support inclusion of assays quantifying Rab10-pThr73 levels in upcoming clinical trials evaluating LRRK2 kinase inhibition as a disease-modifying treatment principle in PD.
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105
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Inoshita T, Arano T, Hosaka Y, Meng H, Umezaki Y, Kosugi S, Morimoto T, Koike M, Chang HY, Imai Y, Hattori N. Vps35 in cooperation with LRRK2 regulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis through the endosomal pathway in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2933-2948. [PMID: 28482024 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the retromer component Vps35 and endosomal kinase LRRK2 are linked to autosomal dominant forms of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the physiological and pathological roles of Vps35 and LRRK2 in neuronal functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the loss of Drosophila Vps35 (dVps35) affects synaptic vesicle recycling, dopaminergic synaptic release and sleep behavior associated with dopaminergic activity, which is rescued by the expression of wild-type dVps35 but not the PD-associated mutant dVps35 D647N. Drosophila LRRK2 dLRRK together with Rab5 and Rab11 is also implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling, and the manipulation of these activities improves the Vps35 synaptic phenotypes. These findings indicate that defects of synaptic vesicle recycling in which two late-onset PD genes, Vps35 and LRRK2, are involved could be key aspects of PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taku Arano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuka Hosaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hongrui Meng
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kosugi
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takako Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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106
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Park J, Lee JW, Cooper SC, Broxmeyer HE, Cannon JR, Kim CH. Parkinson disease-associated LRRK2 G2019S transgene disrupts marrow myelopoiesis and peripheral Th17 response. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1093-1102. [PMID: 28751472 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0417-147rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, whereas Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, polymorphisms in the LRRK2 gene have been identified as risk factors for both diseases. LRRK2 G2019S is the most prevalent mutation found in PD. To gain insights into the role of the LRRK2 G2019S gene on the development and activation of the immune system in the brain-gut axis, we investigated the effect of LRRK2 G2019S on bone marrow myeloid progenitors and myeloid cell function in the periphery. We used bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic rats harboring the human LRRK2 G2019S gene. LRRK2 G2019S transgene decreased the numbers of monocytic and granulocytic progenitors in the bone marrow. However, the numbers of peripheral, immature myeloid cells with suppressive activity were increased in the gut and blood circulation of LRRK2 G2019S compared with control rats in various acute and chronic inflammatory responses. In inflammatory conditions, Th17 cell activity was suppressed, but tissue-associated phylum Bacteroidetes was abnormally increased in the intestine of LRRK2 G2019S rats. The abnormally expanded myeloid cells because of the LRRK2 G2019S gene were highly suppressive on Th17 cell differentiation. Moreover, we found that inhibition of LRRK2 kinase affects myeloid progenitors and myeloid cell differentiation. Taken together, the results indicate that abnormal LRRK2 activity can alter bone marrow myelopoiesis, peripheral myeloid cell differentiation, and intestinal immune homeostasis. These findings may have ramifications in immune and inflammatory responses in patients with LRRK2 abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Park
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jang-Won Lee
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Scott C Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute of Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chang H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; and.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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107
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Cellular effects mediated by pathogenic LRRK2: homing in on Rab-mediated processes. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:147-154. [PMID: 28202668 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a key player in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mutations in LRRK2 are associated with increased kinase activity that correlates with cytotoxicity, indicating that kinase inhibitors may comprise promising disease-modifying compounds. However, before embarking on such strategies, detailed knowledge of the cellular deficits mediated by pathogenic LRRK2 in the context of defined and pathologically relevant kinase substrates is essential. LRRK2 has been consistently shown to impair various intracellular vesicular trafficking events, and recent studies have shown that LRRK2 can phosphorylate a subset of proteins that are intricately implicated in those processes. In light of these findings, we here review the link between cellular deficits in intracellular trafficking pathways and the LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of those newly identified substrates.
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108
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LRRK2: from kinase to GTPase to microtubules and back. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:141-146. [PMID: 28202667 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are intimately linked to both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is a large protein kinase able to bind and hydrolyse GTP. A wealth of in vitro studies have established that the distinct pathogenic LRRK2 mutants differentially affect those enzymatic activities, either causing an increase in kinase activity without altering GTP binding/GTP hydrolysis, or displaying no change in kinase activity but increased GTP binding/decreased GTP hydrolysis. Importantly, recent studies have shown that all pathogenic LRRK2 mutants display increased kinase activity towards select kinase substrates when analysed in intact cells. To understand those apparently discrepant results, better insight into the cellular role(s) of normal and pathogenic LRRK2 is crucial. Various studies indicate that LRRK2 regulates numerous intracellular vesicular trafficking pathways, but the mechanism(s) by which the distinct pathogenic mutants may equally interfere with such pathways has largely remained elusive. Here, we summarize the known alterations in the catalytic activities of the distinct pathogenic LRRK2 mutants and propose a testable working hypothesis by which the various mutants may affect membrane trafficking events in identical ways by culminating in increased phosphorylation of select substrate proteins known to be crucial for membrane trafficking between specific cellular compartments.
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109
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Cellular functions of LRRK2 implicate vesicular trafficking pathways in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1603-1610. [PMID: 27913668 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, associated with Parkinson's disease, have been shown to affect intracellular trafficking pathways in a variety of cells and organisms. An emerging theme is that LRRK2 can bind to multiple membranous structures in cells, and several recent studies have suggested that the Rab family of small GTPases might be important in controlling the recruitment of LRRK2 to specific cellular compartments. Once localized to membranes, LRRK2 then influences downstream events, evidenced by changes in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Here, I will discuss available evidence that supports or challenges this outline, with a specific emphasis on those aspects of LRRK2 function that have been controversial or remain to be fully clarified.
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110
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Altered Development of Synapse Structure and Function in Striatum Caused by Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2-G2019S Mutation. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7128-41. [PMID: 27383589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3314-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) can cause Parkinson's disease (PD), and the most common disease-associated mutation, G2019S, increases kinase activity. Because LRRK2 expression levels rise during synaptogenesis and are highest in dorsal striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs), we tested the hypothesis that the LRRK2-G2019S mutation would alter development of excitatory synaptic networks in dorsal striatum. To circumvent experimental confounds associated with LRRK2 overexpression, we used mice expressing LRRK2-G2019S or D2017A (kinase-dead) knockin mutations. In whole-cell recordings, G2019S SPNs exhibited a fourfold increase in sEPSC frequency compared with wild-type SPNs in postnatal day 21 mice. Such heightened neural activity was increased similarly in direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs, and action potential-dependent activity was particularly elevated. Excitatory synaptic activity in D2017A SPNs was similar to wild type, indicating a selective effect of G2019S. Acute exposure to LRRK2 kinase inhibitors normalized activity, supporting that excessive neural activity in G2019S SPNs is mediated directly and is kinase dependent. Although dendritic arborization and densities of excitatory presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic dendritic spines in G2019S SPNs were similar to wild type, G2019S SPNs displayed larger spines that were matched functionally by a shift toward larger postsynaptic response amplitudes. Acutely isolating striatum from overlying neocortex normalized sEPSC frequency in G2019S mutants, supporting that abnormal corticostriatal activity is involved. These findings indicate that the G2019S mutation imparts a gain-of-abnormal function to SPN activity and morphology during a stage of development when activity can permanently modify circuit structure and function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mutations in the kinase domain of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) follow Parkinson's disease (PD) heritability. How such mutations affect brain function is poorly understood. LRRK2 expression levels rise after birth at a time when synapses are forming and are highest in dorsal striatum, suggesting that LRRK2 regulates development of striatal circuits. During a period of postnatal development when activity plays a large role in permanently shaping neural circuits, our data show how the most common PD-causing LRRK2 mutation dramatically alters excitatory synaptic activity and the shape of postsynaptic structures in striatum. These findings provide new insight into early functional and structural aberrations in striatal connectivity that may predispose striatal circuitry to both motor and nonmotor dysfunction later in life.
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111
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A proteomic analysis of LRRK2 binding partners reveals interactions with multiple signaling components of the WNT/PCP pathway. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:54. [PMID: 28697798 PMCID: PMC5505151 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal-dominant mutations in the Park8 gene encoding Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been identified to cause up to 40% of the genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. However, the function and molecular pathways regulated by LRRK2 are largely unknown. It has been shown that LRRK2 serves as a scaffold during activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling via its interaction with the β-catenin destruction complex, DVL1-3 and LRP6. In this study, we examine whether LRRK2 also interacts with signaling components of the WNT/Planar Cell Polarity (WNT/PCP) pathway, which controls the maturation of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, the main cell type lost in Parkinson's disease patients. METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation and tandem mass spectrometry was performed in a mouse substantia nigra cell line (SN4741) and human HEK293T cell line in order to identify novel LRRK2 binding partners. Inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin reporter, TOPFlash, was used as a read-out of WNT/PCP pathway activation. The capacity of LRRK2 to regulate WNT/PCP signaling in vivo was tested in Xenopus laevis' early development. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis identified that LRRK2 interacts with proteins involved in WNT/PCP signaling such as the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 and Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in dopaminergic cells in vitro and in the mouse ventral midbrain in vivo. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that LRRK2 binds to two core components of the WNT/PCP signaling pathway, PRICKLE1 and CELSR1, as well as to FLOTILLIN-2 and CULLIN-3, which regulate WNT secretion and inhibit WNT/β-catenin signaling, respectively. We also found that PRICKLE1 and LRRK2 localize in signalosomes and act as dual regulators of WNT/PCP and β-catenin signaling. Accordingly, analysis of the function of LRRK2 in vivo, in X. laevis revelaed that LRKK2 not only inhibits WNT/β-catenin pathway, but induces a classical WNT/PCP phenotype in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that LRRK2 activates the WNT/PCP signaling pathway through its interaction to multiple WNT/PCP components. We suggest that LRRK2 regulates the balance between WNT/β-catenin and WNT/PCP signaling, depending on the binding partners. Since this balance is crucial for homeostasis of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we hypothesize that its alteration may contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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112
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Lautenschläger J, Kaminski CF, Kaminski Schierle GS. α-Synuclein – Regulator of Exocytosis, Endocytosis, or Both? Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:468-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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113
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE, Vayndorf EM. Behavioral Phenotyping and Pathological Indicators of Parkinson's Disease in C. elegans Models. Front Genet 2017; 8:77. [PMID: 28659967 PMCID: PMC5468440 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms that progressively worsen with age. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in cells of the substantia nigra in the brain and loss of dopaminergic neurons. This pathology is associated with impaired movement and reduced cognitive function. The etiology of PD can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. A popular animal model, the nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been frequently used to study the role of genetic and environmental factors in the molecular pathology and behavioral phenotypes associated with PD. The current review summarizes cellular markers and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic and toxin-induced PD models of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long BeachLong Beach, CA, United States
| | - Elena M Vayndorf
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
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114
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Feng M, Hu X, Li N, Hu F, Chang F, Xu HF, Liu YJ. Distinctive roles of Rac1 and Rab29 in LRRK2 mediated membrane trafficking and neurite outgrowth. J Biomed Res 2017; 32:145-156. [PMID: 29336357 PMCID: PMC5895569 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) associated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutants have shown pathogenic effects on variety of subcellular processes.Two small GTPases Rac1 and Rab29 have been indicated as possible downstream effectors participating in LRRK2 signaling but their detail mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we have used biochemical and cell biology approaches to address whether two GTPases interact with LRRK2 and hence function differently in LRRK2 mediated pathogenesis.Here we show thatRac1 and Rab29 specifically interact with LRRK2with higher affinity for Rab29and with different preference in functional domain binding. Mutant Rab29 but not Rac1 alters theendosome-to-TGN retrograde trafficking of a cargo protein cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) and its stability. On the other hand, overexpressedwild type Rab29 but not Rac1 rescue the altered retrograde membrane trafficking induced by the pathogenic mutant LRRK2G2019S. Furthermore, both Rac1 and Rab29 can rescue the neurite shortening in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells induced by LRRK2G2019S. Our study strongly suggests that Rac1 and Rab29 are involved in the distinct functions as downstream effectors in LRRK2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Department of Physiology, Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Physiology, Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Physiology, Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Physiology, Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hong-Fei Xu
- Department of Physiology, Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- Department of Physiology, Analyticaland Testing Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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115
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Li YC, Kavalali ET. Synaptic Vesicle-Recycling Machinery Components as Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:141-160. [PMID: 28265000 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic nerve terminals are highly specialized vesicle-trafficking machines. Neurotransmitter release from these terminals is sustained by constant local recycling of synaptic vesicles independent from the neuronal cell body. This independence places significant constraints on maintenance of synaptic protein complexes and scaffolds. Key events during the synaptic vesicle cycle-such as exocytosis and endocytosis-require formation and disassembly of protein complexes. This extremely dynamic environment poses unique challenges for proteostasis at synaptic terminals. Therefore, it is not surprising that subtle alterations in synaptic vesicle cycle-associated proteins directly or indirectly contribute to pathophysiology seen in several neurologic and psychiatric diseases. In contrast to the increasing number of examples in which presynaptic dysfunction causes neurologic symptoms or cognitive deficits associated with multiple brain disorders, synaptic vesicle-recycling machinery remains an underexplored drug target. In addition, irrespective of the involvement of presynaptic function in the disease process, presynaptic machinery may also prove to be a viable therapeutic target because subtle alterations in the neurotransmitter release may counter disease mechanisms, correct, or compensate for synaptic communication deficits without the need to interfere with postsynaptic receptor signaling. In this article, we will overview critical properties of presynaptic release machinery to help elucidate novel presynaptic avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies against neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying C Li
- Departments of Neuroscience (Y.C.L., E.T.K.) and Physiology (E.T.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Departments of Neuroscience (Y.C.L., E.T.K.) and Physiology (E.T.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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116
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Lee G, Bang L, Kim SY, Kim D, Sohn KA. Identifying subtype-specific associations between gene expression and DNA methylation profiles in breast cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:28. [PMID: 28589855 PMCID: PMC5461552 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a complex disease in which different genomic patterns exists depending on different subtypes. Recent researches present that multiple subtypes of breast cancer occur at different rates, and play a crucial role in planning treatment. To better understand underlying biological mechanisms on breast cancer subtypes, investigating the specific gene regulatory system via different subtypes is desirable. METHODS Gene expression, as an intermediate phenotype, is estimated based on methylation profiles to identify the impact of epigenomic features on transcriptomic changes in breast cancer. We propose a kernel weighted l1-regularized regression model to incorporate tumor subtype information and further reveal gene regulations affected by different breast cancer subtypes. For the proper control of subtype-specific estimation, samples from different breast cancer subtype are learned at different rate based on target estimates. Kolmogorov Smirnov test is conducted to determine learning rate of each sample from different subtype. RESULTS It is observed that genes that might be sensitive to breast cancer subtype show prediction improvement when estimated using our proposed method. Comparing to a standard method, overall performance is also enhanced by incorporating tumor subtypes. In addition, we identified subtype-specific network structures based on the associations between gene expression and DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, kernel weighted lasso model is proposed for identifying subtype-specific associations between gene expressions and DNA methylation profiles. Identification of subtype-specific gene expression associated with epigenomic changes might be helpful for better planning treatment and developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Lee
- Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Lisa Bang
- Biomedical & Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Biomedical & Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA. .,The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Kyung-Ah Sohn
- Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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117
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Chan SL, Tan EK. Targeting LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: an update on recent developments. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:601-610. [PMID: 28443359 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1323881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LRRK2 research has progressed significantly in recent years with more reports of LRRK2 interactors and the development of more specific and sophisticated LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. Identification of bone fide LRRK2 substrates will provide new therapeutic targets in LRRK2-linked Parkinson's disease (PD). Areas covered: This review aims to put current LRRK2 research into perspective. Beginning with recent LRRK2 mammalian models employed for in vivo validation of LRRK2 substrates, followed by updates on reported LRRK2 interactors and their inferred mechanisms. Finally an overview of commonly used LRRK2 kinase inhibitors will be depicted. Expert opinion: Identification of LRRK2 non-kinase functions suggests the possibility of alternative LRRK2 drug target sites and these should be further explored. Studies on the effects of LRRK2 kinase inhibition on its non-kinase function and its self-regulatory role will provide further insights on its pathophysiologic mechanisms. Development of robust measurements of LRRK2 inhibitor efficacy will be required. These would include identification of specific imaging ligands or direct biochemical assays that can accurately capture its intrinsic activity. Testing of new therapeutic drug targets in both LRRK2 carriers and non LRRK2-linked patients will be important since their phenotype is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Chan
- a Department of Neurology , National Neuroscience institute, Duke NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- a Department of Neurology , National Neuroscience institute, Duke NUS Medical School , Singapore
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118
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Marcogliese PC, Abuaish S, Kabbach G, Abdel-Messih E, Seang S, Li G, Slack RS, Haque ME, Venderova K, Park DS. LRRK2(I2020T) functional genetic interactors that modify eye degeneration and dopaminergic cell loss in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1247-1257. [PMID: 28158614 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the primary cause for motor symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most commonly linked contributor to familial PD. LRRK2 is suggested to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, but deciphering its role in the pathogenesis of PD has been difficult. Modelling PD in rodents has been a persistent challenge for the field. However, the fruit fly has been exploited to recapitulate PD gene related dopaminergic cell loss. Using the GAL4-UAS system and established models of hLRRK2 induced eye degeneration in Drosophila, we conducted an unbiased suppressor/enhancer screen to uncover genetic modifiers of LRRK2. We have identified 36 candidate interactors that modify LRRK2 induced toxicity in the Drosophila eye. Importantly, we determined that a subset of these interactors also modified hLRRK2(I2020T) induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the fly brain and uncovered 16 candidates that modify dopaminergic cell loss. Our results suggest LRRK2 may be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and the results from this screen provide an important genetic resource for further evaluation of LRRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sameera Abuaish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ghassan Kabbach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Abdel-Messih
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Seang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Katerina Venderova
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - David S Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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119
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Han KA, Yoo L, Sung JY, Chung SA, Um JW, Kim H, Seol W, Chung KC. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Stimulates IL-1β-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling through Phosphorylation of RCAN1. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:125. [PMID: 28553204 PMCID: PMC5425608 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a Ser/Thr kinase having mixed lineage kinase-like and GTPase domains, controlling neurite outgrowth and neuronal cell death. Evidence suggests that LRRK2 is involved in innate immune response signaling, but the underlying mechanism is yet unknown. A novel protein inhibitor of phosphatase 3B, RCAN1, is known to positively regulate inflammatory signaling through modulation of several intracellular targets of interleukins in immune cells. In the present study, we report that LRRK2 phosphorylates RCAN1 (RCAN1-1S) and is markedly up-regulated during interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment. During IL-1β treatment, LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of RCAN1 promoted the formation of protein complexes, including that between Tollip and RCAN1. LRRK2 decreased binding between Tollip and IRAK1, which was accompanied by increased formation of the IRAK1-TRAF6 complex. TAK1 activity was significantly enhanced by LRRK2. Furthermore, LRRK2 enhanced transcriptional activity of NF-κB and cytokine IL-8 production. These findings suggest that LRRK2 might be important in positively modulating IL-1β-mediated signaling through selective phosphorylation of RCAN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A Han
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Lang Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Y Sung
- Center for Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer CenterGoyang-si, South Korea
| | - Sun A Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ji W Um
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityGunpo-si, South Korea
| | - Kwang C Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Son MY, Sim H, Son YS, Jung KB, Lee MO, Oh JH, Chung SK, Jung CR, Kim J. Distinctive genomic signature of neural and intestinal organoids from familial Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 43:584-603. [PMID: 28235153 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). There is compelling evidence that PD is not only a brain disease but also a gastrointestinal disorder; nonetheless, its pathogenesis remains unclear. We aimed to develop human neural and intestinal tissue models of PD patients harbouring an LRRK2 mutation to understand the link between LRRK2 and PD pathology by investigating the gene expression signature. METHODS We generated PD patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying an LRRK2 G2019S mutation (LK2GS) and then differentiated into three-dimensional (3D) human neuroectodermal spheres (hNESs) and human intestinal organoids (hIOs). To unravel the gene and signalling networks associated with LK2GS, we analysed differentially expressed genes in the microarray data by functional clustering, gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses. RESULTS The expression profiles of LK2GS were distinct from those of wild-type controls in hNESs and hIOs. The most represented GO biological process in hNESs and hIOs was synaptic transmission, specifically synaptic vesicle trafficking, some defects of which are known to be related to PD. The results were further validated in four independent PD-specific hNESs and hIOs by microarray and qRT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that LK2GS also causes significant changes in gene expression in the intestinal cells. These hNES and hIO models from the same genetic background of PD patients could be invaluable resources for understanding PD pathophysiology and for advancing the complexity of in vitro models with 3D expandable organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - H Sim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - K B Jung
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - M-O Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Oh
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of human and environmental toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - S-K Chung
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - C-R Jung
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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121
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Shi MM, Shi CH, Xu YM. Rab GTPases: The Key Players in the Molecular Pathway of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:81. [PMID: 28400718 PMCID: PMC5369176 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder with multiple non-motor symptoms. Although family genetic mutations only account for a small proportion of the cases, these mutations have provided several lines of evidence for the pathogenesis of PD, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding and aggregation, and the impaired autophagy-lysosome system. Recently, vesicle trafficking defect has emerged as a potential pathogenesis underlying this disease. Rab GTPases, serving as the core regulators of cellular membrane dynamics, may play an important role in the molecular pathway of PD through the complex interplay with numerous factors and PD-related genes. This might shed new light on the potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we emphasize the important role of Rab GTPases in vesicle trafficking and summarize the interactions between Rab GTPases and different PD-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Shi
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
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122
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Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov AA. α-Synuclein-carrying extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease: deadly transmitters. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:43-51. [PMID: 27473175 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes play a key role in delivery of various biological material and complex signals from one cell to another at long distances. These small extracellular vehicles are involved in mediating multiple physiological and pathogenic processes. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), exosomes contribute to disease propagation through transferring misfolded proteins from affected cells to normal cells. In PD, progressive degeneration of neurons arises from the extensive accumulation of toxic forms of α-synuclein in the cytoplasm. α-Synuclein could exist in several forms, some of which (i.e., oligomeric and polymeric forms) are cytotoxic. Neuron-derived exosomes were found to transfer α-synuclein toxic forms between neuronal and non-neuronal cells (such as astrocytes and microglia) thereby contributing to PD spreading. Deposition of α-synuclein in glial cells induces inflammation that could be further propagated to other glial cells and neurons. Neuroinflammation promotes degeneration of neurons and aggravates the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Serbsky Federal Research Center of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander A Chistiakov
- Serbsky Federal Research Center of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
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123
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Maas JWJ, Yang J, Edwards RH. Endogenous Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Slows Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Striatal Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:5. [PMID: 28280464 PMCID: PMC5322269 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) produce the most common inherited form of Parkinson’s disease (PD) but the function of LRRK2 remains poorly understood. The presynaptic role of multiple genes linked to PD including α-synuclein (α-syn) has suggested that LRRK2 may also influence neurotransmitter release, a possibility supported by recent work. However, the use of disease-associated mutants that cause toxicity complicates the analysis. To determine whether LRRK2 normally influences the synaptic vesicle, we have now used a combination of imaging and electrophysiology to study LRRK2 knockout (KO) mice. Surprisingly, we find that in hippocampal (generally excitatory) neurons, the loss of LRRK2 does not affect synaptic vesicle exocytosis, endocytosis or the mobility of α-syn. Double KO (DKO) mice lacking LRRK1 as well as LRRK2 also show no defect in transmitter release by hippocampal neurons. However, in striatal neurons, which express LRRK2 at higher levels, the loss of LRRK2 leads to modest acceleration of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Thus, endogenous LRRK2 normally slows synaptic vesicle recycling at striatal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jr Maas
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA
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124
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Ponzo V, Di Lorenzo F, Brusa L, Schirinzi T, Battistini S, Ricci C, Sambucci M, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Impaired intracortical transmission in G2019S leucine rich-repeat kinase Parkinson patients. Mov Disord 2017; 32:750-756. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ponzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Tor Vergata University, Department of Systems Medicine; Rome Italy
| | - Livia Brusa
- Neurology Unit; Ospedale Sant'Eugenio; Rome Italy
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Tor Vergata University, Department of Systems Medicine; Rome Italy
| | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Claudia Ricci
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Manolo Sambucci
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Tor Vergata University, Department of Systems Medicine; Rome Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Policlinico Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
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Daher JPL. Interaction of LRRK2 and α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:209-226. [PMID: 28353286 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative syndrome. It is best described as a movement disorder characterized by motor dysfunctions, progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and abnormal intraneuronal protein aggregates, named Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Nevertheless, knowledge of the molecular events leading to this pathophysiology is incomplete. To date, only mutations in the α-synuclein and LRRK2-encoding genes have been associated with typical findings of clinical and pathologic PD. LRRK2 appears to have a central role in the pathogenesis of PD as it is associated with α-synuclein pathology and other proteins implicated in neurodegeneration. Thus, LRRK2 dysfunction may influence the accumulation of α-synuclein and its pathology through diverse pathomechanisms altering cellular functions and signaling pathways, including immune system, autophagy, vesicle trafficking, and retromer complex modulation. Consequently, development of novel LRRK2 inhibitors can be justified to treat the neurodegeneration associated with abnormal α-synuclein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lima Daher
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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Islam MS, Nolte H, Jacob W, Ziegler AB, Pütz S, Grosjean Y, Szczepanowska K, Trifunovic A, Braun T, Heumann H, Heumann R, Hovemann B, Moore DJ, Krüger M. Human R1441C LRRK2 regulates the synaptic vesicle proteome and phosphoproteome in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5365-5382. [PMID: 27794539 PMCID: PMC6078604 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial Parkinson`s disease (PD) and variation at the LRRK2 locus contributes to the risk for idiopathic PD. LRRK2 can function as a protein kinase and mutations lead to increased kinase activity. To elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of the R1441C mutation in the GTPase domain of LRRK2, we expressed human wild-type or R1441C LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila and observe reduced locomotor activity, impaired survival and an age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons thereby creating a new PD-like model. To explore the function of LRRK2 variants in vivo, we performed mass spectrometry and quantified 3,616 proteins in the fly brain. We identify several differentially-expressed cytoskeletal, mitochondrial and synaptic vesicle proteins (SV), including synaptotagmin-1, syntaxin-1A and Rab3, in the brain of this LRRK2 fly model. In addition, a global phosphoproteome analysis reveals the enhanced phosphorylation of several SV proteins, including synaptojanin-1 (pThr1131) and the microtubule-associated protein futsch (pSer4106) in the brain of R1441C hLRRK2 flies. The direct phosphorylation of human synaptojanin-1 by R1441C hLRRK2 could further be confirmed by in vitro kinase assays. A protein-protein interaction screen in the fly brain confirms that LRRK2 robustly interacts with numerous SV proteins, including synaptojanin-1 and EndophilinA. Our proteomic, phosphoproteomic and interactome study in the Drosophila brain provides a systematic analyses of R1441C hLRRK2-induced pathobiological mechanisms in this model. We demonstrate for the first time that the R1441C mutation located within the LRRK2 GTPase domain induces the enhanced phosphorylation of SV proteins in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shariful Islam
- Silantes GmbH, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Wright Jacob
- Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum, NC 7/174 Universitaetsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna B. Ziegler
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Yael Grosjean
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Heumann
- Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum, NC 7/174 Universitaetsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Darren J. Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Roosen DA, Cookson MR. LRRK2 at the interface of autophagosomes, endosomes and lysosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:73. [PMID: 27927216 PMCID: PMC5142374 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in identifying the underlying genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Of the known genes, LRRK2 is a major genetic contributor to PD. However, the exact function of LRRK2 remains to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss how familial forms of PD have led us to hypothesize that alterations in endomembrane trafficking play a role in the pathobiology of PD. We will discuss the major observations that have been made to elucidate the role of LRRK2 in particular, including LRRK2 animal models and high-throughput proteomics approaches. Taken together, these studies strongly support a role of LRRK2 in vesicular dynamics. We also propose that targeting these pathways may not only be beneficial for developing therapeutics for LRRK2-driven PD, but also for other familial and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
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128
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Maekawa T, Sasaoka T, Azuma S, Ichikawa T, Melrose HL, Farrer MJ, Obata F. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) regulates α-synuclein clearance in microglia. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:77. [PMID: 27903237 PMCID: PMC5131420 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Synuclein (αSYN) has been genetically implicated in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), and is associated with disease susceptibility, progression and pathology. Excess amounts of αSYN are toxic to neurons. In the brain, microglial αSYN clearance is closely related to neuronal survival. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the one of the other genes implicated in familial and sporadic PD. While LRRK2 is known to be expressed in microglia, its true function remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated αSYN clearance by microglia isolated from LRRK2-knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS In LRRK2-KO microglia, αSYN was taken up in larger amounts and cleared from the supernatant more effectively than for microglia isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. This higher clearance ability of LRRK2-KO microglia was thought to be due to an increase of Rab5-positive endosomes, but not Rab7- or Rab11-positive endosomes. Increased engagement between Rab5 and dynamin 1 was also observed in LRRK2-KO microglia. CONCLUSION LRRK2 negatively regulates the clearance of αSYN accompanied by down-regulation of the endocytosis pathway. Our findings reveal a new functional role of LRRK2 in microglia and offer a new insight into the mechanism of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Maekawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Azuma
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Heather L Melrose
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fumiya Obata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,R & D Center for Cell Design, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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129
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Lepeta K, Lourenco MV, Schweitzer BC, Martino Adami PV, Banerjee P, Catuara-Solarz S, de La Fuente Revenga M, Guillem AM, Haidar M, Ijomone OM, Nadorp B, Qi L, Perera ND, Refsgaard LK, Reid KM, Sabbar M, Sahoo A, Schaefer N, Sheean RK, Suska A, Verma R, Vicidomini C, Wright D, Zhang XD, Seidenbecher C. Synaptopathies: synaptic dysfunction in neurological disorders - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2016; 138:785-805. [PMID: 27333343 PMCID: PMC5095804 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control body functions, memories, and emotions. Thus, optimal synaptic communication is required for proper brain physiology, and slight perturbations of synapse function can lead to brain disorders. In fact, increasing evidence has demonstrated the relevance of synapse dysfunction as a major determinant of many neurological diseases. This notion has led to the concept of synaptopathies as brain diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features. In this review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson disease). We finally discuss the appropriateness and potential implications of gathering synapse diseases under a single term. Understanding common causes and intrinsic differences in disease-associated synaptic dysfunction could offer novel clues toward synapse-based therapeutic intervention for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this Review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), gathered together under the term of synaptopathies. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara C Schweitzer
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pamela V Martino Adami
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Priyanjalee Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Silvina Catuara-Solarz
- Systems Biology Program, Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario de La Fuente Revenga
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Alain Marc Guillem
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
| | - Mouna Haidar
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Human Anatomy, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku Campus, Cross River, Nigeria
| | - Bettina Nadorp
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lin Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nirma D Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise K Refsgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kimberley M Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mariam Sabbar
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arghyadip Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Midnapore Medical College, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal, India
| | - Natascha Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca K Sheean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Suska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neurosciences Uconn Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Dean Wright
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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130
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da Silva E Silva DA, Frozino Ribeiro A, Damasceno S, Rocha CS, Berenguer de Matos AH, Boerngen-Lacerda R, Correia D, Brunialti Godard AL. Inflexible ethanol intake: A putative link with the Lrrk2 pathway. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:30-37. [PMID: 27411784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a complex multifactorial disorder with a strong genetic influence. Although several studies have shown the impact of high ethanol intake on the striatal gene expression, few have addressed the relationship between the patterns of gene expression underlying the compulsive behaviour associated with the two major concerns in addiction: the excessive drug consumption and relapsing. In this study, we used a chronic three-bottle free-choice murine model to address striatal transcript regulation among animals with different ethanol intakes and preferences: Light Drinkers (preference for water throughout the experiment), Heavy Drinkers (preference for ethanol with a non-compulsive intake) and Inflexible Drinkers (preference for ethanol and simultaneous loss of control over the drug intake). Our aim was to correlate the intake patterns observed in this model with gene expression changes in the striatum, a brain region critical for the development of alcohol addiction. We found that the transcripts of the Lrrk2 gene, which encodes a multifunctional protein with kinase and GTPase activities, is upregulated only in Inflexible Drinkers suggesting, for the first time, that the Lrrk2 pathway plays a major role in the compulsive ethanol intake behaviour of addicted subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Frozino Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Faculdade de Filosofia de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Departmento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- Departmento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade de Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Berenguer de Matos
- Departmento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade de Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roseli Boerngen-Lacerda
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Jardim das Américas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- Departmento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Jardim das Américas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departmento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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131
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G2385R and I2020T Mutations Increase LRRK2 GTPase Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7917128. [PMID: 27314038 PMCID: PMC4897664 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7917128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The LRRK2 mutation is a major causal mutation in familial Parkinson's disease. Although LRRK2 contains functional GTPase and kinase domains and their activities are altered by pathogenic mutations, most studies focused on LRRK2 kinase activity because the most prevalent mutant, G2019S, enhances kinase activity. However, the G2019S mutation is extremely rare in the Asian population. Instead, the G2385R mutation was reported as a major risk factor in the Asian population. Similar to other LRRK2 studies, G2385R studies have also focused on kinase activity. Here, we investigated GTPase activities of G2385R with other LRRK2 mutants, such as G2019S, R1441C, and I2020T, as well as wild type (WT). Our results suggest that both I2020T and G2385R contain GTPase activities stronger than that of WT. A kinase assay using the commercial recombinant proteins showed that I2020T harbored stronger activity, whereas G2385R had weaker activity than that of WT, as reported previously. This is the first report of LRRK2 I2020T and G2385R GTPase activities and shows that most of the LRRK2 mutations that are pathogenic or a risk factor altered either kinase or GTPase activity, suggesting that their physiological consequences are caused by altered enzyme activities.
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132
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Arranz AM, Delbroek L, Van Kolen K, Guimarães MR, Mandemakers W, Daneels G, Matta S, Calafate S, Shaban H, Baatsen P, De Bock PJ, Gevaert K, Vanden Berghe P, Verstreken P, De Strooper B, Moechars D. LRRK2 functions in synaptic vesicle endocytosis through a kinase-dependent mechanism. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:541–52. [PMID: 25501810 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinson’s disease, but the precise physiological function of the protein remains ill-defined. Recently, our group proposed a model in which LRRK2 kinase activity is part of an EndoA phosphorylation cycle that facilitates efficient vesicle formation at synapses in the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junctions.Flies harbor only one Lrrk gene, which might encompass the functions of both mammalian LRRK1 and LRRK2. We therefore studied the role of LRRK2 in mammalian synaptic function and provide evidence that knockout or pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 results in defects in synaptic vesicle endocytosis, altered synaptic morphology and impairments in neurotransmission. In addition, our data indicate that mammalian endophilin A1 (EndoA1,also known as SH3GL2) is phosphorylated by LRRK2 in vitro at T73 and S75, two residues in the BAR domain. Hence, our results indicate that LRRK2 kinase activity has an important role in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and subsequent neurotransmission at the synapse.
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133
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Lööv C, Scherzer CR, Hyman BT, Breakefield XO, Ingelsson M. α-Synuclein in Extracellular Vesicles: Functional Implications and Diagnostic Opportunities. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:437-48. [PMID: 26993503 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar inclusions of intraneuronal α-synuclein can be detected in certain brain areas from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other disorders with Lewy body pathology. These insoluble protein aggregates do not themselves appear to have a prominent neurotoxic effect, whereas various α-synuclein oligomers appear harmful. Although it is incompletely known how the prefibrillar species may be pathogenic, they have been detected both within and on the outside of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs), suggesting that such structures may mediate toxic α-synuclein propagation between neurons. Vesicular transfer of α-synuclein may thereby contribute to the hierarchical spreading of pathology seen in the PD brain. Although the regulation of α-synuclein release via EVs is not understood, data suggest that it may involve other PD-related molecules, such as LRRK2 and ATP13A2. Moreover, new evidence indicates that CNS-derived EVs in plasma have the potential to serve as biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. In a recent study, levels of α-synuclein were found to be increased in L1CAM-positive vesicles isolated from plasma of PD patients compared to healthy controls, and follow-up studies will reveal whether α-synuclein in EVs could be developed as a future disease biomarker. Preferentially, toxic prefibrillar α-synuclein oligomers should then be targeted as a biomarker-as evidence suggests that they reflect the disease process more closely than total α-synuclein content. In such studies, it will be essential to adopt stringent EV isolation protocols in order to avoid contamination from the abundant pool of free plasma α-synuclein in different aggregational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lööv
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Center for NeuroDiscovery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Neurogenomics Lab and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Center for NeuroDiscovery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Center for NeuroDiscovery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Public Health, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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134
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Alterations in late endocytic trafficking related to the pathobiology of LRRK2-linked Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:390-5. [PMID: 26009181 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene comprise the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and variants increase the risk for sporadic PD. LRRK2 displays kinase and GTPase activity, and altered catalytic activity correlates with neurotoxicity, making LRRK2 a promising therapeutic target. Despite the importance of LRRK2 for disease pathogenesis, its normal cellular function, and the mechanism(s) by which pathogenic mutations cause neurodegeneration remain unclear. LRRK2 seems to regulate a variety of intracellular vesicular trafficking events to and from the late endosome in a manner dependent on various Rab proteins. At least some of those events are further regulated by LRRK2 in a manner dependent on two-pore channels (TPCs). TPCs are ionic channels localized to distinct endosomal structures and can cause localized calcium release from those acidic stores, with downstream effects on vesicular trafficking. Here, we review current knowledge about the link between LRRK2, TPC- and Rab-mediated vesicular trafficking to and from the late endosome, highlighting a possible cross-talk between endolysosomal calcium stores and Rab proteins underlying pathomechanism(s) in LRRK2-related PD.
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135
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Two-pore channels at the intersection of endolysosomal membrane traffic. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:434-41. [PMID: 26009187 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are ancient members of the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily that localize to acidic organelles such as lysosomes. The TPC complex is the proposed target of the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger NAADP, which releases Ca2+ from these acidic Ca2+ stores. Whereas details of TPC activation and native ion permeation remain unclear, a consensus has emerged around their function in regulating endolysosomal trafficking. This role is supported by recent proteomic data showing that TPCs interact with proteins controlling membrane organization and dynamics, including Rab GTPases and components of the fusion apparatus. Regulation of TPCs by PtdIns(3,5)P2 and/or NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) together with their functional and physical association with Rab proteins provides a mechanism for coupling phosphoinositide and trafficking protein cues to local ion fluxes. Therefore, TPCs work at the regulatory cross-roads of (patho)physiological cues to co-ordinate and potentially deregulate traffic flow through the endolysosomal network. This review focuses on the native role of TPCs in trafficking and their emerging contributions to endolysosomal trafficking dysfunction.
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136
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Langston RG, Rudenko IN, Cookson MR. The function of orthologues of the human Parkinson's disease gene LRRK2 across species: implications for disease modelling in preclinical research. Biochem J 2016; 473:221-32. [PMID: 26811536 PMCID: PMC5165698 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the period since LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) was identified as a causal gene for late-onset autosomal dominant parkinsonism, a great deal of work has been aimed at understanding whether the LRRK2 protein might be a druggable target for Parkinson's disease (PD). As part of this effort, animal models have been developed to explore both the normal and the pathophysiological roles of LRRK2. However, LRRK2 is part of a wider family of proteins whose functions in different organisms remain poorly understood. In this review, we compare the information available on biochemical properties of LRRK2 homologues and orthologues from different species from invertebrates (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster) to mammals. We particularly discuss the mammalian LRRK2 homologue, LRRK1, and those species where there is only a single LRRK homologue, discussing examples where each of the LRRK family of proteins has distinct properties as well as those cases where there appear to be functional redundancy. We conclude that uncovering the function of LRRK2 orthologues will help to elucidate the key properties of human LRRK2 as well as to improve understanding of the suitability of different animal models for investigation of LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah G. Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Iakov N. Rudenko
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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137
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Belluzzi E, Gonnelli A, Cirnaru MD, Marte A, Plotegher N, Russo I, Civiero L, Cogo S, Carrion MP, Franchin C, Arrigoni G, Beltramini M, Bubacco L, Onofri F, Piccoli G, Greggio E. LRRK2 phosphorylates pre-synaptic N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion (NSF) protein enhancing its ATPase activity and SNARE complex disassembling rate. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:1. [PMID: 26758690 PMCID: PMC4711005 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lrrk2, a gene linked to Parkinson’s disease, encodes a large scaffolding protein with kinase and GTPase activities implicated in vesicle and cytoskeletal-related processes. At the presynaptic site, LRRK2 associates with synaptic vesicles through interaction with a panel of presynaptic proteins. Results Here, we show that LRRK2 kinase activity influences the dynamics of synaptic vesicle fusion. We therefore investigated whether LRRK2 phosphorylates component(s) of the exo/endocytosis machinery. We have previously observed that LRRK2 interacts with NSF, a hexameric AAA+ ATPase that couples ATP hydrolysis to the disassembling of SNARE proteins allowing them to enter another fusion cycle during synaptic exocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that NSF is a substrate of LRRK2 kinase activity. LRRK2 phosphorylates full-length NSF at threonine 645 in the ATP binding pocket of D2 domain. Functionally, NSF phosphorylated by LRRK2 displays enhanced ATPase activity and increased rate of SNARE complex disassembling. Substitution of threonine 645 with alanine abrogates LRRK2-mediated increased ATPase activity. Conclusions Given that the most common Parkinson’s disease LRRK2 G2019S mutation displays increased kinase activity, our results suggest that mutant LRRK2 may impair synaptic vesicle dynamics via aberrant phosphorylation of NSF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0066-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Belluzzi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy. .,Present Address: Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Adriano Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy. .,Present Address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Isabella Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Perèz Carrion
- San Raffaele Scientific Park & University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,Proteomics Center of Padova University, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,Proteomics Center of Padova University, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mariano Beltramini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- San Raffaele Scientific Park & University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. .,IN-CNR Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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138
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. MicroRNA machinery in Parkinson's disease: a platform for neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 22:427-453. [PMID: 26574782 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that recognize their protein-coding target genes and whereby subjugate them after transcription. Despite the infancy of this field of science, the role of miRNAs in neurodegeneration is well-acknowledged. This review was conducted to indicate that Parkinson's disease (PD) is not excluded from this rule. To this end, we evaluated the existing literature and arranged PD-associated miRNAs according to their mechanism of action, particularly apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. According to this arrangement, a majority of PD-associated miRNAs were indicated to influence autophagic/apoptotic pathways. We also categorized PD-associated miRNAs according to that they could exert detrimental or beneficial or both into three sets, activator, inhibitor, and double-edged, correspondingly. Considering this criterion, a majority of PD-associated miRNAs were included in the activator category. In addition, evidences from genetic association studies investigating genetic variants of or related to miRNAs in PD patients are presented. Finally, possible applications of the miRNA machinery in PD, including mechanistic networks, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potentials, are discussed. But there may be additional miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of PD which have hitherto remained unknown and thus further studies are needed to explore the issue and to extend this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- a Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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139
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The Parkinson's Disease-Associated Mutation LRRK2-G2019S Impairs Synaptic Plasticity in Mouse Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11190-5. [PMID: 26269629 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0040-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons and formation of Lewy bodies. Clinical and pathological evidence indicates that multiple brain regions are affected in PD in a spatiotemporal manner and are associated with a variety of motor and nonmotor symptoms, including disturbances in mood, executive function, and memory. The common PD-associated gene for leucine-rich repeat kinase, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), is highly expressed in brain regions that are involved with nonmotor functions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, but whether mutant LRRK2 contributes to neuronal dysfunction in these regions is unknown. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse models of LRRK2 to explore potential nonmotor mechanisms of PD. Through electrophysiological analysis of the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse in dorsal hippocampus, we find that overexpression of LRRK2-G2019S increases basal synaptic efficiency through a postsynaptic mechanism, and disrupts long-term depression. Furthermore, these effects of the G2019S mutation are age dependent and can be normalized by acute inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity. In contrast, overexpression of wild-type LRRK2 has no effect under the same conditions, suggesting a specific phenotype for the G2019S mutation. These results identify a pathogenic function of LRRK2 in the hippocampus that may contribute to nonmotor symptoms of PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most common neurological diseases and is best known for its adverse effects on brain regions that control motor function, resulting in tremor, rigidity, and gait abnormalities. Less well appreciated are the psychiatric symptoms experienced by many PD patients, including depression and memory loss, which do not respond well to currently available treatments for PD. Here, we describe functional effects of a common PD-linked mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in the mouse hippocampus, an area of the brain that is responsible for encoding and retaining memories. By providing a potential mechanism for some of the cognitive symptoms produced by this mutation, our findings may lead to novel approaches for the treatment of nonmotor symptoms of PD.
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140
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Ho DH, Kim H, Kim J, Sim H, Ahn H, Kim J, Seo H, Chung KC, Park BJ, Son I, Seol W. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) phosphorylates p53 and induces p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. Mol Brain 2015; 8:54. [PMID: 26384650 PMCID: PMC4575451 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene in which a mutation causes Parkinson’s disease (PD), and p53 is a prototype tumor suppressor. In addition, activation of p53 in patient with PD has been reported by several studies. Because phosphorylation of p53 is critical for regulating its activity and LRRK2 is a kinase, we tested whether p53 is phosphorylated by LRRK2. Results LRRK2 phosphorylates threonine (Thr) at TXR sites in an in vitro kinase assay, and the T304 and T377 were identified as putative phosphorylated residues. An increase of phospho-Thr in the p53 TXR motif was confirmed in the cells overexpressing G2019S, and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells of a G2019S carrier. Interactions between LRRK2 and p53 were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of lysates of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. LRRK2 mediated p53 phosphorylation translocalizes p53 predominantly to nucleus and increases p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay results. The luciferase assay using the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter-reporter also confirmed that LRRK2 kinase activity increases p21 expression. Exogenous expression of G2019S and the phosphomimetic p53 T304/377D mutants increased expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and cleaved PARP, and cytotoxicity in the same cells. We also observed increase of p21 expression in rat primary neuron cells after transient expression of p53 T304/377D mutants and the mid-brain lysates of the G2019S transgenic mice. Conclusion p53 is a LRRK2 kinase substrate. Phosphorylation of p53 by LRRK2 induces p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and rat primary neurons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0145-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Ho
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Kim
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Ahn
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
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141
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Beilina A, Cookson MR. Genes associated with Parkinson's disease: regulation of autophagy and beyond. J Neurochem 2015. [PMID: 26223426 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, by identifying genes that segregate with inherited PD or show robust association with sporadic disease, and by showing the same genes are found on both lists, we have generated an outline of the cause of this condition. Here, we will discuss what those genes tell us about the underlying biology of PD. We specifically discuss the relationships between protein products of PD genes and show that common links include regulation of the autophagy-lysosome system, an important way by which cells recycle proteins and organelles. We also discuss whether all PD genes should be considered to be in the same pathway and propose that in some cases the relationships are closer, whereas in other cases the interactions are more distant and might be considered separate. Beilina and Cookson review the links between genes for Parkinson's disease (red) and the autophagy-lysosomal system. They propose the hypothesis that many of the known PD genes can be assigned to pathways that affect (I) turnover of mitochondria via mitophagy (II) turnover of several vesicular structures via macroautophagy or chaperone-mediated autophagy or (III) general lysosome function. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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142
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Henry AG, Aghamohammadzadeh S, Samaroo H, Chen Y, Mou K, Needle E, Hirst WD. Pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, through increased kinase activity, produce enlarged lysosomes with reduced degradative capacity and increase ATP13A2 expression. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6013-28. [PMID: 26251043 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Several genes linked to genetic forms of PD, including leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), functionally converge on the lysosomal system. While mutations in LRRK2 are commonly associated with autosomal-dominant PD, the physiological and pathological functions of this kinase remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that LRRK2 regulates lysosome size, number and function in astrocytes, which endogenously express high levels of LRRK2. Expression of LRRK2 G2019S, the most common pathological mutation, produces enlarged lysosomes and diminishes the lysosomal capacity of these cells. Enlarged lysosomes appears to be a common phenotype associated with pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, as we also observed this effect in cells expressing other LRRK2 mutations; R1441C or Y1699C. The lysosomal defects associated with these mutations are dependent on both the catalytic activity of the kinase and autophosphorylation of LRRK2 at serine 1292. Further, we demonstrate that blocking LRRK2's kinase activity, with the potent and selective inhibitor PF-06447475, rescues the observed defects in lysosomal morphology and function. The present study also establishes that G2019S mutation leads to a reduction in lysosomal pH and increased expression of the lysosomal ATPase ATP13A2, a gene linked to a parkinsonian syndrome (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome), in brain samples from mouse and human LRRK2 G2019S carriers. Together, these results demonstrate that PD-associated LRRK2 mutations perturb lysosome function in a kinase-dependent manner, highlighting the therapeutic promise of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G Henry
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Soheil Aghamohammadzadeh
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Harry Samaroo
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kewa Mou
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elie Needle
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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143
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Menezes R, Tenreiro S, Macedo D, Santos CN, Outeiro TF. From the baker to the bedside: yeast models of Parkinson's disease. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:262-279. [PMID: 28357302 PMCID: PMC5349099 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively explored for our understanding of fundamental cell biology processes highly conserved in the eukaryotic kingdom. In this context, they have proven invaluable in the study of complex mechanisms such as those involved in a variety of human disorders. Here, we first provide a brief historical perspective on the emergence of yeast as an experimental model and on how the field evolved to exploit the potential of the model for tackling the intricacies of various human diseases. In particular, we focus on existing yeast models of the molecular underpinnings of Parkinson’s disease (PD), focusing primarily on the central role of protein quality control systems. Finally, we compile and discuss the major discoveries derived from these studies, highlighting their far-reaching impact on the elucidation of PD-associated mechanisms as well as in the identification of candidate therapeutic targets and compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Menezes
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal. ; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Tenreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal. ; CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Diana Macedo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia N Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal. ; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal. ; CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal. ; Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, Göttingen 37073, Germany
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144
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Saha S, Ash PEA, Gowda V, Liu L, Shirihai O, Wolozin B. Mutations in LRRK2 potentiate age-related impairment of autophagic flux. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:26. [PMID: 26159606 PMCID: PMC4702340 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, but little is known about how genes linked to PD affect autophagy in the context of aging. We generated lines of C. elegans expressing reporters for the autophagosome and lysosome expressed only in dopaminergic neurons, and examined autophagy throughout the lifespan in nematode lines expressing LRRK2 and α-synuclein. Dopamine neurons exhibit a progressive loss of autophagic function with aging. G2019S LRRK2 inhibited autophagy and accelerated the age-related loss of autophagic function, while WT LRRK2 improved autophagy throughout the life-span. Expressing α-synuclein with G2019S or WT LRRK2 caused age-related synergistic inhibition of autophagy and increase in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The presence of α-synuclein particularly accentuated age-related inhibition of autophagy by G2019S LRRK2. This work indicates that LRRK2 exhibits a selective, age-linked deleterious interaction with α-synuclein that promotes neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamol Saha
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Peter E A Ash
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vivek Gowda
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Liqun Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Departments of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Departments of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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145
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Ohta E, Nihira T, Uchino A, Imaizumi Y, Okada Y, Akamatsu W, Takahashi K, Hayakawa H, Nagai M, Ohyama M, Ryo M, Ogino M, Murayama S, Takashima A, Nishiyama K, Mizuno Y, Mochizuki H, Obata F, Okano H. I2020T mutant LRRK2 iPSC-derived neurons in the Sagamihara family exhibit increased Tau phosphorylation through the AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4879-900. [PMID: 26056228 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the causative molecule of the autosomal dominant hereditary form of Parkinson's disease (PD), PARK8, which was originally defined in a study of a Japanese family (the Sagamihara family) harboring the I2020T mutation in the kinase domain. Although a number of reported studies have focused on cell death mediated by mutant LRRK2, details of the pathogenetic effect of LRRK2 still remain to be elucidated. In the present study, to elucidate the mechanism of neurodegeneration in PD caused by LRRK2, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from fibroblasts of PD patients with I2020T LRRK2 in the Sagamihara family. We found that I2020T mutant LRRK2 iPSC-derived neurons released less dopamine than control-iPSC-derived neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrated that patient iPSC-derived neurons had a lower phospho-AKT level than control-iPSC-derived neurons, and that the former showed an increased incidence of apoptosis relative to the controls. Interestingly, patient iPSC-derived neurons exhibited activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and high Tau phosphorylation. In addition, the postmortem brain of the patient from whom the iPSC had been established exhibited deposition of neurofibrillary tangles as well as increased Tau phosphorylation in neurons. These results suggest that I2020T LRRK2-iPSC could be a promising new tool for reproducing the pathology of PD in the brain caused by the I2020T mutation, and applicable as a model in studies of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ohta
- R & D Center for Cell Design, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan, Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology
| | - Tomoko Nihira
- Department of Neuro-Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology
| | - Akiko Uchino
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan, Department of the Brain Bank for Aging Research
| | | | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Department of Physiology, Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Takahashi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Kitasato University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Makiko Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafuchi Ryo
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mieko Ogino
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of the Brain Bank for Aging Research, Department of Neurology, Department of Bioresource Center (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Department of Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan and
| | - Kazutoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan, Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiya Obata
- R & D Center for Cell Design, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan, Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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146
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Wallings R, Manzoni C, Bandopadhyay R. Cellular processes associated with LRRK2 function and dysfunction. FEBS J 2015; 282:2806-26. [PMID: 25899482 PMCID: PMC4522467 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-encoding gene are the most common cause of monogenic Parkinson's disease. The identification of LRRK2 polymorphisms associated with increased risk for sporadic Parkinson's disease, as well as the observation that LRRK2-Parkinson's disease has a pathological phenotype that is almost indistinguishable from the sporadic form of disease, suggested LRRK2 as the culprit to provide understanding for both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease cases. LRRK2 is a large protein with both GTPase and kinase functions. Mutations segregating with Parkinson's disease reside within the enzymatic core of LRRK2, suggesting that modification of its activity impacts greatly on disease onset and progression. Although progress has been made since its discovery in 2004, there is still much to be understood regarding LRRK2's physiological and neurotoxic properties. Unsurprisingly, given the presence of multiple enzymatic domains, LRRK2 has been associated with a diverse set of cellular functions and signalling pathways including mitochondrial function, vesicle trafficking together with endocytosis, retromer complex modulation and autophagy. This review discusses the state of current knowledge on the role of LRRK2 in health and disease with discussion of potential substrates of phosphorylation and functional partners with particular emphasis on signalling mechanisms. In addition, the use of immune cells in LRRK2 research and the role of oxidative stress as a regulator of LRRK2 activity and cellular function are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallings
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK.,UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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147
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Marttinen M, Kurkinen KM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Synaptic dysfunction and septin protein family members in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:16. [PMID: 25888325 PMCID: PMC4391194 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline and disease progression in different neurodegenerative diseases typically involves synaptic dysfunction preceding the neuronal loss. The synaptic dysfunction is suggested to be caused by imbalanced synaptic plasticity i.e. enhanced induction of long-term depression and concomitantly decreased long-term potentiation accompanied with excess stimulation of extrasynaptic N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors due to various disturbances in pre- and postsynaptic sites. Recent research has identified neurodegenerative disease-related changes in protein accumulation and aggregation, gene expression, and protein functions, which may contribute to imbalanced synaptic function. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms regulating synaptic plasticity in health and disease is still lacking and therefore characterization of new candidates involved in these mechanisms is needed. Septins, a highly conserved group of guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, show high neuronal expression and are implicated in the regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release. In this review, we first summarize the evidence how synaptic dysfunction is related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Then, we discuss different aspects of the potential involvement of the septin family members in the regulation of synaptic function in relation to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kaisa Ma Kurkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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148
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Smith JA, Leonardi T, Huang B, Iraci N, Vega B, Pluchino S. Extracellular vesicles and their synthetic analogues in aging and age-associated brain diseases. Biogerontology 2015; 16:147-85. [PMID: 24973266 PMCID: PMC4578234 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely upon diverse and complex intercellular communications networks for a myriad of physiological processes. Disruption of these processes is implicated in the onset and propagation of disease and disorder, including the mechanisms of senescence at both cellular and organismal levels. In recent years, secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as a particularly novel vector by which cell-to-cell communications are enacted. EVs actively and specifically traffic bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites between cells at local and systemic levels, modulating cellular responses in a bidirectional manner under both homeostatic and pathological conditions. EVs are being implicated not only in the generic aging process, but also as vehicles of pathology in a number of age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative and disease. Thus, circulating EVs-or specific EV cargoes-are being utilised as putative biomarkers of disease. On the other hand, EVs, as targeted intercellular shuttles of multipotent bioactive payloads, have demonstrated promising therapeutic properties, which can potentially be modulated and enhanced through cellular engineering. Furthermore, there is considerable interest in employing nanomedicinal approaches to mimic the putative therapeutic properties of EVs by employing synthetic analogues for targeted drug delivery. Herein we describe what is known about the origin and nature of EVs and subsequently review their putative roles in biology and medicine (including the use of synthetic EV analogues), with a particular focus on their role in aging and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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149
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Perrett RM, Alexopoulou Z, Tofaris GK. The endosomal pathway in Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 66:21-8. [PMID: 25701813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is primarily a movement disorder with predilection for the nigral dopaminergic neurons and is often associated with widespread neurodegeneration and diffuse Lewy body deposition. Recent advances in molecular genetics and studies in model organisms have transformed our understanding of Parkinson's pathogenesis and suggested unifying biochemical pathways despite the clinical heterogeneity of the disease. In this review, we summarized the evidence that a number of Parkinson's associated genetic mutations or polymorphisms (LRRK2, VPS35, GBA, ATP13A2, ATP6AP2, DNAJC13/RME-8, RAB7L1, GAK) disrupt protein trafficking and degradation via the endosomal pathway and discussed how such defects could arise from or contribute to the accumulation and misfolding of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies. We propose that an age-related pathological depletion of functional endolysosomes due to neuromelanin deposition in dopaminergic neurons may increase their susceptibility to stochastic molecular defects in this pathway and we discuss how enzymes that regulate ubiquitin signaling, as exemplified by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4, could provide the missing link between genetic and acquired defects in endosomal trafficking. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuronal Protein'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Perrett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Zoi Alexopoulou
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
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150
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Abstract
Several proteins encoded by PD genes are implicated in synaptic vesicle traffic. Endophilin, a key factor in the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles, was shown to bind to, and be ubiquitinated by, the PD-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Here we report that Parkin's level is specifically upregulated in brain and fibroblasts of endophilin mutant mice due to increased transcriptional regulation. Studies of transfected HEK293T cells show that Parkin ubiquitinates not only endophilin, but also its major binding partners, dynamin and synaptojanin 1. These results converge with the recently reported functional relationship of endophilin to the PD gene LRRK2 and with the identification of a PD-linked synaptojanin 1 mutation, in providing evidence for a link between PD and endocytosis genes.
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