101
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Garcia LF, Mataveli FD, Mader AMAA, Theodoro TR, Justo GZ, Pinhal MADS. Cells involved in extracellular matrix remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2015; 13:89-95. [PMID: 25993074 PMCID: PMC4977601 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082015ao2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Evaluate the effects of VEGF165 gene transfer in the process of remodeling of the extracellular matrix after an acute myocardial infarct. Methods Wistar rats were submitted to myocardial infarction, after the ligation of the left descending artery, and the left ventricle ejection fraction was used to classify the infarcts into large and small. The animals were divided into groups of ten, according to the size of infarcted area (large or small), and received or not VEGF165 treatment. Evaluation of different markers was performed using immunohistochemistry and digital quantification. The primary antibodies used in the analysis were anti-fibronectin, anti-vimentin, anti-CD44, anti-E-cadherin, anti-CD24, anti-alpha-1-actin, and anti-PCNA. The results were expressed as mean and standard error, and analyzed by ANOVA, considering statistically significant if p≤0.05. Results There was a significant increase in the expression of undifferentiated cell markers, such as fibronectin (protein present in the extracellular matrix) and CD44 (glycoprotein present in the endothelial cells). However, there was decreased expression of vimentin and PCNA, indicating a possible decrease in the process of cell proliferation after treatment with VEGF165. Markers of differentiated cells, E-cadherin (adhesion protein between myocardial cells), CD24 (protein present in the blood vessels), and alpha-1-actin (specific myocyte marker), showed higher expression in the groups submitted to gene therapy, compared to non-treated group. The value obtained by the relation between alpha-1-actin and vimentin was approximately three times higher in the groups treated with VEGF165, suggesting greater tissue differentiation. Conclusion The results demonstrated the important role of myocytes in the process of tissue remodeling, confirming that VEGF165 seems to provide a protective effect in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct.
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102
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Bhattacharyya S, Varga J. Emerging roles of innate immune signaling and toll-like receptors in fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015; 17:474. [PMID: 25604573 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathological fibrosis is a distinguishing hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc) as well as a number of more common conditions. Fibrosis is a complex and dynamic process associated with immune dysregulation, vasculopathy, and uncontrolled extracellular matrix production leading to intractable scar formation in the skin and internal organs. Persistent or recurrent chemical, infectious, mechanical, or autoimmune injury in genetically predisposed individuals causes sustained fibroblasts activation. Innate immune signaling via toll-like receptors (TLRs) is increasingly recognized as a key player driving the persistent fibrotic response in SSc. In particular, expression of TLR4 as well as its endogenous ligands are elevated in lesional tissue from patients with SSc. Ligand-induced TLR4 activation elicits potent stimulatory effects on fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, TLR4 appears to sensitize fibroblasts to the profibrotic stimulatory effect of transforming growth factor-β. This review highlights recent advances and emerging paradigms for understanding the regulation, complex functional roles, and therapeutic potential of TLRs in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA,
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103
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Hanes DW, Wong ML, Jenny Chang CW, Humphrey S, Grayson JK, Boyd WD, Griffiths LG. Embolization of the first diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery as a porcine model of chronic trans-mural myocardial infarction. J Transl Med 2015; 13:187. [PMID: 26047812 PMCID: PMC4634919 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the incidence of acute death related to coronary artery disease has decreased with the advent of new interventional therapies, myocardial infarction remains one of the leading causes of death in the US. Current animal models developed to replicate this phenomenon have been associated with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. A new model utilizing the first diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery (D1-LAD) was developed to provide a clinically relevant lesion, while attempting to minimize the incidence of adverse complications associated with infarct creation. Methods Eight Yucatan miniature pigs underwent percutaneous embolization of the D1-LAD via injection of 90 µm polystyrene micro-spheres. Cardiac structure and function were monitored at baseline, immediately post-operatively, and at 8-weeks post-infarct using transthoracic echocardiography. Post-mortem histopathology and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate for changes in myocardial structure and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition respectively. Echocardiographic data were evaluated using a repeated measures analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Biochemical analyses of infarcted to non-infarcted myocardium were compared using analysis of variance. Results All eight pigs successfully underwent echocardiography prior to catheterization. Overall procedural survival rate was 83% (5/6) with one pig excluded due to failure of infarction and another due to deviation from protocol. Ejection fraction significantly decreased from 69.7 ± 7.8% prior to infarction to 50.6 ± 14.7% immediately post-infarction, and progressed to 48.7 ± 8.9% after 8-weeks (p = 0.011). Left ventricular diameter in systole significantly increased from 22.6 ± 3.8 mm pre-operatively to 30.9 ± 5.0 mm at 8 weeks (p = 0.016). Histopathology showed the presence of disorganized fibrosis on hematoxylin and eosin and Picro Sirius red stains. Collagen I and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content were significantly greater in the infarcted region than in normal myocardium (p = 0.007 and p = 0.018, respectively); however, pyridinoline crosslink content per collagen I content in the infarcted region was significantly less than normal myocardium (p = 0.048). Conclusion Systolic dysfunction and changes in ECM composition induced via embolization of the D1-LAD closely mimic those found in individuals with chronic myocardial infarction (MI), and represents a location visible without the need for anesthesia. As a result, this method represents a useful model for studying chronic MI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0547-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Hanes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Maelene L Wong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - C W Jenny Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sterling Humphrey
- University of California Davis, Medical Center, 2221 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - J Kevin Grayson
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis AFB, CA, 94535, USA.
| | - Walter D Boyd
- University of California Davis, Medical Center, 2221 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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104
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Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B, Zhang F, Liu Y, Lu Q, Guo H, Yan C, Sun H, Hu G, Yin X. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology 2015; 131:97-106. [PMID: 25896805 DOI: 10.1159/000375362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ibuprofen on cardiac fibrosis in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. METHODS The diabetic model was established by injecting streptozotocin into the rats. Then, ibuprofen or pioglitazone was given by gavage for 8 weeks. The cardiac fibrosis was assessed, and the major components of the renin-angiotensin system, the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were evaluated by histopathological, immunohistochemical, Western blot analysis or ELISA assay. RESULTS Obvious cardiac fibrosis was detected in the diabetic group and was alleviated by ibuprofen treatment. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II and AngII type 1 receptor (AT1-R) levels were higher, and ACE2, Ang(1-7) and Mas receptor (Mas-R) were lower in the diabetic group. The ratio of ACE to ACE2 was raised in the diabetic group. All these changes were ameliorated by ibuprofen. TGF-β1 and mTOR were raised in the hearts of the diabetic group and were attenuated by ibuprofen treatment. There was no significant difference between the ibuprofen and the pioglitazone groups. CONCLUSION Ibuprofen could ameliorate the cardiac fibrosis in diabetic rats by reduction of the ACE/AngII/AT1-R axis and enhancement of the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas-R axis, leading to a decrease in TGF-β1 and mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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105
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Weinberger T, Schulz C. Myocardial infarction: a critical role of macrophages in cardiac remodeling. Front Physiol 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 25904868 PMCID: PMC4387471 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a common condition and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Macrophages, besides their role in host defense and tissue homeostasis, are critical players in the pathophysiological processes induced by myocardial infarction. In this article we will summarize the current understanding of the role of monocytes and macrophages in myocardial damage and cardiac remodeling in relation to their origin and developmental paths. Furthermore, we describe their potential implications in therapeutic strategies to modulate myocardial healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weinberger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany ; Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany ; Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Munich, Germany
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106
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Bao MW, Zhang XJ, Li L, Cai Z, Liu X, Wan N, Hu G, Wan F, Zhang R, Zhu X, Xia H, Li H. Cardioprotective role of growth/differentiation factor 1 in post-infarction left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction. J Pathol 2015; 236:360-72. [PMID: 25726944 DOI: 10.1002/path.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor 1 (GDF1) is a secreted glycoprotein of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that mediates cell differentiation events during embryonic development. GDF1 is expressed in several tissues, including the heart. However, the functional role of GDF1 in myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac remodelling and dysfunction is not known. Here, we performed gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies using cardiac-specific GDF1 transgenic (TG) and knockout (KO) mice to determine the role of GDF1 in the pathogenesis of functional and architectural cardiac remodelling after MI, which was induced by surgical left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of GDF1 in the heart causes a significant decrease in MI-derived mortality post-MI and leads to attenuated infarct size expansion, left ventricular (LV) dilatation, and cardiac dysfunction at 1 week and 4 weeks after MI injury. Compared with control animals, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammation, hypertrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were all remarkably reduced in the GDF1-TG mice following MI. In contrast, GDF1 deficiency greatly exacerbated the pathological cardiac remodelling response after infarction. Further analysis of the in vitro and in vivo signalling events indicated that the beneficial role of GDF1 in MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and LV remodelling was associated with the inhibition of non-canonical (MEK-ERK1/2) and canonical (Smad) signalling cascades. Overall, our data reveal that GDF1 in the heart is a novel mediator that protects against the development of post-infarction cardiac remodelling via negative regulation of the MEK-ERK1/2 and Smad signalling pathways. Thus, GDF1 may serve as a valuable therapeutic target for the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongxiang Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gangying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengwei Wan
- Department of Emergency, The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Qinghe Clinic, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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107
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Schiattarella GG, Magliulo F, Cattaneo F, Gargiulo G, Sannino A, Franzone A, Oliveti M, Perrino C, Trimarco B, Esposito G. Novel Molecular Approaches in Heart Failure: Seven Trans-Membrane Receptors Signaling in the Heart and Circulating Blood Leukocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:13. [PMID: 26664885 PMCID: PMC4671356 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the result of molecular, cellular, and structural changes induced by cardiac load or injury. A complex network of signaling pathways have been involved in the development and progression of cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the pivotal role of seven trans-membrane receptors (7TMRs), also called G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in HF. Moreover, we will discuss the current knowledge on the potential mirroring of 7TMR signaling between circulating blood leukocytes and the heart, and the related future possibilities in the management of HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Magliulo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Anna Sannino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Anna Franzone
- Department of Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Marco Oliveti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples , Italy
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108
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Euler G. Good and bad sides of TGFβ-signaling in myocardial infarction. Front Physiol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25788886 PMCID: PMC4349055 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a prevailing cause of death in industrial countries. In spite of the good opportunities we have nowadays in interventional cardiology to reopen the clotted coronary arteries for reperfusion of ischemic areas, post-infarct remodeling emerges and contributes to unfavorable structural conversion processes in the myocardium, finally resulting in heart failure. The growth factor TGFβ is upregulated during these processes. In this review, an overview on the functional role of TGFβ signaling in the process of cardiac remodeling is given, as it can influence apoptosis, fibrosis and hypertrophy thereby predominantly aggravating ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Euler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
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109
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110
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Wang J, Liu B, Han H, Yuan Q, Xue M, Xu F, Chen Y. Acute Hepatic Insulin Resistance Contributes to Hyperglycemia in Rats Following Myocardial Infarction. Mol Med 2015; 21:68-76. [PMID: 25730774 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hyperglycemia is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Insulin signaling plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In this study, we test the hypothesis that rapid alteration of insulin signaling pathways could be a potential contributor to acute hyperglycemia after MI. Male rats were used to produce MI by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher in MI rats than those in controls. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) was reduced significantly in the liver tissue of MI rats compared with controls, followed by decreased attachment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p85 subunit with IRS1 and Akt phosphorylation. However, insulin-stimulated signaling was not altered significantly in skeletal muscle after MI. The relative mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and G6Pase were slightly higher in the liver tissue of MI rats than those in controls. Rosiglitazone (ROSI) markedly restored hepatic insulin signaling, inhibited gluconeogenesis and reduced plasma glucose levels in MI rats. Insulin resistance develops rapidly in liver but not skeletal muscle after MI, which contributes to acute hyperglycemia. Therapy aimed at potentiating hepatic insulin signaling may be beneficial for MI-induced hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Chest Pain Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoshan Liu
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Chest Pain Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Chest Pain Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuhuan Yuan
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengyang Xue
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Chest Pain Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Chest Pain Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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111
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Li T, Sun ZL, Xie QY. Protective effect of microRNA-30b on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Gene 2015; 561:268-75. [PMID: 25701595 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the protective role of microRNA-30b (miR-30b) in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury in rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes. H9C2 cells were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) treatment to simulate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. H9C2 cells were divided into: vehicle control (VC) group; scrambled inhibitors (INC) group; scrambled mimics (MNC) group; H/R+VC group; H/R+INC group; H/R+mimics group. H/R induced apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and the pathways involved in miR-30b-mediated protection were examined by analyzing the expression of miR-30b, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, KRAS, p-AKT and total AKT in H9C2 cells. Overexpression of miR-30b mimic (H/R+mimics group) significantly increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax levels and decreased Bax and Caspase-3 levels, compared with the H/R+VC group (all P<0.05). Consistent with this, the apoptosis rate was significantly decreased in the H/R+mimics group (P<0.05) compared with the H/R+VC group. Western blot analysis revealed that overexpression of miR-30b mimic resulted in significantly increase in AKT activation and decreased KRAS, compared to the H/R+VC group (both P<0.05). In conclusion, the H/R induced apoptosis decreased miR-30b expression, but over-expression of miR-30b inhibited H/R induced apoptosis. The observed miR-30b-mediated protection against H/R induced apoptosis involved the upregulation of Ras-PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ze-Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qi Ying Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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112
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Traditional Chinese Medication Qiliqiangxin attenuates cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8374. [PMID: 25669146 PMCID: PMC4648480 DOI: 10.1038/srep08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In a multicenter randomized double-blind study we demonstrated that Qiliqiangxin (QLQX), a traditional Chinese medicine, had a protective effect in heart failure patients. However, whether and via which mechanism QLQX attenuates cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still unclear. AMI was created by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice. Treating the mice in the initial 3 days after AMI with QLQX did not change infarct size. However, QLQX treatment ameliorated adverse cardiac remodeling 3 weeks after AMI including better preservation of cardiac function, decreased apoptosis and reduced fibrosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was down-regulated in control animals after AMI and up-regulated by QLQX administration. Interestingly, expression of AKT, SAPK/JNK, and ERK was not altered by QLQX treatment. Inhibition of PPARγ reduced the beneficial effects of QLQX in AMI remodeling, whereas activation of PPARγ failed to provide additional improvement in the presence of QLQX, suggesting a key role for PPARγ in the effects of QLQX during cardiac remodeling after AMI. This study indicates that QLQX attenuates cardiac remodeling after AMI by increasing PPARγ levels. Taken together, QLQX warrants further investigation as as a therapeutic intervention to mitigate remodeling and heart failure after AMI.
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113
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Vilahur G, Badimon L. Ischemia/reperfusion activates myocardial innate immune response: the key role of the toll-like receptor. Front Physiol 2014; 5:496. [PMID: 25566092 PMCID: PMC4270170 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data have indicated that the myocardium may act as an immune organ initiating cardiac innate immune response and inflammation. It has been suggested that activation of the immune system occurs upon the interaction of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated and released during ischemic damage with pattern recognition receptors (Toll like receptors; TLR) present in cardiac cells. Among TLRs, TLR4, and TLR2 are the ones mostly expressed in cardiac tissue. Whereas TLR4 has shown to play a detrimental role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the effect elicited by TLR2 activation remains controversial. Once activated, TLR signaling may occur via the Myd88- and Trif- dependent pathways leading to NFκB and IFN-3 activation, respectively, and subsequent stimulation of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine gene expression. Cytokine release contributes to neutrophils activation, recruitment, adhesion and infiltration to the site of cardiac injury further perpetuating the inflammatory process. This mini-review will focus on the current knowledge regarding the role of the heart in inducing and coordinating the innate inflammatory response via the TLR signaling pathway in myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain ; Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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114
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Yan X, Sasi SP, Gee H, Lee J, Yang Y, Mehrzad R, Onufrak J, Song J, Enderling H, Agarwal A, Rahimi L, Morgan J, Wilson PF, Carrozza J, Walsh K, Kishore R, Goukassian DA. Cardiovascular risks associated with low dose ionizing particle radiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110269. [PMID: 25337914 PMCID: PMC4206415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous epidemiologic data demonstrate that cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality may occur decades after ionizing radiation exposure. With increased use of proton and carbon ion radiotherapy and concerns about space radiation exposures to astronauts on future long-duration exploration-type missions, the long-term effects and risks of low-dose charged particle irradiation on the CV system must be better appreciated. Here we report on the long-term effects of whole-body proton (1H; 0.5 Gy, 1 GeV) and iron ion (56Fe; 0.15 Gy, 1GeV/nucleon) irradiation with and without an acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) event in mice. We show that cardiac function of proton-irradiated mice initially improves at 1 month but declines by 10 months post-irradiation. In AMI-induced mice, prior proton irradiation improved cardiac function restoration and enhanced cardiac remodeling. This was associated with increased pro-survival gene expression in cardiac tissues. In contrast, cardiac function was significantly declined in 56Fe ion-irradiated mice at 1 and 3 months but recovered at 10 months. In addition, 56Fe ion-irradiation led to poorer cardiac function and more adverse remodeling in AMI-induced mice, and was associated with decreased angiogenesis and pro-survival factors in cardiac tissues at any time point examined up to 10 months. This is the first study reporting CV effects following low dose proton and iron ion irradiation during normal aging and post-AMI. Understanding the biological effects of charged particle radiation qualities on the CV system is necessary both for the mitigation of space exploration CV risks and for understanding of long-term CV effects following charged particle radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DAG); (XY)
| | - Sharath P. Sasi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hannah Gee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - JuYong Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yongyao Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raman Mehrzad
- Steward Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jillian Onufrak
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jin Song
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heiko Enderling
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Akhil Agarwal
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Layla Rahimi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Morgan
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Steward Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Wilson
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Carrozza
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raj Kishore
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Goukassian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, GeneSys Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DAG); (XY)
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115
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Activation of IK1 Channel by Zacopride Attenuates Left Ventricular Remodeling in Rats With Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:345-56. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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116
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The protective effect of microRNA-320 on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat model. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17442-56. [PMID: 25268616 PMCID: PMC4227171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study investigated the role of microRNA-320 (miR-320) on left ventricular remodeling in the rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and we intended to explore the myocardial mechanism of miR-320-mediated myocardium protection. We collected 120 male Wistar rats (240-280 g) in this study and then randomly divided them into three groups: (1) sham surgery group (sham group: n=40); (2) ischemia-reperfusion model group (I/R group: n=40); and (3) I/R model with antagomir-320 group (I/R+antagomir-320 group: n=40). Value changes of heart function in transesophageal echocardiography were recorded at various time points (day 1, day 3, day 7, day 15 and day 30) after surgery in each group. Myocardial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined with optical microscope. The degree of myocardial fibrosis was assessed by Sirius Red staining. Terminal dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and qRT-PCR methods were used to measure the apoptosis rate and to determine the miR-320 expression levels in myocardial tissues. Transesophageal echocardiography showed that the values of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and ±dp/dtmax in the I/R group were obviously lower than those in the sham group, while the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) value was higher than that in the sham group. The values of LVEF, LVFS, LVSP and ±dp/dtmax showed a gradual decrease in the I/R group, while the LVEDP value showed an up tendency along with the extension of reperfusion time. The H&E staining revealed that rat myocardial tissue in the I/R group presented extensive myocardial damage; for the I/R+antagomir-320 group, however, the degree of damage in myocardial cells was obviously better than that of the I/R group. The Sirius Red staining results showed that the degree of myocardial fibrosis in the I/R group was more severe along with the extension of the time of reperfusion. For the I/R+antagomir-320 group, the degree of myocardial fibrosis was less severe than that in the I/R group. Tissues samples in both the sham and I/R+antagomir-320 groups showed a lower apoptosis rate compared to I/R group. The qRT-PCR results indicated that miR-320 expression in the I/R group was significantly higher than that in both the sham and I/R+antagomir-320 groups. The expression level of miR-320 is significantly up-regulated in the rat model of myocardial I/R injury, and it may be implicated in the prevention of myocardial I/R injury-triggered left ventricular remodeling.
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117
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Xu X, Kriegel AJ, Jiao X, Liu H, Bai X, Olson J, Liang M, Ding X. miR-21 in ischemia/reperfusion injury: a double-edged sword? Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:789-97. [PMID: 25159851 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00020.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are endogenous, small RNA molecules that suppress expression of targeted mRNA. miR-21, one of the most extensively studied miRNAs, is importantly involved in divergent pathophysiological processes relating to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, such as inflammation and angiogenesis. The role of miR-21 in renal I/R is complex, with both protective and pathological pathways being regulated by miR-21. Preconditioning-induced upregulation of miR-21 contributes to the protection against subsequent renal I/R injury through the targeting of genes such as the proapoptotic gene programmed cell death 4 and interactions between miR-21 and hypoxia-inducible factor. Conversely, long-term elevation of miR-21 may be detrimental to the organ by promoting the development of renal interstitial fibrosis following I/R injury. miR-21 is importantly involved in several pathophysiological processes related to I/R injury including inflammation and angiogenesis as well as the biology of stem cells that could be used to treat I/R injury; however, the effect of miR-21 on these processes in renal I/R injury remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialian Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jessica Olson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China; Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China; and Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
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118
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Vilahur G, Casani L, Peña E, Juan-Babot O, Mendieta G, Crespo J, Badimon L. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition prior reperfusion improves reparative fibrosis post-myocardial infarction in a preclinical experimental model. Int J Cardiol 2014; 175:528-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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119
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Association between peak neutrophil count, clopidogrel loading dose, and left ventricular systolic function in patients with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:482763. [PMID: 25147436 PMCID: PMC4131512 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in plaque development and left ventricular remodeling during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Clopidogrel may exhibit some anti-inflammatory properties and high loading dose of clopidogrel results in improved clinical outcomes in patients with AMI. 357 patients who received successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention from January 2008 to March 2011 in Peking University Third Hospital were included in this study. Different loading dose of clopidogrel (300 mg, 450 mg, or 600 mg) was given at the discretion of the clinician. Neutrophils reached their peak values on the first day after AMI. Higher levels of peak neutrophil and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were found in patients of low clopidogrel loading dose group (300 mg or 450 mg). After adjusting for the related confounders, a logistic regression model showed that low clopidogrel loading dose remained an independent predictor of low LVEF (LVEF ≤ 50%) [OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03–3.79, P = 0.04]. Low clopidogrel loading dose was associated with higher peak neutrophil count and poor left ventricular systolic function, suggesting an important role of clopidogrel loading dose in the improvement of left ventricular function and high loading dose may exhibit better anti-inflammatory properties.
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120
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Peng Y, Gregorich ZR, Valeja SG, Zhang H, Cai W, Chen YC, Guner H, Chen AJ, Schwahn DJ, Hacker TA, Liu X, Ge Y. Top-down proteomics reveals concerted reductions in myofilament and Z-disc protein phosphorylation after acute myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2752-64. [PMID: 24969035 PMCID: PMC4189000 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is most often precipitated by myocardial infarction. However, the molecular changes driving cardiac dysfunction immediately after myocardial infarction remain poorly understood. Myofilament proteins, responsible for cardiac contraction and relaxation, play critical roles in signal reception and transduction in HF. Post-translational modifications of myofilament proteins afford a mechanism for the beat-to-beat regulation of cardiac function. Thus it is of paramount importance to gain a comprehensive understanding of post-translational modifications of myofilament proteins involved in regulating early molecular events in the post-infarcted myocardium. We have developed a novel liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based top-down proteomics strategy to comprehensively assess the modifications of key cardiac proteins in the myofilament subproteome extracted from a minimal amount of myocardial tissue with high reproducibility and throughput. The entire procedure, including tissue homogenization, myofilament extraction, and on-line LC/MS, takes less than three hours. Notably, enabled by this novel top-down proteomics technology, we discovered a concerted significant reduction in the phosphorylation of three crucial cardiac proteins in acutely infarcted swine myocardium: cardiac troponin I and myosin regulatory light chain of the myofilaments and, unexpectedly, enigma homolog isoform 2 (ENH2) of the Z-disc. Furthermore, top-down MS allowed us to comprehensively sequence these proteins and pinpoint their phosphorylation sites. For the first time, we have characterized the sequence of ENH2 and identified it as a phosphoprotein. ENH2 is localized at the Z-disc, which has been increasingly recognized for its role as a nodal point in cardiac signaling. Thus our proteomics discovery opens up new avenues for the investigation of concerted signaling between myofilament and Z-disc in the early molecular events that contribute to cardiac dysfunction and progression to HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Zachery R Gregorich
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706; §Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Santosh G Valeja
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Han Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wenxuan Cai
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706; §Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Huseyin Guner
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706; ‖Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Albert J Chen
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Denise J Schwahn
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- ‡‡Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- §§Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 719 Indiana Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; ¶¶Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Ying Ge
- From the ‡Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706; ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706; ‖Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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121
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Zhang S, Ma X, Yao K, Zhu H, Huang Z, Shen L, Qian J, Zou Y, Sun A, Ge J. Combination of CD34-positive cell subsets with infarcted myocardium-like matrix stiffness: a potential solution to cell-based cardiac repair. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1236-8. [PMID: 24945435 PMCID: PMC4508162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of the optimal cell transplantation strategy for myocardial infarction (MI) has attracted a great deal of attention. Commitment of engrafted cells to angiogenesis within damaged myocardium is regarded as one of the major targets in cell-based cardiac repair. Bone marrow–derived CD34-positive cells, a well-characterized population of stem cells, might represent highly functional endothelial progenitor cells and result in the formation of new blood vessels. Recently, physical microenvironment (extracellular matrix stiffness) around the engrafted cells was found to exert an essential impact on their fate. Stem cells are able to feel and respond to the tissue-like matrix stiffness to commit to a relevant lineage. Notably, the infarct area after MI experiences a time-dependent stiffness change from flexible to rigid. Our previous observations demonstrated myocardial stiffness-dependent differentiation of the unselected bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) along endothelial lineage cells. Myocardial stiffness (∽42 kPa) within the optimal time domain of cell engraftment (at week 1 to 2) after MI provided a more favourable physical microenvironment for cell specification and cell-based cardiac repair. However, the difference in tissue stiffness-dependent cell differentiation between the specific cell subsets expressing and no expressing CD34 phenotype remains uncertain. We presumed that CD34-positive cell subsets facilitated angiogenesis and subsequently resulted in cardiac repair under induction of infarcted myocardium-like matrix stiffness compared with CD34-negative cells. If the hypothesis were true, it would contribute greatly to detect the optimal cell subsets for cell therapy and to establish an optimized therapy strategy for cell-based cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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122
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Silva AKA, Juenet M, Meddahi-Pellé A, Letourneur D. Polysaccharide-based strategies for heart tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 116:267-77. [PMID: 25458300 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are abundant biomolecules in nature presenting important roles in a wide variety of living systems processes. Considering the structural and biological functions of polysaccharides, their properties have raised interest for tissue engineering. Herein, we described the latest advances in cardiac tissue engineering mediated by polysaccharides. We reviewed the data already obtained in vitro and in vivo in this field with several types of polysaccharides. Cardiac injection, intramyocardial in situ polymerization strategies, and scaffold-based approaches involving polysaccharides for heart tissue engineering are thus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K A Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Paris 7, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Maya Juenet
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Anne Meddahi-Pellé
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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123
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Yi X, Li X, Zhou Y, Ren S, Wan W, Feng G, Jiang X. Hepatocyte growth factor regulates the TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation and secretory function of cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:381-90. [PMID: 24840640 PMCID: PMC4094591 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation and transformation into myofibroblasts play important roles in cardiac fibrosis during pathological myocardial remodeling. In this study, we demonstrate that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an antifibrotic factor in the process of pulmonary, renal and liver fibrosis, is a negative regulator of cardiac fibroblast transformation in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). HGF expression levels were significantly reduced in the CFs following treatment with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 48 h. The overexpression of HGF suppressed the proliferation, transformation and the secretory function of the CFs following treatment with TGF-β1, as indicated by the attenuated expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I and III, whereas the knockdown of HGF had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, we identified that the phosphorylation of c-Met, Akt and total protein of TGIF was significantly inhibited by the knockdown of HGF, but was significantly enhanced by HGF overexpression. Collectively, these results indicate that HGF activates the c-Met-Akt-TGIF signaling pathway, inhibiting CF proliferation and transformation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shan Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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124
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Sluijter JPG, Condorelli G, Davidson SM, Engel FB, Ferdinandy P, Hausenloy DJ, Lecour S, Madonna R, Ovize M, Ruiz-Meana M, Schulz R, Van Laake LW. Novel therapeutic strategies for cardioprotection. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:60-70. [PMID: 24837132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) remain significant worldwide. The treatment for acute myocardial infarction has improved over the past decades, including early reperfusion of occluded coronary arteries. Although it is essential to re-open the artery as soon as possible, paradoxically this leads to additional myocardial injury, called acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), for which currently no effective therapy is available. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are required to protect the heart from acute IRI in order to reduce myocardial infarction size, preserve cardiac function and improve clinical outcomes in patients with IHD. In this review article, we will first outline the pathophysiology of acute IRI and review promising therapeutic strategies for cardioprotection. These include novel aspects of mitochondrial function, epigenetics, circadian clocks, the immune system, microvesicles, growth factors, stem cell therapy and gene therapy. We discuss the therapeutic potential of these novel cardioprotective strategies in terms of pharmacological targeting and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; ICIN, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Institute of Cardiology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michel Ovize
- Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Louis Pradel, France; Inserm U1060-CarMeN, CIC de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Laboratori Cardiologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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125
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Wang X, Meng H, Chen P, Yang N, Lu X, Wang ZM, Gao W, Zhou N, Zhang M, Xu Z, Chen B, Tao Z, Wang L, Yang Z, Zhu T. Beneficial effects of muscone on cardiac remodeling in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:103-11. [PMID: 24807380 PMCID: PMC4072338 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Musk has been traditionally used in East Asia to alleviate the symptoms of angina pectoris. However, it remains unclear as to whether muscone, the main active ingredient of musk, has any beneficial effects on persistent myocardial ischemia in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether muscone can improve cardiac function and attenuate myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. Mice were subjected to permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce MI, and then randomly treated with muscone (2 mg/kg/day) or the vehicle (normal saline) for 3 weeks. Sham-operated mice were used as controls and were also administered the vehicle (normal saline). Treatment with muscone significantly improved cardiac function and exercise tolerance, as evidenced by the decrease in the left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, as well as an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening and time to exhaustion during swimming. Pathological and morphological assessments indicated that treatment with muscone alleviated myocardial fibrosis, collagen deposition and improved the heart weight/body weight ratio. Muscone inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Treatment with muscone also reduced myocardial apoptosis by enhancing Bcl-2 and suppressing Bax expression. Muscone also induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Our results demonstrate that muscone ameliorates cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by MI by exerting anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Haoyu Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Pengsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Naiquan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Huai'an Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Mu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ningtian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxian Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Tiebin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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126
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Leptin induces cardiac fibrosis through galectin-3, mTOR and oxidative stress. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1104-14; discussion 1114. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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127
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Talasaz AH, Khalili H, Jenab Y, Salarifar M, Broumand MA, Darabi F. N-Acetylcysteine effects on transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor-α serum levels as pro-fibrotic and inflammatory biomarkers in patients following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Drugs R D 2014; 13:199-205. [PMID: 24048773 PMCID: PMC3784054 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-013-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Ischemia following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) increases the level of pro-fibrotic and inflammatory cytokines, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has therapeutic benefits in the management of patients with AMI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has evaluated the effect of NAC on TNF-α and TGF-β levels in patients with AMI. Methods Following confirmation of AMI, 88 patients were randomly administered NAC 600 mg (Fluimucil®, Zambon, Ticino, Switzerland) or placebo orally twice daily for 3 days. For quantification of TGF-β and TNF-α serum levels after 24 and 72 h of NAC or placebo administration, peripheral venous blood (10 mL) samples were collected at these time points. Results Comparisons between levels of TGF-β and TNF-α after 24 and 72 h within the NAC or placebo groups revealed that there was not any significant difference except for TGF-β levels in the placebo group, which increased significantly over time (p = 0.042). Significant relationships existed between patients’ ejection fraction (p = 0.005) and TGF-β levels. Conclusions Receiving NAC could prevent TGF-β levels from increasing after 72 h as compared with not receiving NAC. As TGF-β had strong correlations with the ejection fraction, its antagonism seems to be important in the prevention of remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Hajhossein Talasaz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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128
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Abstract
Ischemic cardiac disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The inability of the adult mammalian heart to adequately repair itself has motivated stem cell researchers to explore various strategies to regenerate cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. Over the past century, progressive gains in our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms governing fate determination have led to recent advances in cellular reprogramming. The identification of specific factors capable of inducing pluripotent phenotype in somatic cells as well as factors that can directly reprogram somatic cells into cardiomyocytes suggests the potential for these approaches to translate into clinical therapies in the future. Although conceptually appealing, the field of cell lineage reprogramming is in its infancy, and further research will be needed to improve the efficiency of the reprogramming process and the fidelity of the reprogrammed cells to their in vivo counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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129
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Yuan X, Deng Y, Guo X, Shang J, Zhu D, Liu H. Atorvastatin attenuates myocardial remodeling induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats: partly involvement of TLR-4/MYD88 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:292-7. [PMID: 24582748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress are known to play a key role in the development of cardiovascular complications such as cardiac hypertrophy induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), the most characteristic pathophysiological change of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Current evidence suggests that competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA coenzyme A reductase, such as atorvastatin, not only reduce blood lipids but also have anti-inflammatory and inhibit oxidative stress benefits. This study examined the protective role of atorvastatin in CIH-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Adult male wistar rats were subjected to 8h of intermittent hypoxia/day, with/without atorvastatin for 6 weeks. Ventricular remodeling, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88), inflammatory agents and radical oxygen species were determined. As a result, we found that treatment with atorvastatin markedly inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, MYD88 and the downstream inflammatory agents and radical oxygen species. Administration of atorvastatin following CIH significantly ameliorated the myocardial injury, such as cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, Pre-CIH atorvastatin administration may attenuate TLR-4/MYD88 mediated inflammatory processes and oxidative stress in the injured rat myocardium, and this may be one mechanism by which atorvastatin ameliorated myocardial injury following CIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xueling Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Die Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Single-Dose GSTP1 Prevents Infarction-Induced Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2014; 20:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cardiac inflammation: immunomodulatory properties and the influence of toll-like receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181020. [PMID: 24391353 PMCID: PMC3872440 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI), the inflammatory response is indispensable for initiating reparatory processes. However, the intensity and duration of the inflammation cause additional damage to the already injured myocardium. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) upon MI positively affects cardiac function. This happens likely via a paracrine mechanism. As MSC are potent modulators of the immune system, this could influence this postinfarct immune response. Since MSC express toll-like receptors (TLR), danger signal (DAMP) produced after MI could influence their immunomodulatory properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW Not much is known about the direct immunomodulatory efficiency of MSC when injected in a strong inflammatory environment. This review focuses first on the interactions between MSC and the immune system. Subsequently, an overview is provided of the effects of DAMP-associated TLR activation on MSC and their immunomodulative properties after myocardial infarction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MSC can strongly influence most cell types of the immune system. TLR signaling can increase and decrease this immunomodulatory potential, depending on the available ligands. Although reports are inconsistent, TLR3 activation may boost immunomodulation by MSC, while TLR4 activation suppresses it. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating the effects of TLR activation on MSC could identify new preconditioning strategies which might improve their immunomodulative properties.
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132
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Romano G. The role of the dysfunctional akt-related pathway in cancer: establishment and maintenance of a malignant cell phenotype, resistance to therapy, and future strategies for drug development. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:317186. [PMID: 24381788 PMCID: PMC3870877 DOI: 10.1155/2013/317186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Akt serine/threonine kinases, or PKB, are key players in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular activities, such as growth, proliferation, protection from apoptotic injuries, control of DNA damage responses and genome stability, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. The Akt-related pathway responds to the stimulation mediated by growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and several nutrients. Akt is present in three isoforms: Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3, which may be alternatively named PKB α , PKB β , and PKB γ , respectively. The Akt isoforms are encoded on three diverse chromosomes and their biological functions are predominantly distinct. Deregulations in the Akt-related pathway were observed in many human maladies, including cancer, cardiopathies, neurological diseases, and type-2 diabetes. This review discusses the significance of the abnormal activities of the Akt axis in promoting and sustaining malignancies, along with the development of tumor cell populations that exhibit enhanced resistance to chemo- and/or radiotherapy. This occurrence may be responsible for the relapse of the disease, which is unfortunately very often related to fatal consequences in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Romano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Bio Life Science Building, Suite 456, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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133
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A nonthoracotomy myocardial infarction model in an ovine using autologous platelets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:938047. [PMID: 24367790 PMCID: PMC3866830 DOI: 10.1155/2013/938047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. There is a paucity of a biological large animal model of myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that, using autologous-aggregated platelets, we could create an ovine model that was reproducible and more closely mimicked the pathophysiology of MI. Methods. Mepacrine stained autologous platelets from male sheep (n = 7) were used to create a myocardial infarction via catheter injection into the mid-left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Serial daily serum troponin measurements were taken and tissue harvested on post-embolization day three. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to detect the mepacrine-stained platelet-induced thrombus, and histology performed to identify three distinct myocardial (infarct, peri-ischemic “border zone,” and remote) zones. Results. Serial serum troponin levels (μg/mL) measured 0.0 ± 0.0 at baseline and peaked at 297.4 ± 58.0 on post-embolization day 1, followed by 153.0 ± 38.8 on day 2 and 76.7 ± 19.8 on day 3. Staining confirmed distinct myocardial regions of inflammation and fibrosis as well as mepacrine-stained platelets as the cause of intravascular thrombosis. Conclusion. We report a reproducible, unique model of a biological myocardial infarction in a large animal model. This technique can be used to study acute, regional myocardial changes following a thrombotic injury.
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134
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Wei Y, Du W, Xiong X, He X, Ping Yi, Deng Y, Chen D, Li X. Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide results in myocardial remodelling in adult murine offspring. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:35. [PMID: 24764457 PMCID: PMC3874617 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epigenetic plasticity hypothesis indicates that pregnancy exposure may result in adult-onset diseases, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, in offspring. In a previous study, we discovered that prenatal exposure to inflammatory stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), could lead to hypertension in adult rat offspring. In the present study, we further demonstrate that maternal inflammation induces cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction via ectopic over-expression of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF- κB), and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) can protect cardiac function by reducing maternal inflammation. METHODS Pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into three groups and intraperitoneally injected with a vehicle, LPS (0.79 mg/kg), or LPS (0.79 mg/kg) plus PDTC (100 mg/kg) at 8 to 12 days of gestation. The offspring were raised until 4 and 8 months old, at which point an echocardiographic study was performed. The left ventricular (LV) mass index and apoptosis were examined. RESULTS At 4 months of age, the LPS offspring exhibited augmented posterior wall thickness. These rats displayed left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy and LV diastolic dysfunction as well as a higher apoptotic index, a higher level of Bax and a lower level of Bcl-2 at 8 months of age. The protein levels of NF-κB (p65) in the myocardium of the offspring were measured at this time. NF-κB protein levels were higher in the myocardium of LPS offspring. The offspring that were prenatally treated with PDTC displayed improved signs of blood pressure (BP) and LV hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Maternal inflammation can induce cardiac hypertrophy in offspring during aging accompanied with hypertension emergence and can be rescued by the maternal administration of PDTC (the inhibitor of NF-κB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wei
- The Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China ; Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Da ping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhua Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Research Institute of Surgery, Da ping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuqin Xiong
- Department of Ultrasound, Research Institute of Surgery, Da ping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- The Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Gynaecology, Research Institute of Surgery, Da ping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youcai Deng
- The Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute of Surgery, Da ping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kanno Y, Watanabe R, Zempo H, Ogawa M, Suzuki JI, Isobe M. Chlorogenic acid attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice. Int Heart J 2013; 54:176-80. [PMID: 23774243 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.54.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), which is a key component of coffee, has many biological effects such as anti-inflammation activity. However, the effects of CGA on ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia have not been well investigated. To test the hypothesis that CGA can attenuate chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia, we orally administered CGA to murine myocardial ischemia models. Seven to nine week-old C57BL/6 mice were used. A myocardial infarction (MI) model was produced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) using an 8-0 suture passed under the arteries. These mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups in each experimental model. Some MI mice were supplemented orally with CGA (30 mg/kg/day, MI+CGA group, n = 13) as a CGAtreated MI group, and other MI mice received vehicle (MI+vehicle group, n = 11) as a vehicle-treated MI group. Shamoperated mice without MI also received vehicle (Sham+vehicle group, n = 3) as a sham group, and sham-operated mice without MI received CGA (30 mg/kg/day, Sham+CGA group, n = 8) as a Sham+CGA group. Just before sacrifice on day 14, we measured blood pressure and heart rate and performed echocardiography. We obtained 3 transverse sections per heart for histopathologic examination. There were no differences in body weight, heart rate, or blood pressure among the groups on day 14. The vehicle-treated MI group showed significantly impaired left ventricular contraction compared to the sham-operated group. However, the CGA-treated MI group showed significantly improved ventricular contraction compared to the vehicle-treated MI group. Severe myocardial fibrosis with enhanced macrophage infiltration was observed in the vehicle-treated ischemia group on day 14. CGA attenuated these fibrotic changes with suppressed macrophage infiltration without systemic adverse effects. CGA may effectively suppress chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia because it is critically involved in the suppression of macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kanno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental Universit, Japan
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Vietta GG, Andrades ME, Dall'Alba R, Schneider SIR, Frick LM, Matte U, Biolo A, Rohde LEP, Clausell N. Early use of cardiac troponin-I and echocardiography imaging for prediction of myocardial infarction size in Wistar rats. Life Sci 2013; 93:139-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rayner BS, Figtree GA, Sabaretnam T, Shang P, Mazhar J, Weaver JC, Lay WN, Witting PK, Hunyor SN, Grieve SM, Khachigian LM, Bhindi R. Selective inhibition of the master regulator transcription factor Egr-1 with catalytic oligonucleotides reduces myocardial injury and improves left ventricular systolic function in a preclinical model of myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000023. [PMID: 23902638 PMCID: PMC3828787 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egr-1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of intracoronary delivery of DNAzyme targeting the transcription factor Egr-1 at reperfusion following experimental myocardial ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Functional DNAzyme targeting Egr-1 or a size-matched scrambled control were delivered via the intracoronary route immediately on reperfusion after 60 minutes' balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in a pig model of myocardial I/R injury (n=7 per treatment group). Heart function and extent of myocardial infarction were determined following intervention by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Hearts were removed and examined for molecular and histological markers of inflammation and apoptosis. Administration of functional DNAzyme led to an overall decrease in the expression of inflammatory markers including intracellular adhesion molecule-1, tissue factor, and complement 3, with associated decreases in the extent of neutrophil infiltration, oxidative damage, and subsequent apoptosis within the infarct border zone. Functional significance was indicated by an increase in salvaged left ventricular myocardium (P=0.012), ejection fraction (P=0.002), and fractional area change (P=0.039) in the functional DNAzyme-treated group compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS Egr-1 silencing through intracoronary delivery of a targeting DNAzyme at the time of reperfusion following acute myocardial ischemia decreases myocardial inflammation and apoptosis leading to improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Rayner
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia
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du Pré BC, Doevendans PA, van Laake LW. Stem cells for cardiac repair: an introduction. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2013; 10:186-97. [PMID: 23888179 PMCID: PMC3708059 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Most cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy, are associated with loss of functional cardiomyocytes. Unfortunately, the heart has a limited regenerative capacity and is not able to replace these cardiomyocytes once lost. In recent years, stem cells have been put forward as a potential source for cardiac regeneration. Pre-clinical studies that use stem cell-derived cardiac cells show promising results. The mechanisms, though, are not well understood, results have been variable, sometimes transient in the long term, and often without a mechanistic explanation. There are still several major hurdles to be taken. Stem cell-derived cardiac cells should resemble original cardiac cell types and be able to integrate in the damaged heart. Integration requires administration of stem cell-derived cardiac cells at the right time using the right mode of delivery. Once delivered, transplanted cells need vascularization, electrophysiological coupling with the injured heart, and prevention of immunological rejection. Finally, stem cell therapy needs to be safe, reproducible, and affordable. In this review, we will give an introduction to the principles of stem cell based cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan C du Pré
- Departments of Cardiology and Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
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139
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Stefanon I, Valero-Muñoz M, Fernandes AA, Ribeiro RF, Rodríguez C, Miana M, Martínez-González J, Spalenza JS, Lahera V, Vassallo PF, Cachofeiro V. Left and right ventricle late remodeling following myocardial infarction in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64986. [PMID: 23741440 PMCID: PMC3669026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling in left (LV) and right ventricles (RV) after myocardial infarction (MI) are still unclear. We assayed factors involved in collagen turnover in both ventricles following MI in rats either presenting signs of heart failure (pulmonary congestion and increased LVEDP) or not (INF-HF or INF, respectively). METHODS MI was induced in male rats by ligation of the left coronary artery. Four weeks after MI gene expression of collagen I, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and lysyl oxidase (LOX), metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2) as well as cardiac hemodynamic in both ventricles were evaluated. RESULTS Ventricular dilatation, hypertrophy and an increase in interstitial fibrosis and myocyte size were observed in the RV and LV from INF-HF animals, whereas only LV dilatation and fibrosis in RV was present in INF. The LV fibrosis in INF-HF was associated with higher mRNA of collagen I, CTGF, TGF-β and LOX expressions than in INF and SHAM animals, while MMP2/TIMP2 mRNA ratio did not change. RV fibrosis in INF and INF-HF groups was associated with an increase in LOX mRNA and a reduction in MMP2/TIMP2 ratio. CTGF mRNA was increased only in the INF-HF group. CONCLUSIONS INF and INF-HF animals presented different patterns of remodeling in both ventricles. In the INF-HF group, fibrosis seems to be consequence of collagen production in LV, and by reductions in collagen degradation in RV of both INF and INF-HF animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanita Stefanon
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Aurélia Araújo Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Faustino Ribeiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Miana
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica S. Spalenza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Vicente Lahera
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula F. Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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140
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Human vasculogenic cells form functional blood vessels and mitigate adverse remodeling after ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:773-84. [PMID: 23666122 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies to restore heart function after infarction have been tested in pre-clinical models and clinical trials with mixed results, and will likely require both contractile cells and a vascular network to support them. We and others have shown that human endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) combined with mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) can be used to "bio-engineer" functional human blood vessels. Here we investigated whether ECFC + MPC form functional vessels in ischemic myocardium and whether this affects cardiac function or remodeling. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) was induced in 12-week-old immunodeficient rats by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After 40 min, myocardium was reperfused and ECFC + MPC (2 × 10(6) cells, 2:3 ratio) or PBS was injected. Luciferase assays after injection of luciferase-labeled ECFC + MPC showed that 1,500 ECFC were present at day 14. Human ECFC-lined perfused vessels were directly visualized by femoral vein injection of a fluorescently-tagged human-specific lectin in hearts injected with ECFC + MPC but not PBS alone. While infarct size at day 1 was no different, LV dimensions and heart weight to tibia length ratios were lower in cell-treated hearts compared with PBS at 4 months, suggesting post-infarction remodeling was ameliorated by local cell injection. Fractional shortening, LV wall motion score, and fibrotic area were not different between groups at 4 months. However, pressure-volume loops demonstrated improved cardiac function and reduced volumes in cell-treated animals. These data suggest that myocardial delivery of ECFC + MPC at reperfusion may provide a therapeutic strategy to mitigate LV remodeling and cardiac dysfunction after IRI.
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141
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Yu M, Wen S, Wang M, Liang W, Li HH, Long Q, Guo HP, Liao YH, Yuan J. TNF-α-secreting B cells contribute to myocardial fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1002-8. [PMID: 23558825 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive inflammation responses mediated by CD4(+) T cells contributes to myocardial fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) resulting from viral myocarditis. Recently, some scholars discovered that B cells harbored an abnormal pro-inflammatory capacity besides the production of autoantibodies. Thus, we aimed to explore whether and which type of B cells act on myocardial fibrosis in DCM. METHODS A total of 56 newly hospitalized DCM patients were studied, and among these, 17 patients accepted the gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for myocardial fibrosis evaluations. RESULTS B cell functions including the frequency and proliferation were significantly elevated in DCM patients. After screening the important cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and TGF-β produced in these B cells by flow cytometry, we found that only the TNF-α-secreting B cells were obviously increased. Furthermore, the TNF-α protein secretion and mRNA levels were also enhanced in LPS-stimulated B cell isolated from DCM patients. In addition, 10 patients (59%) with increased TNF-α-secreting B cells showed late enhancement and boosted serum procollagen type III compared with the other 7 patients (41%) whose enhancement could not be detected. Moreover, the frequencies of TNF-α-secreting B cells were negatively correlated with LVEF and positively correlated with LVEDD, NT-proBNP and procollagen type III in all of the DCM patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study firstly suggested that TNF-α-secreting B cells were involved in myocardial fibrosis, which revealed the new pathogenic mechanism of B cells in DCM, and therapeutic targets against these cells might be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie-Fang Avenue 1277#, Wuhan 430022, China
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142
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Gao J, Zhao L, Wang Y, Teng Q, Liang L, Zhang J. Effect of limb ischemic preconditioning on myocardial apoptosis-related proteins in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1305-1309. [PMID: 23737869 PMCID: PMC3671768 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of limb ischemic preconditioning (LIPC) on myocardial apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), as well as the regulation of caspase-3 and the B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene in LIPC. A total of 50 rats were divided randomly into 5 groups (n=10). Four rats in each group were drawn out for detection of apoptosis. The sham, MIRI and LIPC groups underwent surgery without additional treatment. In the LY294002 group, LY294002 preconditioning was administered 15 min before reperfusion. In the LY294002+LIPC group, following LIPC, LY294002 was administered 15 min before reperfusion. The relative expression of myocardial Bcl-2 and caspase-3 mRNA and the apoptotic index for each group were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. The ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle tissues was observed by election microscopy. Compared with the sham group, the expression of caspase-3 mRNA in the MIRI group significantly increased (P<0.05) and the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA clearly decreased. Compared with the MIRI group, LIPC reduced the expression of caspase-3 and increased the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the LY294002+LIPC group and the MIRI group. Compared with the sham group, the apoptotic index of myocardial cells in the MIRI group significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the MIRI group, LIPC significantly decreased the apoptotic index of myocardial cells (P<0.05) and LY294002 increased the apoptotic index of myocardial cells. Compared with the LIPC group, LY294002+LIPC significantly increased the apoptotic index of myocardial cells (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the LY294002+LIPC and MIRI groups. In conclusion, LIPC increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased caspase-3 mRNA and apoptosis in myocardial tissue following MIRI. Therefore, LIPC plays a protective role in myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003
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143
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Vivar R, Humeres C, Ayala P, Olmedo I, Catalán M, García L, Lavandero S, Díaz-Araya G. TGF-β1 prevents simulated ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac fibroblast apoptosis by activation of both canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:754-62. [PMID: 23416528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of myocardial death. In the heart, cardiac fibroblasts play a critical role in healing post myocardial infarction. TGF-β1 has shown cardioprotective effects in cardiac damage; however, if TGF-β1 can prevent cardiac fibroblast death triggered by ischemia/reperfusion is unknown. Therefore, we test this hypothesis, and whether the canonical and/or non-canonical TGF-β1 signaling pathways are involved in this protective effect. Cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts were subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion. Cell viability was analyzed by trypan blue exclusion and propidium iodide by flow cytometry. The processing of procaspases 8, 9 and 3 to their active forms was assessed by Western blot, whereas subG1 population was evaluated by flow cytometry. Levels of total and phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2, Akt and Smad2/3 were determined by Western blot. The role of these signaling pathways on the protective effect of TGF-β1 was studied using specific chemical inhibitors. Simulated ischemia over 8h triggers a significant cardiac fibroblast death, which increased by reperfusion, with apoptosis actively involved. These effects were only prevented by the addition of TGF-β1 during reperfusion. TGF-β1 pretreatment increased the levels of phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2, Akt and Smad2/3. The inhibition of ERK1/2, Akt and Smad3 also blocked the preventive effects of TGF-β1 on cardiac fibroblast apoptosis induced by simulated ischemia/reperfusion. Overall, our data suggest that TGF-β1 prevents cardiac fibroblast apoptosis induced by simulated ischemia-reperfusion through the canonical (Smad3) and non canonical (ERK1/2 and Akt) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Vivar
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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144
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of left ventricular dilatation, frequently leading to heart failure. In the last decade, the wound healing process that takes place in the infarct area after infarction has been recognized as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate left ventricular dilatation and preserve an adequate cardiac function. In this chapter, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the wound healing process after infarction, with a specific focus on its modulating effect on myofibroblast characteristics.
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145
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Soraya H, Farajnia S, Khani S, Rameshrad M, Khorrami A, Banani A, Maleki-Dizaji N, Garjani A. Short-term treatment with metformin suppresses toll like receptors (TLRs) activity in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rat: Are AMPK and TLRs connected? Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:785-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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146
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Salimath AS, Phelps EA, Boopathy AV, Che PL, Brown M, García AJ, Davis ME. Dual delivery of hepatocyte and vascular endothelial growth factors via a protease-degradable hydrogel improves cardiac function in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50980. [PMID: 23226440 PMCID: PMC3511447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) caused by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) is the most common cause of cardiac dysfunction due to local cell death and a temporally regulated inflammatory response. Current therapeutics are limited by delivery vehicles that do not address spatial and temporal aspects of healing. The aim of this study was to engineer biotherapeutic delivery materials to harness endogenous cell repair to enhance myocardial repair and function. We have previously engineered poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels to present cell adhesive motifs and deliver VEGF to promote vascularization in vivo. In the current study, bioactive hydrogels with a protease-degradable crosslinker were loaded with hepatocyte and vascular endothelial growth factors (HGF and VEGF, respectively) and delivered to the infarcted myocardium of rats. Release of both growth factors was accelerated in the presence of collagenase due to hydrogel degradation. When delivered to the border zones following ischemia-reperfusion injury, there was no acute effect on cardiac function as measured by echocardiography. Over time there was a significant increase in angiogenesis, stem cell recruitment, and a decrease in fibrosis in the dual growth factor delivery group that was significant compared with single growth factor therapy. This led to an improvement in chronic function as measured by both invasive hemodynamics and echocardiography. These data demonstrate that dual growth factor release of HGF and VEGF from a bioactive hydrogel has the capacity to significantly improve cardiac remodeling and function following IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva S. Salimath
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Archana V. Boopathy
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pao-lin Che
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Milton Brown
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrés J. García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vilahur G, Casani L, Juan-Babot O, Guerra JM, Badimon L. Infiltrated cardiac lipids impair myofibroblast-induced healing of the myocardial scar post-myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:368-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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van den Akker F, Deddens JC, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG. Cardiac stem cell therapy to modulate inflammation upon myocardial infarction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2449-58. [PMID: 22975401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI) a local inflammatory reaction clears the damaged myocardium from dead cells and matrix debris at the onset of scar formation. The intensity and duration of this inflammatory reaction are intimately linked to post-infarct remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Strikingly, treatment with standard anti-inflammatory drugs worsens clinical outcome, suggesting a dual role of inflammation in the cardiac response to injury. Cardiac stem cell therapy with different stem or progenitor cells, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), was recently found to have beneficial effects, mostly related to paracrine actions. One of the suggested paracrine effects of cell therapy is modulation of the immune system. SCOPE OF REVIEW MSC are reported to interact with several cells of the immune system and could therefore be an excellent means to reduce detrimental inflammatory reactions and promote the switch to the healing phase upon cardiac injury. This review focuses on the potential use of MSC therapy for post-MI inflammation. To understand the effects MSC might have on the post-MI heart the cellular and molecular changes in the myocardium after MI need to be understood. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS By studying the general pathways involved in immunomodulation, and examining the interactions with cell types important for post-MI inflammation, it becomes clear that MSC treatment might provide a new therapeutic opportunity to improve cardiac outcome after acute injury. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Using stem cells to target the post-MI inflammation is a novel therapy which could have considerable clinical implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van den Akker
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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149
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Vilahur G, Casani L, Guerra JM, Badimon L. Intake of fermented beverages protect against acute myocardial injury: target organ cardiac effects and vasculoprotective effects. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:291. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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150
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Vilahur G, Cubedo J, Casani L, Padro T, Sabate-Tenas M, Badimon JJ, Badimon L. Reperfusion-triggered stress protein response in the myocardium is blocked by post-conditioning. Systems biology pathway analysis highlights the key role of the canonical aryl-hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:2082-93. [PMID: 22851653 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ischaemic post-conditioning (IPost-Co) exerts cardioprotection by diminishing ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Yet, the mechanisms involved in such protection remain largely unknown. We have investigated the effects of IPost-Co in cardiac cells and in heart performance using molecular, proteomic and functional approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs underwent 1.5 h mid-left anterior descending balloon occlusion and then were sacrificed without reperfusion (ischaemia; n= 7), subjected to 2.5 h of cardiac reperfusion and sacrificed (n= 5); or subjected to IPost-Co before reperfusion and sacrificed 0.5 h (n= 4) and 2.5 h (n= 5) afterwards. A sham-operated group was included (n= 4). Ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardium was obtained for molecular/histological analysis. Proteomic analysis was performed by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight identification. Potential protein networks involved were identified by bioinformatics and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. IPost-Co diminished (up to 2.5 h) reperfusion-induced apoptosis of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways whereas it did not affect reperfusion-induced Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/P70S6K activation. Proteomic studies showed that IPost-Co reverted 43% of cardiac cytoplasmic protein changes observed during ischaemia and ischaemia + reperfusion. Systems biology assessment revealed significant changes in the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway (cell damage related). Bioinformatic data were confirmed since the expression of HSP90, AhR, ANRT, and β-tubulin (involved in AhR-signalling transduction) were accordingly modified after IPost-Co. IPost-Co rescued 52% of the left ventricle-at-risk compared with reperfusion alone and resulted in a ≈30% relative improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (P <0.05). CONCLUSION IPost-Co improves cardiac function post-myocardial infarction and reduces reperfusion-induced cell damage by down-regulation of the AhR-signalling transduction pathway ultimately leading to infarct size reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and CIBEROBN-Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, c/Sant Antoni MªClaret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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