101
|
Kalimuthu K, Kwon WY, Park KS. A simple approach for rapid and cost-effective quantification of extracellular vesicles using a fluorescence polarization technique. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:31. [PMID: 31015861 PMCID: PMC6469078 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound phospholipid vesicles actively secreted by all cells. As they carry specific markers expressed by their parental cells, EVs are utilized to identify specific cells via liquid biopsy. To facilitate EV-based clinical diagnosis, a fast and reliable method to count EVs is critical. We developed a method for rapid and cost-effective quantification of EVs which relies on the fluorescence polarization (FP) detection of lipophilic fluorescein probe, 5-dodecanoylamino fluorescein (C12-FAM). The alkyl tail of C12-FAM is specifically incorporated into the EVs, producing high FP values due to a slow diffusional motion. We quantified EVs derived from two cell lines, HT29 and TCMK1 using the new strategy, with good sensitivity that was at par with the commercial method. The new method involves minimal complexity and hands-on time. In addition, FP signaling is inherently ratiometric and is robust against environmental noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalishwaralal Kalimuthu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040307. [PMID: 30987213 PMCID: PMC6523673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to recipient cells, thus mediating a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. They are also thought to be involved in cellular waste disposal. Exosomes play significant roles in various biological functions, including the transfer of biomolecules such as RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids and the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes in various diseases. Because of these properties, they are considered to be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and may contribute to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies. The biocompatible nature of exosomes could enhance the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics. Due to their potential use in clinical applications, exosomes have attracted much research attention on their roles in health and disease. To explore the use of exosomes in the biomedical arena, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the history, biogenesis, release, isolation, characterization, and biological functions of exosomes, as well as the factors influencing their biogenesis and their technical and biological challenges. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future perspectives of exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Rong X, Liu J, Yao X, Jiang T, Wang Y, Xie F. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes alleviate liver fibrosis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30885249 PMCID: PMC6421647 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly being applied as a therapy for liver fibrosis. Exosomes possess similar functions to their parent cells; however, they are safe and effective cell-free reagents with controllable and predictable outcomes. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanism for human bone mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (hBM-MSCs-Ex) in the treatment of liver fibrosis. METHODS We established an 8-week CCl4-induced rat liver fibrosis model, after which, we administered hBM-MSCs-Ex in vivo for 4 weeks. The resulting histopathology, liver function, and inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. In addition, we investigated the anti-fibrotic mechanism of hBM-MSCs-Ex in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver fibrosis tissue, by western blotting for the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related genes. RESULTS In vivo administration of hBM-MSCs-Ex effectively alleviated liver fibrosis, including a reduction in collagen accumulation, enhanced liver functionality, inhibition of inflammation, and increased hepatocyte regeneration. Moreover, based on measurement of the collagen area, Ishak fibrosis score, MDA levels, IL-1, and IL-6, the therapeutic effect of hBM-MSCs-Ex against liver fibrosis was significantly greater than that of hBM-MSCs. In addition, we found that hBM-MSCs-Ex inhibited the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway components (PPARγ, Wnt3a, Wnt10b, β-catenin, WISP1, Cyclin D1), α-SMA, and Collagen I, in both HSCs and liver fibrosis tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hBM-MSCs-Ex treatment could ameliorate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis via inhibition of HSC activation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Rong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.,The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Quality Control, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Xia Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Road, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Tiechao Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St., Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Nath Neerukonda S, Egan NA, Patria J, Assakhi I, Tavlarides-Hontz P, Modla S, Muñoz ER, Hudson MB, Parcells MS. Comparison of exosomes purified via ultracentrifugation (UC) and Total Exosome Isolation (TEI) reagent from the serum of Marek’s disease virus (MDV)-vaccinated and tumor-bearing chickens. J Virol Methods 2019; 263:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
105
|
Smith JT, Wunsch BH, Dogra N, Ahsen ME, Lee K, Yadav KK, Weil R, Pereira MA, Patel JV, Duch EA, Papalia JM, Lofaro MF, Gupta M, Tewari AK, Cordon-Cardo C, Stolovitzky G, Gifford SM. Integrated nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement arrays for separation of extracellular vesicles from clinically-relevant volumes of biological samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3913-3925. [PMID: 30468237 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer many opportunities in early-stage disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and precision therapy owing to their high abundance in bodily fluids, accessibility from liquid biopsy, and presence of nucleic acid and protein cargo from their cell of origin. Despite their growing promise, isolation of EVs for analysis remains a labor-intensive and time-consuming challenge given their nanoscale dimensions (30-200 nm) and low buoyant density. Here, we report a simple, size-based EV separation technology that integrates 1024 nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement (nanoDLD) arrays on a single chip capable of parallel processing sample fluids at rates of up to 900 μL h-1. Benchmarking the nanoDLD chip against commonly used EV isolation technologies, including ultracentrifugation (UC), UC plus density gradient, qEV size-exclusion chromatography (Izon Science), and the exoEasy Maxi Kit (QIAGEN), we demonstrate a superior yield of ∼50% for both serum and urine samples, representing the ability to use smaller input volumes to achieve the same number of isolated EVs, and a concentration factor enhancement of up to ∼3× for both sample types, adjustable to ∼60× for urine through judicious design. Further, RNA sequencing was carried out on nanoDLD- and UC-isolated EVs from prostate cancer (PCa) patient serum samples, resulting in a higher gene expression correlation between replicates for nanoDLD-isolated EVs with enriched miRNA, decreased rRNA, and the ability to detect previously reported RNA indicators of aggressive PCa. Taken together, these results suggest nanoDLD as a promising alternative technology for fast, reproducible, and automatable EV-isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Kuroda H, Tachikawa M, Yagi Y, Umetsu M, Nurdin A, Miyauchi E, Watanabe M, Uchida Y, Terasaki T. Cluster of Differentiation 46 Is the Major Receptor in Human Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells for Uptake of Exosomes Derived from Brain-Metastatic Melanoma Cells (SK-Mel-28). Mol Pharm 2018; 16:292-304. [PMID: 30452273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a frequent complication of cancer and may be mediated, at least in part, by the internalization of cancer-cell-derived exosomes into brain capillary endothelial cells. Clarifying the mechanism(s) of this internalization is of interest because it could help us to develop ways to block brain metastasis, as well as affording a potential new route for drug delivery into the brain. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to address this issue by identifying the receptors involved in the internalization of exosomes derived from a brain-metastatic cancer cell line (SK-Mel-28) into human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cells). The combination of sulfo-SBED-based cross-linking and comprehensive proteomics yielded 20 proteins as exosome receptor candidates in hCMEC/D3 cells. The uptake of PKH67-labeled exosomes by hCMEC/D3 cells measured at 37 °C was significantly reduced by 95.6% at 4 °C and by 15.3% in the presence of 1 mM RGD peptide, an integrin ligand. Therefore, we focused on the identified RGD receptors, integrin α5 and integrin αV, and CD46, which is reported to act as an adenovirus receptor, together with integrin αV. A mixture of neutralizing antibodies against integrin α5 and integrin αV significantly decreased the exosome uptake by 11.8%, while application of CD46 siRNA reduced it by 39.0%. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of CD46 in human brain capillary endothelial cells. These results suggest that CD46 is a major receptor for the uptake of SK-Mel-28-derived exosomes by human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cells).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kuroda
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Yuta Yagi
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Mina Umetsu
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Armania Nurdin
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Eisuke Miyauchi
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Parimon T, Garrett NE, Chen P, Antes TJ. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30474626 DOI: 10.3791/58310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during physiological and pathological states. The isolation of EVs continues to be a major challenge in this field, due to limitations intrinsic to each technique. The differential ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation method is a commonly used approach and is considered to be the gold standard procedure for EV isolation. However, this procedure is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and generally results in low scalability, which may not be suitable for small-volume samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We demonstrate that an ultrafiltration centrifugation isolation method is simple and time- and labor-efficient yet provides a high recovery yield and purity. We propose that this isolation method could be an alternative approach that is suitable for EV isolation, particularly for small-volume biological specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanyalak Parimon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center;
| | - Norman E Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Travis J Antes
- Department of Medicine, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Stübiger G, Nairn MD, Abban TK, Openshaw ME, Mancera L, Herzig B, Wuczkowski M, Senfter D, Mader RM. MALDI-MS Protein Profiling of Chemoresistance in Extracellular Vesicles of Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13178-13182. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Stübiger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael D. Nairn
- Shimadzu/Kratos Analytical, Trafford Wharf Road, M17 1GP Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tom K. Abban
- Shimadzu/Kratos Analytical, Trafford Wharf Road, M17 1GP Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E. Openshaw
- Shimadzu/Kratos Analytical, Trafford Wharf Road, M17 1GP Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Mancera
- Clover Bioanalytical Software SL, Avda De La Innovacion 1, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Barbara Herzig
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wuczkowski
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Department of Paediatrics, Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert M. Mader
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Li LM, Liu H, Liu XH, Hu HB, Liu SM. Clinical significance of exosomal miRNAs and proteins in three human cancers with high mortality in China. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:11-22. [PMID: 30655733 PMCID: PMC6313090 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. More importantly, the mortality rates for cancer are increasing. In China, lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer are the top three leading causes of mortality in males, whereas lung cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer are ranked the top three causes of mortality in females. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are produced and released by many different cells; these vesicles have a size range between 30 and 100 nm in diameter, and contain a lipid bilayer. Exosomes exist in various bodily fluids, contain plentiful amounts of nucleic acids and proteins, and shuttle these materials between cells to mediate the development of cancers. The present review summarizes the composition of exosomes and methods for their isolation and then intensively highlights the latest findings on the contributions of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins to lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer. Taken together, exosomal miRNAs and proteins may be used as noninvasive, novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis or precision treatment owing to their ability to promote tumor progression and metastasis, and their ability to regulate the immune response and tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Man Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Understanding extracellular vesicle diversity – current status. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:887-910. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1537788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Wang W, Luo J, Wang S. Recent Progress in Isolation and Detection of Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800484. [PMID: 30009550 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as one of the many new and promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy of cancer due to their loading capability of some specific proteins and nucleic acids that are closely associated with cancer states. As such, the isolation and detection of cancer-derived EVs offer important information in noninvasive diagnosis of early-stage cancer and real-time monitoring of cancer development. In light of the importance of EVs, over the last decade, researchers have made remarkable innovations to advance the development of EV isolation and detection methods by taking advantage of microfluidics, biomolecule probes, nanomaterials, surface plasmon, optics, and so on. This review introduces the basic properties of EVs and common cancer-derived EV ingredients, and provides a comprehensive overview of EV isolation and detection strategies, with emphasis on liquid biopsies of EVs for cancer diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Wu X, Li L, Iliuk A, Tao WA. Highly Efficient Phosphoproteome Capture and Analysis from Urinary Extracellular Vesicles. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3308-3316. [PMID: 30080416 PMCID: PMC7236337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of protein phosphorylation in extracellular vesicles (EVs) offers an unprecedented potential for understanding cancer signaling and early stage disease diagnosis. However, prior to the phosphoproteome analysis step, the isolation of EVs from biofluids remains a challenging issue to overcome due to the low yield and impurity from current isolation methods. Here, we carry out an extensive assessment of several EV isolation methods including a novel rapid isolation method EVTRAP for highly efficient capture of extracellular vesicles from human urine sample. We demonstrate that over 95% recovery yield can be consistently achieved by EVTRAP, a significant improvement over current standard techniques. We then applied EVTRAP to identify over 16 000 unique peptides representing 2000 unique EV proteins from 200 μL urine sample, including all known EV markers with substantially increased recovery levels over ultracentrifugation. Most importantly, close to 2000 unique phosphopeptides were identified from more than 860 unique phosphoproteins using 10 mL of urine. The data demonstrated that EVTRAP is a highly effective and potentially widely implementable clinical isolation method for analysis of EV protein phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Li Li
- Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Anton Iliuk
- Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - W. Andy Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Palmirotta R, Lovero D, Cafforio P, Felici C, Mannavola F, Pellè E, Quaresmini D, Tucci M, Silvestris F. Liquid biopsy of cancer: a multimodal diagnostic tool in clinical oncology. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918794630. [PMID: 30181785 PMCID: PMC6116068 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918794630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the concept of precision medicine has dramatically renewed
the field of medical oncology; the introduction of patient-tailored therapies
has significantly improved all measurable outcomes. Liquid biopsy is a
revolutionary technique that is opening previously unexpected perspectives. It
consists of the detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells, circulating
tumor DNA and exosomes, as a source of genomic and proteomic information in
patients with cancer. Many technical hurdles have been resolved thanks to newly
developed techniques and next-generation sequencing analyses, allowing a broad
application of liquid biopsy in a wide range of settings. Initially correlated
to prognosis, liquid biopsy data are now being studied for cancer diagnosis,
hopefully including screenings, and most importantly for the prediction of
response or resistance to given treatments. In particular, the identification of
specific mutations in target genes can aid in therapeutic decisions, both in the
appropriateness of treatment and in the advanced identification of secondary
resistance, aiming to early diagnose disease progression. Still application is
far from reality but ongoing research is leading the way to a new era in
oncology. This review summarizes the main techniques and applications of liquid
biopsy in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Palmirotta
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Cafforio
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Felici
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pellè
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Quaresmini
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Tumor-derived exosomes in cancer metastasis risk diagnosis and metastasis therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:152-159. [PMID: 30051211 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomes secreted from the membrane by exocytosis as multivesicular bodies and are generally defined by their spherical, unilamellar morphology, size and the expression of specific biomarkers used for diagnosis or therapy targets. Recent research has reported a higher relationship between exosome enrichment and tumor disease development. In this review, we discuss exosome intercellular communication and functions in the pathology of disease, especially on the cancer metastasis related with exosome. We introduce how exosomes from cancer and stem cancer cells target different organs through transporting molecular proteins of exosome inclusions to improve or inhibit cancer metastasis as well as highlight exosome therapy strategies for tumor pathology involving microRNAs.
Collapse
|
115
|
Lee J, Kwon MH, Kim JA, Rhee WJ. Detection of exosome miRNAs using molecular beacons for diagnosing prostate cancer. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S52-S63. [PMID: 30033809 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1489263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males worldwide. However, the biomarker for diagnosing prostate cancer that is used currently has limitations that must be overcome. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that the cancer liquid biopsy can be implemented by using exosome miRNAs. However, the current methods for the detection of exosome miRNAs are time-consuming, expensive, and laborious. Thus, we investigated a novel method for diagnosing prostate cancer that involves the use of molecular beacons for the in situ detection of miRNAs in exosomes from prostate cancer cells. We chose miRNA-375 and miRNA-574-3p as the target miRNAs for prostate cancer, and these markers in exosomes produced by prostate cancer cells including DU145 and PC-3 were successfully detected using molecular beacons. High fluorescent signals were obtained from MB and miRNA hybridization in exosomes in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, exosome miRNAs can be detected even in the presence of human urine, so this method can be applied directly using human urine to perform liquid biopsies for prostate cancer. Overall, the in situ detection of exosome miRNAs using molecular beacons can be developed as a simple, cost effective, and non-invasive liquid biopsy for diagnosing prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Lee
- a Division of Bioengineering , Incheon National University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Kwon
- a Division of Bioengineering , Incheon National University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- b Biomedical Omics Group , Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- a Division of Bioengineering , Incheon National University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Zanotti S, Gibertini S, Blasevich F, Bragato C, Ruggieri A, Saredi S, Fabbri M, Bernasconi P, Maggi L, Mantegazza R, Mora M. Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs from muscle-derived fibroblasts promote skeletal muscle fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 74:77-100. [PMID: 29981373 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, natural carriers of mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and proteins between donor and recipient cells, actively contribute to cell-cell communication. We investigated the potential pro-fibrotic role of exosomes released by muscle-derived fibroblasts of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, and of miRNAs carried by exosomes. By fibrosis focused array analysis we found that exosomes from DMD fibroblasts, had significantly higher levels of miR-199a-5p, a miRNA up-regulated in fibrotic conditions, compared to control exosomes, while levels in myoblast-derived exosomes were not increased. In control fibroblasts, exposure to DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes induced a myofibroblastic phenotype with increase in α-smooth actin, collagen and fibronectin transcript and protein expression, soluble collagen production and deposition, cell proliferation, and activation of Akt and ERK signaling, while exposure to control exosomes did not. Transfecting control fibroblasts or loading control exosomes with miR-199a-5p mimic or inhibitor induced opposing effects on fibrosis-related mRNAs and proteins, on collagen production and Akt and ERK pathways. Finally, injection of DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes into mouse tibialis anterior muscle after cardiotoxin-induced necrosis, produced greater fibrosis than control exosomes. Our findings indicate that exosomes produced by local fibroblasts in the DMD muscle are able to induce phenotypic conversion of normal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts thereby increasing the fibrotic response. This conversion is related to transfer of high levels of miR-199a-5p and to reduction of its target caveolin-1; both, therefore, are potential therapeutic targets in muscle fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zanotti
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Gibertini
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Flavia Blasevich
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bragato
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggieri
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Saredi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Unit of Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Exosome purification based on PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199438. [PMID: 29933408 PMCID: PMC6014651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells secrete many exosomes, which facilitate metastasis and the later growth of cancer. For early cancer diagnosis, the detection of exosomes is a crucial step. Exosomes exist in biological fluid, such as blood, which contains various proteins. It is necessary to remove the proteins in the biological fluid to avoid test interference. This paper presented a novel method for exosome isolation using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which were synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method and then coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The experimental results showed that the diameter of the PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was about 20 nm, while an agglomerate of MNPs reached hundreds of nanometers in size. In the protein removal experiments, fetal bovine serum (FBS) was adopted as the analyte for bioassays of exosome purification. PEG-coated Fe3O4 MNPs reduced the protein concentration in FBS to 39.89% of the original solution. By observing a particle size distribution of 30~200 nm (the size range of various exosomes), the exosome concentrations were kept the same before and after purification. In the gel electrophoresis experiments, the bands of CD63 (~53 kDa) and CD9 (~22 kDa) revealed that exosomes existed in FBS as well as in the purified solution. However, the bands of the serum albumins (~66 kDa) and the various immunoglobulins (around 160 ~ 188 kDa) in the purified solution’s lane explained that most proteins in FBS were removed by PEG-coated Fe3O4 MNPs. When purifying exosomes from serum, protein removal is critical for further exosome investigation. The proposed technique provides a simple and effective method to remove proteins in the serum using the PEG-coated Fe3O4 MNPs.
Collapse
|
118
|
Tucci M, Mannavola F, Passarelli A, Stucci LS, Cives M, Silvestris F. Exosomes in melanoma: a role in tumor progression, metastasis and impaired immune system activity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20826-20837. [PMID: 29755693 PMCID: PMC5945529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo) are small vesicles produced by melanoma cells and the accessory cells of the tumor microenvironment. They emerge via both classical and direct pathways and actively participate in tumor colonisation of distant tissues. The proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines and growth factors engulfed by Exo are transferred to recipient cells, where they drive numerous functions required for the tumor escape from immune system control and tumor progression. By positively or negatively modulating immune cell properties, Exo provoke immune suppression and, in turn, defective dendritic cell (DC) functions. Together, these effects limit the cytotoxicity of T-cells and expand both T-regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor populations. They also hinder perforin and granzyme production by natural killer cells. Finally, Exo also control the organotropism of melanoma cells. The distinct phenotypic properties of Exo can be exploited both for diagnostic purposes and in the early identification of melanoma patients likely to respond to immunotherapy. The potential therapeutic application of Exo derived from DCs has been demonstrated in vaccination trials, which showed an increase in anti-melanoma activity with respect to circulating tumor cells. However, additional studies are required before Exo can be effectively used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Passarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigia Stefania Stucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Cives
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Kwizera EA, O'Connor R, Vinduska V, Williams M, Butch ER, Snyder SE, Chen X, Huang X. Molecular Detection and Analysis of Exosomes Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Gold Nanorods and a Miniaturized Device. Theranostics 2018; 8:2722-2738. [PMID: 29774071 PMCID: PMC5957005 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a potential source of cancer biomarkers. Probing tumor-derived exosomes can offer a potential non-invasive way to diagnose cancer, assess cancer progression, and monitor treatment responses. Novel molecular methods would facilitate exosome analysis and accelerate basic and clinical exosome research. Methods: A standard gold-coated glass microscopy slide was used to develop a miniaturized affinity-based device to capture exosomes in a target-specific manner with the assistance of low-cost 3-D printing technology. Gold nanorods coated with QSY21 Raman reporters were used as the label agent to quantitatively detect the target proteins based on surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. The expressions of several surface protein markers on exosomes from conditioned culture media of breast cancer cells and from HER2-positive breast cancer patients were quantitatively measured. The data was statistically analyzed and compared with healthy controls. Results: A miniaturized 17 × 5 Au array device with 2-mm well size was fabricated to capture exosomes in a target-specific manner and detect the target proteins on exosomes with surface enhanced Raman scattering gold nanorods. This assay can specifically detect exosomes with a limit of detection of 2×106 exosomes/mL and analyze over 80 purified samples on a single device within 2 h. Using the assay, we have showed that exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and SKBR3 breast cancer cells give distinct protein profiles compared to exosomes derived from MCF12A normal breast cells. We have also showed that exosomes in the plasma from HER2-positive breast cancer patients exhibit significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher level of HER2 and EpCAM than those from healthy donors. Conclusion: We have developed a simple, inexpensive, highly efficient, and portable Raman exosome assay for detection and protein profiling of exosomes. Using the assay and model exosomes from breast cancer cells, we have showed that exosomes exhibit diagnostic surface protein markers, reflecting the protein profile of their donor cells. Through proof-of-concept studies, we have identified HER2 and EpCAM biomarkers on exosomes in plasma from HER2-positive breast cancer patients, suggesting the diagnostic potential of these markers for breast cancer diagnostics. This assay would accelerate exosome research and pave a way to the development of novel cancer liquid biopsy for cancer detection and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Vojtech Vinduska
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Melody Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Elizabeth R. Butch
- Diagnostics Imaging Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Scott E. Snyder
- Diagnostics Imaging Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Drusco A, Fadda P, Nigita G, Fassan M, Bottoni A, Gardiman MP, Sacchi D, Calore F, Carosi M, Antenucci A, Casini B, Kelani H, Pescarmona E, Di Leva G, Zanesi N, Berger MS, Croce CM. Circulating Micrornas Predict Survival of Patients with Tumors of Glial Origin. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:105-112. [PMID: 29643013 PMCID: PMC5952410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has recently introduced molecular prognostic-diagnostic biomarkers in the classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. In order to characterize subclasses of tumors that cannot find a precise location in the current classification, and, or cannot be tested because of scant material, it is important to find new molecular biomarkers in tissue and, or biological fluid samples. In this study, we identified serum microRNAs that could serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with tumors of glial origin. We retrospectively analyzed microRNA expression in the serum extracellular vesicles of patients with tumors of glial origin. Extracellular vesicles RNA was analyzed by Nanostring. qRT-PCR confirmed 6 overexpressed microRNAs: hsa-miR-4443, hsa-miR-422a, hsa-miR-494-3p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-520f-3p, and hsa-miR-549a. Hsa-miR-4443 was the only microRNA that showed significant differences in most comparisons. In situ hybridization (ISH), confirmed that our signature was mostly expressed in cancer cells. Importantly, hsa-miR-549a and hsa-miR-502-5p expression predicted prognosis in patients with tumors of glial origin. Although more studies are needed, we demonstrated that serum vesicles microRNA profiles are promising diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers that will find an actual application in the clinical practice of CNS tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Drusco
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Paolo Fadda
- CCC - Genomics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Dept. of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Arianna Bottoni
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marina P Gardiman
- Dept. of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Sacchi
- Dept. of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Calore
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mariantonia Carosi
- Dept. of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Antenucci
- Dept. of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casini
- Dept. of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Hesham Kelani
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Edoardo Pescarmona
- Dept. of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zanesi
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell S Berger
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Dept. of Cancer Biology and Genetics (CBG), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Munson P, Lam YW, Dragon J, MacPherson M, Shukla A. Exosomes from asbestos-exposed cells modulate gene expression in mesothelial cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:4328-4342. [PMID: 29553831 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701291rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asbestos exposure is a determinate cause of many diseases, such as mesothelioma, fibrosis, and lung cancer, and poses a major human health hazard. At this time, there are no identified biomarkers to demarcate asbestos exposure before the presentation of disease and symptoms, and there is only limited understanding of the underlying biology that governs asbestos-induced disease. In our study, we used exosomes, 30-140 nm extracellular vesicles, to gain insight into these knowledge gaps. As inhaled asbestos is first encountered by lung epithelial cells and macrophages, we hypothesize that asbestos-exposed cells secrete exosomes with signature proteomic cargo that can alter the gene expression of mesothelial cells, contributing to disease outcomes like mesothelioma. In the present study using lung epithelial cells (BEAS2B) and macrophages (THP-1), we first show that asbestos exposure causes changes in abundance of some proteins in the exosomes secreted from these cells. Furthermore, exposure of human mesothelial cells (HPM3) to these exosomes resulted in gene expression changes related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and other cancer-related genes. This is the first report to indicate that asbestos-exposed cells secrete exosomes with differentially abundant proteins and that those exosomes have a gene-altering effect on mesothelial cells.-Munson, P., Lam, Y.-W., Dragon, J. MacPherson, M., Shukla, A. Exosomes from asbestos-exposed cells modulate gene expression in mesothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Munson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Vermont Genetics Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Julie Dragon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Maximilian MacPherson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Kim YS, Ahn JS, Kim S, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kang JS. The potential theragnostic (diagnostic+therapeutic) application of exosomes in diverse biomedical fields. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:113-125. [PMID: 29520164 PMCID: PMC5840070 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter that are derived from the exocytosis of the intraluminal vesicles of many cell types including immune cells, stem cells, cardiovascular cells and tumor cells. Exosomes participate in intercellular communication by delivering their contents to recipient cells, with or without direct contact between cells, and thereby influence physiological and pathological processes. They are present in various body fluids and contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and microRNAs that can be transported to surrounding cells. Theragnosis is a concept in next-generation medicine that simultaneously combines accurate diagnostics with therapeutic effects. Molecular components in exosomes have been found to be related to certain diseases and treatment responses, indicating that they may have applications in diagnosis via molecular imaging and biomarker detection. In addition, recent studies have reported that exosomes have immunotherapeutic applications or can act as a drug delivery system for targeted therapies with drugs and biomolecules. In this review, we describe the formation, structure, and physiological roles of exosomes. We also discuss their roles in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The potential applications of exosomes for theragnostic purposes in various diseases are also discussed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the physiological and pathological roles of exosomes as well as their diagnostic and therapeutic uses, including emerging exosome-based therapies that could not be applied until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Shin-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ju-Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Konoshenko MY, Lekchnov EA, Vlassov AV, Laktionov PP. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8545347. [PMID: 29662902 PMCID: PMC5831698 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8545347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the communication between cells and transport of diagnostically significant molecules. A wide diversity of approaches utilizing different biochemical properties of EVs and a lack of accepted protocols make data interpretation very challenging. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review consolidates the data on the classical and state-of-the-art methods for isolation of EVs, including exosomes, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Various characteristics of individual methods, including isolation efficiency, EV yield, properties of isolated EVs, and labor consumption are compared. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A mixed population of vesicles is obtained in most studies of EVs for all used isolation methods. The properties of an analyzed sample should be taken into account when planning an experiment aimed at studying and using these vesicles. The problem of adequate EVs isolation methods still remains; it might not be possible to develop a universal EV isolation method but the available protocols can be used towards solving particular types of problems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE With the wide use of EVs for diagnosis and therapy of various diseases the evaluation of existing methods for EV isolation is one of the key problems in modern biology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yu. Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A. Lekchnov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Obacz J, Avril T, Rubio-Patiño C, Bossowski JP, Igbaria A, Ricci JE, Chevet E. Regulation of tumor-stroma interactions by the unfolded protein response. FEBS J 2017; 286:279-296. [PMID: 29239107 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive pathway that helps cells cope with the protein misfolding burden within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Imbalance between protein folding demand and capacity in the ER leads to a situation called ER stress that is often observed in highly proliferative and secretory tumor cells. As such, activation of the UPR signaling has emerged as a key adaptive mechanism promoting cancer progression. It is becoming widely acknowledged that, in addition to its intrinsic effect on tumor biology, the UPR can also regulate tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how the UPR coordinates the crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells, such as endothelial cells, normal parenchymal cells, and immune cells. In addition, we further describe the involvement of ER stress signaling in the response to current treatments as well as its impact on antitumor immunity mainly driven by immunogenic cell death. Finally, in this context, we discuss the relevance of targeting ER stress/UPR signaling as a potential anticancer approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- Inserm U1242 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling', Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Tony Avril
- Inserm U1242 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling', Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling', Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Han S, Gonzalo DH, Feely M, Rinaldi C, Belsare S, Zhai H, Kalra K, Gerber MH, Forsmark CE, Hughes SJ. Stroma-derived extracellular vesicles deliver tumor-suppressive miRNAs to pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5764-5777. [PMID: 29464032 PMCID: PMC5814172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The biology of tumor-associated stroma (TAS) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is not well understood. The paradoxical observation that stroma-depletion strategies lead to progression of PDAC reinforced the need to critically evaluate the functional contribution of TAS in the initiation and progression of PDAC. PDAC and TAS cells are unique in their expression of specific miRNAs, and this specific miRNA expression pattern alters host to tumor microenvironment interactions. Using primary human pancreatic TAS cells and primary xenograft PDAC cells co-culture, we provide evidence of miRNA trafficking and exchanging between TAS and PDAC cells, in a two-way, cell-contact independent fashion, via extracellular vesicles (EVs) transportation. Selective packaging of miRNAs into EVs led to enrichment of stromal specific miR-145 in EVs secreted by TAS cells. Exosomes, but not microvesicles, derived from human TAS cells demonstrated a tumor suppressive role by inducing PDAC cell apoptosis. This effect was mitigated by anti-miR-145 sequences. Our data suggest that TAS-derived miRNAs are delivered to adjacent PDAC cells via exosomes and suppress tumor cell growth. These data highlight that TAS cells secrete exosomes carrying tumor suppressive genetic materials, a possible anti-tumor capacity. Future work of the development of patient-derived exosomes could have therapeutic implications for unresectable PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David H Gonzalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Feely
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sayali Belsare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Michael H Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher E Forsmark
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Opportunities and Challenges in Cell-Free Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6305295. [PMID: 29410682 PMCID: PMC5749272 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6305295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have been at the forefront of regenerative medicine for many years. Exosomes, which are nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication and the transportation of genetic material transportation that can be released by mesenchymal stem cells, have been recently reported to play a role in cell-free therapy of many diseases, including myocardial infarction, drug addiction, and status epilepticus. They are also thought to help ameliorate inflammation-induced preterm brain injury, liver injury, and various types of cancer. This review highlights recent advances in the exploration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in therapeutic applications. The natural contents, drug delivery potency, modification methods, and drug loading methods of exosomes are also discussed.
Collapse
|
127
|
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles found in a variety of biofluids that encapsulate molecular information from the cell, which they originate from. This rich source of information that is easily obtained can then be mined to find diagnostic biomarkers. This article explores the current biological understanding of EVs and specific methods to isolate and analyze them. A case study of a company leading the charge in using EVs in diagnostic assays is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Strotman
- PGXL Technologies, 201 East Jefferson Street, Suite 306, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Mark W Linder
- PGXL Technologies, 201 East Jefferson Street, Suite 306, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S Floyd Street, MDR Building, Room 204, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
A comprehensive overview of exosomes in ovarian cancer: emerging biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:73. [PMID: 29100532 PMCID: PMC5670635 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoparticles(40-100 nm) secreted by most cells in the body, which can be isolated from several types of extracellular fluids. It has been shown that exosomes play a key role in intercellular communication and in transportation of genetic information. Emerging evidence shows that exosomes are mediators of metastasis in tumour cells, stromal cells and the extracellular matrix component through the shuttling of cargo, such as proteins, lipids, RNAs, double-stranded DNAs, non-transcribed RNAs, and microRNAs. This phenomenon has been indicated in both tumourigenesis and drug resistance. In this review, we introduce new methods of exosome extraction, focusing on the emerging role of exosomes in ovarian cancer, and discuss their potential clinical applications.
Collapse
|
129
|
Maburutse BE, Park MR, Oh S, Kim Y. Evaluation and Characterization of Milk-derived Microvescicle Isolated from Bovine Colostrum. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:654-662. [PMID: 29147088 PMCID: PMC5686323 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular microvesicles are membranous nano-sized cellular organelles secreted by a variety of cells under normal and pathological conditions and heterogeneous in size ranging from 30 nm to 1 μm. They carry functional microRNAs that can influence immunity and development. For a particular application of microvesicles, choice of isolation method is particularly important; however, their isolation methods from colostrum in particular have not been described clearly. In this work, differential ultracentrifugation as a conventional method, ultracentrifugation with some modification such as additional precipitations, ultrafiltration, sucrose gradient separation and ExoQuick™ as a commercial reagent were compared. The goal was to compare mainly microvesicular total microRNA yield, distribution and purity among the methods then select the best isolation method for bovine colostrum microvesicles based largely on microRNA yield with the view of applying the vesicles in work where vesicular micro-RNA cargo is the target bioactive component. Highest yields for vesicular microRNA were obtained using conventional methods and among them, subsequent ultracentrifugation with 100,000 g and 135,000 g conventional method 2 was selected as it had the highest RNA to protein ratio indicating that it pelleted the least protein in relation to RNA an important factor for in vivo applications to assess microvesicle functionalities without risk of contaminating non-vesicular biomaterial. Microvesicles isolated using conventional method 2 were successfully internalized by cells in vitro showing their potential to deliver their cargo into cells in vitro and in vivo in case of functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brighton E Maburutse
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Mi-Ri Park
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Rani A, O'Shea A, Ianov L, Cohen RA, Woods AJ, Foster TC. miRNA in Circulating Microvesicles as Biomarkers for Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:323. [PMID: 29046635 PMCID: PMC5632661 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Community dwelling older individuals from the North Florida region were examined for health status and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), was performed on each participant. A subpopulation (58 females and 39 males) met the criteria for age (60–89) and no evidence of mild cognitive impairment, with a MoCA score ≥23. Despite the stringent criteria for participation, MoCA scores were negatively correlated within the limited age range. Extracellular microvesicles were isolated from the plasma and samples were found to be positive for the exosome marker CD63, with an enrichment of particles within the size range for exosomes. miRNA was extracted and examined using next generation sequencing with a stringent criterion (average of ≥10 counts per million reads) resulting in 117 miRNA for subsequent analysis. Characterization of expression confirmed pervious work concerning the relative abundance and overall pattern of expression of miRNA in plasma. Correlation analysis indicated that most of the miRNAs (74 miRNAs) were positively correlated with age (p <0.01). Multiple regression was employed to identify the relationship of miRNA expression and MoCA score, accounting for age. MoCA scores were negatively correlated with 13 miRNAs. The pattern of expression for cognition-related miRNA did not match that previously described for Alzheimer’s disease. Enrichment analysis was employed to identify miRNA–gene interactions to reveal possible links to brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lara Ianov
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics and Genomics Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics and Genomics Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Lu M, Xing H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Yang T, Zhao X, Cai C, Wang D, Ding P. Recent advances on extracellular vesicles in therapeutic delivery: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:381-395. [PMID: 28739288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intrinsic mediators of intercellular communication in our body, allowing functional transfer of biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid) between diverse locations. Such an instrumental role evokes a surge of interest within the drug delivery community in tailoring EVs for therapeutic delivery. These vesicles represent a novel generation of drug delivery systems, providing high delivery efficiency, intrinsic targeting properties, and low immunogenicity. In the recent years, considerable research efforts have been directed toward developing safe and efficient EV-based delivery vehicles. Although EVs are shown to harbor great promise in therapeutic delivery, substantial improvements in exploring standardized isolation techniques with high efficiency and robust yield, scalable production, standard procedures for EV storage, efficient loading methods without damaging EV integrity, understanding their in vivo trafficking, and developing novel EV-based nanocarriers are still required before their clinical transformation. In this review, we seek to summarize the recent advance on harnessing EVs for drug delivery with focus on state-of-the-art solutions for overcoming major challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haonan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongkai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Selmaj I, Cichalewska M, Namiecinska M, Galazka G, Horzelski W, Selmaj KW, Mycko MP. Global exosome transcriptome profiling reveals biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:703-717. [PMID: 28411393 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence supports a role for exosomes in immune regulation. In this study, we investigated the total circulating exosome transcriptome in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to define the global RNA profile of serum exosomes in 19 RRMS patients (9 in relapse, 10 in remission) and 10 HC. We analyzed 5 million reads and >50,000 transcripts per sample, including a detailed analysis of microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in RRMS. The discovery set data were validated by quantification using digital quantitative polymerase chain reaction with an independent cohort of 63 RRMS patients (33 in relapse, 30 in remission) and 32 HC. RESULTS Exosomal RNA NGS revealed that of 15 different classes of transcripts detected, 4 circulating exosomal sequences within the miRNA category were differentially expressed in RRMS patients versus HC: hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, and hsa-miR-532-5p. Serum exosomal expression of these miRNAs was significantly decreased during relapse in RRMS. These miRNAs were also decreased in patients with a gadolinium enhancement on brain magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro secretion of these miRNAs by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also significantly impaired in RRMS. INTERPRETATION These data show that circulating exosomes have a distinct RNA profile in RRMS. Because putative targets for these miRNAs include the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and the cell cycle regulator aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the data suggest a disturbed cell-to-cell communication in this disease. Thus, exosomal miRNAs might represent a useful biomarker to distinguish multiple sclerosis relapse. Ann Neurol 2017;81:703-717.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Cichalewska
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Namiecinska
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grazyna Galazka
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Horzelski
- Applied Computer Science, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof W Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Lou G, Chen Z, Zheng M, Liu Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e346. [PMID: 28620221 PMCID: PMC5519012 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapy for liver disease holds great promise. MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes, reduce liver inflammation, promote hepatic regeneration and secrete protective cytokines. However, the risks of iatrogenic tumor formation, cellular rejection and infusional toxicity in MSC transplantation remain unresolved. Accumulating evidence now suggests that a novel cell-free therapy, MSC-secreted exosomes, might constitute a compelling alternative because of their advantages over the corresponding MSCs. They are smaller and less complex than their parent cells and, thus, easier to produce and store, they are devoid of viable cells, and they present no risk of tumor formation. Moreover, they are less immunogenic than their parent cells because of their lower content in membrane-bound proteins. This paper reviews the biogenesis of MSC exosomes and their physiological functions, and highlights the specific biochemical potential of MSC-derived exosomes in restoring tissue homeostasis. In addition, we summarize the recent advances in the role of exosomes in MSC therapy for various liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, acute liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. This paper also discusses the potential challenges and strategies in the use of exosome-based therapies for liver disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Bone-derived exosomes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 34:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
135
|
Chae MS, Kim J, Jeong D, Kim Y, Roh JH, Lee SM, Heo Y, Kang JY, Lee JH, Yoon DS, Kim TG, Chang ST, Hwang KS. Enhancing surface functionality of reduced graphene oxide biosensors by oxygen plasma treatment for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:610-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
136
|
Characterization of the Proinflammatory Profile of Synovial Fluid-Derived Exosomes of Patients with Osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2017. [PMID: 28634420 PMCID: PMC5467328 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4814987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize synovial fluid- (SF-) derived exosomes of patients with gonarthrosis comparing two methods of isolation and to investigate their immune regulatory properties. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated from inflamed SF by polymer precipitation method and quantified by Exocet kit and by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Vesicles expressed all the specific exosomal markers by immunoblot and FACS. After isolation with Exoquick, a relevant contamination by immune complexes was detected, which required further magnetic bead-based purification to remove. SF-derived exosomes significantly stimulated the release of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and metalloproteinases by M1 macrophages but did not influence the expression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. In conclusion, we characterized purified exosomes isolated from inflamed SF and demonstrate that purified exosomes are functionally active in their ability to stimulate the release of proinflammatory factors from M1 macrophages. Our data indicate that SF-derived exosomes from gonarthrosis patients play a role in disease progression.
Collapse
|
137
|
Mellisho EA, Velásquez AE, Nuñez MJ, Cabezas JG, Cueto JA, Fader C, Castro FO, Rodríguez-Álvarez L. Identification and characteristics of extracellular vesicles from bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178306. [PMID: 28542562 PMCID: PMC5444795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified within different body fluids and cell culture media. However, there is very little information on the secretion of these vesicles during early embryonic development. The aims of this work were first to demonstrate the secretion of extracellular vesicles by pre-implantation bovine embryos and second to identify and characterize the population of EVs secreted by bovine blastocysts during the period from day seven to nine of embryo culture and its correlation with further embryo development up to day 11. Bovine embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA) and cultured until blastocyst stage. Blastocyst selection was performed at day 7 post IVF/PA considering two variables: stage of development and quality of embryos. Selected blastocysts were cultured in vitro for 48 hours in groups (exp. 1) or individually (exp. 2) in SOF media depleted of exosomes. At day 9 post IVF/PA the media was collected and EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of heterogeneous vesicles of different sizes and population: microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXs) of rounded shape, enclosed by a lipid bi-layer and ranging from 30 to 385 nm of diameter. Flow cytometry analysis allowed identifying CD63 and CD9 proteins as exosome markers. Nanoparticle tracking analysis generated a large number of variables, which required the use of multivariate statistics. The results indicated that the concentration of vesicles is higher in those blastocysts with arrested development from day 9 up to day 11 of in vitro development (6.7 x 108 particles/ml) derived from IVF (p <0.05), compared to PA blastocysts (4.7 x 108 particles/ml). Likewise, the profile (concentration and diameter) of particles secreted by embryos derived from IVF were different from those secreted by PA embryos. In conclusion, we demonstrated that bovine blastocysts secrete MVs/EXs to the culture media. Data suggest that characteristics of the population of EVs vary depending on embryo competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Mellisho
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra E. Velásquez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - María J. Nuñez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Joel G. Cabezas
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan A. Cueto
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, IHEM-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Fader
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, IHEM-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fidel O. Castro
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lleretny Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Mustapic M, Eitan E, Werner JK, Berkowitz ST, Lazaropoulos MP, Tran J, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Enriched for Neuronal Origin: A Potential Window into Brain Pathologic Processes. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:278. [PMID: 28588440 PMCID: PMC5439289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our team has been a pioneer in harvesting extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched for neuronal origin from peripheral blood and using them as a biomarker discovery platform for neurological disorders. This methodology has demonstrated excellent diagnostic and predictive performance for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases in multiple studies, providing a strong proof of concept for this approach. Here, we describe our methodology in detail and offer further evidence that isolated EVs are enriched for neuronal origin. In addition, we present evidence that EVs enriched for neuronal origin represent a more sensitive and accurate base for biomarkers than plasma, serum, or non-enriched total plasma EVs. Finally, we proceed to investigate the protein content of EVs enriched for neuronal origin and compare it with other relevant enriched and non-enriched populations of plasma EVs. Neuronal-origin enriched plasma EVs contain higher levels of signaling molecules of great interest for cellular metabolism, survival, and repair, which may be useful as biomarkers and to follow response to therapeutic interventions in a mechanism-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erez Eitan
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John K. Werner
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sean T. Berkowitz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael P. Lazaropoulos
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joyce Tran
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward J. Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
- Jewish Home of San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Overmiller AM, Pierluissi JA, Wermuth PJ, Sauma S, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Tuluc M, Luginbuhl A, Curry J, Harshyne LA, Wahl JK, South AP, Mahoney MG. Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes. FASEB J 2017; 31:3412-3424. [PMID: 28438789 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601138rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-derived vesicles that serve as intercellular messengers carrying lipids, proteins, and genetic material. Substantial evidence has shown that cancer-derived EVs, secreted by tumor cells into the blood and other bodily fluids, play a critical role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and affecting the pathogenesis of cancer. Here we demonstrate for the first time that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) EVs were enriched with the C-terminal fragment of desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), a desmosomal cadherin often overexpressed in malignancies. Overexpression of Dsg2 increased EV release and mitogenic content including epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src. Inhibiting ectodomain shedding of Dsg2 with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 resulted in accumulation of full-length Dsg2 in EVs and reduced EV release. When cocultured with Dsg2/green fluorescence protein-expressing SCC cells, green fluorescence protein signal was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in the CD90+ fibroblasts. Furthermore, SCC EVs activated Erk1/2 and Akt signaling and enhanced fibroblast cell proliferation. In vivo, Dsg2 was highly up-regulated in the head and neck SCCs, and EVs isolated from sera of patients with SCC were enriched in Dsg2 C-terminal fragment and epidermal growth factor receptor. This study defines a mechanism by which Dsg2 expression in cancer cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment, a step critical for tumor progression.-Overmiller, A. M., Pierluissi, J. A., Wermuth, P. J., Sauma, S., Martinez-Outschoorn, U., Tuluc, M., Luginbuhl, A., Curry, J., Harshyne, L. A., Wahl, J. K. III, South, A. P., Mahoney, M. G. Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Overmiller
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pierluissi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J Wermuth
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sami Sauma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Madalina Tuluc
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry A Harshyne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James K Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mỹ G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Woo HK, Sunkara V, Park J, Kim TH, Han JR, Kim CJ, Choi HI, Kim YK, Cho YK. Exodisc for Rapid, Size-Selective, and Efficient Isolation and Analysis of Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Samples. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1360-1370. [PMID: 28068467 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived, nanoscale vesicles that carry nucleic acids and proteins from their cells of origin and show great potential as biomarkers for many diseases, including cancer. Efficient isolation and detection methods are prerequisites for exploiting their use in clinical settings and understanding their physiological functions. Here, we presented a rapid, label-free, and highly sensitive method for EV isolation and quantification using a lab-on-a-disc integrated with two nanofilters (Exodisc). Starting from raw biological samples, such as cell-culture supernatant (CCS) or cancer-patient urine, fully automated enrichment of EVs in the size range of 20-600 nm was achieved within 30 min using a tabletop-sized centrifugal microfluidic system. Quantitative tests using nanoparticle-tracking analysis confirmed that the Exodisc enabled >95% recovery of EVs from CCS. Additionally, analysis of mRNA retrieved from EVs revealed that the Exodisc provided >100-fold higher concentration of mRNA as compared with the gold-standard ultracentrifugation method. Furthermore, on-disc enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using urinary EVs isolated from bladder cancer patients showed high levels of CD9 and CD81 expression, suggesting that this method may be potentially useful in clinical settings to test urinary EV-based biomarkers for cancer diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijaya Sunkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Ryoung Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute of MD Healthcare , Seoul 03923, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Galazka G, Mycko MP, Selmaj I, Raine CS, Selmaj KW. Multiple sclerosis: Serum-derived exosomes express myelin proteins. Mult Scler 2017; 24:449-458. [PMID: 28273783 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517696597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that provide cell-to-cell communication and are involved in immunoregulation. OBJECTIVE To investigate serum exosomes for the presence of myelin proteins outside the central nervous system (CNS) and their role in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected from 45 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 30 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 45 healthy controls. Exosomes were isolated using a polymer formulation method, and their size, concentration, and CNS myelin protein contents were measured by a nanoparticle tracking analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and Western blot. RESULTS We found that exosomes expressed three major myelin proteins, myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Exosomal content of MOG strongly correlated with disease activity and was highest in RRMS patients in relapse and in SPMS patients. Serum-derived exosomes induced proliferation of MOG-T cell receptor transgenic T cells confirming that serum exosomes maintained MOG immunogenicity. CONCLUSION Exosomes isolated outside CNS tissue expressed myelin proteins, and the presence of MOG correlated strongly with disease activity. We conclude that exosomes might enhance and/or perpetuate anti-myelin immune reactions in MS and may provide novel markers of disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Galazka
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Igor Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cedric S Raine
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krzysztof W Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
A Comparative Study of Serum Exosome Isolation Using Differential Ultracentrifugation and Three Commercial Reagents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170628. [PMID: 28114422 PMCID: PMC5256994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a role in cell-to-cell signaling and serve as possible biomarkers. Isolating exosomes with reliable quality and substantial concentration is a major challenge. Our purpose is to compare the exosomes extracted by three different exosome isolation kits (miRCURY, ExoQuick, and Invitrogen Total Exosome Isolation Reagent) and differential ultracentrifugation (UC) using six different volumes of a non-cancerous human serum (5 ml, 1 ml, 500 μl, 250 μl, 100 μl, and 50 μl) and three different volumes (1 ml, 500 μl and 100 μl) of six individual commercial serum samples collected from human donors. The smaller starting volumes (100 μl and 50 μl) are used to mimic conditions of limited availability of heterogeneous biological samples. The isolated exosomes were characterized based upon size, quantity, zeta potential, CD63 and CD9 protein expression, and exosomal RNA (exRNA) quality and quantity using several complementary methods: nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with ZetaView, western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the Agilent Bioanalyzer system, and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Our NTA results showed that all isolation techniques produced exosomes within the expected size range (40–150 nm). The three kits, though, produced a significantly higher yield (80–300 fold) of exosomes as compared to UC for all serum volumes, except 5 mL. We also found that exosomes isolated by the different techniques and serum volumes had similar zeta potentials to previous studies. Western blot analysis and TEM immunogold labelling confirmed the expression of two common exosomal protein markers, CD63 and CD9, in samples isolated by all techniques. All exosome isolations yielded high quality exRNA, containing mostly small RNA with a peak between 25 and 200 nucleotides in size. ddPCR results indicated that exosomes isolated from similar serum volumes but different isolation techniques rendered similar concentrations of two selected exRNA: hsa-miR-16 and hsa-miR-451. In summary, the three commercial exosome isolation kits are viable alternatives to UC, even when limited amounts of biological samples are available.
Collapse
|
143
|
Systemic T Cells Immunosuppression of Glioma Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Is Mediated by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169932. [PMID: 28107450 PMCID: PMC5249124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major contributing factor to glioma development and progression is its ability to evade the immune system. Nano-meter sized vesicles, exosomes, secreted by glioma-stem cells (GSC) can act as mediators of intercellular communication to promote tumor immune escape. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of GCS-derived exosomes on different peripheral immune cell populations. Healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with anti-CD3, anti-CD28 and IL-2, were treated with GSC-derived exosomes. Phenotypic characterization, cell proliferation, Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion and intracellular cytokine production were analysed by distinguishing among effector T cells, regulatory T cells and monocytes. In unfractionated PBMCs, GSC-derived exosomes inhibited T cell activation (CD25 and CD69 expression), proliferation and Th1 cytokine production, and did not affect cell viability or regulatory T-cell suppression ability. Furthermore, exosomes were able to enhance proliferation of purified CD4+ T cells. In PBMCs culture, glioma-derived exosomes directly promoted IL-10 and arginase-1 production and downregulation of HLA-DR by unstimulated CD14+ monocytic cells, that displayed an immunophenotype resembling that of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Mo-MDSCs). Importantly, the removal of CD14+ monocytic cell fraction from PBMCs restored T-cell proliferation. The same results were observed with exosomes purified from plasma of glioblastoma patients. Our results indicate that glioma-derived exosomes suppress T-cell immune response by acting on monocyte maturation rather than on direct interaction with T cells. Selective targeting of Mo-MDSC to treat glioma should be considered with regard to how immune cells allow the acquirement of effector functions and therefore counteracting tumor progression.
Collapse
|
144
|
Functional Role of Cardiovascular Exosomes in Myocardial Injury and Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 998:45-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
145
|
|
146
|
Wu J, Wang Y, Li L. Functional significance of exosomes applied in sepsis: A novel approach to therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:292-297. [PMID: 27989958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nanoparticles referred as exosomes play an active role in intercellular communication. Their potential positive therapeutic effect in bacterial inflammation and sepsis has been the subject of several studies that have examined the feasibility of exosomes as drug-delivery vehicles. The underlying mechanism of interest involves the selective transport of cellular cargo. Most attention has been focused on the exosome-mediated transport of microRNA and protein. Thus, exosomes are expected to be an important tool in the treatment of inflammatory disease. This review covers the relevant literature, focusing on the relationship between exosomes and sepsis and therapeutic use of exosomes in bacterially mediated inflammation or sepsis. We evaluate exosomes as drug vehicles, including their therapeutic cargo, potential mechanisms of action, choice of donor cells, and routes of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yini Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Slivac I, Guay D, Mangion M, Champeil J, Gaillet B. Non-viral nucleic acid delivery methods. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:105-118. [PMID: 27740858 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1248941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delivery of nucleic acid-based molecules in human cells is a highly studied approach for the treatment of several disorders including monogenic diseases and cancers. Non-viral vectors for DNA and RNA transfer, although in general less efficient than virus-based systems, are particularly well adapted mostly due to the absence of biosafety concerns. Non-viral methods could be classified in two main groups: physical and vector-assisted delivery systems. Both groups comprise several different methods, none of them universally applicable. The choice of the optimal method depends on the predefined objectives and the features of targeted micro-environment. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss non-viral techniques and present recent therapeutic achievements in ex vivo and in vivo nucleic acid delivery by most commonly used techniques while emphasizing the role of 'biological particles', namely peptide transduction domains, virus like particles, gesicles and exosomes. Expert opinion: The number of available non-viral transfection techniques used for human therapy increased rapidly, followed by still moderate success in efficacy. The prospects are to be found in design of multifunctional hybrid systems that reflect the viral efficiency. In this respect, biological particles are very promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Slivac
- a Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - David Guay
- b Feldan Therapeutics, Rideau , Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathias Mangion
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Juliette Champeil
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a cell-free modality for targeted cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44179-90. [PMID: 26496034 PMCID: PMC4792550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T-cell adoptive immunotherapy is a distinctively promising therapy for cancer. The engineering of CARs into T cells provides T cells with tumor-targeting capabilities and intensifies their cytotoxic activity through stimulated cell expansion and enhanced cytokine production. As a novel and potent therapeutic modality, there exists some uncontrollable processes which are the potential sources of adverse events. As an extension of this impactful modality, CAR-T cell-derived exosomes may substitute CAR-T cells to act as ultimate attackers, thereby overcoming some limitations. Exosomes retain most characteristics of parent cells and play an essential role in intercellular communications via transmitting their cargo to recipient cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes will make this cell-based therapy more clinically controllable as it also provides a cell-free platform to diversify anticancer mediators, which responds effectively to the complexity and volatility of cancer. It is believed that the appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms will make this effective treatment more practicable.
Collapse
|
149
|
Gutierrez MJ, Gomez JL, Perez GF, Pancham K, Val S, Pillai DK, Giri M, Ferrante S, Freishtat R, Rose MC, Preciado D, Nino G. Airway Secretory microRNAome Changes during Rhinovirus Infection in Early Childhood. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162244. [PMID: 27643599 PMCID: PMC5028059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune responses are fine-tuned by small noncoding RNA molecules termed microRNAs (miRs) that modify gene expression in response to the environment. During acute infections, miRs can be secreted in extracellular vesicles (EV) to facilitate cell-to-cell genetic communication. The purpose of this study was to characterize the baseline population of miRs secreted in EVs in the airways of young children (airway secretory microRNAome) and examine the changes during rhinovirus (RV) infection, the most common cause of asthma exacerbations and the most important early risk factor for the development of asthma beyond childhood. METHODS Nasal airway secretions were obtained from children (≤3 yrs. old) during PCR-confirmed RV infections (n = 10) and age-matched controls (n = 10). Nasal EVs were isolated with polymer-based precipitation and global miR profiles generated using NanoString microarrays. We validated our in vivo airway secretory miR data in an in vitro airway epithelium model using apical secretions from primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) differentiated at air-liquid interface (ALI). Bioinformatics tools were used to determine the unified (nasal and bronchial) signature airway secretory miRNAome and changes during RV infection in children. RESULTS Multiscale analysis identified four signature miRs comprising the baseline airway secretory miRNAome: hsa-miR-630, hsa-miR-302d-3p, hsa- miR-320e, hsa-miR-612. We identified hsa-miR-155 as the main change in the baseline miRNAome during RV infection in young children. We investigated the potential biological relevance of the airway secretion of hsa-mir-155 using in silico models derived from gene datasets of experimental in vivo human RV infection. These analyses confirmed that hsa-miR-155 targetome is an overrepresented pathway in the upper airways of individuals infected with RV. CONCLUSIONS Comparative analysis of the airway secretory microRNAome in children indicates that RV infection is associated with airway secretion of EVs containing miR-155, which is predicted in silico to regulate antiviral immunity. Further characterization of the airway secretory microRNAome during health and disease may lead to completely new strategies to treat and monitor respiratory conditions in all ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose L. Gomez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Geovanny F. Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Krishna Pancham
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Val
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mamta Giri
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ferrante
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Robert Freishtat
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Diego Preciado
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Oliveira-Rodríguez M, López-Cobo S, Reyburn HT, Costa-García A, López-Martín S, Yáñez-Mó M, Cernuda-Morollón E, Paschen A, Valés-Gómez M, Blanco-López MC. Development of a rapid lateral flow immunoassay test for detection of exosomes previously enriched from cell culture medium and body fluids. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31803. [PMID: 27527605 PMCID: PMC4985618 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanovesicles (40–200 nm) that represent a rich source of novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases. Despite the increasingly recognized relevance of these vesicles as biomarkers, their detection has been limited due in part to current technical challenges in the rapid isolation and analysis of exosomes. The complexity of the development of analytical platforms relies on the heterogeneous composition of the exosome membrane. One of the most attractive tests is the inmunochromatographic strips, which allow rapid detection by unskilled operators. We have successfully developed a novel lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of exosomes based on the use of tetraspanins as targets. We have applied this platform for the detection of exosomes purified from different sources: cell culture supernatants, human plasma and urine. As proof of concept, we explored the analytical potential of this LFIA platform to accurately quantify exosomes purified from a human metastatic melanoma cell line. The one-step assay can be completed in 15 min, with a limit of detection of 8.54×105 exosomes/µL when a blend of anti-CD9 and anti-CD81 were selected as capture antibodies and anti-CD63 labelled with gold nanoparticles as detection antibody. Based on our results, this platform could be well suited to be used as a rapid exosome quantification tool, with promising diagnostic applications, bearing in mind that the detection of exosomes from different sources may require adaptation of the analytical settings to their specific composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila López-Cobo
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Costa-García
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería Oviedo, Spain
| | - Soraya López-Martín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital St Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital St Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, UAM/IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Cernuda-Morollón
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|